Masteravhandling, David Aanje, Kristendomsfeber

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Masteravhandling, David Aanje, Kristendomsfeber “KRISTENDOMSFEBER” En presentasjon, analyse og vurdering av kinesiske kristnes forklaringer på protestantismens vekst i Kina i møte med sosiologiske teorier. 基督教热 David Aanje AVH502 – Masteravhandling (55ECTS) Master i Kristendomskunnskap Veileder: Tormod Engelsviken Det teologiske Menighetsfakultetet Våren 2011 Innhold Forord ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 1 Innledning ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Forskningsspørsmål ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Begreper, definisjoner og presiseringer .................................................................................... 10 1.3 Forskningsfront ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Metode og tilnærming................................................................................................................ 14 1.4.1 Det etiske perspektivet: Sosiologi og missiologi .................................................................. 14 1.4.2 Det emiske perspektivet: En empirisk kvalitativ undersøkelse ............................................ 15 1.4.3 Valg av epistemologisk paradigme i møte med den empiriske undersøkelsen .................. 15 1.4.4 Forskningsdesignet ............................................................................................................ 17 1.4.5 Presentasjon av informantene ............................................................................................ 17 1.4.6 Innsamling og behandling av materiale i forbindelse med den kvalitative undersøkelsen 18 1.4.7 Metode for behandling av intervjuene ............................................................................... 20 1.4.8 Metode for analyse av intervjuene ................................................................................... 20 1.4.9.1 Den kvalitative undersøkelsens svakheter og feilkilder ................................................... 22 1.4.9.2 Den kvalitative undersøkelsens overførbarhet .............................................................. 23 1.5 Avgrensning ................................................................................................................................. 24 1.6 Disponering av avhandlingen .................................................................................................... 25 2 Kirken som aldri ble kinesisk – et historisk tilbakeblikk .................................................................... 27 2.1 Den nestorianske misjonen under Tang-dynastiet .................................................................... 27 2.2 Den fransiskanske misjonen under mongolsk herredømme ...................................................... 30 2.3 Den jesuittiske misjonen under sen Ming og tidlig Qing ............................................................ 32 2.4 Protestantiske og katolske misjonsframstøt under sen Qing-perioden fram til 1952 ............... 35 3 De politiske og religiøse omgivelsene for veksten– Et innblikk i Tre-Selv kirken og husmenighetsbevegelsen i Kina ............................................................................................................ 38 Kandidatnr: 5017 Side 2 3.1 Maos kommunistregime og Tre-Selv kirkens fødsel ................................................................. 38 3.2 Tre-Selv kirkens virksomhet i dag ............................................................................................. 42 3.3 Den historiske bakgrunnen for husmenighetsbevegelsen ...................................................... 45 3.4 Husmenighetsbevegelsen i dagens Kina ............................................................................... 47 3.5 Forfølger myndighetene husmenighetsbevegelsen i dagens Kina? ........................................... 49 4 En beskrivelse av veksten ................................................................................................................. 52 4.1.1 Kristendomsfeber ..................................................................................................................... 52 4.1.2 Hvor mange kristne er det i Kina? ............................................................................................ 53 4.1.3 Landlig eller urban, fattig eller rik, uutdannet eller utdannet? ................................................ 55 5 Sosiologiske forklaringer på veksten i distriktene ............................................................................ 57 5.1.1 Absolutt og relativ deprivasjon ................................................................................................ 57 5.1.2 Et meningsløst og fattig liv ....................................................................................................... 58 5.1.3 Kvinnelig kompensasjon ........................................................................................................... 59 5.2.1 Kulturell og religiøs kontinuitet ................................................................................................ 60 5.2.2 Helbredelsens funksjon i protestantismen overlapper helbredelsens funksjon i tradisjonell kinesisk tro ........................................................................................................................................ 62 5.2.3 Folkereligiøsitetens sammenfallende syn på synd og frelse .................................................... 63 5.2.4 Konfusiansk kontinuitet ............................................................................................................ 65 6 Sosiologiske forklaringer på veksten i byene.................................................................................... 66 6.1.1 Kristendommen i urbane Kina - modernitetens blindpassasjer ............................................... 66 6.1.2 Jesus og McDonalds – higen etter en vestlig livsstil ................................................................. 67 6.1.3 Følt deprivasjon – baksiden av modernitetens mynt ........................................................... 68 7 Emiske forklaringsmodeller av religiøs art ....................................................................................... 71 7.1.1 Fenomenet helbredelse og dens ulike funksjoner ................................................................... 71 i. Helbredelsens konverterende funksjon ................................................................................ 71 ii. Helbredelsens bekreftende funksjon .................................................................................... 75 iii. Helbredelsens fornyende funksjon ........................................................................................... 78 iii. Helbredelsens stabiliserende funksjon ................................................................................. 81 Kandidatnr: 5017 Side 3 7.1.2 Dialog mellom emisk og etisk perspektiv på helbredelse ........................................................ 84 7.1.3 Min vurdering av den emiske helbredelsesforklaringen på veksten ....................................... 88 7.2.1 Ordets makt .............................................................................................................................. 90 7.2.2 Dialog mellom emisk og etisk perspektiv ................................................................................. 95 7.2.3 Min vurdering av den emiske forklaringen om “ordets makt” som årsak til vekst .................. 96 7.3.1 Bønn og bønnesvar ................................................................................................................... 97 7.3.2 Dialog mellom emisk og etisk perspektiv ............................................................................... 100 7.3.3 Min vurdering av den emiske forklaringen om ”bønnens makt” som årsak til vekst ............ 103 7.4.1 Guds velsignelse på grunn av forfølgelse ............................................................................... 104 7.4.2 Dialog mellom emisk og etisk perspektiv ............................................................................... 110 7.4.3 Min vurdering av den emiske forklaringen om ”velsignelse på grunn av forfølgelse” som årsak til vekst ............................................................................................................................................ 111 7.5.1 Spesielle møter med det overnaturlige: “Besøk fra himmelen” ............................................ 113 7.5.2 Dialog mellom emisk og etisk perspektiv .............................................................................. 117 7.5.3 Min vurdering av den emiske forklaringen om ”himmelske besøk” ...................................... 118 8 Emiske forklaringsmodeller av ikke-religiøs art ............................................................................... 120 8.1.1 Relasjoner ............................................................................................................................... 120 8.1.2 Dialog mellom emisk og etisk perspektiv ............................................................................... 123 8.1.3 Min vurdering av relasjonsbygging som vekstargument ....................................................... 126 8.2.1 Sosialt hjelpearbeid
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