sign in sign up
<<
Home , Anthony Gilby, George Marsh (martyr), John Day (printer), John Foxe, Richard Day (printer), Richard Foxe

THE ACTS AND MONUMENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH by

Commonly known as FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Volume 14

Addenda.

Published by the Ex-classics Project, 2010 http://www.exclassics.com

Public Domain VOLUME 14

CONTENTS

Full Contents 3

List of Illustrations 17

Glossary 24

Life Of John Fox from The Dictionary of National Biography 82

The Life and Martyrdom of Dermot O'Hurley, Archbishop Of Cashel by Philip O'Sullivan 96

The Execution Of Servetus For Blasphemy, , & Obstinate , Defended by . 99

Observations On Foxe's Book Of Martyrs by William Cobbett 106

-2- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Full Contents

VOLUME 1 From the Death of Christ to Frederic Barbarossa

Introduction to the Ex-Classics Edition 5 Bibliographic Note 8 Editor's Introduction. 9

THE FIRST BOOK THE ACTS AND MONUMENTS, CONTAINING THE THREE HUNDRED YEARS NEXT AFTER CHRIST, WITH THE TEN PERSECUTIONS OF THE PRIMITIVE CHURCH. 1. Foreword 30 2. The Early Persecution of the Apostles 36 3. The First Persecution under Nero 42 4. The Second Persecution under Domitian 46 7. The Fifth Persecution under Severus 92 8. The Sixth Persecution under Maximinus 105 9. The Seventh Persecution under Decius 108 10. The Eighth Persecution under Valerian 129 11. The Tenth Persecution under Dioclesian 150 12. The Persecution under Licinius 175 13. Persecutions in Persia 198 15. Persecution under Julian the Apostate 204 16. 206

THE SECOND BOOK CONTAINING THE NEXT THREE HUNDRED YEARS FOLLOWING WITH SUCH THINGS SPECIALLY TOUCHED AS HAVE HAPPENED IN FROM THE TIME OF KING LUCIUS TO GREGORIUS, AND SO AFTER TO THE TIME OF KING EGBERT. 17. The Church in Britain before the Coming of the Saxons 218 18. The Entering and Reigning of the Saxons in the Realm of England. 224 19. The Coming of Austin 226 20. The Conversion of the Saxons 236 21. From the Conversion of the Saxons to the Coming of the Danes 248

THE THIRD BOOK. FROM THE REIGN OF KING EGBERTUS UNTO THE TIME OF WILLIAM CONQUEROR.

-3- VOLUME 14

22. The Coming of the Danes 270 23. Alfred the Great 280 23. King Edward the Elder 290 24. King Ethelstan 293 25. King Edmund 298 26. King Edgar 303 27. King 315 28. King Egelred or Ethelred, "The Unready" 319 29. Kings Edmund Ironside, Canute and Hardeknout 324 30. King Edward the Confessor 330 31. King Harold 336

THE FOURTH BOOK CONTAINING ANOTHER THREE HUNDRED YEARS, FROM WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR TO THE TIME OF JOHN WICKLIFFE, WHEREIN IS DESCRIBED THE PROUD AND MISORDERED REIGN OF BEGINNING TO STIR IN THE CHURCH OF CHRIST. 32. William the Conqueror 339 33. Hildebrand ( Gregory the Seventh) 347 34. Summary of the Reign and Character of William I. 364 35. William Rufus 367 36. Henry I. 381 37. King Stephen 403 38. Henry II 408 39. Quarrel between the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the Papacy 409

VOLUME 2 From Thomas À Becket to King Edward III

40. Life and Death of Thomas À Becket 5 41. After the Death of Thomas À Becket 34 42. Pope Alexander III and the Waldenses 41 43. Other Events During the Reign of King Henry II. 51 44. Person and Character of Henry II. 56 45. Richard I. Massacre of Jews at the Coronation. Riot in York Cathedral 58 46. Dispute between the Archbishop and Abbot of Canterbury 62 47. Richard I. (Contd.) The Crusade 77 48. 92 49. King Henry III. 114 50. The Crusade against the Albigensians. 134 51. Henry III (Contd.) 145 52. The Schism between the Roman and Greek Churches 169 53. More Dissensions about Ecclesiastical Appointments 177 54. Papal Greed and Corruption 180

-4- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

55. The Third Crusade 198 56. The Emperor Frederick II. 209 57. The Right of Princes to Appoint Bishops 213 58. The Emperor Frederick II. (Contd.) 218 59. Frederic's Last Campaign and Death. Summary of his Character 251 60. Gulielmus and Other Champions of Christ 257 61. Robert Grosthead 272 62. The Wickedness of the Jews 283 63. Other Events in the Reign of Henry III 285 64. Quarrel of King Henry III and the Nobles 289 65. Prince Edward's Crusade 310 66. King Edward I. 319 67. Quarrel of King Philip of France and the Pope 325 68. King Edward I (Contd). 329 69. King Edward II. 343 70. King Edward III – Wars with the French and Scots 366 71. King Edward III — Matters Ecclesiastical 383 72. Anti-Papal Writers: 1300-1360 386

VOLUME 3 From King Edward III to King Henry V.

THE FIFTH BOOK CONTAINING THE LAST THREE HUNDRED YEARS FROM THE LOOSING OUT OF SATAN. 73. The Persecutions Foretold in the Scriptures 5 74. The Prayer and Complaint of the Ploughman. 9 75. The Parable of Friar Rupescissanus 33 76. Armachanus and The Begging Friars 35 77. Pope Gregory the Eleventh and King Edward the Third 44 78. Anti-Papal Writers, 1370-1390 47 79. John Wickliff 52 80. Herford, Reppington and Ashton 83 81. John Wickliff (Contd.) 103 82. William Swinderby. 118 83. Walter Brute. 136 84. A Letter from Lucifer to the Pope and Prelates 199 85. King Richard II and the Followers of Wickliff 204 86. The Deposing of King Richard II. 224 87. William Sautre 229 88. Opposition to Henry IV. 238 89. John Badby 244 90. Laws Made against Heretics 249 91. William Thorpe. 260

-5- VOLUME 14

92. John Purvey. 301 93. Continuing Schism. 309 94. John Huss Condemned by Pope Alxander V. 311 95. Insufferable Pride and Vainglory of The Prelates 313 96. Notes of Certain Parliament Matters Passed in King Henry V's Days. 319 97. Coronation of Henry V. Synod of London 323 98. The Trouble and Persecution of the Lord Cobham. 325 99. Cope's Book of Lord Cobham, Answered 354

VOLUME 4 From John Huss to the Death of Pope Julius II

100. The Entry of the Story of the Bohemians. 4 101. The Council of Constance. 15 102. John Huss before the Council of Constance 24 103. The Trial of John Huss 50 104. The Articles against John Huss, and his Answers. 60 105. The Trial of John Huss (Continued) 85 106. Certain Letters relating to the Case of John Huss 101 107. Jerome of Prague. 116 108. The Letter of the Lords of Bohemia to the Council 131 109. John Claydon and Others 135 110. The Bohemians Resist the Pope 148

THE SIXTH BOOK PERTAINING TO THE LAST THREE HUNDRED YEARS FROM THE LOOSING OUT OF SATAN. 111. A Preface to the Reader. 179 112. Further Persecutions of Wicliff's Followers 180 113. The Council of Basil 207 114. The Election of Pope Felix V. 256 115. The Bohemians and the Council of Basil 266 116. Events in England 1431-1450 286 117. The Invention and Benefit of Printing. 302 118. The Lamentable Losing of Constantinople. 305 119. Reynold Pecocke 308 120. The Papacy, 1449-1492 312 121. The 316 122. On False Prophecies 332 123. Turmoil in the Empire 337 124. John the Neatherd of Franconia, a Martyr, and Doctor Johannes De Wesalia.350 125. The Wars of the Roses (Concluded) 356 126 The Word of God Spread by Printing 366 127. Jerome Savanarola 370

-6- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

128. Discontent in Germany 373

VOLUME 5 The in Europe

THE SEVENTH BOOK OF THE ACTS AND MONUMENTS 129. History of the Turks. 6 130. Solyman, the Twelfth Emperor of The Turks. 35 131. The Siege of Vienna 38 132. Further Campaigns of Solyman 46 133. Recent Defeats Of The Turks 59 134. A Notice touching the miserable Persecution, Slaughter, and Captivity of the Christians under the Turks. 63 135. Persecution in England, 1500-1509 77 136. The Proud Primacy of 91 137. — Introduction 118 138. Martin Luther 128 139. The Diet of Worms. 149 140. Assembly at Nuremberg 164 141. Luther after the Diet of Worms; His Teachings and Death. 180 142. Cardinal Campeius' Mission 189 143. The Reformation in Switzerland. 192 144. Henry Voes and John Esch 218 145. Henry Sutphen, Monk, a Martyr, at Dithmarsch. 220 146. The Lamentable Martyrdom of , of Melden, In France. 229 147. John Castellane. 230 148. Martyrs in Germany. 234 149. Martyrs in France – I. 260 150. Martyrs in France – II. 290 151. Martyrs in Spain 327 152. Martyrs in Italy 340 153. The Waldensian Martyrs in Provence 359 154. The of Piedmont 391 155. Pope Leo's Bull against Luther, and Luther's Answer 442

VOLUME 6 The Reign Of King Henry VIII – Part I. 156. Introduction to the Reign of Henry VIII. 5 157. Dispute about the Immaculate Conception. 7 158. Londoners Forced to Recant, 1510-1527 13 159. William Smeeting and John Brewster. 21 160. Richard Hun 24 161. London Martyrs, 1509-1518 41 162. Persecution in Lincoln 51

-7- VOLUME 14

163. Scholars and Poets 61

THE EIGHTH BOOK PERTAINING TO THE LAST THREE HUNDRED YEARS FROM THE LOOSING OUT OF SATAN. CONTINUING THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH MATTERS APPERTAINING TO BOTH STATES, AS WELL ECCLESIASTICAL, AS CIVIL AND TEMPORAL. 164. The History of Seven Godly Martyrs Burnt at . 66 165. Patrick Hamilton 69 166. Master Patrick's Places 74 167 Martyrs in Scotland and England, 1525-32. 93 168. 102 169. The Sack of Rome 107 170. Thomas Wolsey (Contd.) 110 171. Mummuth and Hitten 127 172. Thomas Bilney 130 173. Books Banned by the Papists. 167 174. Richard Bayfield, Martyr. 174 175. John Tewkesbury, Leatherseller, of London, Martyr. 183 176. John Randall and Edward Freese. 191 177. , Lawyer, and Martyr. 194 178. John Bent and Others. 203 179. John Frith and Andrew Hewet. 205 180. Thomas Benet 216 181. Persons Abjured in London 224 182. King Henry's Breach with Rome 248 183. Papal Documents Relating To King Henry's Divorce. 269 184. Arguments against the Pope's Supremacy 272 185. Fools and Traitors who Clung to the Pope 290 186 299 187. The Death of the Lady Katharine, Princess Dowager, and that of Queen Anne. 319 188. King Henry Refuses the Pope's Summons to Mantua 322 189. Rebellions in and Yorkshire 328 19. 333 191. Ecclesiastical Matters, A.D. 1538. 349 192. Friar Forrest. 354 193. John Lambert 355

VOLUME 7 The Reign Of Henry VIII – Part II. 194. Other Martyrs, 1538 5 195. King Henry's Decree Against Imported Books 10 196. The Variable Changes and Mutations of Religion in King Henry's Days. 13

-8- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

197. 82 198. The English . 126 199. The History of , Thomas Garret, and William Jerome, Divines.131 200. Papists, Executed the same time with Barnes, Jerome, and Garret. 157 201. Further Persection Arising from the Six Articles. 159 202. John Porter, Thomas Sommers, and Others 174 203. False Alarm at Oxford 179 204. The King Divorced from the Lady Anne of Cleves, and Married to the Lady Katharine Howard, his Fifth Wife. 185 205. Four Windsor Martyrs 187 206. Persecution in Calais. 218 207. Dr. London and the Goldsmith. 240 208. Qualifications of the Act of the Six Articles. 242 209 John Athy, John Heywood, Kerby, ad Roger Clarke 245 210 King Henry's Acts and Proclamations, 1545-46 250 211. 254 212. John Lacels, John Adams, And Nicholas Belenian. 270 213. One Rogers, a Martyr, Burned in Norfolk. 273 214. Katherine Parr 274 215. Wicked Deeds Of Bishop Gardiner 282 216. Suppression of Books; Tyndale's Condemned. 286 217. Sir John Borthwike 329 218. Thomas Forret And His Followers 347 219. Martyrs in St. John's-Town, or Perth 349 220. George Wisehart 352 221. Adam Wallace 365 222. The Schism that Arose in Scotland for the Pater-Noster 371 223.Walter Mille. 374 224. Persecution in Kent. 378 225. Three Divers sorts of Judgments amongst the Papists, against Heretics as they Call Them. 384 226. The Death of King Henry the Eighth 387

VOLUME 8 The Reign Of King Edward VI.

THE NINTH BOOK CONTAINING THE ACTS AND THINGS DONE IN THE REIGN OF KING EDWARD THE SIXTH. 226. Character of Edward VI. 5 227. Religious Reforms under King Edward 12 228. The 27 229. Papist Rebellions 37 230. Trial and Imprisonment of Edmund Bonner. 50

-9- VOLUME 14

231. Further Religious Reforms under King Edward 103 232. The Trial Of . 108 233. Doctor Redman Expounds the True Faith on his Deathbed 219 234. William Gardiner, Martyred on Portugal 229 235. The Downfall of Edward, Duke of Somerset 238 237. A Like Disputation in Cambridge 265 238. A Fruitful Dialogue Declaring these Words of Christ, This Is My Body. 304 239. The End and Death of King Edward the Sixth. 320

VOLUME 9 The Reign Of Queen Mary I. – Part I.

THE TENTH BOOK. THE BEGINNING OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN MARY. 240. The Abominable Blasphemy of the . 6 241. The Beginning of The Reign of Queen Mary 33 242. Prohibition of Unauthorised Preaching. 40 243. A Disputation On Religion Ordered By The Queen. 46 244. Deposed Bishops Re-appointed, and Appointed Bishops Deposed. 67 245. Wyat's Rebellion 69 246. . 73 247. Actions to Re-Establish Papism. 86 248. Dr. Ridley Disputes On The Scarament. 96 249. Ridley, Cranmer and Latimer at Oxford. 102 250. Disputation of Cranmer at Oxford 108 251. Disputation of Ridley at Oxford 142 252. Disputation of Latimer at Oxford 187 253. Disputation of Harpsfield at Oxford 202 254. Concerning these Disputations 214 255. Various Documents Relating to the Disputations 229 256. Other Things which Happened in this Realm, in this Tumultuous Time. 235 257. The Execution of The Kentish Rebels. 244 258. Disputation of Bradford and Saunders at Cambridge. 252 259. Princess Elizabeth Imprisoned. 257 260. Marriage of Queen Mary and Philip of Spain. Actions to Re-Establish Papism 258 261. John 281 262. The Queen with Child 283 263. The Bow Congregation 288

THE ELEVENTH BOOK. WHEREIN IS DISCOURSED THE BLOODY MURDERING OF GOD'S SAINTS, WITH THE PARTICULAR PROCESSES AND NAMES OF SUCH

-10- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

GOOD MARTYRS, BOTH MEN AND WOMEN, AS, IN THIS TIME OF QUEEN MARY, WERE PUT TO DEATH. 264. John Rogers. 296 265. Laurence Saunders. 322 266. 349 267. . 391

VOLUME 10 The Reign of Queen Mary I. – Part II.

268. Other Events of February 1555. 5 269. Correspondence between Queen Mary and the King of Denmark. 7 270. Bishop Bonner Commands Universal Reconciliation. 9 271. 12 272. Thomas Tomkins. 19 273. William Hunter. 24 274. Thomas Causton and Thomas Higbed. 34 275. William Pygot, Stephen Knight, and John Laurence 44 276. 49 277. Rawlins White 61 278. Other Events of March and April 1555. 68 279. 74 280. William Flower 109 281. Other Events of May 1555. 119 282. John Cardmaker and John Warne. 120 283. Other Events of June, 1555. 130 284. John Ardeley and John Simson. 131 285. John Tooley 136 286. Thomas Haukes. 139 287. Thomas Wats. 172 288. Concerning the Childbed of Queen Mary, as it Was Rumoured among the People. 179 289. Protestant Books Condemned By The Council 181 290. Some Papistical Blasphemies. 183 291. Thomas Osmond, William Bamford, Thomas Osborne, and Others. 194 292. John Bradford. 196 293. John Leaf, Burnt with Bradford. 259 294. The Execution of Bradford and Leaf. 261 295. The Letters of Master Bradford. 264 296 William Minge and James Trevisam 367 297. John Bland. 368 298. Nicholas Sheterden, John Frankesh, and Humfrey Middleton. 392 299. Nicholas Hall and Christopher Wade. 409 300. Dirick Carver and John Launder 413

-11- VOLUME 14

301. Thomas Iveson, John Aleworth and James Abbes. 420

VOLUME 11 The Reign of Queen Mary I. – Part III.

302. John Denley, Gentleman, John Newman, and Patrick Packingham. 5 303. William Coker, William Hopper, Henry Laurence, Richard Colliar, Richard Wright, and William Stere. 19 304. The Persecution of Ten Martyrs Together, Sent By Certain of The Council To Bonner To Be Examined. 21 305. Elizabeth Warne. 22 306. George Tankerfield 23 307. Robert Smith 28 308. Stephen Harwood, Thomas Fust, William Hale, George King, Thomas Leyes, John Wade, and William andrew. 58 309. . 60 310. William Allen, Roger Coo, and Thomas Cobb 71 311. George Catmer, Robert Streater, .Anthony Burward, George Brodbridge, and James Tutty; Thomas Hayward and John Goreway. 74 312. Robert Glover, Gentleman, and John and William Glover, his Brothers. 76 313. Cornelius Bungey 98 314. William Wolsey and Robert Pygot. 100 315. Ridley and Latimer—Introduction. 105 316. Ridley and Latimer Debate with "Antonian." 111 317. The Letters of The Reverend Bishop and Martyr, . 127 318. Life of Latimer. 143 319. Letters of Master Latimer. 177 320. The Examination of Ridley and Latimer 212 321. The Execution of Ridley and Latimer 246 322. Treatises of Dr. Ridley 252 323. The Peternot Profession. 289 324. The Death and End of Stephen Gardiner, , the Enemy of God's Word. 291 325. John Webbe, George Roper, Gregory Parke, William Wiseman, and James Gore 300 326. John Philpot 302 327. The Martyr's Prayer 388 328. Letters of Master Philpot. 389

VOLUME 12 The Reign of Queen Mary I. – Part IV.

329. Thomas Whittle, Bartlet Green, John Tudson, John Went, Thomas Browne; Isabel Foster, and Joan Warne, alias Lashford. 5

-12- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

330. John Lomas, Anne Albright, Joan Catmer, Agnes Snoth, and Joan Sole. 49 331. 52 332. Agnes Porter and Joan Trunchfield. 151 333. John Maundrel, William Coberley, and John Spicer. 153 334. Robert Drakes, William Tyms, Richard Spurge, Thomas Spurge, John Cavel, George Ambrose 156 335. The Norfolk Supplication 178 336. John Harpole and Joan Beach 190 337. John Hullier. 192 338. Christopher Lyster, John Mace, John Spencer, Simon Joyne, Richard Nichols and John Hamond. 205 339. Hugh Laverock, John Apprice, Katharine Hut, Elizabeth Thackvel, and Joan Horns 208 340. Thomas Drowry and Thomas Croker. 213 341. Persecution in 216 342. Sailors Saved Through the Power of Faith. 219 343. Other Martyrs, June 1556. 223 344. Thirteen Martyrs Burned at Stratford-Le-Bow. 225 345. Trouble and Business in the Diocese of Lichfield and Elsewhere, June-July 1556 232 346. John Fortune, Otherwise Cutler. 237 347. The Death of John Careless, in the King's Bench. 242 348. Julius Palmer, John Gwin and Thomas askin 293 349. Persecution in . 314 350. Katharine Cawches, Guillemine Gilbert, Perotine Massey, and An Infant, the Son of Perotine Massey. 322 351.Other Martyrs in 1556 337

THE TWELFTH BOOK. CONTAINING THE BLOODY DOINGS AND PERSECUTIONS OF THE ADVERSARIES, AGAINST THE FAITHFUL AND TRUE SERVANTS OF CHRIST, WITH THE PARTICULAR PROCESSES AND NAMES OF SUCH AS WERE PUT TO SLAUGHTER FROM THE BEGINNING OF JANUARY, 1557, AND THE FIFTH YEAR OF QUEEN MARY. 352. The Visitation at Cambridge; Exhumations and Burnings. 358 353. Persecution in Canterbury. 395 354. A Bloody Commission Given Forth By King Philip and Queen Mary, To Persecute the Poor Members of Christ. 399 355. The Apprehension of Two and Twenty Prisoners, Sent Up Together For God's Word, To London, From Colchester. 403 356.Thomas Loseby, Henry Ramsey, Thomas Thirtel, Margaret Hide, and Agnes Stanley 412 357. Stephen Gratwick 418 358. Edmund Allin and Others, Martyred in Kent. 426

-13- VOLUME 14

359.Matthew Plaise 437 360. Richard Woodman and Nine Others. 444

VOLUME 13 The Reign of Queen Mary I. – Part V. 361. Ambrose (first name unknown), Richard Lush, Thomas Read, Simon Miller and Elizabeth Cooper 8 362. Ten Colchester Martyrs 11 363. George Eagles 25 364. Richard Crashfield 30 365. Joyce Lewes. 35 366. Ralph Allerton, James Austoo, Margery Austoo, and Richard Roth 41 367. Agnes Bongeor, Margaret Thurston and John Kurde 61 368. John Noyes 65 369. Cicely Ormes. 71 370. Persecution in Lichfield and Chichester. 73 371. Thomas Spurdance 75 372. John Hallingdale, William Sparrow, and Richard Gibson 80 373. John Rough and Margaret Mearing 93

ANNO 1558. 374. Cutbert Symson, Hugh Foxe and John Devenish. 103 375. William Nichol. 113 376. William Seaman, Thomas Carman, and Thomas Hudson. 114 377. Mother Benet. 119 378. Three Colchester Martyrs. 120 379. Proclamation against Godly Books. 121 380. Thirteen Islington Martyrs. 122 381. Richard . 144 382. John Alcock. 147 383. Thomas Benbridge, Gentleman and Martyr 149 384. The Unjust Execution and Martyrdom of Four, Burnt at St. Edmund's Bury.152 385. Alice Driver and Alexander Gouch. 154 386. Philip Humfrey, and John and Henry David. 160 387. Prest's Wife, a Godly Poor Woman which Suffered at Exeter. 161 388. Richard Sharp, Thomas Benion, and Thomas Hale 168 389. The Last Martyrs 170 390. John Hunt and Richard White 173 391. Will Fetty, a Young Lad of eight years old, Scourged to Death in Bishop Bonner's House in London. 179 392. The Bishops' Certificate 182 393. Martyrs in Spain and Portugal. 184 394. Scourgings and Beatings. 188 Some Who Escaped Martyrdom 203

-14- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

395. William Living and John Lithall 203 396. Edward Grew and William Browne 211 397. Elizabeth Young. 213 398. Elizabeth Lawson. 234 399. Thomas Christenmass and William Wats. 235 400. John Glover of Mancetter, Gentleman. 237 401. One Dabney, a Painter. 238 402. Alexander Wimshurst, Minister. 239 403. The Story of one Bosome's Wife. 241 404. The Lady Knevet, of Wymondham, in Norfolk. 242 405. John Davis, a Child Under Twelve Years of Age. 243 406. Mistress Roberts, of Hawkhurst, in Kent. 245 407. Mistress Anne Lacy, a Widow in Nottinghamshire. 246 408. Crossman's Wife, of Tibenham, in Norfolk. 247 409. The Congregation at Stoke, in Suffolk. 248 410. The Preservation of the Congregation at London. 250 411. Englishmen Preserved at the Taking of Calais. 253 412. Edward Benet. 254 413. Jeffery Hurst, Brother-in-Law to George Marsh the Martyr. 256 414. William Wood of Kent. 260 415. Simon Grinæus. 263 416. The Lady Katharine, Duchess of Suffolk. 265 417. A Story of Thomas Horton, Minister. 273 418. Thomas Sprat, of Kent, Tanner. 274 419. The Trouble of John Cornet. 277 420. Thomas Bryce. 278 421. Gertrude Crokhay. 279 422. William Mauldon. 280 423. Robert Horneby. 281 424. Mistress Sands. 282 425. Thomas Rose. 283 426. Dr. Sands 295 427. The Faithful of Ipswich 303 428. The Lady Elizabeth 307 429. The Failure of Queen Mary's Persecution. 331 430. The Severe Punishment of God Upon Persecutors and Blasphemers 334 431. Foreign Examples of Persecutors Plagued by God's Hand. 356 432. John Whitman 372 433. Admonition to the Reader, Concerning the Examples Above Mentioned. 374 434. Queen Elizabeth. 381 435. The Disputation at Westminster. 390 436. Re-Established. 410

-15- VOLUME 14

THE APPENDIX OF SUCH MATTERS, AS HAVE BEEN OMITTED, OR NEWLY INSERTED. 437. Of Sir Roger Acton and Others 412 438. John Frith. 412 439. William Plane. 418 440. A Note of Lady Jane. 418 441. A Letter of Queen Mary to the . 419 442. Ridley's Treatise Against Images. 419 443. A Note of Master Ridley. 428 444.A Note Concerning Dr. Cranmer in His Disputation. 429 445. A Note of Bishop Ferrar. 431 446. Thomas Hitton, Martyr 432 447. William Hastlen. 436 448. Verses Laid in Queen Mary's Closet Upon Her Desk 440 449. An Instruction of King Edward the Sixth 443 450. A Letter of One John Melvyn, Prisoner in Newgate. 445 451. A Note Concerning the Trouble of Julius Palmer, lately come to my Hands.448 452. The Confession of Patrick Patingham, 450 453. A Certain Letter of William Tyms. 451 454. A Note of William Gie. 453 455. A Note of Michael's Wife. 454 456. A Note of John Spicer. 455 457. A Note of Mandrel. 456 458. A Note of Elizabeth Pepper. 457 459. A Note of One Confessing God's Truth at the Gallows. 458 460. A Note of Gertrude Crockhay. 459 461. A Note of William Wood. 462 462. John Alcocke. 464 463. Certain Cautions of the Author to the Reader 471 464. Notes omitted of them that were Burnt at Bristol. 473 465. A Note of Prest's Wife, of Exeter. 474 466. The Martyrdom of One Snel 475 467. A Story of One Laremouth, Omitted in This History. 476 468. A Letter of William Hunter 477 469. An Oration of Nicholas Bacon 478 470. Richard Atkins. 481 471. Dr. Story, Persecutor 483 472. Queen Mary's Scourge of Persecution. 485 473. Thomas Parkinson 486 474. A Note of Ralph Lurdane, Persecutor of George Eagles. 489 475. A Brief Note Concerning the Horrible Massacre in France, anno 1572. 490 476. The Conclusion of the Work. 496

-16- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

List of Illustrations

Volume 1. The emperor Commodus casting a dart at the wild beasts Frontispiece Title Page of Source Text 8 The Crucifixion of Christ 29 The martyrdom of St. Stephen 36 The martyrdom of St. Andrew 38 The Martyrdom of St. Peter 42 Rome 54 The martrydom of St. Polycarp 65 Christians Wandering in the Wilderness 117 St. Lawrence being tortured 136 The prelates before the Cæsar Constantius 161 St. Alban's Abbey 178 Martrydom of St. Eulalia 190 Edwin and the stranger 239 A procession 254 A ruined Monastery. 266 Map of Englandunder the Heptarchy 269 Battle between Danes and Saxons 276 The Death of St. Edmund 278 King Alfred and the Cakes 282 The Death of Edwin 295 The Murder of King Edward the Martyr 317 The Tomb of Edward the Confessor 333 Dover 345 A Gateway 382

Volume 2. Portrait of John Fox Frontispiece The murder of Thomas À Becket 29 Turin and the plain of Piedmont 43 Leicester 51 Acre 80 Battle between Crusaders and Saracens 85 The Shooting of King Richard 90 Prince Arthur's body taken from the river 93 Canterbury 99 The tomb of King John 112 Church struck by Lightning 137 Lyons 187 Jews burnt at the stake 283

-17- VOLUME 14

Windsor Castle 296 Kenilworth Castle 306 Knights Templar burnt at the stake 346 Calais 380

Volume 3 Portrait of John Wickliff Frontispiece Another Portrait of John Wickliff 52 Portrait of Edward III. 66 Seal of Edward III. 67 Tomb of Edward III. 68 John Wicliff defending himself. 70 The convocation thrown into confusion by an earthquake 82 Trial of Herford, Reppington and Ashton 89 Oxford 101 The Burning of the bones of John Wickliff 116 Leicester 205 The Murder of Thomas Woodstock 227 The burning of William Sautre 239 The horrible burning of John Badby 250 The examination of William Thorpe 265 William Thorpe in prison 302 A peasant carrying a sack of straw as a penance 319 Storm at the coronation of Henry V 325 Lord Cobham and the King 328 Examination of Lord Cobham 332 Lollards hanged and burned 395

Volume 4 John Huss preaching Frontispiece John Huss preaching at the funeral of John, Martin, and Stascon 9 The Council disturbed by an Owl 14 Pope martin Riding in Procession 22 John Huss speaking after dinner 31 John Huss and the Franciscan 34 John Huss in prison 36 The burning of John Huss's books 55 The Trial of John Huss 85 The Execution of John Huss 99 Portrait of Jerome of Prague 116 Jerome of Prague in the Stocks 121 Execution of Jerome of Prague 129 The Trial of John Claydon 135 The Execution of 146

-18- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

The Emperor Kissing Pope Martin's feet 150 Zisca Destroying the Images 152 Massacre of Old People, Women and Children 173 A Martyr Being Prepared for Burning At The Stake 182 A Martyr Flogged Through The Streets 184 cathedral 200 Burial of Plague Victims 257 The Burning of the Hussite Soldiers 285 Winchester 292 Duke Humphrey's Body 298 Printers and Printing 301 Constantinople 305 Tomb of Henry VI 319 Portrait of Richard III 359 The 362 Smithfield 369

Volume 5 Portrait of Frontispiece Vienna 38 Battle between Turks and Christians 51 Lollard's Tower, Lambeth Palace 80 Various Martyrdoms 90 Constantine the emperor embracing Christian bishops 92 Bishops of Rome advanced by emperors, Constantine, Theodosius, &c. 94 Emperors kissing the pope's feet. 96 Henry the Fourth, emperor, waiting three days upon Pope Gregory the Seventh. 97 Pope Celestine the Fourth crowning the Emperor Henry the Sixth, with his feet. 98 King Henry the Second kissing the knee of the pope's legate 100 King John offering his crown to Pandulph the pope's legate 101 Henry the Fourth, emperor, surrendering his crown to the pope 101 Frederic the First corrected for holding the Pope's stirrup on the wrong side 106 The order of the pope's riding 111 The pope carried on men's shoulders, the emperor and king going before him. 111 Portrait of Martin Luther 118 Martin Luther's Birth-Place 128 The debate at Leipsic 143 Portrait of Philip Melancthon 161 William Tell 193 195 Berne 204 Peter Spengler Executed by Drowning 238 A Good Man Beheaded 241 Rouen 267

-19- VOLUME 14

Martyrs Burned at the Stake 300 Geneva 319 A Martyr Hung over a Fire 327 Martyrs Tortured by the 332 Martyrs Paraded at Valladolid 334 Naples 355 Martyrs Slain with a Knife 356 Martyrs Dragged to the gallows 383 A Martyr Dragged and Whipped 384 Pignerol 391 The Minister of St. Germain Taken by Night 402 The Monks defeated by the Angrognians 404 The Protestant Church at Bobi 415 Soldiers Raiding a House by Night 417 The Waldois roll a huge stone on their enemies 427

Volume 6 Portrait of Henry VIII. Frontispiece Richard Hun Found Hanged in the Lollard's Tower 27 Thomas Man Brought to Execution 45 The execution of Christopher Schoomaker 50 The Seven Martyrs 66 Meeting of Henry and Francis 105 Cardinal Wolsey and the Dukes 117 A Gateway 123 Cardinal Wolsey in Procession 124 Bilney pulled out of the pulpit 138 A Victim on the Rack 183 John Tewkesbury carrying a faggot 188 James Bainham at the stake 201 Frith and Hewet at the stake 213 Tyndale at the stake 311 Lambert burned at the stake 416

Volume 7 Henry VIII. Trampling the Pope Underfoot Frontispiece Collins burned at the stake 6 A Cathedral 92 Hereford Cathedral 127 Jerome Preaching 146 Barnes, Garret and Jerome at the Stake 155 An evil monk and a holy martyr 176 Marbeck Examined by the Council 196 Filmer, Peerson and Testwod burned at the stake 213

-20- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Anne Askew burned at the stake 269 King Henry with Queen Katharine and the in the garden 281 Wisehart at the gallows 363 West Bow, 365

Volume 8 Portrait of King Edward VI Frontispiece Bonner refusing to come before the commissioners 84 The Royal Wedding 231 The execution of William Gardiner 234 Edward duke of Somerset on the scaffold 249

Volume 9 Portrait of Queen Mary I Frontispiece Queen Mary receiving a letter 37 Thomas Wyat on the Scaffold 71 Lady Jane Grey led to execution 83 Cranmer at the Convocation of Oxford 105 Queen Mary's Coronation Procession 239 Execution of the Duke of Suffolk 244 A cat hanged in 's dress 250 doing penance for having taken wives 263 John Rogers Burnt at the Stake 320 Laurence Saunders in the Bishop's House 325 Laurence Saunders burnt at the stake 339 Portrait of John Hooper 349 John Hooper degraded from his office 364 Ancient Gateway, Hadleigh 391 Dr. Taylor brought hooded through Brentwood 411 Taylor burned at the stake 416 Taylor's Monument 420

Volume 10 Portrait of John Bradford Frontispiece William Hunter at the Stake 33 Bishop Ferrar 49 The Woman in the cage at London-bridge. 71 cathedral 86 George Marsh burnt at the stake. 91 William Flower Burnt at the stake 118 Wats with his Wife and Children 177 Bradford on his way to execution 201 The execution of Bradford and Leaf 261 Bland, Frankesh, Sheterden and Midleton at the Stake 402

-21- VOLUME 14

Christoper Wade at the Place of execution 411

Volume 11 Portrait of Frontispiece The Arrest of George Tankerfield 24 Smith and his Companions in Newgate 41 Manor-house, Mancetter, the Residence of Glover 76 William Glover's Body Dragged by Horses 94 Bishop Ridley 106 Latimer pleading with King Henry VIII for an innocent woman 155 Bishop Latimer Preaching 165 Latimer Presenting the New Testament to King Henry VIII. 211 The Beadle removing Dr. Ridley's cap 214 The Execution of Ridley and Latimer 246 Stephen Gardiner taken ill at table 297 Present gateway in the Lollards' Tower, leading to the dungeon 310 John Philpot in Smithfield 386

Volume 12 Portrait of Thomas Cranmer as a Young Man Frontispiece The Seven Martyrs at the Stake 5 The Examination of Thomas Whittle 15 Greene Visited in Prison 39 The Earl of Wiltshire's Spaniel Biting the Pope in the Foot 57 Cranmer, Chersey and the Priest 66 Cranmer and his Accusers before King Henry VIII 74 The Room in the Tower Where Cranmer was Imprisoned 86 Dr. Cranmer on Trial 125 Cranmer Making his Speech 135 The Execution of Cranmer 137 Execution of Porter amd Trunchfield 149 The Six martyrs at Their Execution 154 A Romish Funeral Procession by Moonlight 182 Beach and Harpole at the Stake 188 Hullier at the Stake 192 Laverock and Apprice Brought to Execution in a Cart 206 Croker and Drowry at the Stake 211 The Rescue of Gregory Crowe 217 The Thirteen Martyrs of Stratford-le-Bow 223 John Careless Dying in Prison 240 Palmer, Gwin and Askin at the Stake 291 Palmer at dinner in Bursar Shipper's House 297 Palmer and his companions at the place of execution 311 Ipswich 312

-22- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

The Three Guernsey Women at the Stake 323 The Bones of Infants found in a Wall in Lenton Abbey 328 The Martyrdom of John Jackson 336 Heretics bearing Faggots and Candles 352 Phagius's Body Exhumed in St. Michael's Churchyard 376 Peter martyr's Wife Exhumed 391 The Prisoners Marching through a Town 401 The Five Martyrs led to Execution 410 The Maidstone Martyrs at the Stake 430 The Martyrs of Lewes 442

Volume 13 Portrait of Queen Mary Frontispiece Tyrrel torturing Rose Allin 15 The Examination of Elizabeth Folkes 21 The sumner forced to eat his citation of Mary Lewes 35 Ralph Allerton at the stake 41 John Noyes at the Stake 65 Hallingdale, Gibson and Sparrow led to execution 89 Cutbert Symson at the stake 10 The Islington Martyrs 122 Roger Holland with the maid Elizabeth 128 Hinshaw and Bonner in the Garden 140 A Romish Procession 147 Thomas Hale arrested at night 168 Cluney carrying Will Fetty 179 Bonner and the boys bathing in the Thames 200 The Examination of Elizabeth Young 213 John Davis Arrested 243 Master Berty Defending Himself 271 Sprat escaping pursuit 274 Dr. Sands Speaking at Cambridge 297 Interior of the White Tower () 307 Elizabeth Arriving at the Tower 316 The Death of Berry 335 The Burial of Poor Lazarus 350 King Henry II of France Killed at a Joust 365 Whitman's Hand Cut Off 374 The Burial of Bishop Bonner 376 The Bishops of Winchester and Lincoln Brought to the Tower of London 408 Frith and the Gentleman Meeting in The Tower 413 Hitton taken in Rochester 432 The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Eve 490

-23- VOLUME 14

Glossary Of obsolete words, or words used in an obsolete sense

Abearing Behaviour

Abecie An ABC i.e. a child's primer for the alphabet

Abrenounce To renounce or repudiate

Abroach To set abroach = to start something one cannot or will not stop

Acception Acceptance

Accombred Burdened

Accompt Account

Accustomably Normally

Acoluthes Acolytes

Addict Bound by oath or obligation

Adhibited Applied

Adjure To bind under penalty of an oath

Admiration Astonishment

Advertise To warn or advise

Advertisement Formal notification or warning

Advocation Praying to the saints

Advouterer Adulterer

Advoutry, advowtry Adultery

Advowson The right of appointment to a

Affection A disposition or emotional attitude towards something

Affiance Trust

Affray To frighten

-24- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

After-clap A blow struck unexpectedly at an opponent who had thought the fight was over.

Againstond, againstand Withstand, defeat

Agamist One who opposes the institution of marriage

Agnize To acknowledge

Agrest Rustic, wild

Ale-stake An alehouse sign

Allegation Argument

Allege To cite in argument

Alligation Attachment

All-to Very much

Almany Germany

Almose Alms

Almous Of or relating to almsgiving or charity

Ambage Roundabout or deceitfully ambiguous speech; legal technicalities

Ambassade Ambassadorship

Ambassage A diplomatic mission

Amerce To fine or tax heavily

Amice A shawl of white linen, part of a priest's

Amplect To embrace

Ampliated Enlarged or extended

Anences Relating to; as anences = as regards

Annat The income of a diocese or benefice for the first year of a new appointee's tenure, which was given to the Pope.

-25- VOLUME 14

Annealed Annointed

Annoiling Anointing with sacred oil

Annuates Instructions given by signs or gestures

Antelation A right of preference or precedence

Apaid Satisfied

Apertly Openly

Apostoil The pope

Apostule A marginal comment or footnote

Appair To damage or weaken

Apparitor An official, or civil or ecclestiacal servant

Appellatores One who makes a false accusation for a reward

Applausion Applause, mass shouting or cheering

Appliable to their beck Ready to obey them

Appone To make use of

Appose To examine or question

Appose To interrogate or question in court

Arectet Raised up

Arrear To gather and prepare an army

Articulate Said, mentioned

Ascited Summoned

Assay Formally tasting food before giving it to a king or other important person

Assize To impose or assess a tax; or, to set the price of a staple foodstuff etc.

Assoil To pardon, absolve

Assuage To reduce

-26- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Astonied Astonished

Astonyings Astonishment, confusion

At jar Of different opinions

Attainder Forfeiture of all property rights, which was a penalty for treason or felony;

Attemperate To adapt

Auditory Audience

Austin St. Augustine of Hippo

Auter Altar

Avoid 1. To depart 2. To discharge or excrete

Avouch To declare publicly

Avowe Vow

Awmbry A storehouse

Ayens Against

Baily Bailiff, steward

Ballet A ballad, especially a scurrilous or satirical one.

Ballets Ballads

Band Agreement, contract

Ban-dog A big savage dog

Barrator A ruffian or hired bully

Basin A cymbal

Bassa A Turkish general or pasha

Bate Debate, strife

Battledore A flat wooden club used to beat cloth when washing it

Beadman, Beadsman A person employed or appointed to pray

-27- VOLUME 14

for others

Beadroll A list of people to be prayed for.

Bead-roll A long list of names

Bearing sheet A winding-sheet or shroud in which a corpse is wrapped for burial

Bearward A keeper or trainer of performing bears

Beck Call

Bedlamite A madman

Beetle A mallet

Beetle-brow A person with shaggy eyebrows, a low sullen scoundrel

Beguily In wily beguily = trying to be clever but only succeeding in deceiving oneself; being "too clever by half"

Behanged Decorated with hanging tapestries etc.

Behewed Hacked with an axe

Behight Gave, given

Bell-wether The best sheep in a flock

Belly-cheer Gluttony

Bene, ben Are

Benemen, Benomin Deprive, take away from

Bestead Beset

Beth Are, is

Bewray To betray

Bill A weapon resembling a pike, with a spear blade, and a hook sharpened on the inside of the curve.

Bird-bolt A short arrow with a broad, flat head, used for shooting birds.

-28- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Birth-poison Original sin; in Christian theology an inherent inclination to sinfulness which is part of human nature

Bite-sheep A bishop who ill-treats his flock

Blaze To proclaim or declare

Blemished Disconcerted

Bliue Believe

Bobbed Beaten

Bolt To sift

Bonchief Good fortune, benefit

Bonhomme One of an order of begging friars

Borsholder A parish constable

Bosom A sermon learned by heart and recited

Bounce To thump

Boyly Boyish

Brabbling Quarrelling,

Brable To quarrel loudly

Brary One who brays or talks nonsense

Brast Burst

Brenn Burn

Brennen Burn

Brent Burnt

Bribe To steal

Brickle Fragile, brittle

Brim Brightly shining

Bristow Bristol

Broom-faggot A bundle of the broom plant (Genista

-29- VOLUME 14

scoparius) used for kindling

Bruit A noise or rumour. Bruited abroad = rumoured

Brunt A blow

Buckle Struggle with

Buckler A shield

Bug A ghost, monster or other terrifying thing

Bulk A beam, baulk of timber

Bushment An ambush

Buskle To work busily, bustle about

Butt An archery range; a target

Buxom Obedient

Buxumnesse Obedience

By-cavillation Legal quibbling or trickery

Byelden Build

Byhoten Promised

Byneme, Bynome Deprive, take away from

Caitiff A miserable person

Callet An immoral woman

Camping cure A benefice which involves serving God by warfare

Canicular In canicular days: dog-days, early August

Canivise Apparently a nonce-word invented by Foxe; presumably "To make into a dog"

Canning Ability

Canning Memorizing

Canvassed Beaten, knocked about, defeated

-30- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Capernaitical Believing in the Catholic doctrine of ; Capernaites = those who believe it

Capper A cap-maker

Cark Responsibility

Carle A low churl or villain

Casule A chasuble

Catchpole Contemptuous word for a debt- or tax- collector

Cater-cousin A very close friend

Caterpillar A robber or extortionist

Cautel A quibble or reservation

Cavillations Legal quibbles or trickery

Cecity Blindness, poor eyesight

Celsitude High rank, majesty; your celsitude = your highness

Cense To bless with incense

Certes Certainly

Chafe A fit of temper; fury

Chaffare Merchandise

Chambering Sexual sin, lewdness

Channel Gutter

Chantries, Chantry-masses Masses performed daily or at set intervals as one of the conditions of a legacy or endowment

Chap-men Merchants

Chaps Fissures

Chargeous Dependent upon

-31- VOLUME 14

Chart A charter or official decree. Blank chart = a blank royal decree to be filled in with the names etc. of those it will refer to

Cheeping Flattering words

Cheer Facial expression

Chequer In chequer matters: Lawsuits relating to the collection of royal revenue

Chesille A chasuble

Chevance A way of raising money

Chievance Success, accomplishments

Child-travail Childbirth, labour

Chimer, chimere A loose gown with red sleeves, worn by a bishop

Chisil A chasuble

Chrismatory 1) A sacred anointing

2) A jar containing the anointing oil called chrism.

Chrisoms Chrism, a holy oil used for anointing

Chuff-headed Having a big fat head

Cipher in Agrime The zero in the Arabic numerals

Circumscriptible Capable of being measured; subject to limits of size or space

Civilian A lawyer specialising in civil law

Civilian A lawyer specialising in civil law.

Clamper To botch together

Clanculary Secret

Clennere To clean, absolve

Clepe Call

-32- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Cloisterer A monk or nun who stays in a monastery or convent; opposed to a friar, who wanders around begging.

Closter An enclosure

Clout N) A cloth or wrapping V) To wrap up

Coact To coerce

Coactive Coercive

Coadjutor An assistant

Coast To attack

Coat card A court or picture card in a pack of playing cards

Cock in the hoop To set cock in the hoop = to act boastfully or presumptuously

Cockle A weed of corn fields (Lychnis githago)

Cog To foist or publish a forged document

Coll To embrace, cuddle

Collar To wrestle

Collateral Of equal rank; one of the joint holders of an office

Collation 1) Appointment of a clergyman to a benefice 2) A commentary on scripture 3) Comparison

Collect A prayer said before the Epistle reading in the Mass

Colleginer A fellow of a college

Collyrium Eye-salve

Colourable Superficially convincing, but in fact false

Comfortable Comforting

-33- VOLUME 14

Commencement 1) A conference

2) At a university, the formal conferring of degrees.

Commendations Prayers for the dead

Comminatory 1) Threatening punishment or revenge 2) A sealed-off place, a cloister

Commissary The appointed deputy of a bishop

Commixion Mingling, mixing together; in the Mass, the act of putting a small part of the host into the .

Commodity Advantage

Commonly A public meeting

Commorant Officially resident

Communed Discussed

Companied Associated with

Compass A circle, hence: roundabout way; circular or other enclosure; boundaries or limits

Compline A church service held in the evening

Compter A lock-up

Con To study

Con-captives Fellow-prisoners

Concion A public speech

Concomitation Consubstantiation, i.e. the co-existence of bread and wine, and the body and blood of Christ, in the

Concupiscence Overpowering desire (not necessarily sexual)

Concupiscentious Lustful, unchaste

Conduct A

-34- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Confer To compare

Confute To prove wrong

Congrue, Congruent Appropriate, suitable

Conject To conjecture or suppose

Conjunction adversative A phrase (beginning with e.g. but or however) qualifying or contradicting the one before

Conning Wisdom

Consistory A court presided over by a bishop, for trying religious or ecclesiastical cases

Conspurcate Filthy, defiled

Constitute proctors To appoint lawyers to represent oneself in court

Contemn To despise

Contentation Contentment, satisfaction

Continue Contents

Control To contradict or object to some statement

Contumacy Contemptuous refusal to obey

Contumelious Degrading or insulting

Contumely, Contumelies Insults

Convent (V) To summon before a court

Conventicle A clandestine or illegal religious meeting

Conveyance A cunning deceitful action

Cope 1) A long silken cloak worn as an ecclesiastical 2) A senior churchman, such as might wear one.

Coping tank A tall narrow conical hat

Copulative Forming a connected whole

-35- VOLUME 14

Cormorant A greedy or rapacious person

Cornleader A carter of grain

Corporace, corporas A cloth laid on the altar on which the chalice and paten are placed

Corporal N) A cloth on which consecrated hosts are laid or which is used to wrap them A) -- 1) of the body, physical; Corporally = physically. 2) in Corporal oath, one taken while holding a physical object, such as a Bible, relic, or consecrated host.

Coste Breast

Couetice Covetousness

Courser A war-horse

Courtesan A member of the Papal Curia

Cousin-germain, Cousin- A first cousin german

Covetise Covetousness

Cowcher A very large book, which can only be read on a table or lectern

Craker A blowhard or boaster

Cramp-ring A ring blessed by the King on , believed to be a protection against cramps, fits etc.

Crayer A small trading ship

Criminous Criminal; relating to crime

Croised Marked with a cross; having take the cross as a crusader

Croisy To bestow the cross upon someone, i.e. to declare him a crusader

Croysies Crusaders

-36- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Crudelity Cruelty

Cullen Cologne, in Germany

Cumber Burden

Currier One whose trade is the preparation and dyeing of leather

Customable Customary or habitual

Customer A customs officer or collector of customs duties

Dag A pistol

Damnified Damaged or injured

Damp A state of stupefaction

Darnel A weed of cornfields, (Lolium temulentum), also known as cockle or tares, and referred to by Jesus in Matthew c. 13 v.24-30.

Dastard A coward

Datary A papal officer; originally one whose function was to register and date Papal documents

Decretal Originally, a letter written by a Pope in response to a query; later, any papal decree or document

Deduce 1) To declare or describe 2) To bring

Deducted Traced or described from a date.

Deface To abash, humiliate, put out of countenance.

Defension The formal public defence of his dissertation by a candidate for a university degree

Dehort To advise or exhort against something

-37- VOLUME 14

Deject To throw down. Deject oneself = humble oneself

Delated Denounced to the authorities, informed against

Deme, Demen Judge

Demi-lance A short-shafted lance

Demurrer In law, a plea that the facts alleged do not amount to a tort or crime; loosely, any legal objection

Denizen A naturalized citizen

Depeach To despatch a messenger

Descant In shift of descant = changing the argument

Detour Debtor

Detour Debtor

Deturbate To cast down or thrust out

Devotion At his devotion = at his command, free for his use.

Deyeden Died

Dial A watch

Didrachma A two-drachma coin

Dignation The act of a superior honouring or recognizing an inferior

Dimissory A letter from a bishop recommending someone as fit for ordination or ecclesiastical office

Ding To strike, beat

Dirige The matins of the Service for the dead, beginning Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam.

Dirt-dauber A plasterer esp. one who uses mud to make

-38- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

wattle-and-daub walls

Disceptation Debate

Discommodity Disadvantage

Disgarnish To deprive of

Dishonest To defile

Disme A 10% tax or charge

Disparkle, disperkle To scatter or disperse

Dispensator One who dispenses or distributes goods

Disperkle To scatter, disperse

Disple To punish

Disseize To dispossess

Dissever To separate

Dissimule To deceive by hiding one's true feelings or intentions

Distain Dishonour

Distinction A division or section of a book or document

Divers Many, several

Doctress A woman scholar

Dome Judgement

Domesmen Judges

Donates An honorary or temporary member of a religious order

Donative A benefice which can be bestowed by the founder or patron without reference to the bishop or abbot.

Dotipole A dotty-headed person

Dought Strongly

-39- VOLUME 14

Draff Spent brewer's grains, sometimes used as animal feed.

Draft Spent brewing grains used as animal feed

Draught A privy (US: bathroom)

Dromedary An incompetent thief

Drumflade A kind of trumpet

Dry-fats A large basket or barrel for holding dry goods

Dubitation Doubt

Dump A state of bewilderment; In his dumps = reduced to silence

Durance Imprisonment

Ear To plough

Earlich Early

Eft . . . eft . . First . . . then . .

Eftsoons Soon afterwards, immediately

Eghenen Eyes

Embassage A diplomatic mission

Emblemish To damage or disfigure

Embull To seal

Emmet An ant

Empery Government or dominion

Endue To grant or bestow something; to be endued with = to have

Enduing Endowing

Enervate To destroy

Enfeoff To assign a fief of property or office to someone

-40- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Engrieve To say that something is grievous

Engrossed Written down

Enmious Hostile

Enow Enough

Ensample Example

Ensue To follow

Ententive Assiduous in learning

Entitle To write down a properly edited version of something

Environ To surround

Epicure An atheist

Esay The prophet Isiah

Escheat Riches obtained by plunder

Eschew Renounce, reject

Escript A written decree or writ

Espie Spy

Estall To pay by installments

Ethnics Pagans

Evacuate To nullify

Evangely, Evangelies The Gospels

Even The day before a feast day

Even-christened Fellow-Christians

Everichone Each one

Examinate A person under examination, either as witness or accused

Excerp Summarize

Excheat Confiscation of property, or encroachment

-41- VOLUME 14

on the privileges of another

Excoriate To flay

Exeden Asked

Exhibition A pension or allowance of money

Exonerate To remove an office or responsibility from someone

Exorable Capable of being moved by pity or prayer

Exornate To embellish or exaggerate

Experiment To examine or test

Expugn To conquer or overcome

Extravagant A papal decree not included in the standard list

Face A façade or sham

Facinorous Extremely wicked

Fact Deed

Factor An agent or deputy

Faggot A bundle of firewood

Faled Broken or destroyed

Fane A shrine

Fardel A bundle or parcel

Farmary An infirmary

Farmer 1) A bailiff

2) a tenant or lessee

Fatigation Weariness, long drawn-out effort

Fatue A taboo word in Biblical times; "Whosoever shall say, Fatue, shall be in danger of hell fire." (Matt. 5. 23)

Fautor A patron, supporter or abettor

-42- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Fedity Filthiness

Feile Many

Feoffer In feoffer's hold: Literally, held as a feudal possession; metaphorically, as here, borrowed from someone else

Feoffment Under the feudal system, the action of assigning lands to someone; or, the legal right to the lands so assigned

Ferial A weekday

Ferula A flat piece of wood used for punishing schoolchildren

Fet Fetched

Fetch (V) To steal by fraud or cunning (N) Such an act of theft or dishonest trick

Figurate To symbolize

Fire-house A house in which a fire is regularly lit (i.e. a dwelling-house)

Flagitious Very wicked

Fleen Fled from

Fleer To sneer or mock

Flewet A blow

Flight-shot The distance an arrow can be shot from a bow

Floten Flown

Flung Rushed

Foil A defeat

Foins Trimmings of marten fur

Fond (A) Foolish (V) To speak foolishly

Fore-elder An ancestor

-43- VOLUME 14

Foreface Preface

Forefact A criminal accusation

Forefend To prevent

Foreshield To prevent, avert

Foreslack To neglect

Foreslow To delay

Forfend To prevent

Form A bench

Forward A contract or agreement

Founder A maker of moulded metal objects

Foundment Basis, foundation

Frail A basket

Frater wall The wall of the refectory in a monastery

Fraught Filled with; (of a ship) fully laden.

Fray To frighten

Fray-bug An imaginary object of fear, bogey-man, etc.

Freedom An area in or around a city, whose inhabitants had certain privileges or exemptions from taxation which prevailed elsewhere.

Frele Frail

Fretted 1) Worn, rubbed 2) Inlaid with precious metal or stones

Frisk A dance step or caper

Frowes A dress in Dutch or German style

Frump A sneer

Fulleden Baptised

-44- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Fullen To baptise

Fuller A person whose occupation is the cleaning and preparation of newly-woven cloth

Fumish Angry, irascible

Furniture Equipment

Fustian A coarse cloth of cotton and linen mixed

Fustigation Flogging

Gage (V) To pledge (N)An object given as a pledge

Gains Gaudy jewellery, clothing etc.

Gainstand To oppose

Gang-Monday The Monday before Ascension Thursday (which is forty days after Easter)

Gape To gag at or be unable to swallow

Gar To make something happen

Garboil Commotion, disturbance

Gardeviance A treasure chest, or collection of valuables

Garner A granary

Gat Got

Gaud A worthless trinket

Gaude A public performance or display

Gawishness Ostentatious display of foolish fripperies

Gazingstock Something people stare at

Gear A whim or fit of passion

Ghostly Spiritual, spiritually

Gif If

Gile Guile, dishonesty

-45- VOLUME 14

Gilten To offend against

Gin A mechanism

Glave A weapon consisting of a short, broad blade fixed to a long handle

Glaverer A flattering deceiver

Glavering Flattering, deceiving

Gleer To smear with paint

Gleve The winning-post of a race

Glose, Gloze To explain, or more often distort, the meaning of a text; to speak deceitfully

Glossary A commentary or explanation

Gloss-writer A writer of commentaries, or a spin-doctor

Gnatho A flattering parasite

Goff In a barn which is divided into bays by internal projections from the walls, a goff is the amount of grain which will fir into one of the bays

Gossopry The relationship of God-parent and God- child

Graffed Set firmly, grafted

Gra-mercies Thank you very much

Groat A fourpenny piece

Grope To find out someone's business or secrets by cunning

Groundsel A door-sill or threshold

Grundy A short person

Gyves Leg-irons, fetters

Hale To drag away

Hanaper An office of the court of chancery, which collected fees for sealing and registration

-46- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

of documents

Handfast A firm grasp

Hand-fast To hold tightly

Hanger A short sword hung from the belt

Harborous Generous, hospitable

Hardly 1) With great hardness and cruelty

2) With great difficulty

Harness Armour

Hastler A cook's assistant, who turned the spit for roasting meat.

Hay-golph A haystack

Hearse A wooden framework carrying a large number of candles, hangings etc., borne over a coffin.

Heave-offering An offering which is held up high by the priest for the people to see

Helme-sheaves Bundles of straw

Hem Them

Her Their

Heren Theirs

Hery To worship

Hest Commandment

Hight Was named

Hobby A kind of falcon (Falco subbuteo)

Holden Held

Holocaust A sacrifice where the entire animal is burnt (not just the inedible bits, as was more usual)

-47- VOLUME 14

Holp, Holpen Helped

Holydeme Holiness

Homely Friendly, familiar, over-familiar

Honest To confer honour on something

Hoorehouse A Brothel

Horen Whores

Horsed up Pulled up on a man's back or a frame, to be whipped

Hosen Hose, stockings

Hostelar The landlady of an inn

Housel (N) The Eucharist

(V) To administer the Eucharist

Hudder-mudder Secret, secrecy

Huddipeak A blockhead

Hundred A subdivision of a county

Hutching Literally: crouching or bowing low. Figuratively: with abject humility

Hylden Hold

Hyperbolismum An instance of dishonest exaggeration

Hypotyposis A vivid description of a scene

Ich I

Ides The thirteenth or fifteenth day of the month

Ignavy Negligence or laziness

Illude To jeer or mock

Imbecility Helplessness

Imbrued Stained with blood

-48- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Imitation Adoption as a heir

Immanity Monstrous cruelty

Immarcessible Incorruptible

Immission Insertion

Imp A child

Impanate Embodied in bread

Importable Unbearable

Importable Unbearable

Imposthume An abscess

Impotent Enfeebled

Impotionate To poison

Impropriate Assigned

Inabilitation Unfitness, disqualification

Incensive Full of anger

Incommodity Disadvantage

Incontinency Lechery

Incontinent, Incontinently Immediately

Indent To make a formal promise or contract

Indiction A period of fifteen years

Indifferency Impartiality

Indurate Hardened, stubborn or callous

Induration Hardening

Inedge To slip in edgeways

Infame To make infamous

Infect Imperfect

Infeoff To assign a fief of property or office to

-49- VOLUME 14

someone

Infer To state or bring forward as an argument

Infestine Troublesome, annoying

Infirmation Disproof

Inspiral Giving life to

Instant Insistent

Instantly Insistently

Interdictment An interdict, i.e. a punishment laid by the church on a town etc., prohibiting any church service from being held there

Intermit To interrupt

Interrogatory A question formally put to a witness.

Interturb To disturb or interrupt

Intestine Internal

Invade To attack

Invitory A prayer or verse of the Bible recited at the beginning of a church service

Inwrap Involve

Isay The prophet Isaiah

Jack A jacket with metal plates or chain-mail sewn to it

Jakes A privy (U.S: bathroom)

Jangler A story-teller

Javel A low scoundrel

Jill An immoral woman

Jouresse Duress, punishment

Juggling-casts Conjuring tricks

Jurate, Jurat A lay magistrate or alderman, A sworn

-50- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

witness

Kalends The first day of the month

Kele To satisfy hunger or thirst

Kenning A distance of twenty miles from shore

Key-clog A piece of wood tied to a key

Knack A small or trifling article

Knapskal A kind of helmet

Ladypsalter The rosary, usually the full 15 decades

Lance-knight A mercenary soldier, often one who has deserted and is living by banditry.

Landloper A renegade or fugitive

Lanthorn A lantern

Lapped Wrapped, clothed

Latten Brass or bronze

Laud Praise

Lavatories Ceremonial washings which were part of a royal levée

Laystall A cesspit

Lean Lend

Leasing Lying

Lection A reading

Leefen Believe

Leefull Lawful

Leese To surrender or be deprived of

Leet A court held by the lord of a manor to try minor offences and disputes between tenants

Leeue A leeue Lord = O Lord in whom we

-51- VOLUME 14

believe

Lefull Lawful

Legantine Of or relating to a Papal legate

Legerdemain Trickery

Leman A lover

Leper Leaper

Lesew, Lessewe Pasture

Lesing (A) False (V) Lying

Lesser Britain Brittany

Let To hinder or prevent (also past tense and noun)

Letter reverential A letter from a bishop recommending someone as fit for ordination or ecclesiastical office

Leven Faith or confidence

Lewd Ignorant or futile

Libard A leopard

Libel A document or certificate

Lictor In Roman times, an official who attended a magistrate and carried out his orders to arrest, flog, execute etc. malefactors

Lie for the whetstone To tell outrageous lies

Lieger The holder of a feudal lordship or office

Lieutenant-criminal A chief of police

Lifelot Livelihood

Lig Lie

Like Likely

Limbus Limbo, in Catholic theology a state without either the torments of Hell or the

-52- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

bliss of Heaven, occupied by the souls of unbaptized children and virtuous pagans.

Limiting Begging

Limitour A begging friar

List 1. (N) A strip of cloth 2. (A) To want to do

Little Britain Brittany

Little Ease A prison cell too small to sit, stand or lie down in. Confinement in one was a form of torture.

Livelode Livelihood

Lock A handful of hay or straw; by extension a quantity of anything (OED); in modern Irish slang, a large quantity; which seems to be closer to the meaning here.

Losel A low scoundrel

Lotion Ritual washing

Low Sunday The Sunday after Easter

Lucrified Gained, profited

Lust Powerful desire – not necessarily sexual

Lying for the whetstone Telling outrageous lies

Macerate To mash or chop up

Mail A travelling-bag

Mainprise, Mainprize 1) A surety or guarantor 2) The act of bailing a prisoner

Make-bait A trouble-maker

Makebate A lie designed to stir up trouble for someone

Malapert Insolent

Mall A heavy hammer

-53- VOLUME 14

Mammering A state of doubt or perplexity

Manchet Fine white bread

Manducation Nourishment; usually spiritual, via the Eucharist

Maniple 1) A troop of soldiers 2) A strip of cloth worn hanging from the cuff

Manqueller A murderer

Mansuetude Gentleness

Maozim, Mauzzim Hebrew name of a false god mentioned in Dan. xi 38.

Maritage A tax paid by a vassal to his lord on the marriage of his (i.e. the vassal's) daughter

Mark Silver, or unspecified: Thirteen shillings and fourpence in money Gold: Eight ounces

Market-stead Market-place

Marmoset A grotesque painting or statue

Mary Magdalene's day 22nd July

Masses-trecenaries Series of three hundred masses

Maugre Despite

Maumet, Mawmet An idol

Maundement Commandment

Maundy The Last Supper

Mawmetry, Maumetry Idolatry

Maze Confusion

Mazed Crazy

Meagred Starved

Mecock An effeminate weakling

-54- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Meed Any valuable item or reward

Meet Suitable

Meiny Household

Mentz Mainz

Merce To fine

Mercement A fine or imposition

Mercery-ware Fine cotton, velvet or silk goods; the stock- in-trade of a mercer

Mere Pure, complete or unmixed

Merilich Merrily

Mess A group of people sitting together at a meal

Mete Mete done = should do

Mewing Imprisoning

Mickle Great

Millian , in Italy

Minever A kind of fur used for trimming or edging clothing

Minish To diminish

Ministratoriously In the capacity of an administrator.

Misallege To distort the meaning of something in support of an argument

Miser A wretch

Misprision Under an Act of Parliament of 1534, misprision was the crime of refusing to swear an oath acknowledging the King as head of the church

Misture Loss

Mo More

-55- VOLUME 14

Monish To admonish or warn

Monition Instruction, warning

Monitory Containing a warning or admonishment

Morrow-mass A Mass said first thing in the morning

Mote 1) May 2) Must

Mowe, Mow May

Mulet A young mule

Mumpsimus A long-established but false belief, an old but mistaken custom (opposed to sumpsimus)

Muniment A document proving ownership or entitlement to something

Munition A fortification

Murrain Cattle plague or other epidemic animal disease

Murrey A purplish-red colour

Mychel Great

Namely Especially

Nard An aromatic oil extracted from the spikenard plant (Nardostachys grandiflora)

Nasturcium Watercress (the flower now called nasturtium was not known in England in Foxe's time)

Naught Wicked

Naverne Navarre

Ne No, not, nor, neither

Neatherd A cow-herd

Nele Will not

-56- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Neme To take

Nene Destruction

Nice 1) Silly, foolish. 2) Council of Nice = Council of Nicæa (525 A.D)

Nip Nipped a great number so near = squeezed many people so painfully

Nocive Harmful

Nole Will not

Nonage The period of childhood

Nones The 7th of March, May, July, or October; the 5th of any other month.

Note A mark or characteristic

Nother Neither

Nousle To train or educate

Noyous Annoying, troublesome

Nursled Nourished, brought up

Obits Masses for the dead

Oblation Literally, an offering, which can signify: 1) An animal offered for sacrifice; the sacrifice itself 2) Money given to the church 3) One of two parts of the Mass; either the Offertory, or the presentation of the consecrated bread and wine with the words "Behold the Lamb of God, etc"

Oblocutor One who contradicts or abuses someone

Obsignation Formal sealing or approval of a contract or other such document

Obtestation Calling on God to witness that what you say is true

-57- VOLUME 14

Obtrectation Abuse, calumny

Occurrent Happening

Offendicle Something which leads or causes a person to commit sin

Offension Injury or damage

Onerate To lay an obligation on someone

Onychinus Onyx

Opprobry 1) Infamy, shame 2) Insults

Oppugn To fight against

Orator A person who prays

Ordinal A book of rules and regulations

Ordinary The ecclesiastical chief of an area i.e. the parish priest in a parish, the bishop in a diocese, etc.; also , the bishop having authority over a particular priest.

Ornature Personal adornment, fine clothing, jewellery etc.

Ostent A wondrous event or miracle

Ouch A gold or jewelled brooch or buckle

Outlandish Foreign

Out-scape A way of escape

Overthwart Crosswise, either literally or figuratively

Oyster-board A table or stall for selling oysters – used contemptuously for a communion table because it was the same shape

Pack A scoundrel

Packing Fraudulent dealing

Paction An alliance

-58- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Page A canton of Switzerland

Painful Painstaking

Pair To impair or harm

Pale A fence or fence-board

Palfrey A small horse

Pall A kind of scarf or stole worn by a bishop; used figuratively to mean the office of bishop.

Palsgrave A Count Palatine, i.e. a ruler who has been granted full powers in his fief by the Holy Roman Emperor

Panim A pagan or other non-Christian

Pantofle Expensive, highly decorated slippers; Stood upon their pantofles = Stood on their dignity

Paralipomena Alternative name for the two books of Chronicles, in the Bible (in some editions, called the third & fourth books of Kings)

Parcel A part

Pardon-beads Rosary beads blessed so that those using them would have an indulgence

Parochian A parish priest

Partlet An article of clothing worn about the neck or upper chest; a bib or dickey.

Paschal Passover feast

Pash To smash

Pasquil A satire or lampoon

Patch 1) A fool

2) A botch, shoddy work, distortion

Patin, patine, paten A dish on which the communion bread is

-59- VOLUME 14

placed

Pattens Wooden overshoes

Paunch To cut open the belly

Pax A small bas-relief of the crucifixion on a handle, kissed by the officiating priest and then the congregation at Mass

Paynim A pagan or Muslim

Pelagian One who holds the belief that it is possible to attain salvation entirely through one's own efforts, without the special grace of God.

Pelf 1) Worthless baubles 2) Contemptuous word for money, regarded as the source of all evil.

Pelt To address with insults or reproaches

Penitentiary 1) A penitent 2) A priest specially appointed to hear confessions of reserved sins (very serious ones which cannot be absolved by ordinary priests)

Penner A case for holding writing pens

Percase Perhaps

Perdurable Long-lasting

Peregrine A pilgrim

Perfitlich Perfectly

Perk To behave presumptuously

Permixt Unified

Perpend To consider

Person A parson

Phylacteries Hypocritical displays of virtue

-60- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Pictavia Poitou, in France

Pike A toll barrier

Pilch A coat made of animal skins or coarsely tanned leather

Pill To rob, pillage

Pilled Tonsured i.e. having the top of the head shaved

Pinbank The rack or similar instrument of torture

Pin-fold A pound for stray animals

Pix A small box in which consecrated hosts are carried about.

Plackard An official document or proclamation

Plaice-mouth A pursing of the lips

Plat A) A plough B) A plot of land

Plenar Complete

Plete To argue one's case

Plumbat A lead ball on a cord

Plumps A compact group of people

Point-maker A maker of laces for fastening clothes

Points Laces for fastening clothes

Poising Weighing

Poll To extort money from

Polling Shaving the top of the head

Pontifical, Pontificalibus The robes of a bishop or cardinal

Popple The corn-cockle (Lychnis githago), a weed of wheat fields

Porket A pig

-61- VOLUME 14

Port Appearance

Porthose To canonize as a saint

Portmen Members of the town council

Portues A breviary or book of liturgy

Portuous (Of a saint) Included in the standard breviary or calendar

Position A question or proposal

Post A post-rider i.e. a man who carried letters from one post station to the next

Post alone Entirely alone

Postcommon The postcommunion, a prayer of thanksgiving said near the end of the mass, after the communion

Postil A note or comment on a document

Potestate A ruler, potentate

Pounced Of a metal object, decorated by embossing or engraving

Practised Worked on

Præmunire The crime in English law of appealing to, or acknowledging, a power outside England (usually the Papacy) in defiance of the monarch.

Pravity Wickedness

Prebend The revenue of a specific plot of land belonging to an ecclesiastical foundation; a was the priest to which a prebend was allocated or prebendated

Prefe Proof

Pregnancy Fullness

Premonish To speak of beforehand, to warn

-62- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Preparature Preparation

Prepense Inclined towards

Prescript A written command

President An example to be followed

Prest money Money given to a recruit on enlistment; "the King's shilling"

Presul A prelate or bishop

Pretensed Pretended, falsely claimed

Pretermit To leave out, omit

Preue, preve Proof

Prick To shoot an arrow

Prick-louse A tailor

Prick-song Vocal music in more than one part or with an accompaniment

Primer and accidence The elements of reading and writing

Priuilich Privately

Privation Deprivation, removal from office

Privily Secretly

Privy 1) Secret 2) made privy of/unto something = told about it in confidence 3) privy chamber = private quarters 4) privy council = a committee of notables appointed by the King to advise him. 5) = An officer of state whose formal duty is to keep and apply the King's seal to documents; he is usually a member of the cabinet or privy council

Probably Plausibly, convincingly

Probation Conclusive argument, proof

-63- VOLUME 14

Problem To keep a problem = to discuss an academic proposition

Proclive Inclined towards

Prodition Treachery

Proem A prologue or introduction

Profect Profit

Professor One who proclaims his faith in the true religion

Prolation A phrase or sentence spoken continuously, without a pause

Prolix Long-winded

Proll To prowl or rob

Prolocutor 1) a spokesman 2) The chairman of a parliament or congress

Promoter An informer or unofficial prosecutor

Prompt Prompt with = armed with, and very ready to use

Prone Willing or inclined to do something.

Proper Special, particular

Propone To propose

Proprietary The holder of an ecclesiastical benefice

Prorogations Postponements

Prorogue To postpone

Proscript Proscribed

Prosopopœia An orator's trick of speaking as if in the voice or person of someone else

Proterve Stubborn, petulant

Protonotary A senior papal clerk or envoy

-64- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Prototypon The first or original version of a document etc.

Prove To test

Provisor A person holding the right to be appointed to an office or benefice when it becomes vacant

Provoke To invite

Psalmograph Writer of ; a title of King David of Israel and Judah

Puissance Power

Puissant Powerful

Pung To peck

Pursue To persecute

Pursuivant A messenger or agent

Quadrant-place A quadrangle or courtyard

Quail To quell, suppress

Quarrel A cross-bow arrow

Querell To dispute or demur

Quest A court or commission of enquiry

Questionary At the , an undergraduate in his final term

Questmen Members of a commission of enquiry

Quick Alive, living

Quier A book

Quindecim A fifteenth part

Quire 1) A choir 2) A book or document

Quondam Former, formerly

-65- VOLUME 14

Rabbin A Jewish Rabbi; used contemptuously to refer to other religious leaders

Raca An offensive word in Biblical times; "Whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council:" (Matt. 5. 22)

Ranging-wise At random

Rap To plunder or destroy

Rase A measure

Rashful Rash

Rate, Ratle To scold, abuse verbally

Readie Quick-witted and eloquent

Reave To rob

Receitor, Receptor A harbourer of criminals

Recluse A prison cell

Recordative Commemorative

Recule To retreat

Recure To restore to health

Recusation An appeal based on the alleged partiality of a judge

Recuse To reject someone's authority to do something

Reed Advise

Refel Disprove

Refocillation Revival, refreshment

Refract, Refractorious Stubborn

Refricate To open up a wound

Refuse To reject

-66- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Regiment Rule

Register A keeper of records, registrar.

Reiterate Repeat, repeated

Relent To return to one's original beliefs

Replication, Replication Stages in the arguing of a case before a duplic court i.e. The prosecutor makes a charge, then The defendant makes a reply, then The prosecutor makes a replication, then The defendant makes a replication duplic

Repugn To oppose, fight against

Rescript Strictly, the decision of the Roman emperor on a case referred to him by a governor or judge; more loosely, any formal written command by a person in authority

Residentiary The canons of a cathedral

Resperse To accuse

Respond A responsary, i.e. a hymn or prayer sung or spoken by a single voice and the choir or congregation in turn

Retcheth Reck, care themselves with

Retract A military retreat

Revest To don vestments for a religious ceremony

Revestry The vestry of a church

Rhodanus The River Rhône

Rochet A linen surplice

Rocker A child's nurse, who rocks the cradle

Rode, Rood A crucifix

Rogation Chanting the litany of the saints during a procession

-67- VOLUME 14

Rood A crucifix

Rood-loft A loft gallery above and behind a rood- screen

Rood-screen A screen, usually richly decorated or carved, at the end of the nave of a church before the altar.

Rood-sollor A rood-loft (qv).

Room Place, position of authority

Rooten Dig up with the snout, like a pig in filth

Rounding Trimming the hair to the same length all the way around

Rouse To rest or sleep

Rown To whisper

Royal An English gold coin, worth ten shillings

Ruff A state of excitement or pride

Ruffler A fine-clothed but useless fellow

Ruffling Showing off

Runagate A fugitive scoundrel or vagrant ruffian

Sabaoth Lord of Sabaoth = Lord of Hosts, a title of God

Sacramentals In Catholic practice, various things which resemble but are not one of the seven; as, the sign of the Cross; blessing of holy water etc.

Sacramentary One who holds "heretical" (i.e. not Catholic) views on the Eucharist

Sacring The consecration of the Mass

Sale To assail

Sarcenet A fine silk cloth

Saturity Repletion

-68- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Sauter The Book of Psalms

Say A fine cloth of silk and wool woven together

Scathe Injury, damage

Schone Shall

Scurrier A soldier sent out to see what the enemy is doing, a scout

Scutage A tax paid instead of military service

Seam Eight bushels

Searcher A minor customs official, who searches for contraband

Sechen Seek

Secluding Prohibiting

Seggen Say

Seigniory Lordship or dominion; or the lands over which this is held

Sein Say

Seised Of land or property: assigned or granted to someone

Seizin-taking Taking possession of a token of ownership e.g. the keys of a house.

Seker Certain

Semblable Semblably Similar, similarly

Sententially As a judicial sentence

Sententiary A person who has compiled a compendium of theological opinions.

Sepulture A tomb

Sequestration Confiscation of the income of a benefice

Seraphical Angel-like, a title specifically given to St.

-69- VOLUME 14

Bonaventure (1221-1274)

Servage Bondage, serfdom

Several Separate or individual

Severally Separately or individually

Sewer A servant who lays the table, serves the meal etc.

Seyen See

Shad Shed

Share-Thursday Holy, or Maundy Thursday – the Thursday before Easter

Shaveling A tonsured monk

Shawm A musical instrument resembling an oboe.

Shearman A cloth-shearer

Sheave To collect, gather up

Shelt-toad A toad from the river Scheldt

Shent Ruined, destroyed

Shere-Thursday Maundy or Holy Thursday, i.e. the Thursday before Easter

Shew-bread Special loaves of bread which were placed on a table in the Temple of Jerusalem every Sabbath and eaten by the priests at the end of the week. See Exod. xxv. 30.

Shifter An idle worthless fellow

Shog To shake vigorously

Shone Shoes

Shrewd False and malicious

Shrift Absolution

Shriuing Confession

-70- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Shrove Sunday The Sunday seven weeks before Easter

Shullen Shall

Shulne Shall

Sideman An assistant churchwarden

Siege Seat

Silly Innocent

Sink A sewer or drain

Sith Since

Sith that Provided that

Sithe Times

Sithen So that

Sithence Since

Skill To be of importance

Slander-giving Encouraging others to sin by bad example

Slaughter-slave An executioner

Sle Slay

Slean Slay

Sleight, sleighty Deceitful

Slipper-dealing Deceitful practices

Slops Baggy trousers

Slorried Smeared with dirt

Slowen Slain

Smaragd An emerald

Smit Struck

Snaffle A kind of horse-bridle

Snaffle A horse bridle

-71- VOLUME 14

Snag To jeer at, nag, abuse

Snarled Strangled, or tortured with a twisted rope

Snuff To take snuff = to take offence

Sod, Sodden Boiled

Soke The area within which a particular court or grand jury had authority

Soldan Sultan

Soldier-fare Military service

Solicitor An agent or deputy

Solution An answer or explanation

Somoner, Somnor A bailiff of an ecclesiastical court, who summons people to attend

Sooth-deacon A formally appointed deputy or representative

Soothfastness Constancy in holding to the truth

Sop A piece of bread dipped in wine or other liquid

Sophistry False or dishonest arguments

Sorbonical After the fashion of the Sorbonne, or University of Paris

Souter A cobbler or shoemaker

Spar To bolt down, fasten tightly

Sparsed Spread

Specialty A particular point of argument

Speed To succeed

Spinster A woman whose occupation was spinning thread

Spiritualty The clergy or hierarchy

-72- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Splent The elbow-piece in a suit of armour

Spouse-breach Adultery

Spoushod Marriage

Springall A young man

Spur-gall To injure a horse by excessive use of spurs

Spurging Oozing of matter, fæces etc. from the body

Spurn Kick or trample underfoot

St. James's tide 25th July

Staple A, or the only, legally licensed market for wool for purchase by foreigners

Starting-hole Literally, a hole in which a hunted animal can hide; metaphorically, a loophole, or "get-out"

Stellify To place among the stars

Sternship Haughtiness

Stied Went (the word is principally used to describe Christ's ascension into heaven)

Stiver A Dutch coin, worth about one English penny

Stocks The name of a market for meat and fish in the

Stover Fodder, animal food

Strait Strict, rigorous, narrow, closely confined.

Strumpet A whore

Sturdy Obstinate

Suffice To serve

Suffragan An assistant or subordinate bishop

Suffrage 1) An assistant 2) Help, assistance of any kind

-73- VOLUME 14

Sugge To say

Sugget A saying

Suit Requirement

Sumner A bailiff of an ecclesiastical court, who summons people to attend

Sum-papal A summary of papal edicts on a particular topic

Sumpsimus A new but correct belief or custom (opposed to mumpsimus)

Sumpter A pack-horse

Super-altar A slab of stone consecrated for use as an altar when placed on a table etc.

Superaltare The ritual of profession as a Benedictine monk

Supererogation In works of supererogation: in Catholic theology, the performance of good works beyond what God commands or requires; this builds up a store of grace which the Church can dispense in the form of indulgences etc.

Supple To soften

Supposition An argument for a proposition

Supputation A system of calculation

Surname A nickname

Sustentation Provision of food, drink and other necessities

Sweat A disease marked by high fever and copious sweating

Sweuen A false vision or fake miracle

Swill Liquid filth

Swinge Power or authority; in phrase To bear the

-74- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

swinge = to have power or authority

Swingel of a flail A flail was an implement for threshing corn, consisting of a long handle or staff and a shorter stick, the swingle, loosely tied to the end of the staff so it could swing freely. The thresher held the flail by the staff and beat the sheaves of corn with the swingle to dislodge the grains from the straw.

Synagogue A church or abbey notorious for corrupt practices or false doctrines, blasphemy etc.; An assembly of false religion or blasphemy

Synecdoche A figure of speech where the part is taken for the whole, or vice versa

Tabret A small drum

Tallage An arbitrary tax levied by special order

Tally for his own cates To obtain food and other necessities on credit

Tarriance Delay

Teende Attend with

Temerarious Rash, reckless

Temporalty The

Tender To treat with tenderness or affection

Tent To clean a wound with a small roll of cloth

Tenths

Tergiversation Changing sides; denying what one has previously asserted or vice versa

Term probatory A period of time given to a litigant to prepare his case

Terrene Of the earth in the sense (1) as opposed to heavenly or (2) peasant-like, low-class

-75- VOLUME 14

Tertian A fever recurring every third day

The land of behest The Promised Land

Thicker A fuller, i.e. a person whose occupation is the cleaning and preparation of newly- woven cloth

Thilke This

Tho Then

Thoore Unharmed

Thrall A slave

Thrasonical Boastful [like Thraso, a character in the play Eunuchus by the Roman playwright Terence]

Threnes of Jeremy The book of Lamentations, in the Old Testament

Thurify To bless with incense

Tickle Unstable, ready to fall at a touch ; Credulous, easily persuaded

Tied his points Fastened his laces

Tippet A hood or hooded cloak

Tipstaff , Tipstave A court usher or bailiff

Tithed to death Decimated (i.e. every tenth man killed)

Titiviller The name of a demon in a morality play; hence, a scoundrel

Tituled Named

To lie for the whetstone To tell outrageous lies

To-brast Completely destroy

To-broken Destroyed, torn up

Tofore In front of

Tollage Money paid in tolls or taxes

-76- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Toll-booth The name of the town prison in Cambridge and Edinburgh

Tonsure A shaven patch on the top of the head

Tose To card wool

Totquots A papal dispensation allowing the holder to have any number of

Towardness Exceptional aptitude.

Toy A trifle or bauble, a whimsy

Tractation Written discussion or discourse

Trade A way of life, moral attitude towards living

Train A deception or fraud

Transumpt (N) A transcript or formal copy of a record or decree (V) To copy, transfer or transform

Trauel Labour

Travail 1) Labour 2) Suffering

Travell Suffering

Traverse, Travise A dispute or controversy

Treen shoes Wooden shoes, clogs

Trencher A wooden dish

Trental A series of thirty requiem masses

Trim-couched Well-chosen to deceive

Trindles A wax taper rolled into a coil

Trope A figure of speech

Tropical Metaphorical

Trought Truth

-77- VOLUME 14

Trow To believe

Tucker A cloth-fuller or finisher

Tuition Protection, guardianship

Tunably Harmoniously

Tunned Got drunk with

Tympany A swelling of the abdomen caused by gas in the intestines or stomach.

Uiker, Uicar Vicar, in the sense of appointed representative

Unconning Foolish

Unlefull Unlawful

Unmeet Unsuitable

Unwitty Foolish, stupid

Unworshipped Disrespected

Usance Lending or borrowing at (usually usurious) interest

Utas The eighth day after the specified feast day

Vail An extra payment or profit, a perk

Vantage Advantage

Vastation Devastation, destruction

Vaumure An outer fortification

Vaward The vanguard

Verament Truly

Verilich Truly

Very True, truly; pure

Viage Voyage

Vicegerent A person appointed by the king with full authority to act on his behalf

-78- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Vidame A layman who acted for a bishop in legal and business matters

Vie crowns A gambling game by tossing coins for double or quits

Vilipend To regard, or treat, a person as being vile or worthless

Vility Vileness

Vineat An ornamental border of vine leaves in a manuscript

Visor A mask or outward show

Vitiate To spoil or wear out

Vocable A spoken word

Void To depart from

Waits The members of a municipal band, employed by the city to play on public occasions

Walisch Welsh

Wan hope Despair

Wanyand An imprecation or curse

Ward A lock; prison

Warren An area of land enclosed for breeding game animals or birds.

Wast Year, day and wast = "a prerogative whereby the sovereign was entitled to the profits for a year and a day of a tenement held by a person attainted of petty treason or felony, with the right of wasting the tenement" (OED)

Waster A wooden sword used for fencing practice

Watchet-hose Pale blue stockings

Waxen Grown up

-79- VOLUME 14

Weasand The throat

Web A piece of woven cloth, as it comes from the loom

Weed A cloak or costume

Ween Suppose, believe

Weet To know

Wele Prosperity

Wete, weten 1) to know 2) to ask of someone

Wheeler A wheel-maker

Where-through Through which

Whirlpit A whirlpool

Whist To whisper

Whittled Drunk

Wild he, nild he Whether he wanted or not

Will-works Works performed by the human will, without divine grace

Will-worship Worship of God in a form or way not authorised by Him (i.e. different from those of the speaker)

Wimble An auger or gimlet

Wis 1) To know 2) To declare

Wist Knew

Wit To know

Witty Sensible, intelligent

Wolden Would

Wonnyer, Wonnier Inhabitant

-80- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Wood-knife A short sword or large knife, used by huntsmen for disembowelling and cutting up game

Woodness Madness, violent anger

Woolward To go woolward = to wear coarse woollen cloth next the skin, as a penance or punishment

Wot Know

Wracke Revenge

Wrakers Those who wreak vengeance

Wreke To work, do something

Writhe To distort

Wyllingly Thankfully

Ybeden Bade

Ybore Born

Ych I

Year-mind A Mass said on the anniversary of someone's death

Yeve To give

Yift A gift

Ylich Equally

Younker A young gentleman

You-ward Towards you

Yuill Evil

Ywit Know

Zif Thus; or as phrase zif all = although

-81- VOLUME 14

Life Of John Fox

(From The Dictionary of National Biography, 1885)

FOXE, JOHN (1516-1587), martyrologist, was born at Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1516. The date is supplied by a grant of arms made to his family on 21 Dec. 1598 (MAITLAND, Notes, pt. i. 8-10). He is there said to be lineally connected with Richard Foxe, bishop of Winchester, but this relationship is improbable. The father, of whom nothing is known, died while his sons were very young. Foxe had at least one brother. The mother married a second husband, Richard Melton, to whom Foxe dedicated an early work, 'An Instruccyon of .Christen Fayth,' with every mark of affection. He was a studious youth, and attracted the notice of one Randall, a citizen of Coventry, and of John Harding or Hawarden, fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. His stepfather's means were small, and these friends sent him to Oxford about 1532, when he was sixteen years old. According to the untrustworthy biography of 1641, attributed to Foxe's son Samuel, Foxe entered at Brasenose College, where his patron Hawarden was tutor. He is not mentioned in the college books. It must, however, be admitted that Foxe, when dedicating his 'Syllogisticon' (1563) to Hawarden, writes of him as if he had been his tutor; and that Alexander No well, afterwards of St. Paul's (stated in the biography of 1641 to have been Foxe's chamber-fellow at Oxford), was a member of Brasenose, and was one of Foxe's lifelong friends. Foxe also refers to Brasenose thrice in his 'Actes and Monuments,' but the absence of any comment indicating personal association with the place does not give this circumstance any weight. If he resided at Brasenose at all, it was probably for a brief period as Hawarden's private pupil. He must undoubtedly have attended Magdalen College School at the same time. A close connection with both Magdalen School and College is beyond question. The matriculation register for the years during which Foxe would have been 'in statu pupillari 'is unfortunately lost. But he became probationer fellow of Magdalen in July 1538, and full fellow 25 July 1539, being joint lecturer in logic with Baldwin Norton in 15391540, and proceeding B.A. 17 July 1537 and M.A.inJuly l543 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 188). Foxe repeatedly identifies himself with Magdalen in his works and private letters. 'For which foundation,' he writes in the 'Actes,' iii. 716, 'as there have been and be yet many students bound to yield grateful thanks unto God, so I must needs confess to be one, except I will be unkind.' About 1564, when one West (formerly of Magdalen) was charged in the court of high commission with making rebellious speeches, Foxe used his influence to procure the offender's pardon, on the sole ground that he had belonged to the same school and college at Oxford as himself. As fellow of Magdalen Foxe had his difficulties. His intimate friends and correspondents at Oxford included, besides Nowell, Richard Bertie, of Cambridge, Hugh Latimer, and William Tindal, and like them he strongly favoured extreme forms of protestantism.

-82- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

His colleagues at Magdalen were divided on doctrinal questions, and the majority inclined to the old forms of religious belief. He was bound by the statutes to attend the college chapel with regularity, and to proceed to holy orders within seven years of his election to his fellowship. He declined to conform to either rule. Complaint was made to the president, Dr. Owen Oglethorp, and Foxe defended himself in a long letter (Lansd. MS. 388). He expressly objected to the enforcement of celibacy on the fellows. Finally, in July 1545, he and five of his colleagues resigned their fellowships. There was no expulsion, as Foxe's biographer of 1641 and most of his successors have asserted. The college register records that 'ex honesta causa recesserunt sponte a collegio,' and Foxe's future references to his college prove that he bore it no ill-will.

Before leaving Oxford, Foxe mentioned in a letter to Tindal that he had derived much satisfaction from a visit to the Lucy family at Charlecote, Warwickshire. Thither he now directed his steps. William Lucy seems to have given him temporary employment as tutor to his son Thomas. On 3 Feb. 1546-7 Foxe married, at Charlecote Church, Agnes Randall, daughter of his old friend of Coventry, a lady who seems to have been in the service of the Lucys. He thereupon came up to London to seek a livelihood. The biographer of 1641 draws a dreary picture of his disappointments and destitution, and relates how an unknown and anonymous benefactor put a purse of gold into his hand, while in a half-dying condition in St. Paul's Cathedral, and how he received soon afterwards an invitation to visit Mary Fitzroy, duchess of Richmond, at her residence, Mountjoy House, Knight rider Street. The latter statement is well founded. It is undoubted that Foxe and his friend Bale, whose acquaintance he first made at Oxford, were both, early in 1548, entertained by the duchess, who was at one with them on religious questions (Actes, iii. 705). Through the joint recommendation of his hostess and of Bale, Foxe was moreover appointed before the end of the year tutor to the orphan children of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, who had been executed 19 Jan. 1546-7. The duchess was the earl's sister, and Bale was intimate with Lord Wentworth, who had been the children's guardian since their father's death. There were two boys, Thomas, afterwards duke of Norfolk (b. 1536), and Henry Howard, afterwards earl of Northampton (b. 1539), together with three girls. Foxe joined his pupils at the castle of Reigate, a manor belonging to their grandfather, the Duke of Norfolk. He remained there for five years.

In that interval Foxe published his earliest theological tracts. All advocated advanced reforming views. Their titles are: 'De non plectendis morte adulteris consultatio Ioannis Foxi,' London, per Hugonem Syngletonum, 1548, dedicated to Thomas Picton; 'A Sarmon of Jhon Oecolampadius to Yong Men and Maydens,' dedicated to 'Master Segrave,' London? 1550?; 'An Instruccyon of Christen Fayth,' London, Hugh Syngleton, 1550? dedicated to Melton, his stepfather, a translation from Urbanus Regius; and 'De Censura, sive Excommunicatione Ecclesiastica, Interpellatio ad archiepiscopum Cantabr.,' London, Stephen Mierdmannus, 1551. The first work was reissued in 1549 under the new title 'De lapsis in Ecclesiam recipiendis consultatio,' with a 'Præfaciuncula ad lectorem 'substituted for the dedication to Picton

-83- VOLUME 14

(MAITLAN D, Early Hooks in Lambeth Library, pp. 223-4). Furthermore, he prepared a school book, 'Tables of Grammar,' London, 1552. According to Wood, eight lords of the privy council subscribed to print this work, but its brevity disappointed its patrons. Meanwhile Foxe was reading much in church history with a view to an elaborate defence of the protestant position. On 24 June 1550 he was ordained deacon by Ridley, , in St. Paul's Cathedral. He stayed for the purpose in Barbican, at the house of the Duchess dowager of Suffolk, who became the wife of; his friend, Richard Bertie.. Subsequently he preached as a volunteer at Reigate, being the first to preach protestantism there.

The accession of Mary in July 1553 proved of serious import to Foxe. One of the queen's I earliest acts was to release from prison the old Duke of Norfolk (d. 1554), the grandfather of Foxe's pupils. The duke was a catholic, and promptly dismissed Foxe from his tutorship. It is probable that Foxe thereupon took up his residence at Stepney, whence he dates the dedication of 'A Fruitfull Sermon of the moost Euangelicall wryter, M. Luther, made of the Angelles '(London, by Hugh Syngleton, 1554?). The elder lad, Thomas, had formed a strong affection for his teacher, and when he was sent from Reigate to be under the care of Bishop Gardiner at Winchester House, he contrived that Foxe should pay him secret visits. Foxe was soon alarmed by the obvious signs of a catholic revival. A rumour that parliament was about to re-enact the six articles of 1539 drew from him a well-written Latin petition denouncing any change in the religious establishment. It is reported by the biographer of 1641 that early in 1554 Foxe was visiting his pupil at Gardiner's house, when the bishop entered the room, and was told that Foxe was the lad's physician. Gardiner paid Foxe an equivocal compliment, which raised his suspicions. The majority of his friends had already left England for the continent at the first outbreak of persecution, and he determined to follow them. With his wife, who was expecting her confinement, he hurried to Ipswich, and arrived at Nieuport after a very stormy passage. He travelled to Strasburg by easy stages, and met his friend there in July. He had brought with him in manuscript the first part of a Latin treatise on the persecutions of reformers in Europe from the time of Wycliffe to his own day. A Strasburg printer, Wendelin Richelius, hurriedly put it into type in time for the great Frankfort fair. The volume, a small octavo of 212 leaves, is now of great rarity. It forms the earliest draft of the 'Actes and Monuments;' but only comes down to 1500, and deals mainly with the lives of Wycliffe and Huss. Some notes of Bishop Pecock are added, together with an address to the university of Oxford, deploring the recent revival there of the doctrine of transubstantiation. The dedication, dated from Strasburg 3l Aug. 1554, was addressed to Christopher, duke of Würtemberg, and is said to have displeased the duke, a well-known patron of protestants. The title usually runs: 'Commentarii rerum in ecclesia gestarum maximarumque per totam Europam persecutionum a Vuicleui temporibus ad hanc usque ætatem descriptio. Liber primus. . . . Anno MDLIIII.' But copies are met with with a title-page beginning 'Chronicon Ecclesiæ continens historiam rerum,' &c., where the date is given as MDLXIIII, and the printer's name as Josias instead of Wendelinus Richelius. Dr. Maitland suggested

-84- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS that this date was an error due to the hasty production, but it seems more probable that the second title belongs to a later reprint.

By the end of 1554 Foxe had joined the protestant refugees at Frankfort, and was lodging with a well-known puritan, . Foxe found a heated controversy as to forms of worship raging among his countrymen at Frankfort. Some wished to adhere to Edward VI's second prayer-book, others desired a severer liturgy, and denounced the surplice and viva-voce responses. The civic authorities had meanwhile directed the adoption of the service-book of the French protestants. Various modifications were suggested, but all failed to pacify the contending factions. Knox had lately been summoned from Geneva by a portion of the English at Frankfort to act as their minister. He proposed that the dispute should be referred to Calvin. Foxe, who at once took a prominent place among Knox's supporters, encouraged this course. Calvin recommended a compromise between the Anglican and Genevan forms of prayer. Foxe offered, in conjunction with Knox and others, to give the suggestion practical effect. The offer was rejected, but a temporary settlement was effected by Knox without Foxe's aid. In the middle of 1555 the quarrel broke out anew. Dr. reached Frankfort, and at once headed the party in favour of an undiluted anglican ritual. Knox attacked Cox from his pulpit. But Cox and his friends had influence with the civic authorities; serious charges were brought against Knox, and he was directed to quit the town. The controversy was not ended. Foxe suggested arbitration, but he was overruled. On 1 Sept. 1555 he and Whittingham, now the leaders of the Genevan party, announced their intention of abandoning Frankfort. They gave Knox's expulsion as their chief reason for this step. Whittingham straightway left for Geneva. Foxe remained behind, reluctant to part with Nowell and other friends. As a final attempt at reconciling the rival parties he wrote (12 Oct.) entreating Peter Martyr, whom he had met at Strasburg, to come and lecture on divinity to the English at Frankfort. Despite the controversy, he spoke of the kind reception with which he had met there. But Martyr declined the invitation, and in the middle of November Foxe removed to Basle. Foxe suffered acutely from poverty while at Basle. He wrote to Grindal soon after his arrival that he was reduced to his last penny, and was thankful for a gift of two crowns. He begged his pupil, now Duke of Norfolk, and his new patron, the Duke of Würtemberg, to help him. But his destitution did not blunt his energies. He found employment as a reader of the press in the printing office of Johann Herbst or Oporinus, an enthusiastic protestant and publisher of protestant books. Foxe was henceforth closely connected with the trade of printing. According to the 'Stationers' Register '(ed. Arber, i. 33), one John Foxe took up the freedom of the Stationers' Company on 5 March 1554-5, and paid 3s. 4d. for his breakfast on the occasion. His intimate association in later years with the London printer, (1522-1584), makes it almost certain that this entry refers to the martyrologist. Oporinus and Foxe lived on the best of terms; they corresponded after Foxe had left the continent, and Oporinus allowed Foxe, while in his employ, adequate leisure for his own books. Before leaving Frankfort he had begun to translate into Latin Cranmer's treatise on the Eucharist in answer to Gardiner (London, 1551).

-85- VOLUME 14

He found the task difficult. Grindal and others begged him to persevere. "When he heard of Cranmer's death in 1556 he at once negotiated with Christopher Froschover of Zurich for its publication, but the negotiation dragged on till 1559, and the work, although partly utilised by Foxe elsewhere, still remains in manuscript (Harleian MS. 418). In 1556 Oporinus published Foxe's 'Christus Triumphans,' an apocalyptic drama after German models, in five acts of Latin verse, concluding with a 'panegyricon 'on Christ in Latin prose. The original manuscript is in Lansdowne MS. 1073. Tanner says that an edition was issued in London in 1551, a statement of doubtful authority. The work is a crude and tedious mystery play, but achieved such success as to be published in a French translation by Jean Bienvenu at Geneva in 1562, a form in which it is now of the utmost rarity. An English translation by appeared in 1578, 1599, and 1607, and reprints of the original, prepared by Thomas Comber for use in schools, 'ob insignem styli elegantiam'-- an undeserved compliment -- are dated 1672 and 1677 (cf. HERFORD, Studies in the Lit. Relations of England and Germany, pp. 138-48). After Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer had fallen at the stake, Foxe drew up an admirable expostulation and plea for toleration, addressed to the nobility of England (8 Feb. 1555-6). It was first printed by Oporinus at Basle in 1557 tinder the title 'Ad inclytos ac præpotentes Angliæ proceres . . . supplicatio. Autore Ioanne Foxo Anglo.' In the same year he brought out an ingenious series of rules for aiding the memory, entitled 'Locorum communium logicalium tituli et ordines 150, ad seriem prædicamentorum decem descripti,' Basle, which was reissued in London as 'Pandectæ locorum communium' in 1585. In 1557 and 1558 Foxe remonstrated in a friendly way with Knox on account of the strong language used in 'The First Blast of the Trumpet; 'and on Elizabeth's accession he wrote a congratulatory address, which Oporinus printed. Meanwhile Foxe was receiving through Grindal reports of the protestant persecutions in England. Bradford's case was one of the earliest he received. When reports of Cranmer's examinations arrived Foxe prepared them for publication, and Grindal seems to have proposed that these and the reports of proceedings against other martyrs should be issued separately in two forms, one in Latin and the other in English. Foxe was to be responsible for the Latin form. The English form was to be prepared and distributed in England. Only in the case of the story of Philpot's martyrdom was this plan carried out. Strype preserves the title of Foxe's pamphlet, printed at Basle, detailing Philpot's sufferings 'Mira et elegans cum primis historia vel tragœdia potius de tota ratione examinationis et condemnationis J.Philpotti . . . nunc in Latinum versa, interprete J. F.,' but no copy is now known. On 10 June 1557 Grindal urged Fox to complete at once his account of the persecution of reformers in England as far as the end of Henry VIII's reign (GRINDAL, Remaines, Parker Soc., p. 223 et seq.) He worked steadily, and in 1559 had brought his story of persecution down to nearly the end of Mary's reign. Nicolaus Brylinger with Oporinus sent the work, which was all in Latin, to press, and it appeared in folio under the title 'Rerum in ecclesia gestarum, quae postremis et periculosis his temporibus evenerunt, maximarumque per Europam Persecutionum ac Sanctorum Dei Martyrum si quae insignioris exempli sunt, digesti per Regna et Nationes commentarii. Pars prima, in qua primum de rebus per Angliam et Scotiam gestis atque in primis de horrenda sub

-86- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

Maria nuper regina persecutione narratio continetur. Autore Joanne Foxo, Anglo.' A second part, giving the history of the persecutions of the reformers on the continent, was announced to follow, but Foxe abandoned it, and that part of the work was undertaken by Henry Pantaleone of Zurich. This great volume of 732 numbered pages is in six books, of which the first embodies the little volume of 'Commentarii.' The expostulation addressed to the nobility is reprinted (pp. 239-61). Bishop Hooper's treatise on the Eucharist, forwarded to Bullinger, and written while in prison, appears with dissertations on the same subject by Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer. The whole was dedicated to Foxe's pupil, the Duke of Norfolk (1 Sept. 1559). At the same time as the book was issued the pope (Paul IV) announced that he had prohibited Oporinus from publishing any further books.

Foxe left for England in October, a month after his great book had been published. He wrote announcing his arrival to the Duke of Norfolk, who offered him lodgings in his house at Christchurch, Aldgate, and afterwards invited him to one of his country houses. On 25 Jan. 1559-60 Grindal, now" bishop of London, ordained him priest, and in September 1560 Parkhurst, another friend, who had just become bishop of Norwich, promised to use his influence to obtain a prebendal stall at Norwich for him. Foxe is often represented as having lived for some time with Parkhurst, and as having 1 preached in his diocese. The bishop invited him to Norwich (29 Jan. 1563-4), but there is no evidence of an earlier visit. From the autumn of 1561 Foxe was chiefly engaged in translating his latest volume into English and in elaborating its information. The papers of Ralph Morice, Cranmer's secretary, had fallen into his hands, together with much new and, as Foxe believed, authentic material. Most of his time was clearly spent in London at the Duke of Norfolk's house in Aldgate, but every Monday he worked at the printing-office of John Day in Aldersgate Street, who had undertaken the publication.

In 1564, after the death of the Duchess of Norfolk, Foxe removed from the duke's house to Day's house in Aldersgate Street, and took a prominent part in Day's business. He petitioned Cecil (6 July 1568) to relax in Day's behalf the law prohibiting a printer from employing more than four foreign workmen. Day's close connection with Foxe's great undertaking is commemorated in the lines on Day's tombstone in the church of Little Bradley, Suffolk:

He set a Fox to wright how martyrs runne By death to lyfe: Fox ventured paynes and health To give them light: Daye spent in print his wealth. (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. yiii. 246.)

But Foxe's stay in Day's house was probably only temporary. In 1565 he spent some time at Waltham. The register states that two of his children, Rafe and Mary, were baptised there on 29 Jan. 1565-6. Fuller in 'The Infant's Advocate,' 1653, not only credits Waltham with being Foxe's home when he was preparing 'his large and

-87- VOLUME 14 learned works,' but says that he left his posterity a considerable estate in the parish. The biographer of 1641 writes that Foxe was on very good terms with Anne, the wife of Sir Thomas Heneage, who was a large landowner in the neighbourhood of Waltham. On 24 July 1749 the antiquary Dr. Stukeley made a pilgrimage to the house associated with Foxe at Waltham, and it then seems to have been a popular show- place (Memoirs, ii. 211). About 1570 Foxe removed to , where he probably lived till his death.

On 20 March 1562-3 Foxe's 'Actes and Monuments' issued from Day's press, on the very same day as Oporinus published at Basle the second part of the Latin original containing Pantaleone's account of the persecutions on the continent. The title of the 'Actes and Monuments' seems to have been borrowed from a book called 'Actiones et Monimenta Martyrum,' printed by at Geneva in 1560. Grindal had written of Foxe's projected work as 'Historia Martyrum,' 19 Dec. 1558. From the date of its publication it was popularly known as the 'Book of Martyrs,' and even in official documents as 'Monumenta Martyrum.' The first edition has four dedicatory epistles: to Jesus Christ, the queen, ad doctum lectorem (alone in Latin), and to the persecutors of God's truth. A preface 'on the utility of the story' is a translation from the Basle volume of 1559. Foxe forwarded a copy to Magdalen College, with a letter explaining that the work was written in English 'for the good of the country and the information of the multitude,' and received in payment 6l. 13s. 4d. The success of the undertaking was immediate, and at the suggestion of Jewell, bishop of Salisbury, the author received his first reward in the shape of a prebend in , together with the lease of the vicarage of Shipton (11 May 1563). Before the year was out he had brought out an elaborate treatise on the Eucharist, entitled 'Syllogisticon,' with a dedication to his old friend Hawarden, now principal of Brasenose, and in 1564 he published a Latin translation of Grindal's funeral sermon in memory of the Emperor Ferdinand I. But he also spent much time in helping the plague-stricken, and made a powerful appeal to the citizens for help for the afflicted (1564). His poverty did not cease. His clothes were still shabby; the pension which the Duke of Norfolk gave him was very small, and when he bestowed the vicarage of Shipton on William Master he appealed to the queen (August 1564) to remit the payment of first-fruits, on the ground that neither of them had a farthing. He also informed her, in very complimentary terms, that he contemplated writing her life. At Salisbury he declined to conform or to attend to his duties regularly. He had conscientious objections to the surplice. He was absent from Jewell's visitation in June 1568, and in the following December was declared contumacious on refusing to devote a of his income to the repair of the cathedral. On the Good Friday after the publication of the papal bull excommunicating the queen (1570), Foxe, at Grindal's bidding, preached a powerful sermon at St. Paul's Cross, and renewed his attacks on the catholics. The sermon, entitled 'A Sermon of Christ Crucified,' was published by Day immediately, with a prayer and 'a postscript to the papists,' and was reissued, 'newly recognised by the authour,' in 1575, 1577, and 1585. A very rare edition was printed for the Stationers' Company in 1609. On 1 Oct. 1571 Foxe

-88- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS translated it into Latin, and Day issued it under the title 'De Christo Crucifixo Concio.' In this shape it was published at Frankfort in 1575.

Foxe's correspondence was rapidly increasing, and his position in ecclesiastical circles grew influential. Parkhurst (29 Jan. 1563-4) solicited his aid in behalf of Conrad Gesner, who was writing on the early Christian writers. , president of Magdalen, appealed to him to procure for him an exemption from the regulations affecting clerical dress, but Humphrey afterwards conformed. On 20 Nov. 1573 one Torporley begged him to obtain for him a studentship at Christ Church. Strangers consulted him repeatedly about their religious difficulties. Francis Baxter (4 Jan. 1572) inquired his opinion respecting the lawfulness of sponsors, and another correspondent asked how he was to cure himself of the habit of blaspheming. About the same time Foxe corresponded with Lord-chief-justice Monson respecting the appointment of a schoolmaster at Ipswich, and recommended a lady to marry one of his intimate friends.

Much of his correspondence also dealt with the credibility of his monumental work. The catholics had been greatly angered by its publication. They nicknamed it 'Foxe's Golden Legend,' and expressed special disgust at the calendar prefixed to the book, in which the protestant martyrs took the place of the old saints (STRYPE, Annals, i. 375-80). Foxe's accuracy was first seriously impugned in the 'Dialogi Sex,' published in 1566 under the name of Alan Cope, although the author was without doubt . Foxe showed some sensitiveness to such attacks. He instituted inquiries with a view to corrections or corroborations for a second edition, which the puritan party deemed it desirable to issue before the meeting of parliament in April 1571. This edition (1570) was in two volumes, the first of 934 pages, and the second of 1378. New engravings were added; there was a new dedication to the queen, in which Foxe declared that he only republished the book to confute the attacks of evil-disposed persons, who had made it appear that his work was as 'full of lies as lines.' The address to the persecutors of God's truth was omitted; a protestation to the true and faithful congregation of Christ's universal church, and four questions addressed to the church of Rome were added. Magdalen College paid 6l. 8s. for a copy of this new edition, and another copy belonging to Nowell was bequeathed by him to Brasenose, where it still is. Convocation meeting at Canterbury on 3 April resolved that copies of this edition, which was called in the 'Monumenta Martyrum,' should be placed in cathedral churches and in the houses of archbishops, bishops, deacons, and archdeacons. Although this canon was never confirmed by parliament, it was very widely adopted in the country.

About the same time Foxe prepared, from manuscripts chiefly supplied by Archbishop Parker, a collection of the regulations adopted by the reformed English church, which was entitled 'Reformatio Legum.' A proposal in parliament to accept this collection as the official code of ecclesiastical law met with no success, owing to the queen's intervention and her promise never fulfilled that her ministers should undertake a like task. But it was printed by Day in 1571, and held by the in

-89- VOLUME 14 high esteem. It was reissued in 1640, and again by Edward Card well in 1850. In the same year (1571) Foxe performed for Parker a more important task. He produced, with a dedication to the queen, an edition of the Anglo-Saxon text of the Gospels. This was similarly printed by Day, and is now a: rare book. Two years later he collected the works of Tindal, Frith, and Barnes, giving extracts from his own account of the writers in his 'Actes.'

On 2 June 1572 Foxe's pupil and patron, the Duke of Norfolk, was executed, at the age of thirty-six, for conspiring with Mary Queen of Scots and the catholic nobility against Elizabeth. Foxe attended him to the scaffold. Some time before he had heard the rumours of Norfolk's contemplated marriage with the Queen of Scots, and had written a strong protest against it. Foxe's biographers have exaggerated the influence which his early training exerted on the duke and on his brother, Henry Howard, afterwards earl of Northampton. It is obvious that they assimilated few of their tutor's religious principles. On the scaffold the duke denied that he was a catholic; but he, like his brother in after years, had shown unmistakable leanings to Catholicism. It is to the credit of both Foxe and the duke that their affection for each other never waned. The duke directed his heirs to allow Foxe an annuity of 20l. On 14 Oct. of the same year Bishop Pilkington installed Foxe in a prebendal stall at Durham Cathedral; but Foxe was still obstinately opposed to the surplice, and within the year he resigned the office. Tanner asserts that he was at one time vicar of St. Giles's, Cripplegate. Foxe's friend, , held this benefice for a long period; but he was suspended between 1569 and 1578, when Foxe may have assisted in the work of the parish. In 1575 Foxe energetically sought to obtain the remission of the capital sentence in the case of two Dutch anabaptists condemned to the stake for their opinions. He wrote to the queen, Lord Burghley, and Lord-chief-justice Monson, pointing out the disproportion between the offence and the punishment, and deprecating the penalty of death in cases of heresy. He also appealed to one of the prisoners to acknowledge the errors of his opinion, with which he had no sympathy. A respite of a month was allowed, but both prisoners were burnt at the stake 22 July. In 1576 and 1583 the third and fourth editions of the 'Actes' were issued. On 1 April 1577 Foxe preached a Latin sermon at the baptism of a Jew, Nathaniel, in Allhallows Church, Lombard Street (cf. 'Elizabethan England and the Jews,' by the present writer, in New Shakspere Soc. Trans. 1888). The title of the original ran: 'De Oliva Evangelica. Concio in baptismo Iudæi habita. Londini, primo mens. April.' London, by Christopher Barker, 1577, dedicated to Sir . At the close is a prose 'Appendicula de Christo Triumphante,' dedicated to Sir Thomas Heneage. A translation by James Bell appeared in 1578, with the Jew's confession of faith. In 1580 the same translator issued a tract entitled 'The Pope Confuted,' which professed to be another translation from Foxe, although the original is not identified. Tanner assigns 'A New Years Gift touching the deliverance of certain Christians from the Turkish gallies' to 1579, and says it was published in London. Foxe completed Haddon's second reply to Osorius in his 'Contra Hieron. Osorium . . . Responsio Apologetica,' dedicated to Sebastian, king of Portugal (Latin version 1577, English

-90- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS translation 1581). In 1583 he contested Osorius's view of 'Justification by Faith' in a new treatise on the subject, 'De Christo gratis iustificante. Contra Osorianam iustitiam. Lond., by Thomas Purfoot, impensis Geor. Byshop,' 1583. Tanner mentions an English translation dated 1598. 'Disputatio Ioannis Foxii Angli contra Iesuitas' appeared in 1585 at Rochelle, in the third volume of 'Doctrinæ Iesuiticæ Præcipua Capita.' According to Tanner, Foxe also edited in the same year Bishop Pilkington's 'Latin Commentary on Nehemiah.'

Foxe's health in 1586 was rapidly breaking. An attempt in June of that year on the part of Bishop Piers of Salisbury to deprive him of the lease of Shipton much annoyed him; but the bishop did not press his point when he learned that he might by forbearance 'pleasure that good man Mr. Foxe.' Foxe died after much suffering in April 1587, and was buried in St. Giles's Church, Cripplegate, where a monument, with an inscription by his son Samuel, is still extant. His final work, 'Eicasmi seu Meditationes in Sacram Apocalypsin,' was printed posthumously in 1587 by George Bishop, and dedicated by Foxe's son Samuel to Archbishop Whitgift. Foxe was charitable to the poor, although he never was well-to-do, and would seem to have been of a cheerful temperament, despite his fervent piety. A letter to him from Bishop Parkhurst shows that he was a lover and a judge of dogs. His wife, who possessed all the womanly virtues, died 22 April 1605. Two sons, Samuel and , are separately noticed. A daughter, born in in 1555, and the two children Rafe and Mary, baptised at early in 1566, seem to have completed his family.

Of Foxe's great work, the 'Actes and Monuments,' four editions were published in his lifetime, viz. in 1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583. Five later editions are dated respectively 1596, 1610, 1632, 1641, and 1684. All are in folio. The first edition was in one volume, the next four in two volumes, and the last four named in three. The fifth edition (1596) consisted of twelve hundred copies. The edition of 1641 includes for the first time the memoir of the author, the authenticity of which is much contested. All have woodcuts, probably by German artists, inserted in the printed page. The first eight editions are all rare; the first two excessively rare. No quite perfect copy of the 1563 edition is extant. Slightly imperfect copies are at the British Museum, the Bodleian, the Cambridge University Library, Magdalen and Christ Church, Oxford. In the Huth Library a good copy has been constructed out of two imperfect ones. Early in the seventeenth century the first edition had become scarce, and Archbishop Spotiswood, writing before 1639, denied its existence. The corrected edition of 1570, which convocation directed to be placed in all cathedral churches, is more frequently met with. Many Oxford colleges possess perfect copies, but as early as 1725 Hearne wrote that this edition also was excessively rare. The British Museum possesses a complete set of the nine early editions.

Foxe's 'Actes 'is often met with in libraries attached to parish churches. This was not strictly in obedience to the order of convocation of 1571, which only mentioned cathedral churches; but many clergymen deemed it desirable to give the

-91- VOLUME 14 order a liberal interpretation, and to recommend the purchase of the book for their churches. According to the vestry minutes of St. Michael, Cornhill, it was agreed, 11 Jan. 1571-2, 'that the booke of Martyrs of Mr. Foxe and the paraphrases of shal be bowght for the church and tyed with a chayne to the Egle bras.' Foxe's volumes cost the parish 2l. 2s. 6d. At the church of St. John the Baptist, Glastonbury, the 1570 edition is also known to have been bought at the same time. Various editions mostly mutilated but still chained are known to exist or have very recently existed in the parish churches of Apethorpe (Northamptonshire), Arreton (Isle of Wight), Chelsea, Enstone (Oxfordshire), Kinver (Staffordshire), Lessingham (Norfolk), St. Nicholas (Newcastle-on-Tyne), Northwold (Norfolk), Stratford-on-Avon, Waltham, St. (Wells).

Of modern editions that edited by S. R. Cattley, with introduction by Canon Townsend, in eight volumes (1837-41), is the best known. It professed to be based on the 1583 edition, with careful collation of other early editions. But Dr. Maitland proved these pretensions to be false, and showed that the editing was perfunctorily and ignorantly performed. Slight improvements were made in a reissue (1844-9). In 1877 Dr. Stoughton professed to edit the book again in eight volumes, but his text and notes are not very scholarly. The earliest abridgment was prepared by Timothy Bright and issued, with a dedication to Sir Francis Walsingham, in 1589. Another, by the Rev. Thomas Mason of Odiham, appeared, under the title of 'Christ's Victorie over Sathans Tyrannic,' in 1615. Slighter epitomes are Leigh's 'Memorable Collections,' 1651; 'A brief Historical Relation of the most material passages and persecutions of the Church of Christ . . . collected by Jacob Bauthumley,' London, 1676; and 'ΜΑΡΤΥΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΑΛΦΑΒΕΤΙΚΕ' by N. T., M.A., T.C.C., London, 1677. A modern abridgment, by John Milner (1837), was reissued in 1848 and 1863, with an introduction by Ingram Cobbin. Numerous extracts have been published separately, mainly as religious tracts. John Stockwood appended to his 'Treasure of Trueth,' 1576, 'Notes appertayning to the matter of Election gathered by the Godly and learned father, I. Foxe.' Hakluyt appropriated Foxe's account of Richard I's voyage to Palestine (Voyages, 1598, vol. ii.) Foxe's accounts of the martyrs of Sussex, Suffolk, and other counties have been collected and issued in separate volumes. With the puritan clergy, and in almost all English households where puritanism prevailed, Foxe's 'Actes 'was long the sole authority for church history, and an armoury of arguments in defence of protestantism against Catholicism. Even Nicholas Ferrar, in his community of Little Gidding, Huntingdonshire, directed that a chapter of it should be read every Sunday evening along with the Bible, and clergymen repeatedly made its stories of martyrdom the subject of their . But as early as 1563, when Nicholas Harpsfield wrote his 'Sex Dialogi,' which his friend, Alan Cope, published under his own name, Foxe's veracity has been powerfully attacked. Robert Parsons the Jesuit condemned the work as a carefully concocted series of lies in his 'Treatise of the Three Conversions of England,' 1603. Archbishop Laud in 1638 refused to license a new edition for the press (RUSHWORTH, ii. 450), and was charged at his trial with having ordered the book to be withdrawn from some parish churches

-92- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

(LAUD, Works, iv. 405). Peter Heylyn denied that Foxe was an authority on matters of doctrine affecting the . Jeremy Collier contested his accuracy in his 'Ecclesiastical History,' 1702-14. Dr. John Milner, the Roman catholic bishop of Castabala (d. 1826), and George Leo Haydock, in 'A Key to the Roman Catholic Office,' 1823, are the best modern representatives of catholic critics. William Andrews's 'Examination of Foxe's Calendar,' 3 vols. 1826, is an intemperate attack from the same point of view. But the most learned indictment of Foxe's honesty and accuracy was Dr. S. R. Maitland, who in a series of pamphlets and letters issued between 1837 and 1842 subjected portions of his great work to a rigorous scrutiny.

The enormous size of Foxe's work has prevented a critical examination of the whole. But it is plain from such examination as the work has undergone that Foxe was too zealous a partisan to write with historical precision. He is a passionate advocate, ready to accept any prima facie evidence. His style has the vigour that comes of deep conviction, and there is a pathetic picturesqueness in the forcible simplicity with which he presents his readers with the details of his heroes' sufferings. His popularity is thus amply accounted for. But the coarse ribaldry with which he belabours his opponents exceeds all literary license. His account of the protestant martyrs of the sixteenth century is mainly based on statements made by the martyrs themselves or by their friends, and they thus form a unique collection of documents usually inaccessible elsewhere and always illustrative of the social habits and tone of thought of the English protestants of his day. 'A Compendious Register' (Lond. 1559) of the Marian martyrs by Thomas Brice doubtless supplied some hints. Foxe's mistakes sometimes arise from faulty and hasty copying of original documents, but are more often the result of wilful exaggeration. A very friendly critic, John Deighton, showed that Foxe's account of the martyrdom of 'Jhon Home and a woman' at Newent on 25 Sept. 1556 is an amplification of the suffering at the stake of Edward Home on 25 Sept. 1558 (NICHOLS, p. 69). No woman suffered at all. The errors in date and Christian name in the case of the man are very typical. Foxe moreover undoubtedly included among his martyrs persons executed for ordinary secular offences. He acknowledged his error in the case of John Marbeck, a Windsor 'martyr' of 1543 whom he represented, in his text of 1563 to have been burnt, whereas the man was condemned, but pardoned. But Foxe was often less ingenuous. He wrote that one Greenwood or Grimwood of Hitcham, near Ipswich, Suffolk, having obtained the conviction of a 'martyr' John Cooper, on concocted evidence, died miserably soon afterwards. Foxe was informed that Greenwood was alive and that the story of his death was a fiction. He went to Ipswich to examine witnesses, but never made any alteration in his account of the matter. At a later date (according to an obiter dictum of Coke) a clergyman named Prick recited Foxe's story about Greenwood from the pulpit of Hitcham church. Greenwood was present and proceeded against Prick for libel, but the courts held that no malicious defamation was intended (see CROKE, Reports, ed. Leach, ii. 91). Foxe confessed that his story of Bishop Gardiner's death is derived from hearsay, but it is full of preposterous errors, some of which Foxe's personal knowledge must have enabled him to correct. With regard to the sketch of early

-93- VOLUME 14 church history which precedes his story of the martyrs, he undoubtedly had recourse to some early documents, especially to bishops' registers, but he depends largely on printed works like Crespin's 'Actiones et Monimenta Martyrum,' Geneva, 1560, or Illyricus's 'Catalogus Testium Veritatis,' Basle, 1556. It has been conclusively shown that his chapter on the Waldenses is directly translated from the 'Catalogus 'of lllyricus, although Illyricus is not mentioned by Foxe among the authorities whom he acknowledges to have consulted. Foxe claims to have consulted 'parchment documents 'on the subject, whereas he only knew them in the text of Illyricus's book. This indicates a loose notion of literary morality which justifies some of the harshest judgments passed on Foxe. In answering Alan Cope's 'Sex Dialogi 'in the edition of 1570 he acknowledges small errors, but confesses characteristically, 'I heare what you will saie; I should have taken more leisure and done it better. I graunt and confesse my fault: such is my vice. I cannot sit all the daie (M. Cope) fining and minsing my letters and combing my head and smoothing myself all the daie at the glasse of Cicero. Yet notwithstanding, doing what I can and doing my good will, me thinkes I should not be reprehended.' He was a compiler on a gigantic scale, neither scrupulous nor scholarly, but appallingly industrious, and a useful witness to the temper of his age.

Dr. Maitland insisted that Foxe's name should be spelt without the final e. He himself spelt it indifferently Fox and Foxe, and latinised it sometimes as Foxus, sometimes as Foxius. His contemporaries usually write of him as Foxe.

Foxe's papers, which include many statements sent to him by correspondents in corroboration or in contradiction of his history, but never used by him, descended through his eldest son Samuel to his grandson, Thomas Foxe, and through Thomas to Thomas's daughter and sole heiress, Alice. Alice married Sir Richard Willys, created a baronet in 1646, and their son, Sir Thomas Fox Willys, died a lunatic in 1701. Strype obtained the papers shortly before that date, and when Strype died in 1737, they were purchased by Edward Harley, earl of Oxford. The majority of them now form volumes 416 to 426 and volume 590 in the Harleian collection of manuscripts at the British Museum. A few other papers are now among the Lansdowne MSS. 335, 388, 389, 819, and 1045. Strype has worked up many of these papers in his 'Ecclesiastical Memorials,' 'Life of Cranmer,' and elsewhere. An interesting selection is printed by J. G. Nichols in 'Narratives of the Reformation' (Camden Society, 1859).

A portrait by Glover has been often engraved. A painting by an unknown artist is in the National Portrait Gallery, and is inscribed 'An. Dom. 1587. Ætatis suas 70.' There is also an engraving in Holland's 'Herωologia,' p. 200.

[The earliest life of Foxe, which forms the basis of the many popular lives that have been issued for religious purposes by Foxe's admirers, is that prefixed in both English and Latin to the second volume of the 1641 edition of the Actes and Monuments, and has been generally attributed to his son Samuel, who died in 1629. The authorship is very doubtful. Samuel died twelve years before it was issued. The

-94- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS writer says in a brief introductory address that his memoir was written thirty years before publication, and there is no sign that it was regarded as a posthumous production. .The handwriting of the original in Lansd. MS. 388 is not like that of Samuel Foxe's known manuscripts, and the manuscript has been elaborately corrected by a second pen. Samuel's claim is practically overthrown, and the suggestion that Simeon, Foxe's second son, who died in 1641, was the author, is not of greater value, when the writer's ignorance of Foxe's real history is properly appreciated. The dates are very few and self-contradictory. The writer, who refers to Foxe as 'Foxius noster 'or 'sæpe audivi Foxium narrantem,' gives no hint outside the prefatory address to the reader that the subject of the biography was his father, and confesses ignorance on points about which a son could not have been without direct knowledge. Its value as an original authority is very small, and its attribution to Foxe of the power of prophecy and other miraculous gifts shows that it was chiefly written for purposes of religious edification. In 1579 Kichard Day, John Day's son, edited and translated Foxe's Christus Triumphans, and his preface supplies some good biographical notes. Strype, who intended writing a full life, is the best authority, although his references to Foxe are widely scattered through his works. The Annals, I. i. 375 et seq., give a good account of the publication of the Actes. The careless memoir by Canon Townsend prefixed to the 1841 edition of the Actes and Monuments has been deservedly censured by Dr. Maitland. In 1870 it was rewritten by the Kev. Josiah Pratt, who took some advantage of the adverse criticism lavished on Townsend's work, and produced an improved memoir, forming the first volume of the Reformation series of Church Historians of England. Wood's Athense Oxon.; Fuller's Worthies and Church History; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.; the Troubles at Frankfort; Nichols's Narratives of the Reformation; Dr. Haitland's pamphlets; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.; and W. Winter's Biographical Notes on John Foxe, 1876, are all useful.]

-95- VOLUME 14

The Life and Martyrdom of Dermot O'Hurley, Archbishop Of Cashel

From Historiae Catholicae Iberniae Compendium by Philip O'Sullivan Beare (Lisbon, 1621), II. iv. c. 19. Translated by M. Byrne, in Ireland under Elizabeth, Sealy, Bryers and Walker, Dublin, 1903, and reprinted in Irish History from Contemporary Sources, ed. Constantia Maxwell, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1923.

[Editor's Note: This, and the following chapter, have been included in case anyone doubts that Protestants were just as vigorous in persecuting as Catholics]

Dermot O'Hurley was by birth an Irishman, the son of a gentleman, and his boyhood was, under the care of his parents, politely brought up, and instructed in the rudiments of letters. As he grew older he made such progress at Louvain and Paris in the higher studies that, if confronted with men of his own age, he was second to scarcely anyone as a grammarian: he was equal to the most eloquent as a rhetorician; superior to most in jurisprudence; and in theology inferior to few. Having obtained the degree of Doctor in Theology and Civil and Canon Law, he for four years publicly taught law at Louvain. Uniting to these accomplishments a splendid presence, dignity, and gravity of mind, he seemed to the supreme Pontiff, Gregory XIII, after he had spent some years at Rome and taken Holy Orders, worthy of being consecrated archbishop of Cashel. As soon as this office was imposed upon him, he returned to Ireland, to perish in that most doleful time for his country when its sceptre was swayed by Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England, who was not only infected with the stain of most foul heresy, but was also the bitterest enemy of the Catholic faith and of holy bishops and priests.

Our archbishop, with the greatest pains and zeal, administered the Sacraments to the flock of his jurisdiction, and expounded the Gospel of the Lord, confirming all in the Faith, and for nearly two years vainly sought after by the English, being protected by the care and devotion of the Irish, and disguising his identity and calling by wearing secular apparel. Eventually it chanced one day while the archbishop was staying with Thomas Fleming, an Anglo-Irish baron, at his castle of Slane, in his own dominion, a grave question was started at dinner, in the presence of the squint-eyed Robert Dillon, one of the Queen's judges. The heretics, giving each his own opinion, freely proceeded to such extreme folly, that Dermot, who was present, and long kept silent, lest he should betray himself, could not any longer stand their rashness, and so, to the great astonishment of all, he easily refuted the silly doctrines of the heretics, with an air of authority, and great eloquence and learning. Hereupon Dillon was led to surmise that this was some distinguished person who might greatly obstruct heresy. He related the matter to Adam Loftus, Chancellor of Ireland, and to Henry Wallop, Lord Treasurer, both Englishmen, and with whom the government of Ireland then rested, as the Viceroy was absent. These ordered Baron Thomas, under heavy penalties, to send them the archbishop in chains. The archbishop, having meantime left Slane, was arrested by the baron and royalist emissaries in the castle at Carrick- on-Suir in the month of September 1583, whilst staying with Thomas Butler, surnamed the Black, Earl of Ormonde, who was much offended and distressed at the arrest, and afterwards did his best to rescue the bishop from the executioners, except that he did not take up arms as he ought to have done in such a case, and perhaps would have done, but that he was a Protestant.

-96- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

The bishop being brought to Dublin, the chief city of the Kingdom, was kept many days in chains in a dark, dismal, and foetid prison, until that day in the following year, which is kept under the name of the Lord's Supper, on which day he was attacked by the heretics in this manner first, he was brought before Adam the Chancellor, and Henry, the Treasurer, and civilly and kindly invited to follow the tenets of the heretics, and promised large rewards on condition of abjuring his sacred character, relinquishing the office received from the Pope, and (O villainy!) entering upon the archbishopric under the Queen's authority. He told them that he was bound and resolved never to desert the Church, Faith, or Vicar of Christ Jesus for any consideration. Then the Chancellor and Treasurer endeavoured to deceive him by cunning arguments, straining every nerve to establish the truth of their falsehoods. Dermot, not relishing this, especially as he was not allowed to reply to their nonsense, bade them, stupid and ignorant men (such was his high spirit), not to offer ridiculous and false doctrines to him, an archbishop, and doctor of celebrated academies. Then the heretics, filled with anger, exclaimed if we cannot convince you by argument, we will make you quit this, your false law, and embrace our religion or feel our power. The bishop was bound hand and foot, was thrown on the ground, and tied to a large stake. His feet and legs were encased in top boots (a kind of boot at that time common, made of leather, and reaching above the knee) filled with a mixture of salt, bitumen, oil, tallow, pitch, and boiling water. The legs so booted were placed on iron bars, and horribly and cruelly roasted over a fire. When this torture had lasted a whole hour, the pitch, oil and other mixtures boiling up, burnt off not only the skin, but consumed also the flesh, and slowly destroyed the muscles, veins and arteries; and when the boots were taken off, carrying with them pieces of the roasted flesh, they left no small part of the hones bare and raw, a horrible spectacle for the bystanders, and scarcely credible. But the martyr, having his mind filled with thoughts of God and holy things, never uttered a word, but held out to the end of the torture with the same cheerfulness and serenity of countenance he had exhibited at the commencement of his sufferings. When however, in this savage way, the tyrants had failed to break the unconquerable spirit of the martyr by their more than Phalaric cruelty, he was by their order, brought back to his former prison, a foul place filled with a dense fog, ready to endure worse torments, if such could be devised.

There was at this time in Dublin, Charles Mac Morris, a priest of the Society of Jesus, skilled in medicine and chirurgery, who because he was of the faith of Christ, had been imprisoned by the English, and again discharged by them on account of curing some difficult cases for certain noblemen. This man visited the holy bishop in prison, and gave him such medical treatment, that on the fourteenth day he was able to get up from his bed for a little while. The Chancellor and Treasurer, learning of this, and that the Earl of Ormonde was coming, by whose influence and power they feared Dermot would be saved, determined in their malign wickedness to put him to death as soon as possible. Fearing, how ever, that the people would raise a disturbance, and rescue their pastor from death if it were generally known by the citizens that he was to be executed, they ordered the dregs of their soldiers and executioners to bring out the bishop on a car, early in the morning, before sunrise, and before the people were up, and hang him on a gallows outside the city. Which being done, out of all the citizens, he was met by only two, and a certain friend who had been extremely faithful to him, and had made him his particular care from the time of his capture. These followed him; and before he was strung up the archbishop, seizing the hand of his friend, and strongly squeezing it, is said to have impressed on the palm

-97- VOLUME 14 in an indelible red colour, the sign of the Cross -- a rare and holy pledge of his gratitude to his most faithful friend. Thereupon he was hung by a halter made of plaited osiers, and in a short time strangled, and so dying, acquired eternal reward in Heaven in the year of our Lord, 1584, on the seventh day of the month of June.

-98- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

The Execution Of Servetus For Blasphemy, Heresy, & Obstinate Anabaptism, Defended

By John Knox

Are ye [the Anabaptists] able to prove, ([as ye have maliciously accused us), that we teach the people not to convert from their sins and wicked imaginations, to the last hour of their departure? do we promise to all thieves and murderers the same grace and favour that David, Peter, and this thief found? I trust thy own conscience knoweth the contrary. Permit or suffer we (be they never so high) manifest offenders to live amongst us, after their own appetites? And yet ashamest thou not impudently thus to write, "But such lips, such letuce, such disciples, such masters: for your chief Apollos be persecutors, on whom the blood of Servetus crieth a vengeance; so doth the blood of others more whom I could name. But forasmuch as God hath partly already revenged their blood, and served some of their persecutors with the same measure wherewith they measured to others, I will make no mention of them at this time."

Blessed be God the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who so revealeth the things that lie in secret, that hypocrites at length, howsoever they dissemble for a time, are compelled to notify and bewray themselves. Before, to some it might have appeared that the zeal of God's glory, the love of virtue, the hatred of vice, and the salvation of the people, whom, by us, ye judged to be blinded and deceived, had carried you headlong into such vehemency, (as ye be men zealous and fervent,) that no kind of accusation was thought by you sufficient to make us odious unto the people; lies against us imagined were not only tolerable, but also laudable and holy; scriptures by you willingly and wittingly corrupted, did serve to defend God's justice and his glory, what we by our doctrine oppugn and improve. But these your last words do bewray the matter, that in what soever faces you list transform yourselves, your grief will appear to proceed from another fountain than from any of these which ye pretend, and I before have rehearsed.

O the death of Servetus, your dear brother, for whose deliverance your champion Castalio solemnly did pray, with whom, if once ye could have spoken, that kingdom, which ye hope for, had begun to be enlarged; his blood, I say, with the blood of others, I think ye mean of your prophetess Jone of Kent, do cry a vengeance in your ears and hearts. That none other cause do you see of the shedding of the blood of those most constant martyrs of Christ Jesus, Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Hugh Latimer, John Hooper, John Rogers, John Bradford, and of others more, but that God hath partly revenged their blood, that is of your great prophet and prophetess, upon their persecutors, and hath served them with the same measure with the which they served others, I appeal to the judgment of all those that fear God. What is thy judgment, and the judgment of thy faction, of that glorious gospel of Christ Jesus, which of late hath been suppressed in England; what is thy judgment of those most valiant soldiers and most happy martyrs of Christ Jesus, upon whom, O blasphemous mouth, thou sayest God hath taken vengeance, which is an horrible blasphemy in the ears of all the godly; I will not now so much labor to confute by thy pen, as that my full purpose is to lay the same to thy charge, if I shall apprehend thee in any commonwealth where justice against blasphemers may be ministered, as God's Word

-99- VOLUME 14 requireth. And hereof I give thee warning, lest that after thou shalt complain, that under the cloak of friendship I have deceived thee. Thy manifest defection from God, and this thy open blasphemy spoken against his eternal truth, and against such as most constantly did suffer for testimony of the same, have so broken and dissolved all familiarity which hath been betwixt us, that although thou were my natural brother, I durst not conceal thy iniquity in this case.

But now to the matter. I have before proved you malicious and venomous liars, and therefore unworthy to bear testimony against us. Now resteth to be proved, that ye are blasphemers of God, and persons defamed. Solomon affirmeth, "That he that justifieth the wicked, and he that condemneth the innocent, are alike abominable before God." [Prov. 17.] Which sentence is not to be understood of judges only, but is to be referred to every man; for of every one doth God require, that he hate, and in his heart and mouth condemn, that which God himself hath condemned; and also, that he allow and justify that which God pronounceth just, lawful, and holy. And if the contrary be found even in a multitude, God doth not only punish the chief offenders, but also upon their favorers, maintainers, and justifiers, doth he commonly pour the same plagues and vengeance. And hereof is that rare and fearful punishment taken upon Dathan and Abiram sufficient proof [Num. 16.]; for they joined with Corah were the authors of the conspiracy raised against Moses and Aaron. But did they alone sustain the vengeance? No; but their households, children, wives, tents, and substance in the same contained, did the earth in a moment devour and swallow up. And why? because they did justify the cause of those wicked, and insofar as in them lay, did maintain the same. No man, I trust, will deny, but that he who killeth an innocent man is a murderer, although it be under the cloak of justice. But that he who, having lawful authority to kill, and yet suffereth the murderer to live, is a murderer, in this perchance some men may doubt. But if the law of God be diligently searched, this doubt shall easily be resolved. For it will witness that no less ought the murderer, the blasphemer, and such other, to suffer the death, than that the meek and the fearer of God should be defended. And also, that such as maintain and defend the one, are no less criminal before God than those that oppress the others.

One example I will adduce for all. God gave into the hands of Ahab, Benhadad, king of Syria [1 Kings 20], who was great enemy to Israel; whom he upon certain conditions of amity sent home to his country. But what sentence was pronounced against Ahab? "Thus saith the Eternal, Because thou hast let go out of thy hands a man whom I appointed to die, thy soul (that is, thy life) shall be in the place of his life, and thy people in the place of his people." [verse 42.] Now to you justifiers of Servetus: Servetus was an abominable blasphemer against God; and you are justifiers of Servetus: therefore ye are blasphemers before God, like abominable as he was. The major I intend shortly to prove, so far as shall be sufficient at this time. The minor ye do not deny; for some by Apologies, some by books, and all by your tongues, do justify his cause. And the conclusion is infallibly gathered of the former words of the Holy Ghost.

Ye will not easily admit that Servetus was convicted of blasphemy; for if so be, ye must be compelled to confess (except that ye will refuse God) that the sentence of death executed against him was not cruelty; neither yet that the judges who justly pronounced that sentence were murderers nor persecutors; but that this death was the execution of God's judgment, and they the true and faithful servants of God, who,

-100- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS when no other remedy was found, did take away iniquity from amongst them. That God hath appointed death by his law, without mercy, to be executed upon the blasphemers, is evident by that which is written, Leviticus 24. But what blasphemy is, may some perchance doubt. If righteously we shall consider and weigh the Scriptures, we shall find that to speak blasphemy, or to blaspheme God, is not only to deny that there is a God, but that also it is lightly to esteem the power of the eternal God; to have, or to spread abroad, of his Majesty such opinions as may make his Godhead to be doubted of; to depart from the true honouring and religion of God to the imagination of man's inventions; obstinately to maintain and defend doctrine and diabolical opinions plainly repugnant to God's truth; to judge those things which God judgeth necessary for our salvation, not to be necessary; and finally, to persecute the truth of God, and the members of Christ's body.

Of the first and second sort both was Sennacherib and proud Rabshakeh; who, comparing God with the idols of the Gentiles, did not only lightly esteem his godly power, but also, so far as in them was, studied to take out of the hearts of the Israelites all right and perfect opinion of God. At whom the Prophet, in the person of God, demandeth this question, "Whom hast thou blasphemed?"

Of the third sort were both Israel and Judah, declining to idolatry against God's express commandment, whom the Prophets so often do affirm to blaspheme the Holy One of Israel. "Because (saith Isaiah) they have repudiated the law of the Lord of Hosts, and the word of the Holy One of Israel, contumeliously have they blasphemed." And Ezekiel [chap. 20], after that he hath most sharply rebuked the Israelites for their idolatry, he addeth, "Yet in this your fathers have blasphemed me, though they had before grievously transgressed against me; for when I had brought them into the land, for the which I lifted up my hand to give it them, they saw every high hill, and all the thick trees, and they offered there their sacrifices, and there they presented their offering," &c.

Of the fourth sort were Hymenaeus and Alexander, whom Paul gave to the Devil, that they should learn not to blaspheme. [1 Tim. 1.]

Of the fifth sort were the multitude of the Jews, who judged, and to this day do judge, the death of Christ Jesus, his blessed ordinance, the public preaching of his Evangel, and the administration of his Sacraments, to be nothing necessary to our salvation.

And of the last, doth not Paul deny himself to have been a blasphemer, and a persecutor, before his conversion [1 Cor. 15.]

Now, if I shall plainly prove the most part, yea, all these, (except, ye will say, he shed no man's blood,) to have been in your great prophet Servetus, yea, yet to be in you all of the Anabaptistical sort, have I not sufficiently proved both him and you blasphemers?

Albeit I be more near of his and your counsel than any of you doth know or suspect, yet will I not utter, at this present, all that I can, but will abide till such opportunity as God shall offer me, to notify his and your poison to the Church of God, that of the same the godly may beware.

-101- VOLUME 14

For the present, I say, first, That Servetus, whom you justify, did maintain, and, by word and writing, dispersed abroad, wicked and most devilish opinions of God, which might not only make his Godhead to be despised, but also called in doubt and question. He judged those things nothing necessary to salvation which Christ hath commanded and ordained. And last, that impugning the true religion, he did most obstinately maintain his diabolical errors, and did resist the plain truth to the death. His erroneous opinions of God and of his eternal Godhead were these.

1. Whosoever believeth any Trinity in the essence of God, hath not the perfect God, but gods imagined, and illusion of Devils.

2. That Christ is the Son of God, only insofar as he is begotten of God in the womb of the Virgin, and that not only by the power of the Holy Spirit, but because that God begat him of his own substance.

3. That the Word of God descending from the heaven, is now the flesh of Christ, so that the flesh of Christ is from the heaven. Further, that the body of Christ is the body of the Godhead, the flesh of God, godly and heavenly, as it that is begotten of the substance of God.3

4. That the soul of Christ is God, and that the flesh of Christ is God, and that aswell the flesh as the soul were in the very substance of the Godhead from all eternity.

5. That God is the Father of the Holy Ghost.

6. That Christ having the participation of the Godhead or of God, and participation of man, may not be called a creature, but one that doth participate with creatures.

7. As the Word descended into the flesh of Christ, so did the Holy Ghost descend into the souls of the Apostles.4

8. That Christ, so long as he was conversant in the flesh, received not the new Spirit which he was to receive after his resurrection.

9. That in all men, from the beginning, is engrafted the Spirit of the Godhead, even by the breath of God, and yet may the Spirit, by the which we be illuminated, be extinguished.

10. That the substantial Godhead is in all creatures. That the soul of man, although it be not God, it is made God by the Spirit, which is God himself.5

11. That the soul is made mortal by sin, even as the flesh is mortal; not that the soul returneth to nothing, as neither doth the flesh, but that it dieth when that it is deprived of lively action.

12. And that it is holden in hell languishing, as that it should never after live; but these that be regenerated have another soul than that they had before, because of the substance which is renewed, and for the Godhead which is joined.

-102- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

13. That alike it is to baptize an infant, as to baptize an ass or a stone.

14. That there is no mortal sin committed before the age of twenty years.

These I have thought sufficient to produce at this present, to let the reader understand that it is not without cause that I say, that Servetus, whom ye justify, is a blasphemer. I have omitted things more horrible and grievous, to avoid the offence of godly readers, which suddenly I am not minded to manifest, except that I shall understand that your venomous tongues be not stayed by these. I appeal to the conscience of Castalio himself, if in every one of these former Propositions which concern the Godhead, there be not contained horrible blasphemy. For what is more blasphemous, than to affirm that such as believe in the Godhead three distinct Persons, have no true God, but the illusion of the Devils: That Christ Jesus is not the Eternal Son of the Eternal Father: That there is no distinction betwixt the Father and the Son, but in imagination only: That Christ hath no participation of man's nature, but that his flesh is from heaven; yea, that it is the flesh of the Godhead: That in stocks, stones, and all creatures, is the substantial Godhead? If these, I say, be not blasphemies worthy of ten thousand deaths, especially being obstinately maintained against all wholesome admonition, let all those that fear God judge; yea, even you yourselves, how furious that ever ye be, judge in the matter, even as ye will answer before the throne of the Lord Jesus. That contemptuously he spake of baptising of the children, of the public preaching of the Evangel, and of the administration of the Lord's Supper, that have you common with him. For this is your glory and persuasion to all your scholars, that these things be nothing necessary to salvation; yea, most straightly ye inhibit all of your sect to frequent any congregation but your own. And whether this be blasphemy of your part, or not, to affirm those things nothing necessary which Christ Jesus hath established, and commanded to be used in remembrance of him to his second coming, I am content that judgment be referred even to those that be most indifferent betwixt us and you.

To supersede the rest of your blasphemies, I return to your book, because, that after I purpose to speak of your holy conversation, and of the great perfection that is found in you.

Ye accuse us, that we have written books, in a perpetual memory of our cruelty, affirming it to be lawful to put to death such as dissent from us in religion, notwithstanding that some of us were of another mind before they came to authority; and further, that we have given the sword in to the hands of bloody tyrants.

True it is, that books are written both by you and by us. For your Master Bellius affirmeth, That lawful it is not to the Civil Magistrate to use the sword against heretics. To whom that godly learned man, Theodorus Beza, hath answered. In which, if you or your Master think not yourselves fully answered, ye may put pen to the paper when you list, looking to receive answer with convenient expedition. John Calvin hath besides committed to writing the Examination of Servetus, and the Cause of his miserable death. Which books, albeit to you they be a perpetual memory of cruelty, yet I have good hope, that to our posterity they shall be profitable (as now to us be the godly labours of those that before us have fought the same battle against the obstinate heretics). And further, seeing both you and we must abide the sentence of one Judge, we can not greatly fear the prejudice of your faction.

-103- VOLUME 14

Where ye ask, If these be the sheep which Christ sent forth in the midst of wolves, and if the sheep can persecute the wolves? And I demand for answer, Whether Moses was a sheep or a wolf, and whether that fearful slaughter executed upon idolaters, without respect of persons was not as great a persecution as the burning of Servetus and Joan of Kent? To me it appeareth greater. For to them was granted no place of repentance; no admonition was given unto them, but, without further delay or question, was the brother commanded to kill the brother; yea, the father not to spare the son [Lev. 23.] I think, verily, that if judgment should be referred unto you, that then should Moses and the tribe of Levi be judged wolves, sent to devour innocent sheep. But because we know what God hath allowed, we the less fear the judgment of man. If ye claim any privilege by the coming of the Lord Jesus, himself will answer, "that he is not come to break nor destroy the law of his heavenly Father."

Where further ye ask, If Abel did kill Cain, or David Saul, or he which is born of the Spirit did kill him which is born of the flesh? I answer, If your question be of Abel, David, and Isaac, in their proper persons, that none of them did kill any of these forenamed. But if thereof ye infer no more, Is it lawful for any of God's Elect to kill any man for his conscience sake? I answer, That if under the name of Conscience ye include whatsoever seemeth good in your own eyes, that then ye affirm a great absurdity, manifestly repugnant aswell to God's law as to the examples of those whom God hath highly praised in his holy Scriptures. But because continually ye claim to your conscience, to remove from you that vain cover, I ask, If the murderer, adulterer, or any other malefactor, should be exempted from punishment of the law, although he alledge that he did all thing of conscience? I trust ye will confess, that he ought to be mocked that will claim the patrocinie of conscience, when that he doth plainly offend against God's will revealed. And why will ye not grant as much in this matter which now standeth in controversy? Because (say you) external crimes have no affinity with matters of religion; for the conscience of every man is not alike persuaded in the service and honouring of God, neither yet in such controversies as God's word hath not plainly decided. But I ask, If that be a just excuse why pernicious errors shall be obstinately defended, either yet that God's established religion shall be contemptuously despised.

To make the matter more plain, Israel and Judah were not both of one mind in the honoring of God, after that the ten tribes departed from the household of David. Yea, Judah in the self was often corrupted with pestilent idolatry, insomuch that the fathers did offer their children to Moloch; which I am assured they did not without some zeal, which they thought to be good conscience. But notwithstanding those controversies, divers opinions, and forged consciences at their own appetites, Elijah did kill the priests of Baal; and was he born, I pray you, of the flesh? or was he not rather regenerated by God's Holy Spirit? Josiah [2 Kings 23] did kill all the priests of the high places, and did burn men's bones upon their altars; and was he, I beseech you, brother to Cain; or rather fellow-heir of the kingdom promised with Abel? But that he was God's most faithful king, after David, I trust ye will not deny, except that ye will say, as before boldly ye have affirmed of other, that God revenged blood with blood, in that he suffered him to fall in battle. But the Spirit of God, speaking in the Prophet Jeremiah, is more mild of judgment, for he absolveth him, and doth affirm that he was taken away for the sins of the people. Consider these things, and convict us if ye can by Scriptures.

-104- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

We say, the man is not persecuted for his conscience, that, declining from God, blaspheming his Majesty, and contemning his religion, obstinately defendeth erroneous and false doctrine. This man, I say, lawfully convicted, if he suffer the death pronounced by a lawful Magistrate, is not persecuted, (as in the name of Servetus ye furiously complain,) but he suffereth punishment according to God's commandment, pronounced in Deuteronomy, the 13th chapter.

To put end to these your calumnies for this time, two things I would require of you. First, That thus foolishly ye abuse not the name of conscience, which you say constraineth you to write, to the end that ye might awake us out of our dreams. Conscience, for assurance of the self in well-doing, must have a testimony of God's plain will revealed; which ye shall not find to be your assurance, that so odiously ye may accuse us of those crimes whereof ye be never able to convict us.

The second is, That by plain Scriptures and solid reasons ye study to confute our doctrine, and not by raging words, spoken, as it were, by men in a frenzy. You shall never be able to prove, either that our doctrine is poisoned, either yet that we draw the people to a secure, idle, and careless life. Blessed be God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who of his mere mercy hath caused our doctrine somewhat to fructify; our good hope is, that with us and his afflicted Church He will continue his fatherly favour, in such sort, that from time to time he will leave documents to the ages following, that His heavenly doctrine is not sent in vain. To Him be glory for ever.

-105- VOLUME 14

Observations On Foxe's Book Of Martyrs

By William Cobbett

Doubtless, out of two hundred and seventy-seven persons (the number stated by HUME on authority of Fox) who were thus punished, some may have been real martyrs to their opinions, and have been sincere and virtuous persons; but, in this number of 277, many were convicted felons, some clearly traitors, as RIDLEY and CRANMER. These must be taken from the number, and we may; surely, take such as were alive when Fox first published his book, and who expressly begged to decline the honour of being enrolled amongst his "Martyrs." As a proof of Fox's total disregard of truth, there was, in the next reign, a Protestant parson, as Anthony Wood (a Protestant) tells us, who, in a sermon, related, on authority of Fox, that a Catholic of the name of GRIMWOOD had been, as Fox said, a great enemy of the Gospellers, had been "punished by a judgment of God," and that his "bowels fell out of his body." GRIMWOOD was not only alive at the time when the sermon was preached, but happened to be present in the church to hear it; and he brought an action of defamation against the preacher! Another instance of Fox's falseness relates to the death of Bishop GARDINER. Fox and BURNET, and other vile calumniators of the acts and actors in Queen Mary's reign, say, that GARDINER, on the day of the execution of LATIMER and RIDLEY, kept dinner waiting till the news of their suffering should arrive, and that the Duke of Norfolk, who was to dine with him, expressed great chagrin at the delay; that, when the news came, "transported with joy," they sat down to table, where GARDINER was suddenly seized with the disury, and died, in horrible torments, in a fortnight after wards. Now, LATIMER. and RIDLEY were put to death on the 16th of October; and COLLIER, in his Ecclesiastical History, p. 386, states, that GARDINER opened the Parliament on the 21st of October; that he attended in Parliament twice afterwards; that he died on the 12th of November, of the gout, and not of disury; and that, as to the Duke of Norfolk, he had been dead a year when this event took place! What a hypocrite, then, must that man he, who pretends to believe in this Fox! Yet, this infamous book has, by the arts of the plunderers and their descendants, been circulated to a boundless extent amongst the people of England, who have been taught to look upon all the thieves, felons, and traitors, whom Fox calls "Martyrs," as sufferers resembling St. Stephen, St. Peter, and St. Paul

The real truth about these "Martyrs," is, that they were, generally, a set of most wicked wretches, who sought to destroy the Queen and her Government, and under the pretence of conscience and superior piety, to obtain the means of again preying upon the people. No mild means could reclaim them: those means had been tried: the Queen had to employ vigorous means, or, to suffer her people to continue to be torn by the religious factions, created, not by her, but by her two immediate predecessors, who had been aided and abetted by many of those who now were punished, and who were worthy of ten thousand deaths each, if ten thousand deaths could have been endured. They were, without a single exception, apostates, perjurers, or plunderers; and, the greater part of them had also been guilty of flagrant high treason against Mary herself, who had spared their lives; but whose lenity they had requited by every effort within their power to overset her authority and the Government. To make particular mention of all the ruffians that perished upon this occasion, would be a task as irksome as it would be useless; but, there were amongst them, three of

-106- FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

CRANMER's Bishops and himself! For, now, justice, at last, overtook this most mischievous of all villains, who had justly to go to the same stake that he had unjustly caused so many others to be tied to; the three others were HOOPER, LATIMER, and RIDLEY, each of whom was, indeed, inferior in villany to CRANMER, but to few other men that have ever existed.

HOOPER was a MONK; he broke his vow of celibacy and married a Flandrican; be, being the ready tool of the Protector Somerset, whom he greatly aided in his plunder of the churches, got two Bishoprics, though he himself had written against pluralities; he was a co-operator in all the monstrous cruelties inflicted on the people, during the reign of Edward, and was particularly active in recommending the use of German troops to bend the necks of the English to the Protestant yoke. LATIMER began his career, not only as a Catholic priest, but as a most furious assailant of the Reformation religion. By this he obtained from Henry VIII. the Bishopric of Worcester. He next changed his opinions; but he did not give up his Catholic Bishopric! Being suspected, he made abjuration of Protestantism; he thus kept his Bishopric for twenty years, while he inwardly reprobated the principles of the Church, and which Bishopric he held in virtue of an oath to oppose, to the utmost of his power, all dissenters from the ; in the reigns of Henry and Edward he sent to the stake Catholics and Protestants for holding opinions, which he himself had before held openly, or that he held secretly at the time of his so sending them. Lastly, he was a chief both in the hands of the tyrannical Protector SOMERSET in that black and unnatural act of bringing his brother Lord THOMAS SOMERSET, to the block, RIDLEY had been a Catholic bishop in the reign of Henry VIII., when he sent to the stake Catholics who denied the King's supremacy, and Protestants, who denied transubstantiation. In Edward's reign he was a Protestant bishop, and denied transubstantiation himself; and then he sent to the stake Protestants who differed from the creed of CRANMER. He, in Edward's reign, got the Bishopric of London by a most roguish agreement to transfer the greater part of its possessions to the rapacious ministers and courtiers of that day. Lastly, he was guilty of high treason against the Queen, in openly (as we have seen in paragraph 220 ), and from the pulpit, exhorting the people to stand by the usurper Lady JANE; and thus endeavouring to produce civil war and the death of his sovereign, in order that he might, by treason, be enabled to keep that bishopric which he had obtained by simony, including perjury.

A pretty trio of Protestant "Saints," quite worthy, however, of "SAINT" MARTIN LUTHER, who says, in his own work, that it was by the arguments of the Devil (who, he says, frequently ate, drank, and slept with him) that he was induced to turn Protestant: three worthy followers of that LUTHER, who is, by his disciple MELANCTHON, called "a brutal man, void of piety and humanity, one more a Jew than a Christian:" three followers altogether worthy of this great founder of that Protestantism, which has split the world into contending sects: but, black as these are, they bleach the moment CRANMER appears in his true colours. But, alas! where is the pen, or tongue, to give us those colours! Of the 65 years that he lived, and of the 35 years of his manhood, 29 years were spent in the commission of a series of acts, which, for wickedness in their nature and for mischief in their consequences, are absolutely without any thing approaching to a parallel in the annals of human infamy. Being a fellow of a college at Cambridge, and having, of course, made an engagement (as the fellows do to this day), not to marry while he was a fellow, he married secretly, and still enjoyed his fellowship. While a married man he became at priest,

-107- VOLUME 14 and took the oath of celibacy; and, going to Germany, he married another wife, the daughter of a Protestant "saint;" so that he had now two wives at one time, though his oath bound him to have no wife at all. He, as Archbishop, enforced the law of celibacy, while he himself secretly kept his German frow in the palace at Canterbury, having, as we have seen in paragraph 104 , imported her in a chest. He, as ecclesiastical judge, divorced Henry VIII. from three wives, the grounds of his decision in two of the cases being directly the contrary of those which he himself had laid down when he declared the marriages to be valid; and, in the case of , he, as ecclesiastical judge, pronounced, that Anne had never been the King's wife; while, as a member of the House of Peers, he voted for her death, as having been an adulteress, and, thereby, guilty of treason to. her husband. As Archbishop under Henry (which office he entered upon with a premeditated false oath on his lips) he sent men and women to the stake because they were not Catholics, and he sent Catholics to the stake, because they would not acknowledge the King's supremacy, and thereby perjure themselves as he had so often done. Become openly a Protestant, in Edward's reign, and openly professing those very principles, for the professing of which he had burnt others, he now burnt his fellow-Protestants, because their grounds for protesting were different from his. As executor for the will of his old master, Henry, which gave the crown (after Edward) to his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, he conspired with others to rob those two daughters of their right, and to give the Crown to Lady JANE, that Queen of nine days, whom he, with others, ordered to be proclaimed. Confined, notwithstanding his many monstrous crimes, merely to the palace of Lambeth, he, in requital of the Queen's lenity, plotted with traitors in the pay of France to overset her government. Brought, at last, to trial and to condemnation as a heretic, he professed himself ready to recant. He was respited for six weeks, during which time he signed six different forms of recantation, each more ample than the former. He declared that the Protestant religion was false; that the Catholic religion was the only true one; that he now believed in all the doctrines of the Catholic Church; that he had been a horrid blasphemer against the ; that he was unworthy of forgiveness; that he prayed the People, the Queen and the POPE, to have pity on, and to pray for his wretched soul; and that he had made and signed this declaration without fear, and without hope of favour, and for the discharge of his con science, and as a warning to others. It was a question in the Queen's council, whether he should be pardoned, as other recanters had been; but it was resolved, that his crimes were so enormous that it would be unjust to let him escape; to which might have been added, that it could have done the Catholic Church no honour to see reconciled to it a wretch covered with robberies, perjuries, treasons and bloodshed. Brought, therefore, to the public reading of his recantation, on his way to the stake; seeing the pile ready, now finding that he must die, and carrying in his breast all his malignity undiminished, he recanted his recantation, thrust into the fire the hand that had signed it, and thus expired, protesting against that very religion in which, only nine hours before, he had called God to witness that he firmly believed!

And Mary is to be called the "Bloody", because she put to death monsters of iniquity like this! It is, surely, time to do justice to the memory of this calumniated Queen; and not to do it by halves, I must, contrary to my intention, employ part of the next Number in giving the remainder of her history.

END OF VOLUME 14

-108-