Vol. 28, No. 47 "November 25, 1985 fi

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Zhao in L America: Seeing Is Believing _ Eureka: Shifts in Western Alliance Qu Yongshou- An Outstanding Rice Farmer Qu Yongshou, a model farmer In Hunan Province, has used a scientific method of farming that involves close planting and effective field management for many- years. As a result, Qu has reaped several bumper harvests and in June 1 985 was recognized as an "Outstanding Rice Farmer" by the International Rice Research Institute of the Philippines.

Qu Yongshou and others inspecting rice seedlings.

Qu receives the award in the Philippines. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 47 November 25, 1985 Eureka Signals Shift in Western Alliance CONTENTS Eureka is~not only a European counterpart to the US Strategic Defence Initiative, but is also an important facet of NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 continued West European unity and development. Though More on Socialist Ethics and Cul• somewhat amorphous, the fledgling plan has increasingly com• ture manded international attention (p. 15). LETTERS 5 Zhao Winds Up Latin America Trip EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 Zhao's L. America Trip; Seeing Is Premier Zhao Ziyang's recent Latin America tour, which Believing one Western newspaper called a "trip that won over friends," Beijing Hosts ASPAT 1985 has consolidated the common political ground shared by China Heading South to Explore Antarc• tica and that part of the world and paved the way for bigger Beijing Residents Seek House• economic co-operation between them (p. 6). maids TV to Show Serial on Liu Shaoql ASPAT 1985 Opens in Beijing INTERNATIONAL 11-14 The Fourth Asia-Pacific International Trade Fair (ASPAT GCC: Summit Signals Subtle Policy Change '85), which opened in Beijing on November 15, has turned out Portugal: Social-Democrats Walk to be a microcosm of the economic progress and potential of a Tiahtrope the Pacific countries. It also has provided the chance for all US-USSR: Summit Rivets World Attention participants to share their experiences (p. 7). Guatemala: Guarding the Dem• ocratic Process Albania: Leaving at Least a Two Generations Pioneer the Wilderness Window Ajar This article by our correspondent describes how, through Eureka Signals Shift in Western the hard work of youths who came from all over the country Alliance 15 30 years ago, a former wasteland located near Poyang Lake Zhao Ziyanq, the First Chinese Pre• has grown into an affluent farming community called "Gong- mier to Visit Lolin America qing City." Hu Yaobang visited the community twice, first (Pictorial) 18-19 in the capacity of the secretary of the Central Committee of School for Parents Tries to Curb the Chinese Youth League, later as the Party General Secretary Crime 20 (p. 22). Two Generations Pioneer the Wild• erness 22 Xingcheng: A Potential Summer Re• More on Socialist Ethics and Culture sort 25 While good results have been achieved by promoting FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 27-28 socialist ethics in recent years, there also exist some unhealthy BUSINESS & TRADE 29-30 tendencies that come in the wake of opening up to the outside world. To overcome these negative factors, the Party has once CULTURE & SCIENCE 31-32 again emphasized the importance of socialist ethics. But this SPORTS 33 does not mean that China will close its door again. Rather, COVER: General Secretary Hu Yaobang combating decadent ideology while opening to the outside visits the form in Jiangxi. Photo by Guo Yugun world remains China's long-term policy (p. 4).

' Published every Aitondoy by Obtributed by China Intemcrtienal Bvak SulMcriptlen pricei (1 year)t ! BEIJING REVIEW Trading Car|»oratlan (GUOJI SHUOIAN), AMtraHo A.$ 22.N USA US$22JMI 24 Baiwanzhuang Rood, Beijing P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China New iMland... NZ.$30.W OK £12.80 The People's Republic of China Canada Can. $2t.M NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

More on Socialist Ethics and Culture

by AN ZHiGUO However, viewed from the country evils and corrupt phenomena root• Political Editor as a whole, the effect does not live ed in capitalism and other exploi• up to what is desired. For exam• tative systems. At the same time, ple, the unhealthy tendency to "put Many foreigners are concerned socialism must establish new money above all else," which goes about what effects China's stress on ideologies, morals and ethics to against socialist ethics, has some• socialist ethics and culture will match the system of public owner• what spread among certain people. have on its policy of opening to ship, which reflect a high level of In pursuit of personal interest, the outside world. Before answer• ethics and culture. It can be said some people raise prices without ing, let it be said that we think that material wealth is the founda• authorization, sell faked goods, stressing socialist ethics will have tion for modernization, while so• break laws and discipline, accept only good effects on the open cialist ethics and culture guarantee bribes, embezzle funds and sell policy. the socialist direction and the pornographic materials. In view open policy provides a shortcut to While carrying out socialist eco• of this situation, at its recent na• tional conference the Communist modernization. Therefore, combat• nomic construction, China also em• ing decadent ideology while open• phasizes education, science, cul• Party of China once again under• lined the importance of building so• ing to the outside world is a long- ture, revolutionary ideal, morals, term Chinese policy. collectivism, serving the people cialist ethics and culture. and good relationships between in• It should be noted that the open Correcting the Party's style of dividuals. The Chinese people call policy has exerted a positive in• work is the key link to prornoting the former material civilization and fluence on Chinese people. Closer socialist ethics and culture. Re• the latter socialist ethics and ties with the outside world broaden cently, the Party's work style has culture. people's minds, and this is condu• improved to some degree. For ex• cive to overcoming feudal ideas In recent years, China has pro• ample, the practice of seeking truth and eliminating backwardness. moted the programme of "Five from facts has been carried Stresses and Four Points of Beauty" forward, correct policies have been On the other hand, however, it among its people. (The five areas adopted and a democratic style has is true that with the adoption of to be stressed are; . decorum, been promoted. There are, how• the open policy, some decadent manners, hygiene, discipline and ever, some dark sides. Some Party ideas and undesirable things have morals; The four points for beau- members and leading cadres pur• also been brought in. tification are: the mind, language, sue personal interest by abusing behaviour and environment). The China will never again close its their power, and bureaucracy and Chinese government has set the door simply because of negative anarchism still exist. The ongoing month of March every year as "So• outside influence. Economic con• campaign of Party consolidation cialist Ethics and Courtesy Month." struction, the development of so• will lead to the fundamental im• At this time ideological and polit• cialist ethics and culture and the provement of the Party's style of ical work is strengthened among open policy are indispensable to work which will in turn bring a staff members, workers, peasants socialist modernization. Socialism change in the social mores. In the and students, who are all urged to should eliminate poverty. To economic field people are en• have revolutionary ideals, sound speed up socialist economic devel• couraged to cultivate good profes• morals, good education and a sional morality and abide by laws strong sense of discipline. All opment, we must draw foreign and discipline and to resist all these are connected with socialist funds and introduce advanced kinds of dishonest practices. In ethics and culture. sciences and technologies from abroad. To do so requires an cultural circles better works of literature, art, music and drama Because of efficient work being open policy. But material wealth are being produced to meet the done in this field, many model in• alone doesn't mean socialism. So• dividuals and units have emerged. cialism must wipe out all social people's needs, while bad intellec-

4 Beijing Review, No. 47 LETTERS Suggestions and China and Pakistan Criticisms It is with great interest that I Beijing Review should not be read your article "Pakistan Protest• bound with thick staples. Thin ing Afghan Border Raids." It is staples would make it easier to tear clear from this article that Beijing out pages. Review and China stand for human rights and the strengthening The quality of the magazine's tual products are opposed and of friendship among the peoples of printing is pretty good. Some of resisted. Pakistan and China. the photographs, however, are too Negative phenomena conflicting light, lacking contrast between 1 also thank you for the assist• with socialist ethics and culture black and white. ance that you grant to the progres• obstruct the proper implementation sive, revolutionary Afghan people I read almost all articles in your of the open policy. For example, in their battle for their country. magazine, especially the ones about two years ago the government China. 1 think China is a subject China firmly stands on the side decided to open Hainan Island you cover better than other publi• of all peace-loving people. (China's second largest island after cations. Haji Muhammad Saeed Taiwan) to the outside world in Robert Zwahllen Lahore, Pakistan order to import foreign funds and Neuhausweg, Switzerland advanced technologies and to Education Reforms tap local resources and gradually Beijing Review should cut down Beijing Review is an excellent establish a rational economic struc• on its number of sports stories. If weekly to be read not only for in• ture unique to the island. Hainan someone wants to know more formation but also for pleasure. authorities, however, proceeding about China's sports, he or she People from different walks of life from their local interests, violated should subscribe to China's sports satisfy their need for information state regulations and resold a large publications. with your magazine. number of imported automobiles You should give more complete for a fat profit in only a little more information about the books re• As a student, I particularly than one year. This practice dis• viewed and advertised in Beijing appreciate the articles on China's rupted the country's plan and Review. Things such as languages, educational reforms that your mag• delayed the island's economic circulation, cost, etc. would be azine publishes. They have given development. When the central helpful. me an understanding of educa• government discovered the wrong• tion's importance in development. 1 enjoyed your "Business and doing, it promptly corrected the "Teaching should be the most Trade" column. I think, however, error and punished the local lead• respected and admired profession that the articles should be explain• ers involved. Hainan now is head• in society," said Chen Yun, mem• ed in greater detail. ed in the right direction. ber of the Standing Committee of Some readers would like to see the CPC Central Committee Politi• Some foreign business people more colour photographs in your cal Bureau, when he recommended hope China has a sound environ• magazine, but I disagree. Beijing an increase in teachers' salaries ment for investment and construc• Review is not for entertainment, ("School Teachers Due Pay Raise," tion. We think a good environment but for information. Of course, No. 2, 1985). That statement illu• not only includes material content, the magazine should include some strates China's firm decision to such as preferential treatment and photos, but you needn't run them promote its education system. good service facilities, but should on every page. Moreover, with Could you publish an article also include the development of a colour photos, the price of your about how the Beijing Foreign society's ethics and culture. So• magazine would increase. \t Languages Institute works? 1 cialist ethics imply not only a rich that you recommend China Pic• would also recommend that Beijing and colourful cultural life, they also torial to those people who want Review contains a tear-out page require good social order, healthy photographs. it, too, is a good with Chinese lessons. social tendencies and honest peo• magazine. ple. And no doubt they will help Peter Romen G. Eskola promote the implementation of the Lochau, Austria Ibarra, Ecuador country's open policy.

November 25. 1985 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS

Zhao's L. America Trip: Seeing Is Believing After an action-packed tour of living among old friends and home. "Since there are no funda• parts of South America, a jubilant brothers," he said at a press con• mental contradictions of interest Premier Zhao Ziyang returned ference in Caracas on November among us, China and the Latin home November 15 feeling more 12, the day he wrapped up his tour. American nations are friends who confident than ever about the Zhao also found great similari• can trust each other and advance growing Sino-Latin American eco• ties in South America with his own hand in hand in safeguarding nomic ties recently boosted by the motherland. Brazil's Carajas re• world peace and building them• new-found political affinity be• minded him of his own country's selves up," he told the Chinese tween China and the four nations thriving mining industry, and Ar• journalists who had accompanied he visited (pictorial in centrefold gentina's idyllic countryside invok• him on his tour. shows the warm reception given to ed North China's vast pastures and Zhao during the tour). China's open policy, he added, bustling villages. But more than applied to both developed and de• To sum up his trip, Zhao refer• such landscape resemblances, both veloping countries. Accordingly, red to the expression, "Seeing is hosts and guests were taken with during his busy travel, he worked believing." A good summary this their common political ground. relentlessly to expand Sino-Latin is, for in 16 days, he discovered a At a banquet thrown by the Chi• American economic ties that date land of unmatched charm, wealth nese premier in Buenos Aires on back to the mid-16th century. The and great promise. November 6, President Raul Al- result was the signing of a series Brazil, for example, ranks eighth fonsin said that despite the dis• of economic agreements between in the West for its industrial out• tance and different social systems China and each of the four coun• put value, while Argentina, nurtur• between Argentina and China, "we tries the premier visited. ed by well-developed agriculture share many common views on ma• and animal husbandry ' pro• jor international issues. That makes But despite such progress, the grammes, is known as the world's it possible for us to search for bilateral trade relations are still largest granary. Venezuela is among new ways and means to develop rather underdeveloped. While economic co-operation." China and Latin America account the few oil-rich countries of South for 30 percent of the world's pop• America; and Colombia stands as Venezuelan President Jaime Lu- ulation and 20 percent of the the world's second largest coffee sinchi said that after reading Deng world's land mass, trade between producer and exporter, not to men• Xiaoping's recent interview with them makes up less than 1 per• tion its gold and silver resources. Time magazine, ' he discovered cent of the world's total. Consi• "Latin America is indeed a that the markets of China and cap• dering the potential, the ex• great New Continent," Zhao stat• italist countries do not necessari• pansion of economic co-opera• ed. "It is my deep belief that ly clash with each other. "This tion made during the Chinese pre• Latin America in the process of point has not been lost on you," mier's Latin American visit was development is bound to contribute Lusinchi said in the typically at best the first step towards nar• greatly to the progress of man• candid manner of Venezuelans, "so rowing that yawning gap. kind." I hope it will not be lost on private businesses in Venezuela either." The entire trip gave Premier But what seemed to touch the Zhao the opportunity to reac- Chinese premier most was the Brazilian President Jose Sar- quaint Latin America with China's good-will the Latin Americans ney's comment was terse and to independent foreign policy. Unity lavished on the Chinese. Wherever the point. He told Premier Zhao and co-operation with the third Zhao went, he was met by people during his visit that Brazil and world countries, said Zhao, con• who showed a candid admiration China, having so much in com• stituted the cornerstone of such a for China's ancient civilization and mon, "should become very good policy. He expounded some of its a keen interest in the Chinese rev• partners." major points: olution and modernization pro• gramme. "During my stay here I But it was the Chinese premier War and Peace. China maintains have had the feeling that I am who summed it all up on his way that while there is still the danger

6 Beijing Review, No. 47 of a third world war, the forces much in common with those of the Inside the exhibition hall, pa• blocking such a war are growing third world, enable her to consider vilions displayed a collection of rapidly. As long as the peace-loving prices on a more just and equal eclectic products imbued with their nations and their people unite and footing," an article read, "there nation's characteristics. work in concerted effort, world is no need to worry about profi• peace will prevail. teering or exploitation." Director of the Chinese pavilion at the fair, Lu Fengchun, said the Debt Problem. China syinpathizes exhibition was aimed at increasing with debtor nations in Latin Amer• mutual understanding between ica and appreciates the demands China and other Asia-Pacific coun• and solutions put forward by the Beijing Hosts tries and regions, and at promoting 11 major debtor nations. Only with trade, scientific and technological renewed economic growth can ASPAT 1985 co-operation between them. these nations' repayment capability be fortified. , It seemed winter had suddenly When one enters the Japanese turned to spring, what with all the pavilion, he is greeted by a band of Central America Crisis. The cri• red balloons floating amid a blue five robots that perform a melody sis in Central America stems from sky outside Beijing's newly opened of tunes. In the Soviet pavilion, a profound internal causes, but they International Exhibition Centre on surgical laser device, designed by also have much to do with super• November 15. Tens of thousands the Science Academy of the Soviet power rivalry in that part of the of spectators lined up outside the Union, can perform surgical opera• world. China supports the efforts hall, anxious to attend the open• tions without anaesthetics or caus• made by the Contadora and Lima ing ceremonies of the Fourth Asia- ing haemorrhage. The Bangladesh Groups and Latin American coun• Pacific International Trade Fair pavilion, though not as grand as tries that work towards peaceful (ASPAT'85), a celebration of com• the superpowers', is filled with settlement of the Central America modities from around the world. sumptuous carpets and other crisis, and it is opposed to any in• colourful goods. terference in this matter by the Co-sponsored by the China superpowers or any other out• Council for the Promotion of Inter• Nearly every pavilion used video• siders. national Trade and the United tape recorders and photo dis• Nations Economic and Social Com• plays to explain their products Malvinas Islands. China supports and to introduce to the viewers Argentina's claim of sovereignty mission for Asia and the Pacific, the 15-day trade fair includes their history and customs. The over the Malvinas Islands, and United Nations also occupies a hopes that Argentina and Britain participants from Australia, Japan, India, Thailand, the Soviet Union room to introduce its function and will, through peaceful negotiations, history. reach a reasonable settlement in and the United States — 25 coun• accordance with related United tries and territories altogether. The Chinese pavilion is the Nations resolutions. Throughout his 16-day tour, ASPAT "85: A scene from »he Chinese pavilion. Zhao drew world attention. The West German paper Die Welt, for example, described the tour as "a trip that won over friends," ad• ding that it served to enhance Chi• na's prestige and influence in the international arena. Mexico's paper Uno Mas Uno predicted in a commentary that China's enhanced relations with South America would become a major factor in consolidating world co-operation and peace. The Brazilian paper Correio Braziliense observed the trip from a more pragmatic angle. "Since China's political views.

November 25, 1985 7 largest. Designed in traditional the station on George Island con• Chinese style, it is divided into ducting winter surveys. News in Brief several exhibition rooms, entered Eh Dongchen, a 46-year-old uni• through moon-shaped doors with versity lecturer from Wuhan, Hu- China will turn out riiore ornamental engravings. bei Province, and deputy head of than 50 million bicycles this Its exhibits include machinery, the team, is one of the seven scient• year, accounting for one-third electronics, textiles and light in• ists making their second visit to of the world's total. There dustrial products, as well as food the station. His first stay on the are about 200 million bikes stuffs and products of arts and southern continent gained him the in China today, ranking it crafts. Many products are on show nickname "Santa Claus" because first in the world. for the first time, such as an oil- the hard life and sub-zero weather pumping machine, a digital-con• turned his eyebrows and hair com• trolled lathe, an offset printing pletely white in a mere month's China's first international machine, and oscillating machines time. Hardly had his hair turned ophthalmological meeting for selecting ore and generators black again when he was on his opened in Guangzhou on manufactured by factories under way back for a second tour. November 12. , More than the Ministry of Machine-Building "We represent our country," Eh bOO eye specialists from Industry. said. "No matter what difficulties home and abroad participat• Premier Zhao Ziyang, who just may occur, we must fulfil our ed in the meeting that lasted wound up his 16-day visit to Latin goals at all costs. As for me, I'm three days. During the meet• America, sent a congratulatory ready to become 'Santa Claus' once ing an ophthalmological message to the trade fair officials. again." foundation was laid, in ded• He said the fair, which has drawn ication to Chen Yaozhen, Wang Xianlan and Xie Youyu, interest from so many countries a world-famous ophthal• both 48, will become the first and territories, would promote mologist. An exhibition for Chinese women scientists to trade and was bound to give a scientific research and set foot in Antarctica. It so powerful boost to world friendship ophthalmologiiCai ifistruirients happened that Xie's husband and co-operation. was also on display! had just returned from a North Pole survey only a few months earlier. When asked Heading South to whether he was willing to let her The China Welfare Fund go, Xie replied, "If he is allowed for the Handicapped recently Explore Antarctica to go to the North Pole, why opened a computer institute shouldn't I be allowed to take for the handicapped, the first pleasure in Antarctica?" of its kind in China. The in• As Beijing residents were stock• stitute already has enrolled ing upon honeycomb briquets and The new team includes two re• 65 students who will attend cabbage for a long cold winter, 39 porters from Hongkong, a new four classes. They will re• Chinese scientists and explorers move in scientific study since the ceive free tuition for courses headed south for their summer signing of the Sino-British Declara• in computer language, hard survey of Antarctica. tion on Hongkong last year. ware and principles, higher China's second expedition team mathematics and probability Ruan Jihong, a 27-year-old cor• left in three groups on November statistics. respondent from the Hongkong- 13, 14, and 20 for Antarctica based Wen Wei Po, said since he * * * to conduct a three-month survey saw the exhibition on China's first in geology, geophysics, marine bi• exploration of Antarctica in In 1985 China will turn ology, glaciation and meteorology, Hongkong, he had beeir dreaming out 13.6 million TV sets, 5.5 and to build some new observa• of travelling to the southern con• times the 1980 figure, and tion stations. tinent. 32,000 minicomputers, a China's first expedition team, "1 heard the reporters who went whopping 546-fold increase, which stayed in Antarctica from with the first exploration team also according to Liu Jianfeng. November 1984 to April 1985, took part in the building of the vice-minister of electronics built its first research station station," he said. "I'm determined industry. tagged the "Great Wall." There to fulfil whatever tasks our team are still eight Chinese scientists at leader will give me. I will report

8 Beijing Review, No. 47 on the environment of Antarc• tica, as well as the hardships and deeds of every member." Gao Qinquan, head of the team and on his third visit to Antarctica, said the goal of this exploratory trip was to conduct varied scientif• ic surveys using the "Great Wall" station as their base. "Our aim is to build on the progress of our pre- dessessors instead of repeating re• search at low levels."

Three Chinese astronomers have joined the expedition to make ob• servation of Halley's Comet from Antarctica, Gao said.

Institutions and factories throughout China gave strong sup• Tianjin Completes China's Largest Lift Bridge port to the expedition, so that the The Haimen Bridge was completed and opened to traffic near Tianjin team was much better prepared Harbour on November 13. It is 903.74 metres long and 14 metres wide, than the first one. The team took and flanked with 2-metre-wide sidewalks. Its centrepiece is Chine's largest off with state-of-the-art equipment, verticol lift bridge with a span of 64 metres and a maximum height of 24 metres. It is large enough to accommodate ships at and under the 5,000- instruments, medicine and expedi• ton class. ' tion clothing — some factories even gave them new products to test out in Antarctica. parents with his younger brother to have only one child, parents are and sister, said he had been looking taking greater care to keep their for a baomu for nearly a month. offspring from traffic and other Beijing Residents "1 have never been so worried. The hazards. And finally, since some three of us have been on leave for families have more money to spare, Seek Housemaids more than a month. Even though they would like to cut down on we don't care about the money, we strenuous housework. Baomu is the Chinese word for can't leave our jobs," he said. those women and girls who are Currently, most of the baomu in employed in urban households to Another young worker named Beijing are women between the look after small children, take care Chen Jiangang also complained ages of 18 and 25 who come from of the sick, elderly, or disabled that he had been looking for a bao• provinces such as Anhui, Hebei, people. mu for a month and had to stay at Henan, Shandong and Jiangsu. home to look after his baby. At present there are 36,000 hao- These young women have come mu in Beijing, three and a half There are many reasons for the to Beijing to work as baomu main• times the number in 1966, accord• shortage of baomu. First of all, ly because there is a surplus of ing to an investigation by the more and more families now can labour in the countryside. Take newspaper Chinese Women. Des• afford to employ a baomu. while Wuwei County in Anhui Province, pite the increase, demand still in the past it was only the high- where the land provides only far exceeds supply. The investi• ranking officials and senior intel• enough work for about half of the gation determined that four out of lectuals who could afford it. A labour force. At least 30 percent every 100 families in Beijing need shortage of nurseries and child- have to leave their homes to find a baomu, so 90,000 baomu are care centres today is another cause jobs elsewhere, which is why 80 needed for the more than 2 million behind the shortage. Last year only percent to 90 percent of the baomu families in the city proper. 42 percent of the children in Bei• in Beijing come from this county. jing were able to get places in nur• With such a small supply and series. Therefore parents have had Even so, some of the girls come large demand, finding a baomu can to employ baomus to take care of to Beijing to earn more money, be difficult. A worker who came their children while they are at while others want to see the world from Wuhan, a city in central Chi• work. Another reason is that since and further educate themselves in na, to Beijing to look after his sick the policy now is for each family their spare time.

November 25, 1985 9 After a trial period of a month fail to meet their employers' quali• or so, the baomu and the employer fications because of lack of train• often sign a contract. The employ• ing and this merely exacerbates the China & the World er usually provides the baomu with shortage. Tian |iyun Ends African Trip room and board, and a salary be• Some economists believe that tween 30 to 40 yuan a month. with the development of the econ• Vice-Pi-emier Tian fiyun The tasks for the baomu vary from omy, more and more rural wom• returned to Beijing Novem• family to family, but most of them en will come to the cities to offer ber 16 after a three-week look after small children, the elder• household services, and that it is tour of five African count• ly or disabled, while others do the feasible to rely on this source of ries—Algeria, Tunisia. Mo• cooking, cleaning, laundry and rocco, Libya and Kenya. shopping. labour in the future. But no effec• tive regulations have been adopted China Hetps Corb Nuclear Most of the baomu have good to promote this trend; the com• Proliferation relations with their employers, who plaints and calls for government sometimes buy them clothes and attention in Beijing are growing A Foreign Ministry spokes• offer them gifts when they go ever louder. man recently said at a news home. In return, a baomu back briefing that China requires from a home visit often brings her all countries importing Chi• employers special treats from the nese nuclear products to countryside. TV to Show Serial adhere to the International Atomic Energy Agency "I like my job, although some On Liu Shaoqi security safeguards. China people look down on it," said Pan neither advocates nor parti• Junjie, a 17-year-old girl from Ru- The Beijing TV Studio has re• cipates in nuclear prolifera• nan County, Henan Province, who leased a new serial based on the tion. Still less wiH it help now does housework for a family revolutionary activities of Liu other nations develop nu• of five in Beijing. "I am quite Shaoqi (1898-1969), an outstanding clear weapons, the spokes• happy — as long as my" employer Chinese leader who died during man said. treats me well." the "cultural revolution." Catholic Group Returns There is a great potential for the Comrade Shaoqi in Northeast home supply of baomu in the vast coun• China will be shown on local tryside at present. In Huangchuan stations all over China every week A Chinese Catholic delega• County,.Henan Province, for exam• beginning later this month. tion, the first of its kind, led ple, there are about 20,000 wom• by Michael Fu Tieshan, vice- en between the ages of 17 and 20 The show was set in 1929, when president of the Chinese who are not gainfully employed, the Party sent Liu, then a work• Catholic Patriotic Associa• according to the statistics for the ers' movement leader, to re• tion and bishop of the Bei• county. establish Party organizations in jing Diocese, returned to northeast China that had been China on November 13 after But this potential has not been undermined by the enemies. a 12-day visit to Belgium, at taken advantage of. One reason TV critics said the actor who the invitation of the rector is that society in general and the played the leading role resembles of the Catholic University of city authorities in particular Lou vain. have failed to recognize the grow• Liu in appearance and manner, ing demand for household labour. and his excellent performance NZ Youths Visit China There are few household service would help to make the serial a companies to take care of the success. A youth delegation from problem. The problem is com• New Zealand arrived in Bei• pounded by the lack of communica• jing on November 14 for a tion between the cities and the 10-day trip at the invitation countryside. On the one hand, the of the All-Chjna Youth urban residents don't know where Federation. The 60-mcmber to find a baomu; and on the other, delegation includes young the women in the countryside don't government functionaries, know where they are needed. teachers and students. A TV .crew of five also accom• Pre-job training can also be a panied the delegation. problem. Many of the baomu who Beijing Review, No. 47 INTERNATIONAL

they intended to join in GCC war. Meanwhile, Hashemi Raf- sanjani, speaker of the Iranian Summit Signals Subtle Policy Change Islamic Consultative Assembly, To seek better relations with Iran, the Gulf Co-operation declared, the blockade of the Strait Council summit appears to have taken a more balanced of Hormuz need not be inevitable. position towards Iraq and Iran. Iranian President Ali Khamenei recently also said in a speech that "Saddam [Iraq's President kilometres away from Iran. In the by Yl MING Saddam Hussain] extended the pre-war year of 1979. Iran export• war to the water area of the "Beijing Review" News Analyst ed more than 3 million barrels of Persian Gulf, compelling us to take N the final statement of the oil per day from the port, consti• part in the difficult contest. We I sixth summit conference of the tuting the largest export of crude are careful not to be fooled by Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), oil in the Middle East. After Iraq's him. . .. We do not intend to from November 3-6 in Muscat, the raids, according to Iranian news• create a crisis." wording of the paragraph about papers, Iran's oil exports stand at President Khamenei also charged the Iraq-Iran war was a bit dif• about 1.6 million barrels per day. that Baghdad was trying to ob• ferent this time around. This in• Tehran has time and again struct Iran's effort to improve re• dicates a subtle change in the threatened that if its oil export, lations with other gulf countries. policy of six GCC nations — via the gulf, was completely cut "We are not threatening them," Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, off, it would blockade the Strait he stressed, "but we are giving Saudi Arabia and the United Arab of Hormuz, which would have them a friendly warning. In spite Emirates — towards the prickly serious impact on oil transport to of Saddam's obstruction, we are situation. Tehran also has express• Japan and Western Europe. The still willing to normalize relations ed its approval of the change. Iranian navy last October carried with the countries in the Persian The summit statement neither out a large-scale war exercise in Gulf, and hope friendly relations expressed satisfaction with the the strait, demonstrating its cap• will be strengthened." "positive" attitude adopted by ability to turn threat into action. Seeking better relations with the Iraq towards the peaceful settle• Furthermore, Tehran also threat• Arab countries in the gulf, as well ment of the Gulf war, as the fifth ened to retaliate against those as with other countries around GCC summit did last year, nor did gulf countries that supported the world, Iran has made some en• it include any words stating "full Baghdad. ergetic diplomatic moves in recent support" for Iraq, as the foreign Since the shake-up of security months. It has sent envoys to tour ministers' meeting of the six na• and stability in the gulf, the GCC gulf nations and also played host tions did this spring. The state• rnember states have held meetings to a GCC delegation headed by ment says only that the GCC between the heads of the armed the Saudi foreign minister last supreme committee has studied forces and defence ministers, to May. The Iranian foreign minister the Iraq-Iran war and that its re• study military co-operation and is expected to pay a return visit cent escalation would bring furth• security in the region. A joint de• to Riyadh soon. er threats to the region. fence strategy plan has been map• Nevertheless, Iran has se; con• ped, and the six nations have set ditions for improved relations with Analysts believe the word "es• up a strike force known as the gulf nations. After the statement calation" refers to the recent Iraqi "Peninsula Shield." The sixth of the GCC summit was published, air raids on Iran's main oil termin• summit has agreed to the joint Iran's Chief Justice Musavi Arde- al at Kharg Island. Baghdad has military strategy and has instructed bili urged the GCC states to take said its war planes have struck at the authorities concerned to begin measures to back up a more realis• the island oil installation more to implement the plan. tic stand on the Iraq-Iran war. than 30 times since mid-August. The spokesman of the summit Senior Arab diplomats said the Kharg Island, the so-called lungs asserted, however, that these joint six GCC nations have decided to of Iran's, is located in the north forces were not directed against seek better relations with non- eastern part of the gulf, about 40 any particular target, nor were Arab Iran, but not at the expense November 25, 1985 of relations with Iraq, which they Iraq. Although this is not neces• gilhe said in his policy speech on have traditionally supported. sarily an indication that the five- November 7 that his government year-old war is about to end, would pursue an expansion pro• As major oil producers and ex• it will certainly help them to play gramme to promote economic porters, the six GCC nations a more effective role in mediating growth by reducing taxes, lower• appear to be taking a more a peaceful settlement of the con• ing interest rates and encouraging balanced position with Iran and flict. private investment and consump• tion. But the speech brought back bad memories of what happened Portugal in the early 1980s, when the SDP was in office and carried out an Social-Democrats Walk a Tightrope expansion policy. By the end of 1982, the nation's deficit increased sharply to US$3.2 billion, and With Portugal in the midst of a severe economic slump, foreign debts reached US$13 bil• the new minority Social-Democratic government in Lis• lion. bon faces a precarious first term. Analysts in Portuguese political and economic circles are concerned strong rivals in the Socialist and by HUANG PENGNIAN over the economic measures to be Communist Parties. taken by the new government, Following the general elections fearing the expansion policy might BSERVERS in Lisbon predict touch off another financial crisis. O that a long, bumpy road lies in 1983, the Socialist Party form• beneath the new minority Social- ed a coalition with the SDP but What will stir even further de• Democratic government, sworn in the latter withdrew from the bate is the SDP stand for a revi• on November 6. alliance last June after a dispute sion of the Constitution, labour over policies. For now, the social• laws and land reform laws, in an The Social Democratic Party ists reportedly will take a wait- attempt to accelerate the process (SDP) emerged as the largest party and-see attitude towards the new of denationalization. in parliament in the October 6 government. general elections, but it gained In his inaugural address, Silva As for the Communist Party, it only 88 seats, far from the number emphasized the government's com• opposed the formation of any required to command a majority mitment to Portugal's entry into government by the SDP from the in the 250-seat parliament. The the European Economic Com• very beginning. It declared soon Socialist Party gained 55 seats, munity (EEC) next January. But after the new government was the New Democratic Renewal he also indicated that Portugal sworn in that it would reject the Party won 45 seats, the Commu• would defend its national interests government's programmes. nist Party pulled in 37 seats and with attempts to gain more sub• sidies while reducing its share in the Centre Democratic Party gained But the gravest challenge the the EEC budget. 20 seats. new government faces is Portugal's economic slump. New Prime Some senior members of the SDP President Antonio Ramalho Minister Cavaco Silva said at the have admitted it will be difficult Eanes requested the SDP form inauguration ceremony that the for the SDP minority government a new coalition government, but country was confronted with "a to rid Portugal of its instability. because other parties refused to profound economic and social At the inauguration ceremony be its partners, it had to form crisis." Prime Minister Silva called for a a minority cabinet. The new "constructive and clear dialogue" government is composed of 12 In the past two years, private in• among all political and social ministries and 13 ministers, the vestments have dropped 27 per• forces to resolve the nation's smallest one since 1974. The cent. Nearly 11 percent of the na• economic and social crises. But so Portuguese media pointed out that tion's workforce is unemployed, far his appeal has not received any the minority government was and tens of thousands of workers positive offers of support. Instead, teetering on the edge because of have been hit by wage cuts. The his address has been criticized by an uncontrollable parliament where nation also carries a foreign debt the socialists and communists; and the government lacks support from of US$1.5 billion. observers agree, tough times are other parties, and is up against Minister of Finance Miguel Ca- ahead.

12 Beijing Review, No. 47 us-USSR Leaders in Geneva Wars" plan. US Secretary of State George Shultz, after visiting Mos• cow early this month, admitted Summit Rivets World Attention that the deep differences separat• ing their two countries "have not convened a summit meeting of the by XIN PING narrowed." Warsaw Pact Organization, and issued repeated calls for a freeze On regional issues, the two coun• S we go to press, US and So• on nuclear weapons, a halt to tries accused each other of engag• viet leaders Ronald Reagan and A nuclear tests and a 50 percent cut ing in expansion and infiltration, Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Ge• in strategic nuclear weapons. It and in the past five meetings be• neva for a two-day summit in the has made it clear that if the Unit• tween them to discuss issues con• first such encounter between the ed States refuses to make conces• cerning Afghanistan, South Africa, two superpowers in six years, thus sions on its "Star Wars" plan, East Asia, Middle East and Central attracting worldwide attention. there will be no real relaxation in America, little progress was made. The summit is held at a mo• Soviet-US relations. Since the first of their year, ment when their relations remain however, there has been a remark• as strained — despite signs of The summit will focus discus• able increase in mutual visits by superficial relaxation — and their sion on disarmament, regional is• top government officials and other arms race threatens to extend into sues and bilateral issues. The US personnel, and negotiations have outer space. side has indicated that it will also been held on trade, civil aviation, bring up human-rights issues dur• The United States called a six- aviation security, opening of more ing the meeting. But the key is• nation summit of the West, and consulates and co-operation in the sue remains arms control, which then a NATO meeting in an effort civil use of nuclear energy. Re• sharply divides the United States to win backing from its allies. cently, the two countries have and the Soviet Union. Militarily, it has completed ahead shown fresh interest in holding reg• of schedule the siting of 228 In the previous three rounds of ular summit meetings. Accords medium-range missiles in Western arms-control talks on Geneva, the on some of the above-mentioned Europe, originally due to be in two countries had agreed to a 50 issues are considered likely at the place by the end of this year. At percent cut in strategic nuclear summit. the same time, the United States weapons and had come closer in The world welcomes the summit indicated its willingness to nego• their positions on nuclear verifica• meeting and hopes it will yield tiate a drastic cut in strategic tion and other specific issues. But positive results. But US and Soviet nuclear arsenals with the Soviet there was no substantial progress government officials are cautious Union. on such vital issues as the scope in predicting the meeting's out• Meanwhile, the Soviet Union of disarmament and the US "Star come.

elections there was hearsay about Guatemala a coup and many Guatemalans were nervous or sceptical about Guarding the Democratic Process joining in the general elections. Although rumours about a brewing coup d'etat have Guatemala has a population of come out of Guatemala city after the recent presidential 7.7 million, 3.7 million of whom elections, experts believe the democratic process is have the right to vote. But out of under way in the Central American country. that, only 2.75 million have reg• istered to vote and one third of ical forces that had failed in the those did not even vote in the elec• by YAO CHUNTAO presidential elections were gear• tions. Twelve percent of the nearly ing up for a coup d'etat came out 2 million voters cast blank or in• HE Guatemalans went to the of Guatemala city. valid ballots. T polls on November 3 to choose a civilian president, a vice- Guatemala has long been ruled Before the election, the eight president, a 100-member congress, by military dictatorship. Since candidates stumped the country, mayors and city council members. 1954, military juntas have been re• passing out promises and spending As soon as the election results placed one after another in an liberally. According to the Con• were announced, news that polit• merry-go-round. Before the general stitution, the candidate who won

November 25, 1985 J 3 more than 50 percent of the vote It is predicted that Cerezo and will come into power next )anuary, would become president. If none the Christian Democratic Party but not without severe difficulty. of the candidates gained enough votes, the two took the top places in the elections would run in a second round of elections. Accord• Albania ing to the Guatemalan election committee's announcement, the Leaving at Least a Window Ajar candidate of the Christian Demo• cratic Party, Mario Vinicio Cerezo, The door is still shut with a sign on it that reads "inde• and Jorge Carpio of the National pendent." But Albania recently has begun to introduce Centre Union, came in at the top. openings, allowing in some light from its neighbouring Cerezo gained 38.85 percent of countries. the vote, and Carpio pulled in 20.23 percent, and both are slowly, but surely, changing. Its scheduled to go through another by GE BAOZHI round on December 8. news agency and radio station now have exchange programmes with However, the Democratic Insti• LBANIA is tacitly readjusting Italy and Austria and foreign jour• tutional Party and the National" A its domestic and foreign nalists have been granted more el- Liberation Movement, which took policies. Albania has traditional• bowroom. Its first batch of stu• part in the presidential elections, ly been a nation of complacent dents was recently sent to Italy, the are not content with the election self-reliance. Today, however, it is first since World War II. results. And the three- right-wing redoubling its effort to normalize political parties have formed a na• its international exchanges, espe• Albania has achieved some tional opposition front, asking the cially with its neighbours. major accomplishments in foreign voters to reject the second-round exchanges this year. The first run-off next month. Albania's economic exchanges protocol document in 45 years was Public opinion in Mexico and with Turkey, Yugoslavia atid reached between Albania and other Latin American countries is Austria have been on the rise, and Greece, with three joint military that the right-wing Guatemalan in the past several months, a series commissions being set up to de• political parties will not resign of agreements for trade expansion fine the border between the two themselves to defeat and step were signed with Italy and Greece. countries. Steps are also taken to down from the political arena. Albania began to provide electric• connect highway transportation be• They have extensive ties with the ity to Greece and Yugoslavia tween the two countries. military and political circles, as through a high-voltage transmitt• A ferry line between Durresi in well as powerful industrial, com• ing network. It also has decided Albania and Trieste, Italy, has mercial and financial connections. to purchase a set of hydroelectric opened up a sealine to Western But analysts also noted that in station equipment from France. Europe for Albania. Albania also Latin America, military dictator• has signed a civil air-traffic agree• Ideological and political disputes ship is not the current trend, and ment with Turkey. among these nations should not af• democracy and law are the favour• fect their economic and trade rela• ed methods in that part of the The Albanian-Yugoslavian bor• tions, said Ramiz Alia, new first world today. der was once a rigid barrier secretary of the Central Commit• with scarce exchanges. But today The economy in Guatemala tee of the Albanian Labour Party. a railroad links Albania's Shkodra stands on the brink of collapse and He has reiterated the guidelines and Yugoslavia's Titograd. industrial and agricultural pro• for independence and self-reliance, duction has dropped; the currency set forth by Enver Hoxha, and Albania used to boast an image has been greatly devalued; the has called for nationwide opposi• of debt-free nation that regarded prices of commodities are up; and tion of the '"US imperialists" and all foregin aid and loans as slave unemployment continues to es• "Soviet socialist revisionists." shackles. But more recently it has calate, while living standards fall. accepted aid from the United Na• Therefore the Guatemalan govern• However, Albania's ways have tions' Exploitation and Develop• ment need to mobilize its forces been somewhat revised in order to ment Organization. It has also and bring in foreign aid, and many lightly push the country into con• dropped its demands for financial believe that in order to do so, a temporary world society. Albania war reparation from West Ger• democratic process will have to used to steer clear of both Eastern many, conceding that it is willing firmly put in place. and Western culture, but that is to accept technological assistance.

14 Beijing Review, No. 47 Eureka Signals Shift in Western Alliance

Eureka, which stands for the European Research Co-ordination Agency, is not only a European counterpart to the US Strategic Defense Initiative, but also a demonstra• tion of Western Europe's intention to win an independent position for itself in the areas of arms, economics and technology.

that by turning to the strategy by HU JIE tween Western Europe and the United States. Moscow, which of "space defence,"' the United scorns Eureka almost as heartily States has created two protective AST March the United States as it does SDI, is closely scrutiniz• zones in the Atlantic alliance. formally invited its Western L ing Eureka's progress with hopes As such, the Europeans argue, the allies to join its research of somehow exerting an influence security of US territory is further programme for the Strategic De• upon it. With the United strengthened, while the European fense Initiative (SDI), or Star States, the Soviet Union and theatre becomes even more ex• Wars. Following the offer, in Western Europe now all jockey• posed and vulnerable. This US- April French President Francois ing for position in space tech• West European strategic disparity Mitterrand put forth proposals for nology, a new factor has now which had already cropped up a European alternative to the US come up in the already strained when there was nuclear balance programme. That programme, trilateral relations. between the United States and dubbed Eureka, though still in the Soviet Union, becomes all the the conceptual stage, calls for a Eureka is also a major step of more serious with the debut of joint European effort to build a profound importance for a unit• space-weaponry. high-tech programme with space ed and powerful Western Europe. included. At the European Eco• Because of this, the fledgling Feeling threatened by their nomic Community conference plan has increasingly comma"""ed strategic dislocation, some West held in Milan in June, the multi- international attention. European leaders have at• billion dollar plan found formal tempted at various stages to supporters. In luly, 12 EEC derail SDI. Their efforts, and A Star Wars By-Product countries, including Portugal and their view of SDI in general, have Spain, and five other non-EEC Eureka is not an accidental de• had two effects. First, the United member nations, held a minis• velopment, but resulted from States has had to court its allies terial level meeting during which European misgivings about an with explanations and conces• they announced their approval of American monopoly on high-tech sions. And second, Soviet leaders and support for the still loosely space research. A year after US also have gone stumping through defined Eureka project. At the President Ronald Reagan pro• the region, taking advantage of second Eureka ministerial con• posed SDI in March 1983, the Western discord to promote its ference held in Hanover, Federal US Congress approved the alloca• own alternatives in Western Germany, early this month, its 18 tion of US$26 billion for the Europe, and trying to put pres• members including Turkey ap• project, while soon afterwards sure on the Federal Republic of proved Eureka's declaration of military and scientific institutes Germany, win over France and principles and its first 10 projects. seemingly sprouted overnight to neutralize Great Britain with These moves mark Eureka's first begin the required research. In diplomatic overtures and trade practical steps. proceeding so quickly, the Unit• offers. ed States awakened Western Although SDI was not men• Europe. Though questioning the At the beginning of 1985, after tioned in the EEC's Eureka feasibility of SDI, it no longer US and Soviet representatives proclamation, to some observers considered the venture a mere decided to resume their Geneva the announcement revealed the mythical fantasy. arms reduction talks. Western degree to which Western Europe Europe and Washington lowered craves its military, economic and While SDI was being launched the tenor of their polemics technological independence from in the United States, Western over space weaponry, and the United States. To many the Europe and the United States be• chose instead to co-ordinate their move also signalled the develop• gan a heated debate on strategic positions to oppose Moscow. In ment of possible tensions be• theory. Western Europe felt order to assure Western Europe,

November 25. 1985 75 the Reagan administration revised According to its proponents, Union and force it to negotiate its idea of strategic plans to in• Eureka meets that challenge head seriously for arms reductions, no clude both defence and offence, on. Following Mitterrand's opening countries in that region want to rather than defence alone. Eureka gambit, Washington be• be involved in a stepped-up arms Washington also pledged that its came more solicitous. Now that race. Eureka, an idea spurred by space weapons would defend its Eureka had been hatched, the such thoughts, is, in fact, an ex• territory and that of Western West European governments were pansion of the West European Europe as well, and that the no longer given a deadline for re• policy of detente and defence. Kremlin would be consulted be• ply, while invitations to West Euro• The space arms competition be• fore such weapons were deploy• pean firms for participation and tween the United States and the ed. Though willing to make co-operation were further extend• Soviet Union is a new page in the these concessions, Washington ed. arms race history. Although also stood firm in its resolve to nuclear arms will remain a proceed with SDI. In the face of Challenging the Super• mutual deterrent, the balance US consolations and pressure, power Hold on Defence of military force, in the long some West European countries range, will not only be de• acquiesced to support SDI out of Apart from its practical effects, cided by the quantity and quality consideration for the North At• the Eureka programme also has of nuclear arms, but also, to an lantic Treaty Organization deep political, strategic and eco• increasing extent, by each nation's (NATO), and the fact that the nomic significance. As the embodi• ability to defend itself against nu• Soviet Union has also been re• ment of the European desire for clear attacks. The importance searching and manufacturing political independence and high of outer space weaponry in defen• space weapons. Though unable technology. Eureka also augurs a sive military strategy is ever in• to prevent the United States from future joint defence of Western creasing. If Western Europe hands carrying out its plan. Western Europe. over the outer space to the United Europe is not willing to form the The US demand for Europe's States and the Soviet Union and "common front" with the Soviet support in SDI is, by some ac• lets them do what they like with Union. Therefore, some West counts, Washington's way of forc• it, non-nuclear countries will only European countries have readjust• ing Western Europe to back US be further controlled by US-Soviet ed their policies and declared defence policy, and thereby meet• strategy, while Britain and France support for SDI, while others ing the US' strategic need. A US will simultaneously lose their nu• have toned down their criticism. official once said Western Europe clear deterrent abilities. After winning some support should contribute financial and France and the Federal Republic from Western Europe for SDI, technological resources to SDI. By of Germany have already co-operat• the United States went further to doing so, the official said. Western ed to launch military reconnais• ask its allies to join the programme Europe would be protecting itself sance satellites in order to monitor and to reply to the invitation by a from "self-Finlandization." The developments in outer space. certain date. At the same time, the remark, as indicative of the US France also established within its United States also set up direct re• government's view, shows that one general staffs a special task force lations with nearly 100 West of the political purposes of the devoted to space defence. Eureka European industrial organizations United States in pursuing SDI is shows Western Europe's commit• and research institutes interested to further confine Western Europe. ment to be on top of future in SDI. Early on Washington ap• The countries of Western Eu• changes in the strategic balance propriated US$1 billion to foreign rope, however, want neither to be of power. Despite the purpose administrations to draw them into pawns of the US, nor victims of a of the Eureka programme being the research programme, while possible conflicts between Wash• for civil use, rather than for the department in charge of SDI ington and Moscow. What they defence, the plan does not pre• is ready to accept a dozen or• want is a strategy vis-a-vis the clude military developments. ganizations from five West Euro• Soviet Union different from the one Having such a plan and putting it pean nations tc join the related the United States has offered. into effect will also give Western research projects. It was under Europe more input into the overall such circumstances that the argu• Eureka reflects the differences development of space technology. ment between Western Europe that surfaced between the United and the United States left the States and Europe over the devel• The military challenge prescared theoretical realm, and SDI became opment of SDI. Although some by SDI is both long and short term. a realistic challenge to Western West European countries support The keenest competition these days Europe. SDI, hoping it will curb the Soviet is in the technological field, in the

16 Beijing Review. No. 47 past, the Apollo Project took the and development, even though it isting West European institutions. lead in the development of new now appears to be merely a struc• However, Britain and Federal Ger• technology. Today the allocation of ture for technological co-ordina• many vetoed the idea, saying that huge sums from the US govern• tion. While such vexing issues as to set up new independent institu• ment to American companies budget and shareholding, stand• tions to oversee Eureka's finances equipped to perform related re• ardization, and marketing need to would be both costly and time- search will also spur new defence be smoothed out before Eureka can consuming. Having to part with and civil technology. be put into effect, the programme's the concept of a separate agency, effectiveness will depend on the and still faced with the need to Technology Gap members' abilities to reconcile find a flexible organization design, The technological superiority of their divergent political yearnings. France and Belgium looked to the US companies has traditionally de• The EEC members themselves have West European Union (WEU), in pended on national defence re• given quite varied degrees of ap• hopes that it would produce con• search and government contracts. proval to the Eureka programme. crete support for Eureka. Once SDI, therefore, will further With its advanced space technolo• again. Federal Germany and Great strengthen the technological upper gy, France insists on carrying out Britain opposed the idea. As a hand held by corporate America. the Eureka programme for politi• military setup, they said, WEU In that case, the technological gap cal and strategic needs. The Feder• was not an appropriate or• between Western Europe and the al Republic of Germany, the re• ganization to oversee Eureka, United States can be expected to gion's wealthiest country, however, which is intended for civil use. widen. SDI has a strong appeal to hopes to take part in SDI in order The core to all these arguments is West Europeans and could end up to improve its own political and that Bonn and London are unwill• siphoning some of the area's finan• defensive positions, but fears ing to rub Washington the wrong cial, technological and personnel re• Washington will not take it on as way. sources off to the United States, an equal partner. Realizing that turning Western Europe into a pro• being the only West European na• Western Europe's advanced tech• cessing factory for US technology. tion working with the United States nological co-ordination within Eureka, in trying to co-ordinate on SDI could be politically awk• EEC faces many problems. First, Western Europe's technological ef• ward. West Germany endorsed Eu• the EEC will have to create corre• forts and enhance its competitive reka on the condition that the pro• sponding budgets and common in• abilities, reflects the will of the re• gramme pursue merely civilian and dustrial and commercial policies gion to prevent its brains and commercial uses, and thus avoid for the programme. Second, some money from being drawn to the conflicts with the United States. EEC members still refuse to join United States, as well as its desire London, initially cool to Eureka, Eureka, claiming it could eventual• to become self-reliant in technol• has become a supporter. However, ly be used for military purposes, ogy. because Britain's major scientific while other EEC members may and technological departments have agree only to participate in individ• From Drawing Board to already had private post-war co• ual research projects. Because of Launching Pad operation agreements with the such divisiveness Eureka could suf• United States, it is unable to spare fer the same fate as the European West European technical capabil• much more time and effort on strategic research programme in ities have been advancing. Some Eureka. Italy, which has given its information technology — lack of of the countries have made initial political and diplomatic support to sufficient EEC funding. progress in transferring telecom• the European programme, is actual• munications and biological re• ly interested in only a limited area There are no clear, concrete search. Successful spaceflight co• — computers in particular. Since steps the European community can ordination between European na• West European countries, France take to surmount its Eureka hur• tions has also enabled the members included, cannot stop private com• dles. Glimmers of hope for co-ordi• of Eureka to become competitors panies in their own countries from nated efforts, however, have sur• of the United States. Despite such joining the SDI programme, or faced. Several large companies in progress however, Eureka remains from accepting orders or research France, Germany and the Nether• an abstract concept that faces com• contracts from Washington, Eureka lands have announced their inten• plex and potentially insurmounta• may turn out simply to be a loose• tion to establish electronic indus• ble problems. Those problems are ly-woven ^programme of technical trial research co-operation in ac• currently being heatedly debated research co-ordination. cordance with Eureka. French- among Eureka members. German and French-Norwegian Eureka is an important step in The original proposal stipulated companies also have signed more continued West Eureopean unity that Eureka be independent of ex• than 10 such co-ordination con-

November 25, 1985 17 Zhao Ziyang, the First Chinese Premier to Visit Latin America

Leaving

Visiting "Ranch General Belgrano" in Cordoba on the vast Argentine Rampas. iracts. As the first step to turn ing in more reliable capital. Turn• ganization, as well as over techni• Eureka from a concept to a veri• ing this theory into practice, how• cal criteria and marketing. In addi• table plan, Western Europe must ever, is another matter. Other tion to having to contend with dif• first decide on Eureka's strategic member nations have suggested ferences within the EEC, Eureka aims, organizational design and funding be handled by the Euro• also places science and technolog• management methods. pean Investment Bank, enterprises ical co-operation between the and allocations from participating EEC and other West European Eureka will swallow 55 billion states, similar to what has been countries such as Switzerland, Swe• French francs within the next five done in West European space co• den. Norway and Austria on the years, French officials have esti• operation. agenda. If the EEC opens its gates mated. But funding pledges for to these outsiders, overall econom• the project have not come easy. Dream or Reality? ic co-opetation could be promot• France once proposed that the participating enterprises and the Compared to SDI, Eureka, still ed and a more unified West Euro• EEC divide the expenses for in its conceptual stage, is described pean market m.ay result. The world Eureka evenly. Under such an by soine analysts as little more waits to see how Western Europe arrangement, the EEC, whose than a dream. The developing will consolidate its ideas and annual budget never allows more course of Eureka, however, is one efforts in creating the Eureka pro• than US$2 billion for scientific that could force the EEC to read• gramme, and whether the pro• research, would have to double just its internal relations and elim• gramme will eventually lead to a its allocation. More recently, inate blockades against co-opera• pronounced crack in the region's France suggested that governments tion, building Europe into another relations with the United States, or join the companies and the EEC high-tech power. Problems, some if instead it will eventually become in footing the bill for Eureka. This petty, others enormous, will con• a "civilian" supplement to the is one feasible method of bring• tinue to arise over money and or• SDI. • School for Parents Tries to Curb Crime less and lack a respect for author• es twice a week for one and a half by YANG XIAOBING ity, according to the study group. months in a term. Each student Our Correspondent It is this, group of families from pays two yuan at registration and which the bulk of young criminals fills out a form indicating what he CRIME survey of the capital in Lanzhou come. or she wants to study, and from of Gansu Province for the A this the six instructors prepare first half of 1984 put forth some This alerted the group members teaching kits. The school is now surprising results: More than 83 to the danger that bad family edu• teaching courses in family educa• percent of the convicted offenders cation and customs can have on tion, child psychology, public were younger than 25 years old, society. At a discussion meeting, it health, and ethics and law. and most of them came from bad was proposed that a non-govern• family situation. mental night school be set up to teach family educators how to edu• Dedication The survey, put out this Septem• cate their children. The consen• ber by the Home Education Study sus was that this would not only According to the school presi• Group under the Lanzhou-based be good for the social fight against dent. Lei Xinlan, who is also di• Gansu Provincial Ethics Society, crime, but for the ethics study rector of the Children's Work De• also revealed that in the city only group as well. partment of the Gansu Provincial about 5 percent of the families pro• Women's Association, all the ins• With widespread community vide their children with what the tructors were dedicated to the support, the ethics society opened Home Education Study Group con• work, even though their services the Lanzhou Family Education siders "proper and effective" edu• were given on a volunteer basis. cation. Among the rest of the fam• School in October 1984, together with the Gansu Provincial Wom• ilies, 60 percent do emphasize Lei said 55-year-old Guo Jing- en's Association and the Lanzhou family education but fail to use yuan, a lecturer of the Lanzhou No. 18 Middle School. Over the proper methods, while the re• Education College, teaches at least past year, the night school has held maining 35 percent adopt a five classes of child psychology a five courses for more than 500 from pampering to spanking. Chil• term. "She works far from home," parents. dren from the third type of fami• Lei added. "Sometimes when her lies are comparatively selfish, reck• The school holds two-hour class• classes run late, after there is no

20 Beijing Review, No. 47 bus service, her husband or son was the most effective way to edu• suasion. Putting what they have will pick her up by bicycle." Lei cate their son. The beatings only learnt into practice, the couple did said the other instructors were sent the boy from his parents and their best to respect their children like Guo; they clearly understood into a clique of shady friends. Af• and show them great warmth. Dur• the value of their work. ter studies at the night school, ing weekends or holidays, they in• Kong began to understand that vited some of the children's pals Their students study hard. Pres• beating the boy only drove him to family parties, to show them ident Lei said. Many of them farther from home. In a chat with what friends should be made of. have teenagers at home who are me the child said, "The most pro• Gradually, the boy became closer going through the difficult physi• gress Daddy has made is that he to his parents and even told them cal and emotional changes of ado• has stopped beating me. I didn't about his girlfriend. After more lescence. dare to talk to him before, but talks, he stopped dating her so he now I feel family warmth." could concentrate on studies. Results Thoughtfully the boy said to his Huo Tinggong is head of a The night school receives finan• parents, "Children can be easily neighbourhood committee in the cial aid and material support from spoiled; it was a painful experience Qilihe District. Both his 14-year- many organizations that don't for me. Little sister is also grow• old son, Huo Xing, and 13-year- want to see their employees both• ing and should be well-taken care old daughter, Huo Hua, were ter• ered by their children and una• of." ribly spoiled by their grandmother. ble to concentrate on their work. They often burst into temper tan• But most of the school's support Devetopment trums that no amount of repri• turns out to be from the parent- mands or spankings can stop. The Seeing all these changes that students who are anxious to apply boy stole fruit from the market took place at home, Huo Tinggong their lessons at home. One stu• and began to date a girl behind decided to share his new-found dent felt he had learnt so much both their parents' backs. At family psychology with his com• from the school, that he insisted school, he was a notorious truant munity by starting up a school of on donating a sum larger than his and class clown when he did show his own. Similar moves are in the one-month salary. The school ad• up. Kong and his wife were des• pipeline for two of Lanzhou's lar• ministration appreciated the ges• perate and the night school came gest factories, the Lanzhou Chemi• ture, but declined. to their rescue. Through child cal Works and the No. 3512 Fac• Kong Fanxiang, an employee of psychology and health and hygiene tory. courses, they learnt that a rebel• the Lanzhou No. 4 Woollen Mill, Despite these initial achieve• lious nature often reflects a child's and his wife, who works in the ments, the ambitious night school stunted psychological maturity, cafeteria business, told about how teachers are not fully satisfied while dating girls is only an indi• they loved their son and had high with their work. They are current• cation of puberty, a penod that hopes for his future. But the cou• ly drawing up new plans to im• calls for patience and gentle dis- ple thought corporal punishment plement childbirth and pre-school courses into the curriculum and to Parents attending o physiology class. conduct more research and con• sultation sevices.

The full implementation of the plan, however, has been met with some anticipated problems, name• ly money. The school's current financial resources come from the students' registration fees and community donations. As the programme expands, more teachers will have to charge some fees. The financial pinch has aroused com• munity concern. The Municipal Educational Bureau plans to ear• mark some funds for the school, and eventually the private night school may become partly financ• ed by the state. •

November 25. 1985 21 Two Generations Pioneer the Wilderness

state has invested 206,000 yuan al• thousands of Chinese and foreign by WU NAITAO together to Gongqing since 1969. visitors every year who come for Our Correspondent But the farm has reciprocated with trade talks. Small as it is (only 21.1 more than 20 million yuan in prof• square kilometres), the farm, HIRTY years ago, 98 young its and taxes for the state. which started from scratch, has be• Tpeople left their homes in come known throughout the coun• Shanghai, the most bustling and Today, trucks loaded with goods try for its pioneering spirit and re• prosperous city in China, to make can be seen running on the high• markable achievements. new homes for themselves in the ways sprawled out among the wilderness of Poyang Lake in fields, with pigs of lean meat type liangxi Province. When the First being shipped to Hongkong, dried Hu Yaobang Returns Five-Year Plan (1953-57) for eco• salted ducks to Southeast Asia and On October 15, when the farm nomic development was declared, down clothing to Europe, America celebrated its 30th birthday, Hu this handful of youths was just one and Australia as well as to other Yaobang, general secretary of the of the dozens of groups who vo- Chinese provinces and cities. In Chinese Communist Party Central lunte;ered to challenge more than 3 recent years, the farm has hosted Committee, sent the Gongqing million of the country's 100 million hectares of wasteland. The farm's down factory produces more than 300 types of clothing that are sold in more than 30 countries. Its export value mokes up 10 percent of Their hard work over the past China's totol in this line. three decades has paid off. This former wasteland today has grown into an exemplary place of af• fluence. The farm, popularly call• ed "Gongqing City," or city of the Communist Youth League, has a population of more than 10,000, and has the country's largest down clothing factory, the largest soft drinks brewery south of the lower reaches of the Chang- jiang River and nine other facto• ries. Its per-capita agricultural and industrial output value is three times that of the provincial capital city of Nanchang, and 16.5 times that of the whole province. The

22 Beijing Review. Nu. 47 farmers a letter of greetings, farm, Hu suggested it would be are searching for new lifestyles and in which he praised the old pio• better not to hold celebrations of ideals. neers for their noble spirit of build• any kind. Rather, it would be ing an enterprise through arduous advisable to organize some sort of No Resting on Laurels effort. He pointed out that in to• meeting, and call it a gathering Tang Xiuying was one of the day's socialist construction, it is "to recall the past." He felt they first wilderness pioneers. Thirty still necessary to carry forward this should invite the old pioneers and years ago, when Hu first visited the valuable spirit. their children, who were spread farm, he encouraged the 15-year- out over China. The guests should Yu Weizhong, one of the first old Tang to work hard to over• be mainly young people rather than come difficulties. "The most valu• pioneers and now secretary of the state leaders. "Don't show off to farm's Party committee, said that able spirit of young people," Hu the leaders, but educate the had tofd her, "is that they have the just one month after the old pion• young," Hu said. eers arrived here in October 1955, courage to try something new." Tang's daughter, Zhou Lijun, was Hu, then the first secretary of the In the exhibition hall were Hu's inspired by what Hu had said to Chinese Communist Youth League photos taken with the farmers dur• her mother. Central Committee, came from Bei• ing his two visits to the farm, and jing to see them, asking them the his inscription, which read: During the past hard times, the details about their lives, families, "Where there is a will, there is a older generation displayed a daunt• study and marriage. way," dedicated to the old less spirit in dealing with any emer• pioneers; while, "Glory should go gency. One day when floods wash• At that time Hu encouraged the to the generation of the 1980s," ed through an area where 30,000 young people to overcome their was meant to encourage the young. bricks were being submerged, a difficulties and run the farm well. group of youths raced through the The group leader replied: "We are Currently, young people make waters until they had saved all the not to be intimidated by difficulties up 80 percent of the farm's popu• bricks, and three other young men and hardships. We don't grumble lation. As enterprising as their old worked in the floods for seven con• living in these thatched shelters." counterparts, these young people secutive days to save an electricity One young man chipped in, "We built these homes and want to live The farm produces 100,000 dried, saKed ducks every year, which ore sold in them forever." Hu said with a mainly to Hongkong and Macao. smile: "You are not supposed to live in these shelters forever. You will live in them for only three years. Today I eat your rice gruel and salted beans. I will come again to eat a banquet when your farm becomes prosperous enough to afford you the feast."

When Hu returned to Beijing, Yu recalled, he sent them several musical instruments together with a letter of encouragement, which read in part: "With my contribu• tion fees 1 bought these musical instruments for your recreational activities, these books for you to read, and one alarm clock for you to use in your race against time."

And as Hu had promised, he re• turned to Gongqing last December, this time as the Party's genera! secretary. And indeed he was treat• ed to a grand banquet. When Yu proposed inviting Hu and other state leaders to a grand celebration marking the 30th birthday of the

November 25. 1985 23 on ethics, calligraphy and art, science and technology.

New Quests Xing Qinglai, 37, had only com• pleted junior middle school in the 1960s. Delving into piles of books after work, he finally passed the state examination to become an economist and today is deputy leader of the farm. Speaking of his farm, he said an enterprise could become "spineless," like a person with no ideal or goals. "Of course," he said, "we have targets for different periods. At the begin• ning when we actually had no• Study after work. thing, our target was just to keep the farm above water. By the end generator. Today, the material con• the largest of its kind in the prov• of the 1970s, as our economy im• ditions are much better, but the ince. The centre was named proved, so did our targets. We daring spirit exhibited in those "Home of the Young," in dedica• wanted to build our farm into an years is still being carried forward. tion to the youths who raised the enterprise complete with agricul• For example, when a decision money, worked out the blueprint ture, industry and commerce and was made in early 1980 to build and volunteered labour for its con• a thriving small town. Today we an amusement centre to liven up struction. It is complete with have raised our goals again. We the young people's spare-time ac• classical pavilions, European-style hope to build our farm into a mo• buildings, a skating rink, a ball• dern city." tivities, the young people declined room, a reading room and a park. a financial offer made by the At the entrance to the centre stands Years ago, when 29-year-old Yu farm even though it was already a statue of a robust young man, Xiulong was promoted to be lead• wealthy enough to allocate the half soaked in mud, with an atomic er of the building materials fac• money for the centre at the time. nucleus model in hands, indicating tory, the factory, with a staff of Instead, they worked extra hours the farm's young people's determi• only 200 workers, was poorly every day and finally made 1 mil• nation to create a bright future. equipped and operated at a loss. lion yuan by the end of the year, He worked hard together with his and from this they took out 100,000 They invite professors to give fellow workers and turned the fac• yuan for the new centre. It covers lectures at the centre and hold ir• tory into a profitable enterprise, an area of 10,000 square metres, regular forums and night classes bringing in 17,000 yuan by the end of 1984, and 34,000 yuan in the Gongqing City's mechanized pig farm. first ten months of this year. Yu said he planned to build the fac• tory into one capable of producing several types of building materials. Shen Jiayi, a 26-year-old farmer who works a vast stretch of rice paddies, said young people admired the old pioneers and have learnt from their examples. "Neverthe• less," Shen said, "since the out• dated toiling and moiling methods are gone f'^r good, and we are bet• ter educated, this generation should be even more outstanding." Today's young Gongqing farmers, like Shen, subscribe to the Jiangxi Science and Technology Journal

24 Beijing Review, No. 47 and listen to Radio Jiangxi's agro-" lege books. "1 want to reach the how hard their lives were and I technology programme to keep ab• college level on my own." The work as hard as they did. But we reast of the modern science in• provincial authorities recently are young people of the 1980s," volved in farming. awarded him an advanced scien• she said. "We want to make our tific prize for" his research in co• lives richer and more colourful. Thirst for Knowledge operation with a research institute, How can we just work and work using brewery wastes to produce without end?" It is clear from the results of protein sources for pigs. Since the an examination taken by more Yu Dayuan. a truck driver who beginning of this year, the farm than 3,000 young people from the has applied for Party membership, already has sold more than 3,000 farm that many of them are study• often complains about his older pigs to Hongkong, 80 percent of ing hard on their own in order to leaders. "1 grumble because the which produce lean pork. reach the level of senior middle farm still has much to be desired," school graduates or to win the title he said. "I want to do my job well Life Takes on New Colour of technical positions. because [ want to contribute more Yu Yaoling, a 23-year-old daugh• to the country." Cao Yihua, a worker of the ter of old pioneers, is now leader The older generation, said Yu machinery plant, was a primary of the designing office of the down Xiulong, the leader of the farm, school graduate of 1977. After clothing factory. Staffed with 37 rests contented with its past entering the factory, he became workers at an average age of 25, achievements and does not concern self-taught in mathematics, chemis• the office is responsible for design• itself with pay. The younger try and physics and began to study ing and producing sample clothing generation looks to riches and a English in 1979. Cao said his goal for the main 3,000-worker factory. colourful life and demands respect was to become an engineer, or at Yu Yaoling is said to be bright and for personal rights and cherishes least a technician. productive, yet she often quarrels new ideas. Yu Shuyu, a secondary technical with her mother, a former tractor Despite the inevitable conflicts school graduate of 1982, is now driver, because the older woman between the two generations, they one of the leaders of a workshop. does not like her daughter to wear have one thing in common: Both "I have much to learn," Yu said, the new fashions. But Yu contends are enterprising and ready to bear sitting by his desk piled with col• that times have changed. "I know great hardship, Yu said. n

Xingcheng: A Potential Summer Resort

by ZHANG ZEYU the area could be developed into that dates back 500 years. The Our Correspondent another famous summer resort, outline of the town is shaped like "Beidaihe." a square, surrounded by a brick wall, and towers over the town INGCHENG, a small town on For travellers the world over, gates at either side, as well as a the southwest cost of Liaoning Xingcheng could be the next spot X bell-drum-tower in the middle of Province, offers many attractions on the map for summer resorts. the town. The layout is typical of — ancient buildings, hot springs, the Ming Dynasty style, and well- sunbathing beaches, lush mountains Ancient Town preserved so far. It has become a and islands. Upon approval by centre for the study of ancient the State Council, it was recently Getting to Xingcheng is easy. It architecture, and once served as an announced that the area would be is linked to Beijing and Shenyang important military installation. developed into a tourist spot in by train. Xingcheng faces the north China in three to five years. Bohai Sea and has undulating hills Entering the south gate, one as its backdrop. Xingcheng County steps onto South Street, remini• After a survey of Xingcheng now has a population of 480,000, scent of the Ming Dynasty, clear many experts held that it was rare most being of tlie Han nationality, and straight, flanked by grey-brick to find so many places of historic and Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and tile houses. A stone memorial interest and natural beauty within Korean and Xibo ethnic groups are archway and stone lions along the 20 square kilometres in China, or also found in small numbers. street serve as witness to the age- elsewhere in the world. The ancient town, built during old customs of Xingcheng. Origi• Premier Zhao Ziyang also noted the middle period of the Ming nally, two stone archways were after his visit to Xingcheng that Dynasty (1368-1644), has a history built in the street by Chong Zhen,

November 25. 1985 25 the last emperor of the Ming build four bathing beaches that will cheng, by pleasure boat in 30 Dynasty, in honour of two gov• accommodate 200,000 swimmers. minutes. Chrysanthemum Island ernors under his rule, Zu Dashou Two bathing beaches have been with an area of 13 square kilome• and his brother Zu Dale. opened to the public. tres, was given its name because it abounds in wild chrysanthe• The surviving five-tier archway, The summer temperature in mums. There are rocky peaks supported by four intricately en• Xingcheng is 31 degrees centigrade covered with green trees and graved columns, is one of the (87 Fahrenheit), while the tempera• part of the grounds have been set town's most magnificent attrac• ture of the sea water ranges be• aside for hunting. Places of historic tions. tween 18 and 20 degrees centigrade interest include a pavilion, a glazed (around 70 Fahrenheit). The beach Xingcheng's towers and gates treasure well, a Tang Dynasty is broad and covered with soft, fine have recently been repaired and emperor's cave, and an ancient sand and the water clear of reefs. restored to their original look. The platform used" by the rulers to take The mountains slope gently down renovation of old houses along the roll call of the officers. The island to the shoreline, and this lovely street also has begun, and when also had been a Buddhist centre in backdrop creates a charming, na• completed, the street will charac• the Liao Dynasty (ja 6-1125), ac• tural scene. terize the Ming Dynasty. All shop cording to historical records. assistants will dress up in Ming In a pine forest along the sea• In the past, Chrysanthemum costume and receive tourists with shore, a park offers visitors hills Island was hard to get to. Mar• the etiquette and customs of that and ponds, pavilions and terraces riages among relatives became time. Goods and foods of the Ming to explore, as well as swimming common so the islanders have tend• tradition will be sold along the and amusement facilities. ed to be short and slight in figure street, giving the visitor a real taste and are poor in health. The situa• of Chinese history. Hot Springs tion has changed greatly because A hot spring health resort nestl• Sunbathing Beaches traffic and travel have opened up ed in green trees is located between since 1949. A drive of some eight kilometres the town of Xingcheng and the brings the curious traveller to one beach. There are 11 hot springs Shoushan of the most fascinating and beauti• at the resort, that reach tempera• ful bathing beaches. Along the tures up to 70 degrees centigrade. About 2.5 kilometres east of the shore, you can see one summer The mineral hot springs contain city, there is another gorgeous site health resort after another. The potassium, sodium, calcium, mag• to behold — Shoushan mountain. scenic coastal line spreads along nesium, ammonia, sulphur, hydro• Its name, "head mountain," bears 14 kilometres, and t'ne plan is to gen and other elements, and have a striking resemblance to a figure's medicinal effects on rheumarthritis head. Apart from its precipitous and odd-shaped rocks, the moun• A stone meinoriai archway standing and skin diseases. The mineral on South Street, reminiscent of springs are also known to tain is celebrated for its cloud-cap• the Ming Dynasty. help patients through quick ped rocky peaks. If one climbs to recoveries after major operations. the top of the peaks, a fine view The "medicine water" has long of blue sea, golden sand, pavilion been used as a tonic. The Mongo• and small bridges lies below. lians come here every spring and With its natural beauty and autumn and take hot spring numerous historical sites, Xing• baths. When they return to cheng offers a dangling rope in their families, they bring back some front of tourists, said Wang Ze- of the mineral water, which is re• ming, head of Xingcheng County. garded as holy water and meant But the development of Xingcheng to keep the devil away. will require much work, especially when it comes to the construction. According to the head of the Xingcheng officials are encourag• health resort. General Secretary Hu ing foreign entrepreneurs and busi• Yaobang enjoyed a hot spring bath nessmen to invest in the town here not long ago. for its development. To absorb more foreign investment, the Xing• Chrysanthemum Island cheng County Tourism Develop• Tourists can get to Chrysanthe• ment Company has been establish• mum Island, southeast of Xing• ed to aid foreign investors. •

Beijing Review, No. 47 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

The Shanghai Film Studio, for Films, TV Co-operate to Prosper example, produced two fine TV dramas — Under the Shanghai 80 million TV sets. Despite that, Roofs and Night Roaming — only from "RENMiN RIBAO" annual production

28 Beijing Review, No. 47 BUSINESS AND TRADE

Bridging Sino-Japanese Tracle Gap

China's yawning trade deficit increase its imports of traditional with lapan has affected the two Chinese products. Only when its countries' economic and trade de• exports to Japan multiply and its velopment. Statistics show that in payment capacity improve will 1984 China's trade deficit with China be able to import more from Japan reached US$2 billion. In the Japan. first half of this year, the deficit rose to US$2.3 billion, and this trend is still upwards.

In the past two years, many fac• China and India tors have contributed to China's expanding trade deficit with its Boost Trade Ties largest trade partner. First, the amount of raw and semi-finished On November 25 in New Delhi, materials, machinery and chemical representatives from China and products imported from Japan to India signed a 1986 trade protocol meet China's needs has increased. involving US$160 million, the Second, China has increased its largest sum in Sino-Indian trade exports of petroleum, coal, farm history. produce, textiles and aquatic prod• ucts to Japan at low prices, while In the past there have been fre• its imports from Japan have been quent exchanges between China expensive and too much in quan• and India, but trade between the tity. In addition, China's exports to two has not become heavy for var• Vehicles from India on display at the Japan are adversely affected by ious reasons. With the recent de• Asia-Pacific International Trade Fair. Japan's restrictions on the import velopment of relations between the of Chinese silks, satins, certain two countries, Sino-lndian trade farm produce and other goods. has made rapid progress, going will be renewed for another three from 25.6 million rupees (about years. The trade agreement also The volume of trade between US$2 million) in 1977 to more than stipulates that the two countries China and Japan reached US$12.73 400 million rupees (about US$30 use mutually acceptable and con• billion in 1984, 25 percent of million) in 1984. China's major In• vertible currency for the payment. China's total foreign trade. If dian imports include metal prod• China's trade deficit with Japan ucts, shellac, iron ore, iron and Apart from their trade relations, continues to multiply, the steady steel, chromite and other raw ma• China and India are exploring the development of trade between the terials. Its exports to India include possibility for the establishment of two countries will be impossible. spices, silk, industrial chemicals, joint ventures and technology yarn and nonferrous metals. transfers. In order to solve the problem of unbalanced trade between the two In order to promote Sino-Indian In 1984 China sent a delegation countries, both sides need to make trade, China and India signed a to attend India's international trade concerted efforts. China will vigo• trade agreement in August 1984. fair. This year, India also sent rously expand its production, im• That three-year agreement business people from more than prove the quality of its products, stipulates that each will give 100 state-owned and private com• open up more channels for exports the other most-favoured-nation panies to attend the Asia-Pacific In• and strengthen its transport capa• treatment in commerce, ship• ternational Trade Fair held in Bei• city, so as to meet the needs of the ping, import and export jing, in order to seek new ways Japanese market. At the same time, procedures, customs duties and for trade, economic and technologi• Japan should step up its petroleum taxation. Upon expiration, unless cal co-operation between the two and coal imports from China and one party disagrees, the contract countries.

November 25, 1985 29 ment on avoiding dual taxation. nology-intensive projects has in• us Investment An investment protection agree• creased dramatically. ment is now under discussion by With the exception of Tibet, Up in China officials of the two countries. joint ventures have been launched The volume of US investment in in all parts of China. Foreign busi• China is growing year by year, and, ness people who have invested in to date, amounts to USSl billion. A Joint Venture to China hail from 28 countries and About US$150 million of that sum regions, including developing na• is in the joint ventures, while Modify Boeing 727s tions such as Kuwait, Malaysia, the US$600 million has been invested Philippines, Thailand and Tunisia. in the joint exploration and devel• On November 7, three Chinese • By the end of October this opment of China's offshore petro• companies and two American com• year, the Trademark Agency of the leum. panies signed a preliminary agree• ment on the establishment of a China Council for the Promotion By the end of 1984, 62 Sino-US joint venture to modify a fleet of of International Trade handled joint ventures had been launched, Boeing 727-200 aircraft. With a more than 20,000 trademark regis• making the United States second total investment of US$40 million, trations for foreign firms and indi• only to Hongkong in the number China and the United States own viduals in China. Representatives of projects in China. Sino-US joint equal shares in the venture. from 40 countries and regions have ventures involve machine-building, applied for- trademark registrations. chemicals, petroleum, motor vehi• Boeing now has 994 aircraft of The Chinese trademark agency has cles, textiles, food and tourist in• the 727-200 type in service. A ma• forged ties with 500 trademark dustries and are located in about a jor plan for their modification en• agencies and lawyer's offices in 100 dozen provinces and cities includ• tails replacing the original three countries and regions. ing Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and engines with two improved ones. • In order to develop its busi• Guangdong Province. Other alterations will include ness in China, the World Bank lengthening the fuselage and add• These joint ventures have been opened an office in Beijing on ing 18 seats, refitting the cockpit Ociober 25. The World Bank has operated with advanced technolo• to accommodate a two-person gies, equipment and managerial ex• established 36 representative of• rather than a three-person crew. fices around the world, and has pertise. Although many have not The cost for refitting each aircraft been operating long, they have granted China loans amounting to is expected to be approximately US$1,100 million this year. The obtained a fairly high rate of US$15 million. returns. figure will jump to US$3,000 mil• Experts from China's astronau• lion in the next five years. For example, tests showed that tics industry said the revamped the quality of the coated razor Boeing 727-200s would save fuel, blades produced by the Shenmei have less noise, carry more pass• Daily Use Products Co. Ltd., a engers and be able to land and take joint venture financed by the Shen• off at medium-sized airports with yang Daily Use Metals Industrial runways of about 1,500 metres, Corp. and the Gillette Co. of the making the model ideal for China's United States, has matched Gillet• civil aviation services. te's technical standards. The ven• ture's profits in 1984 were 2.3 Under the contract, the prototype times higher than predicted. will be modified and refitted in the United States, but the modifica• China and foreign oil companies tions will be done in China. have signed 23 contracts for the development of China's petroleum resources. Of these contracts, the News in Brief most—12 — are with Americans. • In the first half of this year, Some of these companies have China set up 687 joint ventures. already struck oil and gas. It is expected that the total num• ^ To encourage US investment in ber of joint ventures in China will China, the two countries have exceed 2,000 by the end of 1985. concluded investment insurance, Of the ventures currently under guarantee agreements and an agree- way, the number of large and tech• 30 Beijing Review, No. 47 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

Exhibiting Custom of Tujia, Miao People

An exhibit, displaying an assort• gongs and drums. tist of the Tujia nationality, began ment of cultural relics and photos brocading as a young child and from the Miao and Tujia nationali• About 10,000 dancers participate can now sew nearly 100 different ties of Hunan Province, opened in in another dance, the Dabaishou, patterns. Ye's vivid brocade work Beijing recently. which is held every three years. won her international acclaim at For the dance young people don Located in the northwest of a London Fair, as well as at other the Tujia's typically colourful exhibitions in Eastern Europe. Hunan Province in central China, brocade and disguise themselves as the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Auton• warriors. The event lasts for one Hailing IVIiao Heroes omous Prefecture is a picturesque week. Maogusi, the Tujia's oldest area with 2.77 million inhabitants About 3,000 years ago, the Miao drama about how the Tujias people lived on the middle reaches who share 20,000 squard kilome• homesteaded in the wilderness cen• tres of land that are divided by the of the Changjiang River. Today, Wulin Mountains. turies ago, is also performed at the however, they populate areas of festival. Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Guang- Tujia Love Song Some of the Tujia's traditional xi and Sichuan. The Tujia nationality has a his• musical instruments are also on Because Miao live in heavily tory that dates back to the 10th display at the exhibit and visitors wooded areas, most of their build• century. The Tujia people original• are treated to a performance called ings are made of wood, while their ly engaged solely in agriculture and Daliuzi, a melody with a strong roofs are usually of tile, bark, hunting rather than commerce and rhythm played with gongs, drums straw and stone. The typical Miao have traditionally carried their and cymbals. house is set up on the side of a grain, firewood and water on their hill, supported by long pillars on backs. Some of the baskets and Women of the Tujia nationality the lower half, and shorter ones pails they use to carry their prod• are skillful artists, particularly in on the upper half. ucts around are part of the current weaving, embroidering, making The Miao people have many display. batik, carving and painting, and festivals, among which "April 8" tend to use the natural colours for and "June 6" commemorating na• As seen in a televised programme their artwork. The Tujia's brocade, tional heroes, and "Celebrating the at the exhibit, the Tujia people ex• which is colourful and simple and cel at singing and dancing and have Beginning of Autumn," are the a song for nearly every occasion, bears traditional designs, captures most important. Behind "Celebrat• including dating, which is heralded many visitors' interests, often so ing the Beginning of Autumn" is a with the Tujia Love Song. The much so that many ask to purchase tale of one of the Miao's heroes, a songs Digging and Weeding accom• pieces of the display. Tujia brocade young man named Baguidare. pany those tasks, while young can be traced back to more than Baguidare, handsome and honest, women sing Weeping Bride when 1,000 years ago when it was con• was a skilled archer. One day, they are getting married. The Tujia sidered an article of imperial tri• as he was hunting, Baguidare shot also have a song entitled God bute. While the warp is of cotton a hawk. After he did so he saw which is sung during worship. yarn, the weft consists of thick silk, an embroidered shoe fall from the cotton and woollen yarn. The ma• sky. Determined to find the owner The Tujia's more popular tradi• terials, patterns, colours all relate of the errant shoe, Baguidare made tional dances include the Baishou, to daily life, with clouds, peonies, a huge swing that could hold eight the Flag Dance and the Horse swallows and the good luck phoe• people, and at the beginning of Dance. The Baishou includes dif• nix-peony pattern being the most autumn, Baguidare invited all the ferent versions for different popular. people in the area to come to use occasions. The Xiaobaishou, for his swing. It was at one of these example, is performed in January Among the photos exhibited, one events that Baguidare found the and focuses on farmwork, such as of the most prominent is of an 80- woman who had lost her shoe. She planting corn, and is accompanied year-old woman engrossed in later became his wife. Since then, by a trumpet, the suona horn. brocading. Ye Yucui, a veteran ar• young Miao people have come to

November 25, 1985 31 the "Beginning of Autumn" festival According to some experts, the During important holidays, Miao to look for spouses. geometric patterns found in Miao women wear silver necklaces, clothing in Sichuan, Guizhou and earrings, bracelets and rings. A The colourful Miao costumes are Yunnan are similar to that of the silver toothpick, carved with a one of the exhibit's most popular Yao in Guangxi, an observation, double phoenix, means love, and displays and include ancient which some say supports the theory one with a carp jumping across the scarfs, pleated skirts, cloaks, vests that the Miao and the Yao are dragon gate, means - happiness. and shoes. The exhibit, in which descendants of the same ancestors. Such finery combines the customs, the evolution of Miao clothing is Although the theory needs further traditions and beauty of the Miao explained, shows that the Miao still proving, it is likely that Miao dress people. keep their traditional styles of is the mixture of its own heritage dress. Long ago, both Miao men Before liberation, the ruling class and that of other nationalities. and women wore colourful cloth• deprived the Miao of their cultural Others suggest the geometric ing, pleated skirts, boat-shaped life, stifling the Miao's artistic patterns are in some way related shoes, and colourful kerchiefs. In talents. By 1949 when New China to the geometric patterns on the the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), was founded, 90 percent of the pottery of the New Stone Age. Miao men began wearing trousers Miao were illiterate and practised and jackets with buttons down the Acclaimed as the "flower" of few of their traditional rites. Since front. At the same time, Miao the Miao's artifacts, a sash liberation, however, the Party and women started wearing clothes of woven with silk is also the collec• government has stressed cultural which the front, the cuffs and tion's most unique piece. Learn• development in the minority areas. trousers were embroidered. ing to make the sash, which is Special teams have been sent to woven into various patterns with the Miao region to record legends, Miao costumes are of more than naulti-coloured edges, is compulsory folk songs, and arts and crafts, and 20 styles. Miao dress, kerchiefs for every Miao girl. When Miao have since published the Huamei and dress decorations all have girls come of age, they often give and The Story of the Evergreen meanings — wishes and ideals, a sash as a gift to their boyfriend, Tree, two collections of Miao short diligence and bravery, good har• who then wears it to let others stories. In addition, such Miao and vests, love and happiness. The ex• know he has a girlfriend. Tujia epic novels as Baishou Song, hibit provides the public with a Weeping Bride and Old Sayings vivid picture of the Miao past, the According to the Miao, silver is have also been published. Miao way of life, and Miao's close the symbol of light and wealth. economic and cultural ties with other nationalities.

Left: A young Miao woman in tradi• tional dress. Right: An embroidered Miao work.

32 Beijing Review. No. 47 SPORTS

The Thriving Art of Shaolin Kungfu

Every dawn, amid temples and in Dengfeng County, especially the third year, students study wushu towering cypress trees, 40 monks schools, hold year-round wushu theory and fighting skills between dressed in gray can be seen practis• competitions. two. ing Shaolin kungfu, a form of martial arts that has been a part Considering the degree of Dengfeng County considers of the monks' morning ritual for China's current infatuation with teaching quality very important. hundreds of years. kungfu, one would find it hard Three kungfu schools there have to believe that the activity was been closed down for the poor The Shaolin Temple, located in once forbidden. During the "cul• quality of their instruction. All Dengfeng County, Henan Province, tural revolution", Shaolin kungfu the teachers at the Shaolin Wushu is important to both Buddhists and was considered feudal, and monks Training Centre have received a kungfu, or wushu, masters. The of all ages were routed from their standard wushu education. The temple achieved its distinction as temples, converted to the secular centre's president, Liang Yiquan, a kungfu centre in the 5th century world and put to work in the 56, a national grade two wushu when an Indian monk named fields. Shaolin Temple, like other coach, comes from a long line of Damo, who came to live at the temples, was left deserted. wushu enthusiasts. Liang's great temple, brought with him an In• grandfather was a wushu appren• dian branch of Buddhism called In 1979, when the temple was tice to the renowned wushu artist Dhyana, which included kungfu in rehabilitated, the monks returned. and monk, Zhande, while Liang's its religious practices. Shaolin Since 1980, 43 wushu schools, father was the ivus/iu director for kungfu, as the art came to be state- and privately-owned, have the army of General Feng Yuxiang known, reached even greater prom• opened, enrolling more than 5,000 before liberation. Liang began inence in the 7th century after students and employing about 140 learning wushu when he was six some of the Shaolin monks saved teachers. A complete training sys• years old and has written a book the life of Li Shimin (599-649), one tem has been formed with kinder• on the subject entitled Songshan of China's greatest emperors. gartens, primary, secondary and Shaolin Quanfa. With 40 years of high schools. The most prominent coaching experience behind him, Today, the temple's current of these schools today are the Liang now gives classes in wushu master, Dechan, 82, who is also Shaolin WUshu Training Centre theory to the school's students. To vice-chairman of the Buddhism As• and the Shaolin Wushu Sports raise the teachers' theoretical sociation of Henan Province, still School. level, Liang said his centre invites leads the monks in both their daily The Shaolin Wushu Training teachers from the Beijing Sports kungfu practice and in their scrip• Centre focuses on educating kung- Culture Institute to the Shaolin tures. In addition to its Buddhist fu coaches for other provinces and centre every summer to lecture on devotees, the temple also attracts regions. The centre's 400 students, athletic subjects. Liang said his thousands of kungfu enthusiasts whose ages range from 11 years to centre is popular not only with the from throughout China. 21 years, come from 24 municipali• Chinese, but with foreigners as ties and provinces. Their three-year well. He said he and his associates In Dengfeng County, where 20 programme, which is 20 yuan per at the Shaolin centre have received percent of the residents practise month, includes instruction in the dozens of letters from foreigners kungfu, the area's wushu associa• goals of kungfu — preserving expressing their interest in studying tion, established in 1980, has three China's heritage, fitness and self- there. Soon, the Shaolin Temple, branches and more than 1,000 defence — as well as in the physi• he said, may go from being a rela• members. Every year, in addition cal movements of Shaolin kungfu. tively little known wushu centre to two major village competitions During their first year, students are for select Chinese and Buddhist held during the Zhongyue Fair and taught basic skills and empty-hand monks, to one for wushu enthu• the Lantern Festival, all the units fighting skills, while during the siasts from around the world.

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34 Beijing Review, No. 47 Papercuts by Wang Guiying

Wang Guiying Is a peasant born in 1934 in Pixian County, Jiangsu Province. Influenced by folk papercuts from her childhood, Wang taught her• self the skill as a young girl. She is good at creating interesting works by drawing her subject from ordinary life.

Ploughing a Field.

ART PAqE

Engaging in Trade. Threshing Groin.

Raising Pigs. Watching TV. Helps you understand China

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