The Artios Home Companion Series Unit 22: Russia and the Rise of the Swiss Confederation

Teacher Overvie w

RUSSIA AND are often overlooked during the study of the Medieval and Renaissance time periods. However, the foundational histories of those countries reach into modern times and affect us still today.

St. Basil's Cathedral is a monument to the Russian conquest of Kazan in 1552 (By David Crawshaw - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64458)

Reading and Assignments Based on your student’s age and ability, the reading in this unit may be read aloud to the student and journaling and notebook pages may be completed orally. Likewise, other assignments can be done with an appropriate combination of independent and guided study. Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 22: Russia and the Rise of the Swiss Confederation Page 213 In this unit, students will:  Complete two lessons in which they will learn about Russia and Switzerland.  Define vocabulary words.  Visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources.

Leading Ideas Vocabulary God orders all things for the ultimate good of His Lesson 1: people. anarchy And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are Lesson 2: called according to his purpose. none — Romans 8:28

The diligence to “keeping faith” is a revelation of Key People, Places, an individual’s character. and Events Speak the truth to one another; render in your gates judgments that are true and make for Ivan IV (“Ivan the Terrible”) peace. Michael Romanov — Zechariah 8:16

Arnold von Winkelried Believers are called to set a good example for others. Let no one despise you for your youth, but set the believers an example in speech, in conduct, in love, in faith, in purity. — I Timothy 4:12

Relief Location map of Switzerland (By Eric Gaba (Sting - fr:Sting) and NordNordWest - Background relief map (relief, lakes and rivers): own work by uploaderSource of data: NASA SRTM3v2 (public domain)All other data (rivers, lakes and boundaries) taken from File:Switzerland_location_map.svg created by NordNordWest under CC-BY-SA-3.0United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency dataWorld Data Base II dataBundesamt für Umwelt BAFU, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8670093)

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 22: Russia and the Rise of the Swiss Confederation Page 214 L e s s o n O n e

History Overview and Assignments The Progress of Russia

RUSSIA, ONCE ruled by descendants of Northmen, was overrun by Turkic Tatars in the thirteenth century and separated from the activity and trade of the rest of Europe. Once their rule was overthrown, Russia sought to expand relations with the rest of the European world, but was hindered by the lack of a seaboard harbor by which to send out ships of trade.

Vocabulary anarchy

Key People, Places, and Events Ivan IV (“Ivan the Terrible”) Michael Romanov

Discussion Questions 1. Describe Ivan the Terrible’s early life. 2. What was the biggest problem Ivan faced due to the location of Russia? 3. How did Ivan try to fix that problem?

Tsar Ivan the Terrible, by Viktor M. Vasnetsov

Reading and Assignments  Read the article: The Progress of Russia.  Define the vocabulary word in the context of the reading and put the word and its definition in the vocabulary section of your notebook.  After reading the article, summarize the story you read by either: ▪ Retelling it out loud to your teacher or parent. OR ▪ Completing an appropriate notebook page. Either way, be sure to include the answers to the discussion questions and an overview of key people, places, dates, and events in your summary.  Be sure to visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources.

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 22: Russia and the Rise of the Swiss Confederation Page 215 Adapted for Elementary School from the book: The Story of Europe by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall The Progress of Russia

Europe was expanding and very active, Ivan the Terrible but there were three powers that did not The great nobles fought for power, while interact much with the rest of the Continent. the future ruler was neglected and forsaken. They were Russia, Italy, and Germany. Italy He was clothed like a beggar. He felt hunger. and Germany did not take part because of He was cold and lonely. He learned to read, their wars, but Russia was not involved though, and his favorite books were the simply because it was not well known. Bible and books about history. He read Northmen lived in Russia, but the region about Jewish kings, the rulers of Babylon was invaded in the thirteenth century by and Egypt, and the emperors of Rome and Turkic Tatars who had come into Europe Greece. All of those rulers were called tsar from Asia. They ruled Russia for over two (from “Caesar”) in his language. Little Ivan hundred years. The Russian princes who decided he would become a tsar. So he read were proud heirs of Rurick the Northman and thought and waited. When he was were forced to give the Tatars money. The seventeen, he ordered the people to crown Tatars eventually became weak, and the him. He was crowned Tsar of All Russia.

Russians began to fight them. After a long war, they were free of Asia. The princes of Moscow broke first from the Tatars, and Moscow became the capital. All of Russia took the name of Muskovy. The princes of Moscow wanted to unite Russia. This was accomplished by Ivan III the Great, his son Basil III, and his grandson Ivan IV, “the Terrible.” Their rule lasted for 122 years. Ivan the Great worked to unite Russia. He was called Binder of the Russian Lands. He united Russia by killing lesser rulers. He Ivan the Terrible Near the Body of His Son Whom He Murdered, by Vyacheslav Schwarz was very cruel. He could have been called Terrible like his grandson. Tsar Ivan began to rule his large lands, Basil III came after his father. He was but Russia had one fault. It was surrounded not as smart as his father. He was not as by land. It had no seaport harbor from brutal, either. He joined his lands and which to trade goods by ship except for the added to them. He threw people in prison Arctic Ocean, which was usually frozen. The and cut off the heads of anyone who Baltic shores were controlled by the Swedes, questioned him. When he died, his son was Poles, and a German army called the only three. Brothers of the Sword. The aim of the

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 22: Russia and the Rise of the Swiss Confederation Page 216 Brothers of the Sword was to bring the They wanted to keep Russia away from Baltic heathen to Christianity. At the same Western European weapons of war. It was time, they fought all the time with Russia. said that the King of Sweden told the They extended Germany to the east. Russia English sailors he would kill them if they was shut off from the Black Sea and the traded with Russia. So Russia had a hard Caspian Sea in the south by Mongols. This time establishing trade among the other is why Russia was not involved of the countries, and for a long time it remained a seafaring discoveries of Western Europe. rather isolated Asiatic empire. Russia was fenced in on all sides from the Ivan IV was able to leave his empire sea by her enemies. Russia was also working stronger and more advanced than he had toward unity and had no time to explore. As found it, because he was both savage and a result the region was shut out from Europe smart. As a statesman he was ahead of his and was hardly a European country at all. times. He knew the needs of his kingdom better than any man. But he was also cruel Struggles For a Seaboard and vicious and had a horrible temper. He Ivan IV wanted to join Europe’s activity. ruled well and wisely for the first fourteen He saw this could make his country great. years he was king, but later he became cruel He knew to do that he needed a seaboard. and bloody. He earned the name of He fought the Mongols and won Astrakan. “Terrible” because he destroyed the great Through the Volga River and the Caspian nobles by killing them and their families, Sea, he opened up trade to Persia and the laying waste the land with brutal fighting. East. But he could not win a Baltic port. After Ivan died, Russia had more and Sweden controlled the Baltic trouble, and his family soon died out. The shores. A greater tsar than Ivan would win people rose up in 1613, and Michael the Baltic seaboard for Russia a hundred Romanov, a descendant of Rurick the and fifty years later. Northman, was chosen as the new tsar. He The Russians did have a seaboard to the did not have much talent or ability, but his north, inside the Arctic Circle, but it was house would rule Russia until 1917, when closed by ice for many months every year. his heir Nicholas II was forced to give up the English sailors were looking for new ways to throne. the East. They found Russia while looking for a northeast route to China. The English began to trade with Russia on this icy northern route. Dutch, Spanish, Italian, and French traders came after them, but the English had been first and kept most of the trade. Russia would have grown faster if the Germans, Poles, and Swedes had not tried to stop it. They were afraid Russia would become powerful. They wanted to keep

Russia out of trade, learning, and industry. Michael Romanov

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History Overview and Assignments The Rise of the Swiss Confederation

SWITZERLAND, a scenic region of mountainous land in the middle of Europe, was fought for by the dukes of Austria, but the robust Swiss mountain men defeated the Austrian knights by joining their forces together to fend them off. Glorious stories, both true and legendary, come down to our time of the heroic efforts made by men like William Tell and Arnold von Winkelried to drive the usurpers out and protect their beloved homeland.

Swiss cantons

Reading and Assignments Key People,  Read the article: The Rise of Switzerland. Places, and  After reading the article, summarize the story you read by Events either: ▪ Retelling it out loud to your teacher or parent. William Tell OR Arnold von Winkelried ▪ Completing an appropriate notebook page. Either way, be sure to include an overview of key people, places, dates, and events in your summary.  Visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources.

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 22: Russia and the Rise of the Swiss Confederation Page 218 Adapted for Elementary School from the book: The Story of Europe by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall The Rise of Switzerland

William Tell killed a Hapsburg nobleman after the nobleman forced William to shoot an apple from his son’s head. Nobody today knows whether this story is true, but it shows how furious the Swiss were. They did not like living as servants and wanted to throw off the Austrian overlords.

Switzerland

The Swiss fight for freedom began during the war between Louis IV, “the Bavarian” and Frederick “the Fair.” Switzerland had been part of the Holy Roman Empire since the eleventh century. It was not a nation during that time but was divided into sections called cantons. One of the cantons was called Schwyz. That name would later be given to the whole country. The mountaineers who lived in the cantons were brave and loved freedom. Hapsburg dukes of Austria tried to take possession of the cantons and make themselves overlords, but the Swiss fought against them. Three forest cantons, Schwyz, A depiction of William Tell’s famous shot in the Uri, and Unterwarden, united into a league Schweizerisches Landesmuseum, Zurich

for protection and defense.

The first great battle was fought at William Tell Morgarten, between the Swiss League and This fight began at the start of the the Austrians. The year was 1315, and fourteenth century, when Louis and Leopold was a duke of Austria. He fought in Frederick were fighting over the right to rule support of his brother, Frederick. His army the empire. A legend from this time says was made up of the best Austrian knights, that an expert crossbow shooter named but the untrained Swiss mountaineers

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 22: Russia and the Rise of the Swiss Confederation Page 219 defeated them. This triumph caused two ran into the spears. He fell to the ground things. It stopped the rule of Austria over and died, but the wall of steel was broken, the three forest states, and it bound them and the Swiss marched through to victory. closer together. The Swiss won another battle two years Louis IV, the other emperor, was happy later at Nafels. The power of Austria over the House of Austria had lost. He liked the the Confederacy was finally broken. The League. It grew stronger while he ruled. The Hapsburgs gave up their claims and signed Swiss did not fight to break from the a peace for seven years. This peace was empire. They fought only to break from the renewed from time to time. The brave House of Austria. But the dukes of Austria mountaineers were left alone for a long did not want to lose their power over the time. They grew stronger as more towns and mountaineers and cow keepers, so they cantons joined the League. remained at war with the Swiss. This war did not help Austria at all, Zurich and Austria though. The Swiss Confederation kept on The Swiss had a civil war when the growing stronger. The Austrians lost again canton of Zurich decided to join with at the Battle of , 72 years after Austria and the empire. The Swiss Morgarten. Confederacy became angry and made war against Zurich. Emperor Frederick, on the Arnold von Winkelried Austrian side, turned to France for help, There was a Swiss patriot at this battle, even though France was in the midst of named Arnold von Winkelried. It is said fighting the Hundred Years’ War. France that he gave his life for his country. The gave the empire an army of thirty thousand army of Austrian nobles was standing firm soldiers, but they were not good soldiers. and the Swiss could not break though their They were only hungry adventurers, but lines, but Winkelried decided to force a way their army was twice as big as the Swiss through. army, and they defeated the Swiss at the

Battle of St. Jacob’s. The Swiss lost the battle. But they were very brave and put up a good fight, and the battle was seen as one more step to freedom. The war went on. Zurich left Austria five years later and rejoined the Confederacy. The Swiss became friends with the French king, Louis XI, twenty-six years after the battle of St. Jacob’s. He was the one who had defeated them, but he now talked 19th century painting of Winkelried’s deed, them into going to war against Charles of by Konrad Grob Burgundy. Charles was an enemy of Louis. “Comrades,” he cried, “I will make a way The Swiss beat Charles in two great battles, for you.” He spread his arms wide and and Charles was killed the next year in a shouted, “Make way for Liberty!” Then he battle near Nancy.

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 22: Russia and the Rise of the Swiss Confederation Page 220 These events drew the Swiss independence was not openly recognized Confederates closer. They were now seen as until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. a nation, and they were called the Swiss. By this time the Swiss were famous for They were still part of the Holy Roman being great fighters. The rulers of Europe all Empire, but they lived largely on their own. wanted to have Swiss soldiers in their They had not fought against the empire, armies, and Switzerland became a “market only against the Hapsburg House of Austria. of men.” Swiss soldiers fought in almost But the emperors were now elected from the every great European war. They could fight Hapsburgs, and they wanted to beat on any side they were paid to fight on, but Switzerland. The Swiss fought back once they kept their nationality. Because of this, more. They were very strong, while the the little republic has kept itself safe and empire had become very weak. After a united. number of battles Switzerland finally won their independence, although this

Location of Switzerland (green) in Europe (green & dark gray) By Hayden120 and NuclearVacuum - File:Location European nation states.svg. This vector image was created with Inkscape., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8109256

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