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Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa

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Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa cover final.qxd 2004/03/29 11:57 AM Page 1 Africa is a fire continent. Since the early evolution of humanity, fire has been harnessed as a land-use tool. Wildland Fire Management Many ecosystems of Sub-Sahara Africa that have been WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT shaped by fire over millennia provide a high carrying HANDBOOK WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa capacity for human populations, wildlife and domestic livestock. The rich biodiversity of tropical and sub- tropical savannas, grasslands and fynbos ecosystems is attributed to the regular influence of fire. However, as a Edited by Johann G Goldammer & Cornelis de Ronde result of land-use change, increasing population FOR SUB-SAHARA AFRICA pressure and increased vulnerability of agricultural land, FOR SUB-SAHARA AFRICA timber plantations and residential areas, many wildfires have a detrimental impact on ecosystem stability, economy and human security. The Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa aims to address both sides of wildland fire, the best possible use of prescribed fire for maintaining and stabilising eco- systems, and the state-of-the-art in wildfire fire prevention and control. The book has been prepared by a group of authors with different backgrounds in wildland fire science and fire management. This has resulted in a book that is unique in its style and contents – carefully positioned between a scientific textbook and a guidebook for fire manage- ment practices, this volume will prove invaluable to fire management practitioners and decision-makers alike. The handbook also makes a significant contribution towards facilitating capacity building in fire manage- ment across the entire Sub-Sahara Africa region. This volume is a contribution to the regional implementation of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), the Global Wildland Fire Network and the Sub-Sahara Africa Wildland Fire Network The publication of this book has been subsidised by the Federal Foreign Office, Germany Global Fire Monitoring Center Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa Edited by Johann G. Goldammer and Cornelis de Ronde A publication of the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) 2004 © 2004 Global Fire Monitoring Center All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by electronic or mechanical means, including any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 1-919833-65-X Produced by comPress www.compress.co.za Distributed by Oneworldbooks www.oneworldbooks.com [email protected] CONTENTS PREFACE: Sub-Sahara Africa – A fire 3. FIRE BEHAVIOUR — 27 subcontinent — ix Winston S.W. Trollope, Cornelis de Ronde and Coert J. Geldenhuys 1. INTRODUCTION — 1 3.1 Fire Behaviour: Introduction — 27 Stephen J. Pyne, Johann G. Goldammer, 3.2 Principles of Combustion — 28 Cornelis de Ronde, Coert J. Geldenhuys, 3.3 Fuel Dynamics — 31 William J. Bond and Winston S.W. Trollope 3.4 Fire Weather — 35 1.1 Hominid Hearth: An Introduction 3.5 Fire Behaviour Parameters — 39 to the Human History of Fire 3.6 Fire Behaviour Prediction with in Africa — 1 BehavePlus — 46 1.2 Fire Ecology in African Biomes — 5 3.7 Other Fire Behaviour Models — 50 1.3 Fire Management in Agriculture, 3.8 Behaviour of Different Types Forestry and Nature Conservation — 8 of Fires — 53 3.9 Smoke Development and Pollution — 55 2. FIRE ECOLOGY: CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME IMPORTANT BIOMES 4. FIRE EFFECTS ON FLORA OF SUB-SAHARA AFRICA — 11 AND FAUNA — 60 William J. Bond, Coert J. Geldenhuys, Cornelis de Ronde, Winston S.W. Trollope, Theresa M. Everson, Colin S. Everson and C.L. Parr, Bruce Brockett and Michel C. Calvin Coert J. Geldenhuys 2.1 Fynbos of the Western and 4.1 Fire Effects on Flora — 60 Southern Cape Regions — 11 4.2 Fire Effects on Fauna — 77 2.2 Afro-Alpine and Sub Afro-Alpine Vegetation — 16 2.3 Grasslands — 17 5. FIRE EFFECTS ON THE 2.4 Woodland and Woodland Mosaics — 20 MAINTENANCE OF BIODIVERSITY, 2.5 Lowland, Montane and SOIL AND NUTRIENTS — 88 Coastal Forests — 21 Coert J. Geldenhuys, Brian W. van Wilgen, William J. Bond, Claudius A.D.M. van de Vijver and Cornelis de Ronde 5.1 Fire and the Maintenance of Biodiversity — 88 5.2 Fire Effects on Soil and Nutrients — 103 v Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa 6. REGIONAL FIRE MANAGEMENT: 8. REMOTE SENSING OF VEGETATION OBJECTIVES, PRACTICES AND FIRES AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO A PRESCRIBED BURNING FIRE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION APPLICATION — 114 SYSTEM — 158 Theresa M. Everson, Colin S. Everson, Stéphane P. Flasse, Simon N. Trigg, Cornelis de Ronde and Winston S.W. Trollope Pietro N. Ceccato, Anita H. Perryman, 6.1 Introduction — 114 Andrew T. Hudak, Mark W. Thompson, 6.2 Fire Management in the Western Cape, Bruce H. Brockett, Moussa. Dramé, South Africa — 114 Tim Ntabeni, Philip E. Frost, Tobias 6.3 Fire Management in the Southern Cape Landmann and Johan L. le Roux and Tsitsikamma, South Africa — 117 8.1 Background — 158 6.4 Fire Management in the Eastern Cape, 8.2 Fire Management and Drakensberg Mountains and on the Information Needs — 158 Southern African Highveld — 121 8.3 Remote Sensing Data: Introduction — 161 6.5 Fire Management in the Kruger National 8.4 Remote Sensing Products for Park, South Africa — 130 Fire Management — 166 6.6 Ngorongoro, Tanzania — 138 8.5 Implementing Remote Sensing in a Fire Management Context — 183 8.6 Examples of Application of Remote 7. FIRE MANAGEMENT IN RURAL Sensing Products in Fire Management in AREAS AND INDUSTRIAL FORESTRY Africa — 186 PLANTATIONS — 144 8.7 Future Expectations — 200 Cornelis de Ronde, Theresa M. Everson and Colin S. Everson 7.1 Introduction — 144 9. FIRE PROTECTION PLANNING, 7.2 Regulating Fire Application and Grazing REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND in Rural Areas — 144 FIRE DANGER RATING — 212 7.3 Use of Fire in Plantation Forestry — 151 Michael F. Calvin, Jan H.R. van der Sijde, Cornelis de Ronde, Martin D. Engelbrecht, Theresa M. Everson and Colin S. Everson 9.1 Fire Protection Planning — 212 9.2 Regional Integrated Fire Protection — 217 9.3 Other Fire Prevention Measures — 234 9.4 Some Notes on Fire Danger Rating — 244 vi Contents 10. FIRE DETECTION 13. WILDFIRE SUPPRESSION — 324 AND CONTROL — 247 Michael F. Calvin Michael C. Calvin and Jan H.R. van der Sijde 13.1 Introduction — 324 10.1 Fire Detection — 247 13.2 Wildfire Size-up — 324 10.2 Fire Preparedness, Dispatching 13.3 Suppression Tactics — 326 and Cooperative schemes — 251 13.4 Suppression Techniques — 330 10.3 Incidence Command System — 259 13.5 Fireline Location — 333 13.6 Direction of Fireline Construction — 333 13.7 Line Construction — 333 11. VELD AND FOREST 13.8 Burnout — 336 FIRE EQUIPMENT — 270 13.9 Backfire — 336 Deon Brits and Johan Heine 13.10 Mop-up and Debriefing — 337 11.1 Introduction — 270 11.2 Personal Protective Equipment — 270 11.3 Firefighting Hand Tools — 271 14. WILDFIRE INVESTIGATION, FIRE 11.4 Alternative Fire Extinguishing INSURANCE, ECONOMICS AND Methods — 272 TRAINING — 338 11.5 Fire Pumps — 273 Cornelis de Ronde, Johan H.L. Joubert, 11.6 Pump Storage — 278 Colin Shewring ACII, Alexander C. Held and 11.7 Fire Lighters — 278 Johann G. Goldammer 11.8 Heavy Machinery — 278 14.1 Investigating Cause and Origin 11.9 Aerial Firefighting — 280 of Wildfires — 338 14.2 Fire Insurance — 341 14.3 Training Issues — 344 12. APPLICATION OF PRESCRIBED BURNING — 285 Cornelis de Ronde, Winston S.W. Trollope, 15. FIRE HISTORY, FIRE REGIMES AND Art B. Bailey, Bruce H. Brockett, FIRE MANAGEMENT IN WEST Theresa M. Everson and Colin S. Everson AFRICA: AN OVERVIEW— 350 12.1 Introduction — 285 D. Andrew Wardell,Thomas Theis Nielsen, 12.2 Application Base — 287 Kjeld Rasmussen and Cheikh Mbow 12.3 Fuel Appraisal — 290 15.1 Introduction — 350 12.4 Tracer Belt Preparation — 303 15.2 Historical Background — 351 12.5 Weather and Topographical 15.3 Contemporary Fire Regimes Considerations— 306 in West Africa — 357 12.6 Prescribed Burning Techniques — 309 15.4 Fire Management in West Africa — 363 12.7 Prescribed Burning Plans — 314 15.5 Conclusions and Perspectives — 369 vii Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa ANNEX I — 382 Community Participation in Integrated Forest Fire Management: Some Experiences from Africa ANNEX II — 403 Biogenic and Pyrogenic Emissions from Africa and their Impact on the Global Atmosphere Glossary — 416 Contributing Authors — 428 viii PREFACE Sub-Sahara Africa – A Fire Subcontinent Fire is a widespread seasonal phenomenon in Africa. South of the equator, approxi- mately 168 million hectares burn annually, nearly 17% of a total land base of 1014 million hectares, accounting for 37% of the dry matter burned globally. Savanna burning accounts for 50% of this total, with the remainder caused by the burning of fuelwood, agricultural residues, and slash from land clearing. Fires are started both by lightning and humans, but the relative share of fires caused by human intervention is rapidly increasing. Pastoralists use fire to stimulate grass growth for livestock, while subsistence agriculturalists use fire to remove unwanted biomass when clearing agricultural lands, and to eliminate unused agricultural resides after harvest. In addi- tion, fires fuel by wood, charcoal or agricultural residues are the main source of domestic energy for cooking and heating. In most African ecosystems fire is a natural and beneficial disturbance of vegetation structure and composition, and in nutrient recycling and distribution. Nevertheless, substantial unwarranted and uncontrolled burning does occur across Africa, and effec- tive actions to limit this are necessary to protect life, property, and fire-sensitive natural resources, and to reduce the current burden of emissions on the atmosphere with subsequent adverse effects on the global climate system and human health.
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