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Download Thesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Thaw in Soviet Latvia National Politics 1953-1959 Loader, Michael Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 07. Oct. 2021 THE THAW IN SOVIET LATVIA: NATIONAL POLITICS 1953 - 1959 Michael Loader A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Department of History King’s College London 2015 1 Abstract My dissertation offers the definitive account of the history of national communism in Soviet Latvia. I define national communism within the context of the concepts of Russification and Sovietisation. I provide an assessment of the contention of the school of Latvian historiography that Russian migration to Latvia was due to an official policy of Russification. I found that in the wake of Joseph Stalin’s death, leadership rivals Nikita Khrushchev and Lavrentii Beria cooperated to formulate a new nationality policy in the Soviet Republics in 1953, demonstrating the manipulation of nationality policy as a feature in the power struggle. I argue that it was in this context that Latvian national communism originated rather than its previously assumed emergence in 1956. In contrast to previous scholarship, I insist that the national communists operated as an identifiable faction within the Latvian Communist Party. I investigate the political rise of the national communists between 1953 and 1958, examining and evaluating each national communist policy including their controversial language and residency laws, and I uncovered new evidence of autarkic national communist economic plans. I identify their policies as nationalist and, ultimately, incompatible with Soviet socialism despite the partial liberalisation of the Soviet Union under Khrushchev. My dissertation uses complementary new evidence from Latvian and Russian archives to support and radically expand upon the theory of recent Western scholarship that an alliance of Stalinist hardliners in Moscow and Latvia, rather than Khrushchev, conspired to purge the Latvian national communists in 1959. This throws into question the causes of the other purges in nine republics between 1959 and 1961. Finally, my project augments our understanding of how the Soviet Communist Party functioned, particularly by showing precisely how the relationship between Moscow and the Soviet periphery relaxed before the Latvian purge but became strained again afterwards. My dissertation offers the only comprehensive history of national communism in Soviet Latvia. In their attempt to wrench more autonomy from the centre, the Latvian national communists presented the greatest challenge to Moscow from the Soviet Republics in the Khrushchev era. 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 9 I. HISTORIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES ................................................................................................................. 12 II. IN SEARCH OF A DEFINITION OF NATIONAL COMMUNISM .......................................................................... 16 III. THE MIGRATION DEBATE .......................................................................................................................... 20 IV. LATVIAN NATIONAL COMMUNISM ........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 1 THE ‘NEW COURSE’ AND THE JUNE 1953 LATVIAN PARTY PLENUM .................... 29 1.1 THE MEMORANDUMS AND THE AUTHORSHIP DEBATE ............................................................................. 32 1.1.1 Khrushchev’s role ......................................................................................................................... 33 1.1.2 Beria’s aims .................................................................................................................................. 39 1.2 THE ‘NEW COURSE’ AND THE LATVIAN MINISTRY OF INTERIOR .............................................................. 40 1.3 THE ‘NEW COURSE’ REACHES LATVIA ..................................................................................................... 43 1.3.1 Changing the rules: The Second Secretary ................................................................................... 46 1.4 THE JUNE 1953 LATVIAN PARTY PLENUM ................................................................................................ 46 1.4.1 Unacceptable biographies ............................................................................................................. 50 1.4.2 The blame game ............................................................................................................................ 52 1.4.3 The speeches ................................................................................................................................. 53 1.5 THE ‘NEW COURSE’ IN ACTION ................................................................................................................ 57 1.6 BERIA’S DOWNFALL ................................................................................................................................. 60 1.7 ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION? ........................................................................................................................ 64 1.7.1 The ‘New Course’ continues unabated ......................................................................................... 68 1.8 THE UNCONTROLLABLE ‘NEW COURSE’ ................................................................................................... 73 1.8.1 The shadow of the deportations .................................................................................................... 74 1.8.2 The Russian backlash ................................................................................................................... 76 1.9 THE ‘NEW COURSE’ REVERSED? .............................................................................................................. 77 1.10 THE GROWTH OF NATIONAL COMMUNISM ............................................................................................. 81 3 1.11 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 2 CHILDREN OF THE TWENTIETH CONGRESS: POLICIES AND STRUCTURE OF THE LATVIAN NATIONAL COMMUNISTS, 1953-1957 ......................................................................... 87 2.1 WHO WERE THE LATVIAN NATIONAL COMMUNISTS? ............................................................................... 89 2.1.1 National communist organisation ................................................................................................. 92 2.1.2 Structure ........................................................................................................................................ 95 2.1.3 Political developments 1953-1956 ............................................................................................... 96 2.1.4 Newspapers and public opinion .................................................................................................... 99 2.2 THE TWENTIETH PARTY CONGRESS AND DE-STALINISATION ................................................................ 103 2.2.1 The impact of events in Poland and Hungary and Gulag returnees ........................................... 107 2.3 CULTURAL STRUGGLES 1955-1957 ......................................................................................................... 113 2.4 THE LANGUAGE LAW .............................................................................................................................. 118 2.4.1 The resolutions ...........................................................................................................................
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