TABLE Foxe’s Marian Martyrs This table lists the Marian martyrs in chronological order, or as close to chronological order as the imprecision of dates given in Foxe and other sources permits. The martyrs’ names are given, followed by the dates of their deaths as closely as they can be determined. The manner of their deaths (with one exception, that of George Eagles, no. 236, these will be either burning at the stake or dying while incarcerated) will be given next. This will be followed by the age of the condemned at the time of their deaths, where it is known, and their occupations. (For clergymen, only a few of their more important livings will be listed.) For women, with rare exceptions, their occupations in this period would have been as wives, therefore, where it is known, I have tried in this table to convey both their marital status as well as the occupation and status of their husband. Where nothing is known about these, this space is left blank. The next heading is the ‘instigator(s) of arrests’. This tries to convey an idea of who was responsible for the apprehension or capture of a martyr. This can be an extremely uncertain category, as many people might be involved in the arrest of a particular martyr. In this table I have tried to focus on those who denounced a particular martyr and also on the magistrate responsible for sending the martyr to the ecclesiastical authorities. Many of these were active heresy hunters. Some of them may simply have been compelled by circumstances to deal with an accused heretic brought before them. The next category is that of the ecclesiastical office who condemned a particular prisoner to death; usually this was either the bishop himself or his chancellor. In all cases, the capacity in which the official was acting, as well as his name, is given. Another heading shows the place of death of the martyrs. Except for London, these show the name of the city, town or village in which the martyr was executed. The creation in recent centuries of Greater London has created a particular problem here. In the sixteenth century the city of London was essentially bounded by the Temple in the west and the Tower in the east and was entirely on the north bank of the Thames. Areas such as Islington, Stratford and Westminster, which are now part of Greater London, were, in Mary’s reign, separate towns or villages. A particularly important boundary was that of the river Thames, because Southwark was not only outside the municipal jurisdiction of London, it was also in a separate diocese, that of Winchester. This table therefore presents the sixteenth century counties where the executions took place. The place of origin also needs a few words of explanation. This is not the place where the martyrs were born but the area where the martyr was from at the time of his or her death, or with which they were most closely associated. This criterion, while necessary for purposes of clarity, is occasionally unduly restrictive. For example, it is important to note that Elizabeth Folkes (no. 242) was born and raised in the staunchly Protestant village of Stoke Nayland, Suffolk, although she was residing and working in Colchester at the time of her arrest and death. Hopefully the annotation to this table will fill in some of the gaps created. Clergymen present particular problems for this category, as they could hold livings in quite widely scattered areas. Three cases are particularly worthy of note: those of Laurence Saunders (no. 2), George Marsh (no. 16) and John Bradford (no. 27). Saunders held livings in Northampton, Leicestershire, Coventry, and London. It was decided to give his London parish as his place of origin. A somewhat similar situation applies to his curate, George Marsh. However, because Marsh was largely active in his native Lancashire and does not seem to have been very involved with his London living, I decided to give the former as his place of origin. John Bradford neatly falls on both prongs of the dilemma, being active both in his native Lancashire and in London. I have decided to give London as his place of origin because, like Saunders, he was arrested because of his activities in the capital. I thought it would be desirable to give some indication, where it was available, of the educational levels of the martyrs. Where the person attained a degree, the highest degree is given. If a person attended a university but did not attain a degree, that is listed. ‘Read’ indicates that a person was demonstrably able to read but nothing is known of their ability to write. ‘Literate’ indicates that the individual was demonstrably able both to read and to write. Finally, the entry ‘religious radicalism’ needs to be explained. Of course, from the perspective of the authorities who tried and condemned these martyrs, all of the martyrs were religious radicals. However, some further distinctions can be made. ‘Freewiller’ is treated as a separate category because, while these individuals rejected the predestinarian orthodoxy of the English Protestant leadership, to the point of forming their own congregations and refusing to worship with their co-religionists, for the most part they were ‘orthodox’ on other questions, such as the divinity of Christ. In this table, ‘radical’ indicates that the individual is known to have denied the divinity of Christ, the Trinity or to have denied that either communion or baptism were sacraments. A word of caution is in order here. Many of the martyrs who expressed this belief did so on the basis of their individual understanding of Scripture. The designation ‘radical’ on this chart does not necessarily indicate membership in Anabaptist or radical congregations, or even association with other radical Protestants. The designation ‘NE’ under the heading ‘religious radicalism’ simply means that there is no evidence that the individual held radical opinions. This additional research was funded by a Small Grant from the British Academy, whose support is gratefully acknowledged here. Thomas S. Freeman The British Academy John Foxe Project University of Sheffield 2005 © The British Academy John Foxe Project TABLE: the Marian Martyrs1 Name Date of Manner Age at Occupation Instigator(s) Official Place of Origin Education Religious Death Of Death of Arrest Condemning Death Radicalism Death 1 Rogers, 4 Feb B c.55 Clergyman, Privy Stephen Smithfield, London BA, N John 1555 prebendary Council Gardiner, London, Cambridge Lord London Chancellor 2 Saunders, 8 Feb B c.36 Clergyman, Sir John Stephen Coventry, All Hallows, DTh, N Laurence 1555 prebendary Mordaunt Gardiner, Warwicks. Bread Street, Cambridge Lord London Chancellor 3 Hooper, John 9 Feb B c.60 Bishop of Privy Stephen Gloucester Gloucester BA, Oxford N 1555 Gloucester & Council Gardiner, Worcester Lord Chancellor 4 Taylour, 9 Feb B c.50 Archdeacon of Sir Henry Stephen Hadleigh, Peripatetic but DCL, N Roland 1555 Bury St Doyle Gardiner, Suffolk associated with Cambridge Edmunds; Lord Hadleigh (if only rector of Chancellor in name), Suffolk Hadleigh 5 White, March B c.60 Fisherman U Anthony Cardiff Cardiff Illiterate NE Rawlins 1555 Kitchin, BP Llandaff 6 Tomkins, 16 B U Weaver U Edmund Smithfield, Shoreditch, Read NE Thomas March Bonner, BP London, London 1555 London London 7 Causton, 26 B U Gentleman U Edmund Rayleigh, Horndon on Hill, U NE Thomas March Bonner, BP Essex Essex 1555 London 8 Higbed, 26 B U Gentleman U Edmund Horndon on Thundersley, U NE Thomas March Bonner, BP Hill, Essex Essex 1555 London 1 Key: AD = Archdeacon of… , B = Burning , BP = Bishop of [diocese], CH = Chancellor of [diocese], F = female, FR = Freewiller, N = not radical, NE = no evidence, P = died in prison, R = religious radical, U = unknown, 9 Hunter, 26 B 19 Apprentice Thomas Edmund Brentwood, Brentwood, Essex Literate NE William March silk-weaver Wood (vicar Bonner, BP Essex 1555 of South London Weald, Essex); Sir Anthony Browne 10 Knight, 28 B U Barber U Edmund Maldon, U U NE Steven March Bonner, BP Essex 1555 London 11 Pygot, 28 B U Butcher U Edmund Braintree, Essex U NE William March Bonner, BP Essex 1555 London 12 Dighel, 28 B U U U U Danbury, U U NE William March Essex? 1555 13 Laurence, 29 B U Clergyman U Edmund Colchester, In Sudbury Oxford NE John March Bonner, BP Essex Convent (at 1555 London dissolution in 1538) 14 Ferrar, 30 B U Bishop of St Privy Henry Carmarthen Yorkshire BTh Oxford N Robert March David’s Council Morgan, BP 1555 St David’s 15 Alcock, John 2 April P U Shearman Sir Henry None Newgate Hadleigh, Suffolk Literate NE 1555 Doyle prison, London 16 Marsh, 24 B c.40 Curate Earl of Derby George Chester, Dean, Lancashire Matric. N George April Coates, BP Cheshire Christ’s 1555 Chester College, Cambridge 17 Flower, 24 B c.37 Ex-monk, Privy Edmund Westminster, Cambridgeshire Literate NE William April schoolteacher, Council Bonner, BP Middlesex 1555 surgeon London 18 Cardmaker, 30 May B c.59 Ex-Franciscan, Privy Edmund Smithfield, Exeter BTh, Oxford N John 1555 vicar of St Council Bonner, BP London Brides, London London 19 Warne, John 30 May B 29 Clothworker U Edmund Smithfield, St. John Literate NE 1555 and upholsterer Bonner, BP London Walbrook, London London 20 Hawkes, 10 June B U Gentleman Earl of Edmund Coggeshall, Colne, Essex Literate NE Thomas 1555 Oxford Bonner, BP Essex London 21 Wats, c. 10 B U Linen draper Lord Rich Edmund Chelmsford, Billericay, Essex Presumably NE Thomas June Bonner, BP Essex literate 1555 London 22 Ardeley, 11 June B 30 Husbandman U Edmund Rochford, Wigborough, U NE John 1555 Bonner, BP Essex Essex London 23 Simson, John 11 June B 34 Husbandman U Edmund Rayleigh, Great Wigbrough, Literate FR 1555 Bonner, BP Essex Essex London 24 Chamberlain, 14 June B U Weaver Earl of Edmund Colchester, Coggeshall, Essex Literate Prob.