The EUPM and EUFOR Althea Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina: an Evaluation
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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2012 The EUPM and EUFOR Althea missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An evaluation Ewa Agata Maczynska West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Maczynska, Ewa Agata, "The EUPM and EUFOR Althea missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An evaluation" (2012). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 255. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/255 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EUPM AND EUFOR ALTHEA MISSIONS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: AN EVALUATION. Ewa Agata Mączyńska Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences At West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Robert Blobaum, Ph.D. (chair) Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia, 2012 Keywords: European Union, Bosnia – Herzegovina, crisis management mission, Common Security and Defence Policy, EUPM, EUFOR Althea ABSTRACT The EUPM and EUFOR Althea missions In Bosnia and Herzegovina: an evaluation. Ewa Mączyńska The political changes in Europe and the shift in the world’s balance of power brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union forced the European Union in the early 1990’s to redefine the possible role it wanted to play in the international arena. From being an organiza- tion focused mostly on economic cooperation, the European Union quickly transformed itself into a player interested also in the security realm. The first place where the EU attempted to prove itself as a new crisis management power was post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina, a country that needed physical, political and social reconstruction. As a result in 2003 Brussels launched its first-ever civilian crisis management mission, the European Union’s Police Mission in Bosnia – Herzegovina (EUPM). It was quickly supplemented by the military crisis manage- ment mission – EUFOR Althea, launched in 2004. This study evaluates the successes and failures of the EU’s crisis management mis- sions in Bosnia with a special emphasis on their impact on Bosnian social and political life. It argues that when deploying its police officers on the ground Brussels was not ready to handle the complex problems of the country. As a result the EU failed to provide Bosnia with the best possible assistance with its transition into a sustainable country. The shortcomings of the mission exposed the weaknesses of the EU and consequently undermined its role as a power able to help to resolve Bosnia’s political deadlock and hindered cooperation between Brussels and Sarajevo. Fortunately, the military component of the EU’s crisis management in Bosnia proved to be much more successful than the civilian one. EUFOR Althea was able to secure the situ- ation in the country and prevented the possible outbreak of renewed violence. On the other hand, it can be argued that much of its success was due to the limited scope of its tasks and good coordination with the previous NATO mission. Moreover, the relationship between Al- thea and EUPM left much to be desired. Whereas for Brussels the shortcomings of the mis- sion served as a lesson for further improvement, they proved to be fatal for Bosnia’s political life. Thus, although the EU may have learned how to conduct crisis management missions, it has yet to learn how to assist Bosnia with resolving its problems. Acknowledgments Warsaw, 2012 Funding for my thesis and my MA studies at West Virginia University, Collegium Civitas, and the University of Tartu was made possible by the Transatlantic MA Program in East- Central European Studies, an “Atlantis” project sponsored by the Fund for the Improve- ment of Secondary Education of the U.S. Department of Education and the European Commission’s Executive Agency for Education, Audiovisual and Culture. iii CONTENTS List of abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………vi List of maps and tables……………………..…………………………………………….....vii List of maps………………………………………………………………………..…viii List of tables…………………………………………………………………………viii Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………9 Chapter I. EU’s road to Bosnia and Herzegovina………………………..……………………………14 1.Introduction to the EU crisis management concept………………………………...14 2. The development of the EU’s crisis management concept………………………...16 3.Towards the regional approach……………………………………………………..23 4.What is Bosnia – the overview of the country……………………………………...27 5. Summary…………………………………………………………………………...36 Chapter II. Civilian crisis management mission. The evaluation of EUPM………………………......38 1. A general overview of post-war Bosnia……………………………………………38 2. From IPTF to EUPM……………………………………………………………….41 3. The beginning of the mission………………………………………………………44 4. EUPM, its goals and structure……………………………………………………...46 5. What does “success” mean for EUPM?.......................................................................50 6. EUPM I, the main problems and achievements……………………………………51 7. EUPM II, the new face of the mission……………………………………………..56 a. The police reform by the police officers?......................................................56 b. The fight against organized crime………………………………………….61 Narcotic trafficking……………………………………………………64 Human trafficking……………………………………………………..65 Corruption…………………………………………………………….67 Who does police serve?.........................................................................68 iv 8. Summary…………………………………………………………………………...68 Chapter III. Military crisis management mission. The evaluation of EUFOR Althea………………...71 1.IFOR and SFOR – NATO’s presence in Bosnia…………………………………....73 2. From SFOR to EUPM……………………………………………………………...77 3. The structure of EUFOR Althea……………………………………………………79 4. The goals of the mission…………………………………………………………....82 5. Military vs. civilian. The redefined goals of Althea……………………………….87 6. Did Althea heal Bosnia?............................................................................................92 a. Disarmament………………………………………………………………..92 b. Organized crime……………………………………………………………95 c. De-mining process………………………………………………………….96 d. Providing secure environment…………………………………………..….98 7. Summary. EUFOR Althea vs. EUPM…………………………………………...101 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………103 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………..108 Primary sources……………………………………………………………………108 Secondary sources…………………………………………………………………114 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BICC - Bonn International Center for Conversion BiH – Bosnia – Herzegovina CIMIC – Civil – military coordination civ-mil – civil - military CCM – civilian crisis management CMCO - Civil Military Cooperation CSDP – Common Security and Defense Policy CSFP – Common Security and Foreign Policy DPA - Dayton Peace Accords ESS - European Security Strategy EUFOR Althea – European Union Force Atlhea EU ISS – European Union Institute for Security Studies EUMC – European Union Military Committee EUMP - European Union Police Mission EUSR – European Union Special Representative HHG – Helsinki headline goals HR – High Representative HQ – Head Quarter ICG – International Crisis Group ICMPD & TC - International Center for Migration Policy Development and Team Consult ICTY - International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IFOR – Implementation Force IPTF - United Nations' International Police Task Force IPU – Integrated Police Unit LOT – Liaison and Observation Team MICC - Mines Information Coordination Cell MIP - Mission Implementation Plan MTF – Multinational Task Force NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization vi OHR – Office of High Representative OPLAN – Operational Plan OSCE – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PIC – Peace Implementation Council PISM – Polish Institute for International Affairs SAA - Stabilization and Association Agreement SALW – Small Arms and Light Weapons SAP – Stabilization and Association Process SBS – State Border Service SFOR – NATO’s Stabilization Force SFYR - Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SHAPE - Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe SIPA – State Investigation and Protection Agency TEU – Treaty of the European Union otherwise known as Treaty of Maastricht UNMBIH - United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UN – United Nations UNMASA - United Nations Mine Action Service UXO - Unexploded explosive ordnance WEU - Western European Union vii List of Maps and tables. List of maps. Map 1. Ethnic Composition of Bosnia before the war (1999)……..........................................28 Map 2. Ethnic Composition of Bosnia after the war (2005) …………………………………29 List of tables. Table 1. The Dayton Peace Accords and its implementers………………………………...…32 Table 2. The number of police officers by year……………………………………………....45 Table 3. Tier ranking by year, Bosnia – Herzegovina………………………………………..66