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The Effect of Low-Intensity Fires on Forest Floor Vegetation in Mature Pinus Elliottii Plantations in the Tsitsikamma

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The Effect of Low-Intensity Fires on Forest Floor Vegetation in Mature Pinus Elliottii Plantations in the Tsitsikamma S.Afr.J. Bot., 1989,55(1): 11-16 11 The effect of low-intensity fires on forest floor vegetation in mature Pinus elliottii plantations in the Tsitsikamma J.H.J. Vlok* and C. de Ronde Saasveld Forestry Research Centre, Private Bag X6515, George, 6530 Republic of South Africa Accepted 2 August 1988 The effect of repeated burning on the understorey vegetation of a 28/29-year-old Pinus elliottii plantation on the Tsitsikamma plateau in the southern Cape was studied over a 3-year period. Annual surveys were done in each of the control, 2-year burning cycle and 4-year burning cycle treatments. With each survey sixty 1-m2 plots were layed out at random in each of the treatments. The species present and a subjective cover estimate of each species in the plot, were recorded. From this data the changes in frequency and average cover of the most abundant species in the treatments were analysed. Data were also lumped and analysed for species of similar growth form. Some statistically significant changes, due to the burning treatments, were recorded. After a single burn, grass cover increased significantly, while some shrubs/trees practically disappeared. The response of the herbs, restioids and ferns were less pronounced than those of the grass and tree/shrub growth forms. The first burn resulted in most of the changes and repeated burning had less impact on most of the species and growth forms. After several burns the understorey changed from a shrub/restioid community to a short even cover of a grass/restioid community. Die effek van herhaalde brande op die plantegroei onder die kroondak van 'n 28/29-jaar-oue plantasie van Pinus elliottii op die Tsitsikamma-plato in the Suid-Kaap is oor ' n periode van drie jaar bestudeer. Jaarlikse opnames is in elk van die kontrole, 2-jaarbrandsiklus- en 4-jaarbrandsiklus-behandelings gedoen. Met elke opname is sestig 1-m2-persele op 'n lukraak-basis in elk van die behandelings uitgele. Die spesies teenwoordig, asook 'n subjektiewe bedekkingskatting van elke spesie in die perseel, is aangeteken om die frekwensie en gemiddelde bedekking van al die spesies in die behandelings te bepaal. Analises is gedoen op saamgegroepeerde data van die spesies van soortgelyke groeivorm, asook op sommige van die meer algemene individuele soorte. Statisties-beduidende veranderinge as gevolg van die brandbehandelings is gevind. Die grasbedekking het beduidend vermeerder terwyl die struiklboomklas bykans verdwyn het na 'n enkele brand. Die reaksie op brand van die kruide, restio-agtiges en varings was nie so duidelik soos die van die grasse en struiklbome nie. Die eerste brand het die grootste veranderinge tot gevolg gehad en verdere brande het 'n kleiner effek op die meeste van die spesies en verskillende groeivorms gehad. Na verskeie bran de het die plantegroei onder die kroondak van 'n struiklrestio-agtige gemeenskap na 'n kort, eenvormige bedekking van 'n gras/restio-agtige gemeenskap verander. Keywords: Afforestation, alien plants, ecosystem stability, Pinus elliottii 'To whom correspondence should be addressed Introduction tree canopy reduced the species diversity and simplified Establishment of exotic plantations in the Cape Province the structure of the fynbos . Fire is a natural feature of was started during the end of the nineteenth century. the fynbos ecosystem (Kruger & Bigalke 1984; van Planting rates, particularly of Pinus species, increased Wilgen 1982) . However, the response of the fynbos during the early twentieth century until they reached a vegetation to fire, as an understorey vegetation of pine peak during the 1930's. Most of these were on indig­ trees, has not been studied. enous forest land which was either exploited by man, Herbaceous vegetation in a pine forest can be valuable destroyed by fires , or in areas where sclerophyllous for livestock grazing and wildlife and it can also have shrublands, referred to as fynbos, dominated (Poynton other benefits such as increasing organic matter and 1979) . nutrients in the soil (Biswell op cit.; de Ronde 1982a; In contrast to North America few studies have been Moore et al. 1982). Grass roots normally extend undertaken on understorey vegetation in Pinus stands in 60-1 500 mm into the profile and their mass is about South Africa. The understorey vegetation of the pines in two-thirds that of the above-ground biomass. Grass­ the U.S.A. is dependent on surface fires for its roots, therefore, can increase both the organic matter maintenance and stability. Composition of the under­ level and porosity of the soil. Understorey vegetation is storey vegetation has improved with decreased important in cycling nutrients in the soil (Biswell op cit.). domination by certain species after fire (Biswell 1972; Some species, such as P. elliottii, are fire resistant and Grelen 1975). In the South African fynbos vegetation controlled burning can be applied under the stands Cowling et al. (1976) and Richardson & van Wilgen without any harm to the trees (de Ronde 1982b). (1986) observed a detrimental impact when an over­ Controlled burning has furthermore increased the storey of Pinus spp. developed. They noticed that the growth rate of trees (de Ronde 1983) and controlled 12 S.-Afr.Tydskr. Plantk., 1989,55(1) certain weeds such as Gleichenia polypodioides (Owen Table 1 Summary of treatments applied to plantations 1971; de Ronde & Bredenkamp 1984). of Pinus elliottii in the southern Cape. Each treatment The aim of this paper is to quantify changes, induced was replicated four times by repeated burning, to the understorey community of plantation stands of Pinus elliottii in the southern Cape. Year applied Methods and experimental design Treatments 1979 1981 1983 Study area A-{;ontrol , no burning The natural vegetation in the study area consists mainly B-burning during September: 4-year rotation x X of mesic fynbos communities, dominated by Proteaceae C-burning during September: 2-year rotation X X X (Leucadendron spp., Protea spp.), Ericaceae (Erica spp.) and Bruniaceae (Berzelia intermedia). The other major vegetation type in the study area is moist and medium­ moist Knysna Forests (Von Breitenbach 1968) . Since the Similarly the mean cover percentage of the individual establishment of the pines some of the shade-tolerant species was determined by dividing the sum of the cover indigenous forest elements, such as Halleria lucida and percentages of the 15 x 4 I-m- 2 treatment plots by 60 and Blechnum tabulare, have been introduced by wind and/ is also expressed as a percentage value. or bird dispersal. The most important grass species in the area, Ehrharta erecta, is a shade-tolerant species, and is Analysis not normally found in abundance in undisturbed fynbos Statistical analyses were carried out using the SAS or forest vegetation. This species has probably package (Helwig & Council 1979). The General Linear benefitted greatly from the planting of the pine trees. Model procedure was used to determine whether there The study was conducted in a stand of P. elliottii were significant differences between treatments and/or planted during 1954/55 at 2,7x2,7-m spacing. The stand replications, while the Waller-Duncan K-ratio T-test is situated in a continuous pine plantation at Lottering option was used to determine significance between State Forest on the Tsitsikamma plateau (33° 57'S, 23° individual treatment means. Frequency percentage and 47'E). It lies at a mean altitude above sea level of 240 m, mean cover values were analysed for some of the most on a gentle south-facing slope of 5 degrees, with an common individual species, as well as for the lumped average rainfall of 1 074 mm per year. The soils are of data of all the species in the different growth-form the Lamotte and Kroonstad soil forms with clays and categories. The data of species (similar in growth form) cover sands as parent material (de Ronde unpublished were lumped, to facilitate easy reference and data). A controlled burning trial was established in the understanding of the results. The species were classified study area during September 1979 to determine the into grasses (all Poaceae spp.), ferns (all Pteridiophyta), effect of frequency of burning in mature stands on tree herbs (all soft-stemmed, <1 m tall annuals and/or growth, fuel and understorey vegetation parameters. perennials), restioides (all Restionaceae, Cyperaceae The design used was a randomized complete block with and rhizomatous Iridaceae) and shrubs/trees (all four replications. Size of treatment plots ranged from perennials> 1 m tall with woody stems). 1,0-1,2 ha, with 0,05-ha plots in each where trees and fuel parameters were measured. Stand density ranged Results and Discussion from 280-480 S.p.ha. All the plots were demarcated at Some growth forms showed significant increases in least 10 m from the edge to overcome edge effect and a relative frequency (e.g. grasses) in response to burning, random interplot distance of between 2 and 9 m was while others decreased (e.g. ferns) (see Table 2). No used. The treatments applied are shown in Table 1. significant differences between single and multiple burns were recorded. Survey method Ehrharta erecta dominated the grass component, both Surveys of forest floor vegetation were conducted in all before and after burning. The frequency perentage of treatment plots during June 1982, February 1983 and the grasses was significantly higher (Prob. >F=0,0121) January 1984. During each survey a random sample of 15 in the burnt plots than in the unburned plots. The temporary circular plots of 1 m-2 were sampled in each of percentage grass cover increased after each burn, when the four replicate treatment plots. compared with the unburned control, but decreased On every I_m- 2 plot all the species were recorded and again during the interfire periods (Figures 1 & 2) .
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