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Moswete N.Pdf STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVES ON THE POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT FOR THE KGALAGADI TRANSFRONTIER PARK IN BOTSWANA By NAOMI NOMSA MOSWETE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Naomi Nomsa Moswete 2 To the memory of my beloved parents: Morwadi and Botha Moatshe, and to my husband, Mokgweetsi for his constant love and support during my academic journey. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My study program was made possible by the generous support of many individuals and organizations, which aided and financed this research. I am particularly indebted to the W.K. Kellogg Foundation via Leadership Initiatives for Southern Africa (LISA) without whom I could not have embarked on and completed this project. The study is a contribution to the Foundation’s mission in support of the development of healthy and sustainable rural communities in Southern Africa. I am deeply indebted to the Kellogg Foundation, which played a key role in all stages of my doctoral program – from course work to field data collection and analysis. I extend my sincere appreciation to all staff at AED in Botswana (Imelda, Disa, Thandi, Moniemang), and those in Washington DC, for the invaluable support they granted me throughout my academic and spiritual journeys. I would like to express my profound gratitude to Viwe Mtshontshi and Phillip Hesser for the patience, cooperation and kind support accorded me throughout my doctoral study at the University of Florida. I also thank the University of Botswana, which played an important role throughout this program. I am indebted to my committee chair, Dr. Brijesh Thapa (my advisor and dissertation chair) for his unwavering support and encouragement during my entire study program. I sincerely thank members of my committee: Dr. Lori Pennington-Gray, Dr. Steven Brandt and Dr. Brian Child for their invaluable contributions. I would like to thank Dr(s) Mike Sagas, Heather Gibson, Dovie Gamble, Bertha Cato, Ed Osborne, David Aniku, Raban Chanda and Masego Mpotokwane for always being there for me whenever I felt blue. Special thanks go to my husband Mokgweetsi, my children, Temo and Tumediso for their patience and understanding throughout my studies. I am especially indebted to my friends, Grace and Olekae Thakadu, Bothepha Kgabung, Aaron Majuta, Joseph Mbaiwa, Dzingai & Miriam Rukuni, Joyce Mupakayiri, Shylock 4 Muyengwa, Maswe Chimbombi and Diana Itumeleng. I cannot thank enough my USA friends, Lori and Mike Russell, Sara and Ed Wood, Pat Spencer, Lynn Williams and members of FPC in Gainesville. Special thanks go to my research assistants in Botswana: Kefilwe Ramokate, Malebogo Mateatsebe, Keabetswe Gaelebale, Caine Youngman and Goitsemodimo Koorutwe for the fabulous job they all did for me during my fieldwork and stay in Kalahari Desert, Botswana. I would like to express my gratitude to individuals who represented the Public Sector in Gaborone and Kgalagadi district for their useful contributions. I would like to thank the residents of the nine villages: Bokspits, Kang, Khawa, Ncaang, Struizendam, Tshane, Ukhwi and Zutshwa for their willingness to participate in the survey. I graciously thank all the village headmen/chiefs for participating in the study of their unique communities. I also acknowledge the support of my sisters Mapula and Eldah and all my friends especially, Ellen Masilonyane who opened her house for me during field work in Kang village. Special thanks go to Natalia Buta and Gary Lacey for their friendship and support throughout my doctoral program. I am also thankful to my colleagues Sung-Jin, Ting-Bing, Pulung, Heather Bell, Pete Parker, Nancy Gullic, Donna Walker for their friendship and support. Above all, I am thankful to the Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management for all the support I got during my doctoral program. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................10 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................13 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................17 Background and Study Context ..............................................................................................21 Statement of Problem .............................................................................................................26 Theoretical Foundation ...........................................................................................................29 Significance of Study ..............................................................................................................35 Pilot Study ..............................................................................................................................37 Purpose of Study .....................................................................................................................39 Conceptual Framework ...........................................................................................................39 Perception about CBE .....................................................................................................40 Conservation Attitudes ....................................................................................................41 Community Concern .......................................................................................................43 Participation (Use Levels) ...............................................................................................44 Socio-Demographics .......................................................................................................45 Distance/Proximity ..........................................................................................................47 Hypotheses (Residents) ..........................................................................................................49 Support for community-based ecotourism development .................................................49 Support for KTP as a Transfrontier Park .........................................................................49 Interview Questions (Public Sector) .......................................................................................50 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................51 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................55 Tourism in Botswana ..............................................................................................................55 Visitors to Protected Areas in Botswana ................................................................................57 Tourism Related Policies and Strategies ................................................................................59 Community-Based Natural Resources Management ..............................................................61 Ecotourism ..............................................................................................................................64 Community-Based Ecotourism ...............................................................................................68 Success Stories of CBE ..........................................................................................................71 Community-Based Project in the TaЇ National Park, Cόte D’Voire (Africa) .................71 Village Tourism Program, Senegal (Africa) ...................................................................72 6 Babe National Park, Vietnam (Asia) ...............................................................................72 Sankuyo Community Development Trust, Ngamiland, Botswana (Africa) ....................72 Stakeholder Participation ........................................................................................................73 Stakeholder Empowerment .....................................................................................................78 Protected Area Management ...................................................................................................82 Resident Attitudes ...................................................................................................................85 Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism ..............................................................................85 Residents’ Attitudes toward Protected areas (PAs) .........................................................87 Protected Areas in Botswana ..................................................................................................91 Transfrontier/Transboundary Parks ........................................................................................92 3 METHODS .............................................................................................................................98
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