Grape harvest in Leyuan production Turpan county, Xinjiang lJygur Autr Regron. Lt Guangk FOUNDERT SOONG CHING LING (MME. SUN YAT-SEN) (18e3-19S1). PUBUSHED MONTHTy 8y THE CHTNA WETFARE INSTITUTE .IN ENGIISH, sPA,NIsH, FRENCH, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND CHINESE
vot. xxxl No. 7 JULY I982 o*ri:cr+s ,'-f f :;r .'$'ii CONTENTS 5ociety Census Time Ior a Billion People 36 Changes in Chinese Family Structure t3 The Story of a Disabled Soldier 42 Creams Lotions, Shampoos and All Thal l.J Politics Constllution to Be Revised 27 kerl.;r-;; t!r* il&l:*{iql:tr*,'r. p ;:,' Economy Summory of chonges in revised drolt ol Chino's Supplying a Big City wirh Vegetables B Constitution now being discussed by the people, Making Saline Land Fertite 34 Culture,/Art F:''r:'t.,lryi:''t l'tli;il r': i.r ii The Cartoon Film Three Monks' 21 ?;**ril F. *:1 Republishing Ancient Books 46 New Play Captivates Shanghai Audiences 32 Young women ployers Recent Pu[rlications (Books) 47 prepore lor the July World Women's Softboll Spotts/Medicine Chompionship ot Toibei Champion and Film Star 4 but moneuvers by Softball Flourishes in China 60 -Toiwon ofliciols ond the the Women's Softball Team 53 Americon heod ol Softboll Veleran Doctor's Fight Againsl TB 30 lnternotionol Federotion moke Chino's Notionoliry/Religion porticipotion impossible. Traditional Tibetan Festivals 44 Modern Communications for Minority Areas 49 peacock Dai Opera Troupe Creates 'The princess 51 d*..,"., !,*,;. t"'.' .r Ei .;.n Beijing Catholics Enjoy Benewed Freedom oI Belief tro F+r:y;lr.: 5: Ir: Friendship Chino's third census is being Bewi Alley's 55 Years in China 39 token this month: How ii's lndian Group Visits Dali 57 being done, problems ond ossets lor the census toker. Across the Lond Old and New in Heler '1 5 Bird lsland on Qinghai Lake 10 h4,:,"'tia:r! '5h*:i;li;, Bird Protection Week 13 Sirts $tqr ',;{ 'Fairyland' Caverns of yaolin 66 Te,rniste' ir + Columns ond Speciols Li Lion jie, live-time notionol To Our Readers: Sports and Sovereignty 2 wushu chompion, excels in Hong- Postbag 3 kong-produced kungfu film'Shoo- lin Temple.' Cartoons 69 Do You Know: About China's Climate 65 Children: Now I Love Young Swallows 21 flit.:-u';u,!*s i* Legends and Tales from History: Stories Told aboul /U { l:+lrir,' Confuci us St:r*tr+rgr f).,?; Language Corner: Lesson 1g 71 4 Miniature Landscapes Socioonthropologist Fei Xiootong tolks obout some Fronl Cover: chonges in urbon ond rurol Li Lianjie, a martial arts champion, stars in the kungf u lomily struclure in .Chino film 'The Shaolin Temple.' Tang yuitn since the 1930s, "t Editoriol Office: Woi Wen Buitding, Beijtng (37!, Chtno Chino Reconstructs (USPS No.659-850) is published monthly for USEB.00 per yeor Coble: "CHIRECON" Beijing. by Chino Reconstructs, Woi Wen Building. Beijing (37), Chino. Second closs postoge Generol Distributor: Chino Publicotions Cenle, poid ot Son Froncisco, CA. (Guoji Shudion) Poslmoster: send oddress chonges to Chino Books ond Periodicols, lnc,, 292e 24lh P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino" st.eei, Son Froncisco, CA 94110, " TO SUR REAMERS'
Sports and Sovereignty
T N THIS issue we carry a story about the Chinese ganization in order to collaborate with some Taiwan r women's softball team, who almost made history sports officials in political trickery to manipulate other by being the flrst mainland team in over 30 years to nations into a seeming recognition of the "Republic of participate in a sports event on the island province China" as a national entity. The official rules of the of Taiwan, the Fifth World Women's Softball Cham- ISF, like those of its parent body the International pionships to be held this month (see p. 63). They were Olympic Committee, were voted into effect by na- looking forward to this opportunity to open new ties tional sports federations around the world. They with their Taiwan compatriots. It is widely hoped certify the People's Republic of China as the official that unofficial exchanges in all fields including sports Olympic and ISF member representing China. Under will promote greater understanding between Chinese the Olympic rules, Taiwan's team is welcome to par- on both sides of the Taiwan straits and eventual ticipate under the name China Taibei Softball Associa- reunification of rvhole the country - in the interests tion, but may not use the name, flag or anthem of of the Chinese people and of people all over the the "Republic of China" which no longer exists in world. international law. But now the two teams will not meet face to face this July as both have wished to. The blame lies with fTHINA'S sovereign rights are indivisible and non- some Taiwan officials in softball circles and with the \-,I negotiable. China wants good relations with the handful of Americans in various fields who still think US and,other countries, but the basic and obvious re- quirement they can ignore reality, turn the clock back and is respect for her sovereignty, The Chi- people maintain the myth of "two Chinas." nese on both sides of the Taiwan straits have a strong interest in the peaceful, step-by-step reuni- Such people are living in a dream from which fication of Taiwan with the mainland, with due re- the real world long ago awakened. Virtually all na- gard for the differences and sensitivities on both tions including the US and international - - bodies. sides. The negotiating process will undoubtedly be such as the UN (and in sports the International Iong and arduous, but,the ultimate benefits to both Olympic Committee) recognize the People's Republic sides - and to world peace and development will of China as the sole legitimate government of China. also be great. Those who profess themselves- true Chinese people on both sides of the Taiwan straits friends of the people on Taiwan, instead of trying to hold that there is only one China, of which Taiwan obstruct this process, would do well to encourage is a part. Only the self-deceiving dreamers believe Taiwan authorities to face up to reality and look to that the US or the future positively and constructively. I - any nation - can maintain friendly relations with China while flouting her sovereignty, whether over arms sales, diplomatic relations or a simple game of softball. No country willingly to- lerates such encroachments. This is a matter of deep principle on which China will never give way. Those Americans who still cling to a "two Chi- nas" concept would undoubtedly be among the first to protest if, say, the state of California were pro- vided with arms and aid or dealt with as a separate country by any other nation (or if that U.S. state were allowed to compete in an international tourna- ment as a national team). rfHIS spring Don Porter, the American secretary- I general of the International Softbalt Federation (ISF) was willing to break the rules of his own or-
CHINA RECONSTBUCTS :-
are successfully exploring new fields. internal progress. Please, more articles Having experienced hard self-study days on industry, agriculture and cultural in the devastation of the post-war era, activities which attract most readers in I wish to give my sincere encourage- our country, Uganda. I ask sincereiy ment to aspiring young persons and that you enclose small maps as I those helping them. especially f ind difliculty in determin- ICHIRO OKU ing the location of various places, in- Soong Ching Ling and India KaLoasaki, Japan. dustrial areas, agricultural mechaniza- tion projects and people who live in different parts of your country. ' Soong Ching Ling cherished feelings Marco Polo Film CHARLES OKURUT oI friendship and respect India. Her for Nlukono, Uganda visit to this country in December 1955 Thank you for the article and was convincing proof of her devotion pictures of the forthcoming production to Sino-Indian friendship. We'll always Marco Polo. It is a real treat to know Filrn Industry remember her. that somebody is at last doing a well- The epic ol her contributions the to researched version of his story, although I hear that communism is a good people ot the world will be engraved I am sorry to notice lgth century philosophy. mean that in your in gold letters on the pages of history. Does it costumes in a picture of a wrestling equal the eyes GOPAL PRASAD NAIK country everybody is in bout that appeared in another magazine. care For the occasion of the {irst an- of the govbrnment with the same t hope to have a chance oI seeing this given to a scientist and a laborer? niversary of Soong Ching Ling's Magnum Opus. death In my area there are manY PeoPle JOCELYN PROUT are great fans of Chinele films" (Letter Ioruarded bg Radio Lond,on, England who Peking) So would like you people once in a Rajasthan, lndia I and my whole family enjoy your while to tell how your film industry magazine. The April issue tells about works. the making of a TV film about Marco OSMAN B. EOFANA The Magazine's Name . Polo, on which we send you our con- Wellington, Sierra Leone gratulations. We are sure that the film Our Constitution stipulates that cit- years will be able to reflect the look of an- For many I and my friends read izens enjoy equal righls irrespectiue oI pleasure your cient China. The article "Xishuang- with monthly. You should nationalitg, religion, ser, eiluca- change name banna Today" is also interesting, and their its lo Moilern China, to tion and occupation, and eUerAone is correspond better the contents. we have tried the recipe for Phoenix to equal belore the law, We are planning For me, as author of a manuscript Prawns. nTore couetage dbout the industry. about modern China, I get much good RAFAEL E.F"F"AZUF-IZ tilm material. Santiago, Chile -Eit. EMIL HOKES Praha, Czechoslouakia Human Interest Articles Place Names We hat:e receiueil oth,er suggestions just 1982 for o change" The name China Recon- I finished reading the April I enjoy reading CR, but get confused enjoyed the articles srructs uas chosen bg our tounder issue and I really as to locations since the changes in Soong Chi:ng Ling (Mme. Sun Yat-sen), about the' making of the Marco Polo place the film- names. and we haae decided to retain it lor film, the interviews with For me, the highlight of all my issues the present. makers, the article about the scholar Liu was the photograPh of details of Hong, and Daughter from Nowhere." _ D,d. "A the Riverside" human interest stories; "Qingming Festival at I always enjoy and history of bian they show how wonderful the Chinese and the description people embroidery. Self-Study are. and crafts GORDON M. BROWN I enjoy all articles on arts more. Shelton, CT., U.S.A. and would like to see In the April issue of China Recon- ALMA E. STEWART strucls, there was an important article Wangaratta, Australia "Achievements Through SeIf-Study". History Booklet Through this type of study, the young people in your country are advancing I have received CR regularly tor six Black/White Pictures Poor toward a world of science, a world of months. Congratulations on the im- provements layout. modernization. in content and We enjoy-CR very much and show it present young people many you put out book At the of Is it possible for to a to friends. The color pictures countries who are their zeal for history articles carried visiting "losing containing the and technically, not so much encourag- are superb artistically knowledge" are in CR? pi.ctures lack ed. In this respect, the Chinese youth AMBROS BRUCKER but the black and white are advancing in the forefront. I hope Lochharn, Federal Republi,c ol Germany density -bnd contrast. I'm sure others that you will continue along this pro- must also wonder about this' Does gou suggestion. We are gressive road. Thank |or aour China manufacture PhotograPhic JORGE MEDINA ALVAREZ nou preparing a collection of histotA materials? readers' Lima, Peru articles in book lorm to meet DONALD L. REED requests" Bellingham, Wash., U.S.A. "Achievements Through SeIf-Study" Ed. - poor in the April 1982 issue impressed me. Mang readers urite us about the qualitA aJ our black (ind uhite pictures. Encouraging to know that so many More Maps means are available for talented but It's not the pictures but the printing unfortunate young persons to pursue The boost for industries and knowhow process, which TtJe hope to improtse, higher education and that some oI them has determined China's technology and - Dd. JULY 1982 Chsrnqion dnd Film Stor
YI XU rfiHIS spring The Shaolin Tem- Primary School. He was slight and left him rvith the old gatekeeper, I ple, a feature film produced not very strong, but his ability to He learned to play chess with the by Hongkong's Chung Yuen Mo- imitate, his agility, and a pair of old man and gladually began to tion Picture Co. and sh YI XU is a staf f reporter f or China Reconstructs. CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Duei. Zhou Tiexia I-i Lianjie performs 'drunken boxing.' Tang Yumin Wresting a spear from an opponent. Zhou Tiexia One (l-i Lianjie, ccnrer) against A Ieaping'attr-ck' in Shaoiinquan TttltF Ytt)ltitt iroxing. /Jtou 7-ir,'.iu An eagie fights a snake. lhitu I'tr'titt a national junior wushu competi- boxing and used broadswords, ble broadswords, boxing and fight- tion three years later his clean whips and cudgels. Thunderous ing on horseback. Each of these boxing. dazzling broadsword play, cheers and applause registered the breathtaking skills accurately re- spear handling and fine dueling audience's approvai. As a Chinese, flects the style of Shaolin uushu skill amazed the referees and Li Lianjie was very excited. A "motion as quick as the wind,- audience. .To thunderous applause, sense of honor and responsibility standing firm as a rock, jumping he received the individual all- flooded him. Later he said, "I am as high as flying and landing quiet round title. He was only eieven. very proud to hear people say that as a leaf, turning like a wheel and Li Lianjie persisted in his train- the essence of the martial arts is bending like a bow." ' ing, determined, if he could, to be in China." Because of the beautiful land- the best. At 13, he was chosen to scape around the monastery and compete in an aduit ruushu group 'Superstarn the fine skills of the martial arts in the Third National Games. athletes. the film was a sensation. Coach Wu helped hirn get ready, After seeing some Hongkong For Li Lianjie and his colleagues. composed a special set of move- kuttgfu films. he said tu hirnself, h(,wever. shooting meant many ments for him, and at the perform- "If I had a chance to make a film. hardships. It was winter when the ance walked out with him, help- I would show the audience the last fighting scenes were done, for ing him not to be nervous. He gave true features of Chinese martial example. They had to jump into a beautifui performance, perfectly arts without using any trick the Huanghe (Yellow) River to blending movement with stillness shots." He got the chance. In 1974 fight. When Li Lianjie was ac- and harmonizing fast with slow his performance of Shaolinquan cidentally cut on the forehead by movements. He won the in- boxing in Hongkong impressed a spear thrust, instead of stopping dividual all-round championship film producer Fu Chi. Seven years to rest, he suggested that the direc- and the Beijing team got the team later, Li Lianjie starred in The tor continue shooting so as to make title. Shaolin Temple. the film look more realistic. During the four years that fo1- 'Ihe Shaolin Monastery on Mt. Of course. success does not lowed, Li Lianjie gradually formed Songshan in Henan province has merely lie in the outstanding ilru- his own style quick. accurate. been famous for over 1.000 years shz technique. Conforming to no powerful, rhythmic- and using a lot for a form of martial arts passed conventional patter.n, Lianjie's of spring. He can go through a set on by its monks for generations. acting created a vivid image of the of 60 movements in the required 80 One of the murals in the monastery heroic Monk Jue Yuan. This was seconds. tells how thirteen Shaolin monks probably due to his sincerity Of all the martial arts skills he with cudgels saved Emperor Tai toward life but he was also helped has mastered, Li Lianiie is most Zong of the Tang dynasty rvhen he in his acting by his sister, Lian- accomplished in the broadsword was surrounded by troops of rebel ping, a student of directing at the and boxing. and always gets the general Wang Shichong in Luo- Central Opera Institute. Moreover. best marks for these in every con- yang. Hongkong film director he has been fond of Chinese te-st. Since 1975, he has won five Chang Hsin-yen perfectly blended classical novels since he was small, national individual all-round titles. this story with local landscapes a fact that increased his under- In 1978. the Beijing Sports Corn- and martial arts for The Shaolin standing of the role he was play- mission gave him a special award Temple. The film was shot on Mt. ing. Inexperienced, he was modest of merit. At the Fourth Irtrationa.l Songshan around the Monastery. and eager to learn, which resulted Games he won five gold medals. Li Lianjie and other outstanding in a successful film. One scene in Li Lianjie began to feel rnore utushu athletes were ihe main ac- which he is fed gruel by an older than just a desire to live up to the tors. Neither trick shots nor stunt- monk after being saved moved all hopes of his f an'rily and his ffren were used. The young usushu the film makers. The result a coach he became a dedicated - - artists skillful1y carried their own simple, lovable monk fuil of feel- devotee of the Chinese martial SCENCS. ing was very popular with arts. Eight times he went abroad The hero is the apprentice monk audiences.- with Chinese wushu delegations to Jue Yuan. played by Li Lianjie. Li Lianjie's handling of his role introduce toushu to countries of He comes to the monastery to in The Shaolin Templ.e has left a Asia. Africa. Europe and the learn Shaolin uushu in order to deep impression on people. He is Americas. avenge his father. He has a num- not satisfied with this. He feels A key event for him was a world ber of adventures, saving Emperor that he knows too little about the martial arts contest irr San Fran- Tar Zong and killing the enemy theories of martial arts and plans cisco in 1980 at which the organiz- Wang Renze. He finally becomes a to study the relation between tou- ing committee appealed to the monk dedicated to defending the shu and oriental philosophy. Apart '*'orld to take Chinese uushu seri- monastery. from training strictly every day, he ousiy and include the martial arts In his movie role Li Lianjie ap- is now analyzing his experience in in the Olympic games. Held by plied a1l his techniques in foot- film-making. Peopie are expecting spotlights, Li Lianjie and the Bei- work. cudgel, "drunken" cudgel, new progress from him both in jing Martial Arts Team performed flipping, three-section cudgel, dou- martial arts and in films. tr JULY 19EZ Srpplying a Big City with Vegetables LTU TIAOQING year these bases grew over a million tons of vegetables, all purchased by the state commercial departments and sold to the people at standard prices. The base target in vegetable production to meet the minimum needs of the people is a half kilogram per person per day" Production qLlotas are actually set somewhat above this. "We grow vegetables according to the state plan," Li Baoxing, vice-chairman of the Nanyuan commune, reports. "Last year we grew I percent of Beijing's vege- table needs 93,000 tons, 100 varieties in -the summer and 30 varieties in the winter. The plan assigned to our commune covers the growing area, varieties, output, quality and prornpt delivery to the markets. As the people's living Door-l,o-door sen,ice from a pushcart. Xirthtta standards improve, they demand more varieties and better" quality. To meet this, we put aside 70 qUMMER is the busy season for capital's 5.000,000 urban residents hectares of cabbage fields for new tJ vegetable growers arouud receives at least a half kilogram of vegetables. The responsibility Beijing. Eight hundred markets. vegetables per day at low prices, syster4 now in use in agricultural shops, some temporary stalls and and 95 percent of these come from production has increased the peas- rnany more street carts serve the communes around the eity. ants' enthusiasm for work." every ar"ea of the city, Sum- mer prices are low pound of a Policies Distribution tomatoes for six ten,- f.or example. November begins the city's cold Among such daily necessities as One of the links between vege- weather-, ending the supply of vegetables, milk, eggs, meat and table production and marketing is farm-grown vegetables. Beijing's fruit produced, vegetables are the a vegetable station in the Haidian residents then turn to st JULY 1982 ing period the sky is thick with birds and the sound of their cries echoes from one end of the island *s;j 6 to the other. P;r In May, just bef ore hatching time, eggs are everywhere white goose eggs, blue cormorant- eggs and the brown-speckled. eggs of seagulls. Birds can distinguisl'r rvhich eggs are not fertile, and these rejects are kicked out of the nests. In June the young birds are hatched. They are fed and protect- ed by both mother and father until they learn to fend for themselves. Their first flying lessons are .super- vised by the males. In September, when the weather turns cool and the fledglings have matured, the flocks begin to fly south in great Scientists intestigaie bird species. Wang Jingge waves to spend the winter in a warmer climate. rfl HE nature preserve was es- 1 tablished in t977. Hunting Bird lslond on and egg collecting are prohibited at all times, and no visitors at all are allowed during the breeding Lake season. The protected area is be- Qirghai ginning to attract stiil more feath- BONG YE ered visitors. Once white swans could be seen llying over the island, but they rn HE islands scattered ovel the It is the home of a nature pre- never stopped. A few years after I many lakes of the plateau serve devoted to birds. Visitors the preserve was set up, 300 came region in the western province of are not admitted without passes. to .stay f or a month or two, Qinghai are home to about 650 and there are strict rules to protect although they left without laying different kinds of waterfowi. Half the wildlife. Special aviaries house any eggs. The following year of all the varieties native to China representatives of all the major nearly 1,000 swans showed up, and can be found here. The bird species it looks as if they will be regular to be found on the i.sland, - population of a single one in Qing- including the rare white swan. annual inhabitanls- hai Lake, appropriately named Egg islet is a section of the Bird Island, is over 100,000. island where tall lush grass gr()w-s Qinghai Lake, the largest of on a small hill. The grass makes China's semi-saltwater inland ideal nest-building material, and lakes, is 100 kilometers west of countless generatoins of birds have Xining, the provincial capital. Its made this their breeding ground. deep blue waters (Qinghai means Nearby is a place where many "blue sea") teem with fish, includ- rocks rise out of the water', ing a kind of sturgeon which favorite perches for birds to bask makes an ideal f ood for birds. in the sun or dive for fish. Flora and fauna flouri-sh around the banks of the lake, and with FLOCKS of wild geese. cormo- few human inhabitants it is a place r rants. seagulls and other birds of unspoiled natural beauty. conle here every year in March or Bird Island, shaped like a early April to mate, lay eggs and whale's head rising above the hatch their young. Most of them \. I water, is actually a peninsula come from southern China, where | ... , now, since a narrow strip summers are hot and humid, to 't of water that once separated spend the season by this cool north- it from the land has receded. ern lake. During the April nest- 10 CHINA RECONSTRUOTS {+!"'s;*""' S t Gulls wheel in the air above the lake. & I * i.' l i L.,' t: i lt| irl * I,* I '! l! f -4 flock of cormorants on the bird island of Qinghai Lake. *€ PG 1a t.' Scientific rvorkers search for 1 birds' nests on the islet's cliff, ! Qinghai Lake. .* & A female wild goose hatches eggs while r rnale stands guard. Pltotos l;v ll'urt.q Jirtgt< Bird 0 reaffis, lotions, P rotection Shampoos and All That Week XIE XIANGYING rfiHIS year China held its URING the :'cultural levolu- I first Protection n Bird IJ tion." a young woman might Week at the end of April or be accused of pursuing a bourgeois the beginning of May (the mode of life simply for wearing a exact dates varied in different parts blouse with a flowered pattern. In of the country), From that atmosphere, now it's nof surpris- on it will be an annual ing that women event. didn't dare use cosrnetics or anything beyond the China is home to some 1,183 most utilitarian kinds of soaps, varieties of birds, among the creams, highest lotions, shampoos and numbers to be found other toiletries. in any one country" Many are Cosmetics as such are still vir- rare. Of the fifteen species tually unknown in China make- of cranes worldwide, eight up does not really fit the- tastes are from China. Over the and lifestyles past years of Chinese women. few the Chinese But the demand government has for toiletries in set up ten greater varieties and higher qUali- bird preserves (Qinghai ty has grown steadily over the past Lake's Bird Island is one of several years, and annual national them) and a number of parks sales of such products is now ovel natural for migratory 400 million yuan. fowl. Though China has had con- What servation laws for many Consumers Want years, ornithologists warn Wang Zhongping, 51, is an ex- that indiscriminate hunting, perienc.ed saleswoman in the toile- egg collecting and reduction tries department of the Beijing De- of natural habitats has se- partment Store, the city's biggest. riously diminished certain Daily sales in her department are Saleswoman Wang Zhongping cheer- bird populations. now six times what they were five fully advises a customer about items years ago. As an elegant woman suited to her particular neetls. who pays attention to personal Wu Chuping D',*:I-:,,";:u*I,l"'."n'j';l grooming and the mother of six and lectures and exhibits girls she- is skilled in helping rural women too are usi.ng more organized to educate people customers- choose the right kinds manufactured scented soaps about the important role birds of products for their age and com- rather play in the natural ecology plexions. than the homemade kind and and as eaters of insect pesis. Two years ago consumers were creams instead of cooking oil to Young people, especially mostly interested in cleansing protect their skins. Like urban teen-agers, were taken to products such as shampoos or skin- residents, they are demanding visit zoos and nature pre- protecting creams and lotions (a higher quality and respond to serves. Many of them built real necessity in Beijing's very dry more attractive packaging. A small and hung bird houses and climate). Today there is more de- but .carefully selected array of nesting boxes. Conservation mand for hair conditioners and toiletries is now coruidered indis- Iaws were publicized and nutrient creams with herbal ingre- pensable among rural newlyweds. prohibitions against careless dients, for eau de Cologne and even hunting given new force. for perfume. With the improvement in peo- The Toiletries Industry ple's livelihood in the countryside, Jiangsu province is a traditional XtE XIANGYING is a staff member of toiletries production center, but the Ministry of Light Industry. Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin have JULY T982 13 The fragrance industry, which produces sweet-smelling essences to be used in a variety of toiletrY products and perfumes, is also growing. Perfumes are a tradi- tional export product, and most of China's production is still sold abroad. Fragrances are r4ade from a variety of raw materials: flowers such as rose and jasmine; woodY plants such as sandalwood; herbs t: ,s, such as lemongrass and sPear- and animal byproducts such ,&, mint; as musk lrom oxen, deer and mem- bers of the cat family. The "illu- sion" type fragrances popular in Western countries are blends of these basic essences. In China, flower fragrances are still the most popular. Despite the overall growth of the iPearl Cream, highly valued foi improving skin texture, is sold at home and abroail. toiletries industry, suppJ.y has still {u Yigen not caught up with demand. Jin Xiuqiong, an engineer at the Bei- jing Daily Chemical Products Fac- also become very active in this products. Sales are mostly to the tory, says that she ahd her co11ea- Iine. The last two cities produce domestic market, but the company gues are working to meet two about 30 different new products also exports to Southeast'Asia. major market demands. One is to lines of toiletries, every year. Shanghai alone ac- Jinyu and Fuyu counties in Jilin develop complete 40 percent and the other is to make sPecializ- counts for about of the province are situated in the Chang- ed products suited to the different national output of toiletries. The bai Mountains in China's northeast Perfumery, in needs of men and women and of city's Star built a region which produces over 1941, once manufactured only per- people in different age groups. Her -100 tons of ginseng extract an- fumes, florida water and toilet own plant was the Iirst to Produce With this resource, the soap. Today, as the Shanghai nually. items for children, which have be- producing Household Chemicals Factory. it two counties are triai come popular. Jin adds that the makes a wide variety of products Iines of toiletry products c<.rntain- industry needs to learn selecti't)ely in 15 different categories. One of ing this famous herb, which has an from the successful exPerience oI its lines is the nationally known old reputation for protecting the other countries to develoP lines MAXAM, a name that appears on skin and healing minor skin irri- that f it the needs oI China's soaps, toothpaste. hair and skin tations. people. i + * q..r +.#" q" $t :: * : €.idiii. Y a; t4 CHII,{,V BECOITIZI,B0CIZ Old ond New in Hefei DENG SHULIN ].f-Efet. once a stronghold of the rl State of Wei during the Three . Kingdoms Period (A.D. 220-26b), is today the capital of Anhui prov- ince. It lies west of Nanjing be- tween the Yangtze and Huaihe rivers and has a population of 500,000. Before 1949 Hefei didn,t even make nails. Today it produces excavators, hydraulic presses, eight-ton trucks, precision instru- ments, meters and electronic de- vices, some of which are used in planes, warships and satellites. It has 641 factories, an industrial system that includes metallurgy, machinery, electronics, chemicals, building materials, textiles, food products and other industries. Its light industries and textiles have made the most rapid progress, novr accounting for over 61 percent of its total industrial output value. Its silks, toothpaste, knife sharp- €ners and pictures burned on wood are sold abroad. Its ',Anmiz,' wrist-watches, new in design, ac- .1i curate and durable, are sold in -*, Hongkong. Its "Huangshan', TV sets have a reputation for low energy consumption, high sensiti- Statue of Bao Gong in the vity and resistance to static inter- temple builtr in his memory. Zheng Changyi ference. Science City and Technology, and a dozen other Science and Technology of China. research institutes. Among the papers post- On the edge of Shushan Lake of 1981's Hefei has become a science and graduates, west of the city a science complex eleven were evaluated technology research center. Some doctorate was built in 1981. houses the at level. Since 1978 the It of the results university Hefei branch of the Chinese Aca- applied in industry has begun enrolling are precision promising demy of Sciences, with research electronic instru- teen-agers, so far 145 of institutes and service centers ments for communications satel- them, the youngest being eleven in lites, years optical machinery, plasma and oxygen charging equipment old. After about six months solid physics, metals corrosion, for treating waste water from of preliminary study, they are a printing transferred scientific instruments factory and and dyeing mills, automa- to regular university a computer station. tic sorting machines for the bear- departments. This is an experi- It also in- ment cludes the Hefei Science and ing industry, laser callipers and in finding ways to train technical personnel quickly Technology Committee, the Pop- laser iris cutters used in eye more and effectively. ular Science Association, the surgery. Bureau and Museum of Science In the past there were no insti- tutes of higher learning in Hefei. Ancient Battlefield DENG SHULIN is a staff reporter for Today there are ten. The most Hefei was the site of a major China Beconstructs. well-known is the University of battle of the Three Kingdoms .IULY T982 15 Wei. and in the year 215 it was at- great number of relics unearthed tacked by 100,000 soldiers of the from the tombs of Bao Zheng and State of Wu. The Wei ruler Cao his family are on display in the Cao and his general Zhang Liao temple. Among these. six grave had only 8,000 tr.oops, but they stones carved pvith 8,000 characters were excellent strategists. In an are importan( for historical re- engagement at XiaoYaoj in. near search. the city. they defeated the much Iarger Wu forces. Today Xi.aoyaojin is a park with many trees and flowers. Near the Gardens park is a terrace said to be the . Hefei is a planned citY trYing to place u,here Cao Cao taught his ecological balance and soldiers archery and the use of tJ're keep the for crossbow. A well from which they maintain a good environment drew water can still be seen there. its people. The city's ancient lvall A temple was built on the terrace is being replaced by an eight-kilo- during the Tang dynasty (618-907). meter long shelter-belt, some parts It later fell into ruin but was re- 100 meters wide. Tall buildings built in the 19th century. will not be erected in the southeast Bao Zheng or Bao Gong (999- in order to allow the citY fresh air L062), a native of Hefei, has gone from Lake Chao. On either side of down in histoly as the model of this area a great number of trees an upright. incorruptible official have been planted to heIP adjust The Helei Domestic Chemical Products who cared for the people's welfare. Plant raised its own funds to automate urban climate in the surnmer. A tour toothpaste production lines and Many Iegends grew up around iake dug west of the citY at Mt' him, and he is a favorite character thus increased its output considerably. Shushan supplies water and Pre- Xu Guattgclturt in operas and other literary works. A temple built in memory of vent-s flooding. A neuz scenic spot bushes. Bao Zheng stands on a small island with mulberry trees. tea Period which tollowed the collapse in the city moat, said to be the orchards and a nursery has been of the Han dynasty (B.C 206-4.D. place where he studied as a child. created in the outskirts. Trees and 220). The city was an important The temple has been renovated flowers grow along the citY's stronghold of the eastern State of and a park built in the area. A streets ! Assembly workshop of the Hefei Wristrvatch Factory. Lu Ronn I & q. 16 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS -:-",,i!;:L;: & *: :: l. u:,. {' .; ";;f6"--*-;;i.+ r,: q, a( . .r.-: '.1 g 4 Aerial view of Hefei. Lu Rong Teen-agers in a physics class at the University of Science and Street-corner park, Jinzhai Road. Technology. Zheng ('hutgv t fi:.: FFi Hefei Arts and Crafts Factory. Lu Rong Tree-shaded Changjiang Avenue. 7,hu Too Technicians use la- sers to separate isotopes. Zhu I'no 'Jianghuai' trucks made in Hefei. Fl Zlrnting 1980 Golden Rooster cer- tificate and award won by 'Three Monks.' tures and action should make the meaning p!ain. Han Yu, a Hebei province artist the Cartoom Film 'Three tlonks' rvho was visiting Shanghai. was enlisted as part of the design tehm. The characters and background THE l8-minute cartoon Three as neither r,vants to do more than are simple, with no unnecessary -a Monks produccd by Shang- the otuher. They cornprornise by details. but very expressive. The style shows the influence of Chi- hai's Anirnated F ilm Stu Children there and did nothing about it. I could hear the mother chirping outside every day. One day while I was doing my homework I happened Now I Love Yaung Snrollows to read an artic'i.e about swallows. lt said that swallows ware ber:eficial birds. One of them can catch a hundred CHDN WEI insects a di1y. Ihey are good friends of the people. I felt I had donr,- 'r!'rong. So I asked my grandmother what During the winter vacation in my school in the couuty medicine could cure the swallow's leg' Grandmother told got town, 1 went home, As soon as I back I found a bird's me to finrl a kind of herb,.rrrash ii: and mix it with some nest under our eaves with sorne baby swallows in it, open- did and put it on the baby srvallow's leg. I ing their little yellow beaks and cheeping 'loudly. Ho$r rvine. I this insects and finally the swallow's leg was healed. I Iovely they were! I went and got a laddel alld climb€d ftd it put back into their nest. up like a monkey. tile tu,o oI them Wintel vacation was over very quickly and it was Just as I rvas about to take them, l,he molther came time for me to go back tr: school. Before leaving, I stood back. She flew at me and around me in a.ngry protest" under the nest and iooked up rrt those lovely swallows. Paying no attention to her furious cries, stole tr,vo her I of grow anC catch as nrany insects babies and put them in my pocket. Then I put my hand I wished they would fast possible back into the nest again for rnore. Brit nhe li'ttle ones in- as for our country" side cheeped in terror and the two in my pocket flopped around. I climbed down the ladder. CI{EN WEI is a sixth-grade punil in Changle county, I tied a string to their legs and gave thern something Guangdong proi'ince. This is a cornposition he wrote to eat every day. One of them broke iis leg. I left it in school. JULY 1982 2t Kaixiangong village, first investigated by Prof. Fei Xiaotong 1' .:i ) during the 1930s. j Zhang Zudao , "/f il I li:' ,i 1 Changes Ch i nese Fam i Iy Structu re FEI XIAOTONG rl.Uf family is thc basic living tegral part o.[ ovelal] social change. slructure influence society as a I unit of Chinese society. and as wh Types of Family When Western sociologists speak of the family, they usually refer to the so-called nuclear family of JULY T982 23 model fr& H the large extended fanrily +q: universal. $ could not lrcssibly be t also pointed out that such a $ I model was incompatible with the f arrn rnanagement and labor methods of the small-scale agricul- tural economy then in existence. The influence of traditional feudal ethics was not strong enough to withstand the forces, both econo- mic and stemming from familY structure itself, rvhich tended to split families. The age-old pattern of new daughters-in-law coming to live with their husbands' families almost invariably created strained relations between mothers and their sons' wives, and I identified this as a major factor in dividing A three-gieneration Kaixiangong {amily. Zhang Zudao village families. Though complete ciata did not exist, there is some evidence that husband, wife and children, the households in each category in 1936 joint families were relatively more typical pattern in most Western and 1981 wer€ as follows: common among better-off citY societies. In China the concept of Tape 19s6 1981 dwellers and among the landed Iamily is broader - an expanded Incomplete 27.6% 1B.l% gentry. This was an understand- grouping based on the nuclear Nuclear 23.7% 39.0% able outcome of the concentration family. but which may include Enlarged 38.4% 2t.6% of financial power in the hands of generations three or more living Joint r0.3% 21.3% family heads of the paternalistic together or even more distant re- f landlord class. Among In 1936, then, the enlarged tYPe eudal latives as the basic social unit. urban workers and peasants alike, was most numerous, though not an This extended family has long been the proportion of nuclear families Chinese absolute majority. The incomplete considered the ideal in was higher. society though, as we shall see, type was the second most common. On the other hand, the influence - gradually ceased to The smallest category was actually this ideal traditional social ethics should conform with reality. the joint family. In the there of Past not be underrated. Strong familY Chinese families can basically be impression that was a widespread of Chinese into four types: bonds are characteristic divided the joint family was universal in can be (1) lncomplete Families, in culture. In the village this China, perhaps strengthened bY seen joint families whibh which one of the spouses has die 24 CIIINA R.ECONSTRUCTS In 19Bl the clearest change is in tamily. But the earning of indi- other factors may prevent a iie- the reversed percentages of the vidual incomes clearly affects in- finite phys.ical split. Housing is second and third category families. dividuai autonomy. In Kaixian- tight in the countryside. If the two Nuclear families, at almost 40 per- gong there are now a number of sides cannot set up separate house- cent, are now the most prevalent commune and brigade factories, holds, a transitional form may type, while the enlarged type has from which young women workers appear involving partial autonomy declined to just over 20 percent. draw wages directly. In recent within the same house.' Villagers The number of joint families has years permanent waves have be- call these "separate stove" lamilies doubled, while incomplete families come popular something that because mothers and daughteis-in- have declined by almost 10 percent. costs about two- yuan in a neigh- Iaw cook their own meals. young woman Among the 42 households of two Change boring town. For a to get this sum from her father production teams, 19 percetrt u'ere Research on the causes of these is difficult he is all too likely "separate stove" lypes. and in an- changes is still continuing, but to detest this- ner.vfangled style. So other ? percent mother and daugh- certain factors are clearly identifi- young factory workers have taken ter-in-law continuously qunrreled. able. Ali of China has undergone to deducting the cost of a per- This helps explain why the nurnber profound changes. from a semi- manent before they turn their of nuclear families ,has increased. colonial semi-feudal to a socialist wages over to the family head. He It also indicates that the figure for society. Private owncrship of the may fume a bit, but cannot really joint families is sornewhat mislead- means of production has been re- prevent it. It is true that in rural ing, since it includes a number of placed by collective ownership. A China w'omen have not achieved ".separate stove" f amilies who f amily head no longer has the complete economic independence, would like to split but cannot for power to control the distribution but gradually they are gaining in- the present. ''Separate stove" of wealth by virtue of his exclusive creased autonomy. situati'ons also exist among the ou,nership of land and other means enlarged families. of production, which was the 'Separate Stove' Households The drop in the number of in- economic underpinning of the old complete families from 27.6 percent patriarchal system. Adult familY As the younger generation wins to trE.1 percent is a reflection of members are almost invariablY greater autonomy, relations' be- the great improvement in the bread-winners in their own right. tween generations can become peasants' lives since liberation Even when, as is still often the very strained. The situation is par- including iengthening lif e sPans- case, famiiy earnings are turned ticularly acute when a wage-earn- which leave fewer widows. rvidow- over to the head for distribution, ing daughter-in-Iaw moves in with ers and orphans. tsut the degree a1l members l Women workers at the village's silk processirg plant have Many village people arc still single lrecause marriages are greater financial independence and are Iess likely to aecept postponed while the couple saves to buy furniture and other old ideas about fernale subservience. Zh.ang Zud.ao thing:s considered necessary, Zhang Zudao JULY T982 25 A second factor tending to keep families together is the child-care problem in cities. Among the over- whelming majority of couples in their fertile years, both husband and wife vvork. Many workpiaces and neighborhoods now have nur- series and kindergartens. bqt there are stiil not enough to fill the social need, and costs are high enough to be a burden to low-income families. Thus in-Iaws may be more wel- come than they otherwise would be for their help in caring for children. Changing Attitudes In old China patriarchal and The trend seems to be loward more nuclear families in ei(ies like Beijine, though many multi-generaiion families still live happily together. patrilocal families were the stand- Zhang Jingd.e ard form. That is, men dominated the family and women generally married into their husbands' finding a bride within the im- Enlarged 10.54% households. Men who moved into mediate area makes marriage part- Joint 18.L2T" their wives' households were open ners scarce. Economic factors are to social reproach and ridicule. also at work, including the Worthy of note is the basic housing proportions Since liberation patriarchy has shortage and the need to save for similarity in the of the four categories in both urban diminished, there are more cases some years to pay lor furniture and of sons-in-Iaw marrying into their other and rural areas. The nuclear fam- items and for the tnaditional wives' families, and some children wedding ily is dominant in both; in the feast. have been given their mother's The incomplete category is also city they exced half the total. In rather father's surname probably inflated by the presence a second city currently being sur- than their within it of a certain number of veyed, the figure is higher than (unthinkable in the old society). widows and widowers ."1'ho live 70 percent. If these two limited There is little data on such cases; apart from their offspring. The surveys are to some degree repre- the proportion is probably stiil village strictly enforces the law sentative of the general situation quite small and far more common that children are responsible for in China, then growth of the nu- among intellectuals, among whom the financial support of elderly clear family is an important trend. these departures from traditional parents unable to work. Conse- In my view this is directly re- standards bring rather more ap- quently. when there is serious con- jated to the greater economic proval than reproach. But they are flict within a family, an older per- autonomy of individuals and also in keeping with other social son can set up a separate household to the rising status of women, both changes such as the stress on without worrying about financial of which would tend to separate equality between men and women security. Thus the number of en- two-generation families. At the and state ownership of the means larged families is somewhat less same time, there are factors which of production. With no sizable than one might expect from tradi- serve to keep the two generations family property to be preserved ticnal family patterns. together, thus creating a still and inherited in the male line, the sizable number of joint and en- economic basis of the patrilineal Urban Families larged families. and patrilocal system has disap- peared. The following figures are based Housing shortages are a major on a survey of a residential area barrier to the setting up of nuclear The creation and solidarity of in Beijing's Xuanwu District. So families. In Beijing too there are the basic family unit is coming to far as we know there are no transitional forms similar to the depend more and more on simply historical data to use for com- "separate stove" type found in the the aff ectional ties between its parison, and the eonclusions we village. A likely reason for the members, though of course old can draw are even more tentative. greater proportion of nuclear fam- traditions are still influential., ilies in the second city surveyed Changes in family structure are Tape 1981 70 percent-is that hous- still developing; sociologists will Incomplete t5.20% ing-over condition5 are not as tight as increasingly be surveying and ana- Nuclear 56.74% Beijing's. Iyzing such changes. n 26 CTIINA RECONSTRUCTS Gomstitutlon To Be Revised .,{, LL ucr'<-,ss the larrri pcople ure Ciscussedoverafour'-nnonth tempt tr.r correct the manl' politicaJ. fA- discu5.inE t'evtsi'rns <,1' Chiria's pericd. A linal draft will then be and ideol+gital confusi(:rt']$ caus{ld Constitution. The charrges. which readied for approval by the Con- by the l0-year' *'ctlltural revblu- include among other things more gress when it meets near the end tion," which had been refiected in specifie phrasing on righis ior the crf the year. the 1975 veision. But the 1978 people, prc.rvisions ttl offset ,rver- This will be the third ti.me that changes wele rnade in a hurry not concentrati People's Eights u ,lj , ..J'-{ Equal Before the taw: Affirming China's renewed en-rphasis on legality, a provi.sion from the 1954 Constitution is to be reinstated that ever:y citi/en is equal before the law. Added is the clause that "no gove:'nrrrental unit or indivi- dual shall enjcy privileges that transcen .lur,Y r982 27 s.ignificance in the countryside is r . .r-i'l I the rernoval of loca1 governmental powers from the rural people's communes. leaving the latter as pr-rrely economic organization-s, and reinsiatement of the township as the basic level of local government in the countr_v-side. ,\f ter the people's communes were set up in 1958, they had, in addition to their regular economic functions, taken over the work of the previous township governrnents. It was then thought that combining the two wollld rr-rake tor more efficient aciministration of agriculture. The Standing Committec (he National of Fifth Feople's Congrrrss appror.'ing thr Actually, when the communes were revised drafd nou, being diseussed, Xi...hud doing b'ot,h jobs, it was found that they put greater effort into econo- Privacy of Correspondenee: More educational sysiem. On the prin- mic work and neglected their func- s1>eci{ic details on this have beerr ciple thal Chrrra's rc'iigions shoulcl tions as organs of state power. Also added to the iist of rights (speech, be aCmini.stered by Ctrinese believ- that leaders sometimes used their correspondence, the press, as- e-rs. the draft states that religious po\lrer to issue administrative sembly, association. ptahibition oI affa.ils mav not lre dorninated by orderr without caretul considera- extla-legai searches and arrests, any foreign country. tion of necessity or appropriate- and otirers) which v,'ere already Other Changes; Guarantee o-[ ihe ness for the iocality. This dld streng[heneC in the 1978 revisions right to eriticize or lodger corn- not give the coilective econorny of on the basis of bitter experience plaints against government,units or the commune and its subdivisions during the years of the "cultlrral functiona.ries introduced into the enough lreedom to develop on their crvn. The corr-rmunes will continue revolution." Article 39 ol the ur:u, 1975 and 1978 versiorr is essent,lally be coliective organi- version stipuiates: "No olga.niza- retairred in the present revisions, to farming zations. restored township tion or individual shall. for any but tht- section about hoiding The pt:ople's governrnerrts are be set reason, infringe upon citizens' great debates and wriiing big- to basi.q to'*rnship freedom ancl prir,,acy of corres- character posters has been deleied, up on the of people's congresses, rvhich wiii be pondence othet than in cases V/hen big-charactel posters rv<'r"e the gra-ssroc'rts wielders of political where, to meet the needs crf state siopped in t98l). orre ueason giiier: power in the rurai areas. security investigation into was that they a{forderl opportunity or of The neighbothood committees criminal offenses, public to pubiieize unfottnded charge's. A security and villagers' committees are or procuratorial organs are permit- ne!&' article in the Constiiul.ion r"vritten into the Constitution as ted to censor corresp>ndence in ac- states (Article 37) that "insult or sirnrier against cilizens in at:y forrn mas organizations of self-govern- rtor"da.irce urith procedures prescrib- rnent, and the relation between ed by law.'' is prohibiterl." provision ttrem and the organ of state power Religion; l\{ore specifics have The on the riglit tc sr.'rike. rvhich was inselteC in 1075, at ihe grassr ZO CHINA EECONSTRUCTS which spell these out more specifi- tions, command of the armed forces public ownership of the means of cally as well as other laws. It is rested with the Chairman of the production (state ownership or reasoned that as a perrnanent body Communist Party's Military Com- collective ownership by working elected by the Congrese itself, mrssron. it people) is the basis of the national can act more quickly than the Limited Terms oI Office: For. the economy, with state o'*,nership in Congress as a wHole which meets first time the draft stipulates that the ieading position. It stipulates only once a year. Because of the for certain high positions the term that the state shall ensure the work load, its members should not should be five years, with possi- proportionate co-ordinated hold other official positions" Simi- biiity of re-election second and for a development lar provisions are envisaged for consecutive ter.m. No one may of the national people's congresses down to the serve for more than two terms in economy through the comprehen- county level. a row. This applies to the posts of sive balancing of economic plans, State Chairrnanship To Be Re- Premier and Vice-Premiers (who with market regulation as a stored: This post is to be reinstated are appointed official.s heading the subsidiary. But the state also pro- basicaliy as it was in the 1954 State Council, the administrative tects the lawful rights and interests Constitrrtion. The Chairman of the body), Chairman and Vice-Chair- of the individual economy, which People's Republic is to represenr' rnen of state and of the Standing within the lirnits of law is viewed the state in its domestic and in- Committee of the National Pqople's as a complement to the socialist ternational affairs. Between 1954 Congress, Chairrnan of the Central sector, and, said Peng Zhen, at and 1959 this position was held by Military Commission, President of China's level of development can- Mao Zedong concurrently with that the Supreme People's Court and not be entirely replaced by either of Chairman of the Communist the Chief Procurator, the state or collective economy for Party. In 1959 Liu Shaoqi r'"'a.s National Minority Areas: Added a considerably long time to come" elected to the position by the is the provision that the chairman Working people are ensured the Congress. The functions of the of minority nationality autonomous right to farm plots of agricultural state chairman are basically the regions and heads of autonomous hiily land, engage in household same as under the 1954 Constitu- prelectures and counties shall be- sideline production and keep tion except that he does not com- long to the minority nationalities livestock for their olvn personal mand the national armed forces, exercising autonomy in each case. needs. But there is no individual which will be led by the head of The powers of autonomous areas ownership of land and no organi- the Central Military Commission. to administer their own funds and zation or individual is entitled .to This is one of the measures to introduce variants of national seize, buy, sell or lease land, which avoid over-concentration of power. laws, or pass local enactments in the cities belongs to the state .suited The post did not exist under the to the nationalities con- and in the countryside is state or 1975 or 1978 versions cerned, are also expanded. The of the Con- primary collectively owned. stiiution. role of the minority The light to inherit private pro- language (or languages) in local New Central I[ilitary Commission: perty has been reinstated from the administration in such areas is also This is a new governrnental body, 1954 (The 1a*'- specified. version. right to to be established by and responsible f ully earned income, savings. to the National People's Congress, Economic Aspects houses and other means of live- *,hich r.vill elect its head" Under Socialist Ownership anril Flanning: lihood remains as in the 1975 both the 1975 and 19?8 constitu- The draft reaffirms that sociaiist and 1978 versions.) Foreign Enterprises: A new pro- Discussicns on the constitution going on all over trhe country, rike this one in a vision (Article 12) states that neighborhood cornmittee in EeijingG Xuanwu district, witi he!p truird a eon- seionsness of legalu'ty. Gtt Dehua foreign enterprises are permitted to invest in China or undertake various forms of economic coopera- tion with Chinese enterprises in accordance with the law. Using some foreign funds and importing advanced technology on the basis of self-reliance is a help to China's modernization, explained Peng Zhen. Family and Welfaret The 1978 formulation that men and women shall rnarry of their own free will has been m_ade more specific with the words "violations of the (Continued on p. 43) JULY 1982 2g Veteran Doctor's Fight Against TB SA YI]N ment of a foreign colleague that it was hopeless to try to control TB in China "until the people are pros- perous enougl: to eat canned food ancJ drink pasteurized milk." Returning to China during her struggle against Japanese aggres- .sion, he rvanted to do something to help save his country. He in- vested most 0f his savings in gov- er"nnteni bonds. i'Iowever futile l.he gesture (most of the Iunds coileeted in this way went to line the pocket of KI\{T officiel.s), it was i.ypical of his selfless attitude. His salary was relatively high; but ire gave most of it away to poor {Jonsulting on a case \r,ilh doctors [rom Oroqen Banner, Inner lilongolia, {riends and relatives. After the 1949 liberation he be- came an enthusiastic supporter of E)EOPLE u'ho ride a certain Bei- hospitals and clinics, and a med- the Communist Party and the new .a jing bus every nrorning are ical control neiwork, death rates China. He vrrr:te friends abroad u-sed to seeing a short, plainly began to drop dramatically. In urging them to corne back to join dressed man whose brisk move- Beijing the mortality rate dropped in socialist construction. He was lnents belie his ?7 years. Fe'w ot by 80.4 percent betrveen 1950 and among the first groups of intellec- them know 'ihat this is one of 1960. Today the disease is basical- tr-rals to take an active part in land China's rnost distinguished doctors, ly under control in the cities and reform. Qiu Zuyuan, on his way to his of- in many parts t>I the countryside, I-Ie imhrersed him-self in the nerv fice or that he has devoted rnost of though in the iatter mr.lch remains campiiign against tuberculosis and his life to controlling and eiiminat- to be done (see graph)" became dean of the Peki.ng Union ing tuberculosis. C)f all tho-se involved in the fight Medical College, then vice-director TB was one of the great scourges against TB irr China, Drs. Qiu Zu- of the TB Research Institute and of pre-Iiberation China. The death yuan and Wu Shaoqing have been director of the Asian and African rates among the poor were enor- the acknowiedged leaders (Dr. Wu Student Sanatorium. But as a specialist epidemiology the mous : undernourishment increased died in 1980). Dr. Qirr is novr direc- in study of epidemic diseases, in- his susceptibiiity to the disease. and tor of the epidemiology section of case. IB he did much of his im- overcrorvded unhygienic living con- the Beijing TB Research Institute, portant work- in places tar frorn encourageci its spread. chairman of the TB Society of the ditions Bei.jing. In the course of collecting There was no system of public Chinese Medical Association and data on the incidence and spread health care provide inocula- deputy director of the Chinese TB to Contrcl Association. of TB. he crossed many of China's tions. detect cases at an early stage mountains and rivers, often camp- (when is usually curable), or to it The Making of a Doctor ing oui in the open air. His scien- prerrent epidernics by i.s 30 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS regimen under which patients ar Reduction in TB Mortolity Rotes (per 'l O0,OOO poputorion) certain stages of the disease could remain at home. take medication. and receive regular check-ups b1, visiting doctors. The system wa.s very effective, and extended med- ical care to millions. As a result, the rate of incidence and infection went down rapidly. Patients, Not Self In 1957, for voicing honest criti- cisms of shortcomings he perceived in the country, Dr. Qiu wa-s labeled a "Rightist." He was removed from his posts in Beijing. but afterwards was sent with some colleagues to sulvey epidemic di- cr>lleagues in ttre gigantic task ol' teaching materials until after- mid- seases in Zhuoxian county. Hebei organizing and conducting the night to get them ready in time. pre- province, Instead of brooding Iargest nationwide epidemiological Fol the inauguration of the over his downgrading, he threrv survey on tuberculosis ever under- vention center. he made the ardu- remote Oroqen himseif into the investigation taken in China. Due to the hard ous trip to the to Banner to help explain the impor- build up more knowledge for the work and efficiency of all partici- pants. the survey was completed tance of the work to the local peo- fight against TB. He also enjoyed ple, in one year. During that year. Dr who could hardly believe that living with the local peasants. so distinguished a scientist had not colleagues alone In 1959 the false charges against Qiu and his only come to their town, but aiso pieces him were withdrawn. and he .soon analyzed 500,000 of data and was so amiable and approachable. returned to the TB Research In- filled in 600 forms each requiring He won their confidence and ,stitute in Beijing. During the "cul- 1,500 figures. The survey has support. tural revolution." rvhich began in formed the basis for more compre- 1966. he was one of the many in- hensive control work in the future. A Simple Life tellectulals unable to do their work TB is still endemic among the because of persecution by the gang Oroqen people of Inner Mongolia. Dr. Qiu lives very simply. Vir- of four. After theil downfall he one of the smallest minority na- tualiy the onl;, 66t ", he spends resumed his research and organiz- tionalities in China. In 1979 Dr. on himself is for books. which ed and taught a numhr of train- Qiu's epidemiol.ogy section set up sprawl over his bookshelves, desk are up by ing courses for TB specialists all a prevention center in Oroqen and tables and stacked his pillow. He has often helped over the coun(ry. Banner (county) and started classes pay tuition and traveling expenses In 1978, when Iong past the re- to train local personnel for i1." He for students and colleagues under- tirement age. Dr Qiu joined 30 himself often lead and revised taking advanced courses. Aware that TB cannot be elimi- has devot- Speakins 1o TB special ists Harhin, Ileilongjiane nated in his lifetime, he ed rnuch energy to the training of young specialists, with whom his relationship is very warm. He understands each one's ability, in- terests and aptitude, and helps them make decisions on choosing, conducting and writing up re- search projects. One former stu- dent, now a middle-aged doctor, recaLls how astonished he was that a senior professor with so many other duties would spend such time and effort on every detail of a student's work. The same doctor says of Dr. Qiu, "His life is a per- fect blend of professional know- ledge and the goal of serving the people." D JULY T982 31 New PIay Captivates Shanghai Audienoes AI-LI SHEN CHIN A NEW and stunningly fresh the period as guards, musicians and To my mind the dances also r I play produced by the Shang- maids, the colorful figures reappear varied in artistic polish and in hai Youth Drama Group debuted throughout the pIay" stylistic integration with the rest in Shanghai last summer, was The taogono bridge scenes by of the play. A rather suggestive made into a popular TV series and narrating the passage of time and court dance performed by eight this spring won a national arvard off-stage events in grave mechan- women, adapted from an authentic as one of tlrs best dramatic works ical voices that create an appro- period dance imported from Per- of 1981. ltemarkably enough, Ld priately distanced psychological and sia, was meant to suggest the Shr,min, Prince of Qn is a first play historical perspective. But they weaker side of Emperor Li Yuan's by 26-year-old Yan Haiping, a also at times become more in- character. It seemed to me too woman undergraduate at Shang- volved, speaking as eyewitnesses to dissonant with contemPorarY hai's Fudan University. history and commenting wryly on Chinese esthetic sensibilities to In the stage version I saw last stage actions as if voicing the have the desired effect; instead it summer, every visual and auditory thoughts of the audience. They came across as an interruPtion of device of stagecraft was used to function in some ways like the the play's action and mood. bring history to life and make it chorus in ancient Greek tragedies. A male military grouP dance speak dramatically to people of But the individualized taogong, was more successful. Almost a today. What minor flaws there familiar figures in Chinese culture rhythmic drill in ciose-order for- were could not detract from the come to life, have rnuch more mation, it was designed to reflect total intellectual and esthetic ex- rneaning and impact than a Greek Li Shimin's martial vigor and perience. chorus can ever give to a modern personal discipline. audience. Outside of the regular dances, a PIot and Character The form of speech in the play kind of choreographic concern for' style of was evident in the The play is set in the years 617- was the traditional formal overall effects men movement of 626 A.D., at the beginning of the officialdom and of educated placement and Tang dynasty. Its hero is one of and women. But delivery was characters. At certain moments as great figures Chinese his- expressive, dignified and eloquent, many as eight or ten characters the in quick, tory, Li Shimin second son of and the impression was anything would make a series of the dynasty's first- emperor, Tang but stilted. The speeches of Li dramatic movements, in effect pattern Gaozu (personal name: Li Yuan) Shimin incorporate some of his shifting from one designed and later emperor in his own right. recorded sayings. Within the con- to another. The effect was intri- arti- The central confiict pits Li Shimin text of the play these had Power cate and pleasing rather than was a against his elder brother Li Jian- and immedlacy, linking this ficial, and the entire PlaY cheng and the scheming imperial historical figure and what he stood triumph of staging. consort Yu Guifei, whose jealous for with the modern audience. intrigues almost cost Shimin his Costume and Decor life. Music and Movement In the end Shimin becomes suc- Costumes and headdresses aimed cessor to the throne, testimony to Music and dance were incor- at recreating authentic Tang court in particular his concern for the people as well porated into the PIaY - not nearlY styles. Male costumes as his military valor. One of his to the extent theY are used in created a fine aura of dignitY and lines eloquently expresses a major traditional Chinese opera, but elegance through the restrained theme of the play: "A ruler is like more than would be usuaL in a use of color and ornament. Female a boat, his subjects the water. "straight" drama. Music was costqmes, though aPParentlY also Water can support a boat, but also supplied by a combined orchestra based on research, aPPeared to mY overturn it." of Chinese and Western instru- admittedly inexPert eye rather The play opens with a tableau of ments; the music itself was esPe- more foreign or modern nofit .P six actors and actressbs imPer- cially commissioned. Here I pearance, perhape because the sonating the ceramic funerarY thought the success was uneven. A liberal use of veiling or the con- figures (taoyong) that regularlY solo tune sung by Xiuzi was temporary tailoring. accompanied Tang emperors to moving and suggestivelY Chinese. Scenic elements were austerelY their graves. Dressed in the style of Some of the orchestral music, simple and all the more effective which rose like a sYmPhonic for it, creating a flexible PlaYing AI-LI SHEN CHIN is an Amerioan of crescendo in moments of dramatic area and focussing audience atten- Chinese descent living in Boston; she climax, seemed to me just too tion on the unfolding drama rather saw the play while visitin"g relatives concrete setting' A few in Shanghai. Western. than the c.) CHINA RE.CONSTRUCTS large simply designed panels in group's president. Li Xiangchun the three-color scheme of Tang and with Hu Weirnin, who directed pottery hung from the flies. A Li Shimin. single giant urn in one scene. a The development of the taogong potted d.rarf pine in another, figures in the present play is a good helped anchor the action and illustration of the kind of creative suggest this bygone era. An col.laboration which the group occasional glittering gold panel brings to its work. The- play- suggested the splendor of the wright's original script called imperial court. merely f or offstage narration to Large projected images of the bridge scenes, but Director Hu red seal of officialdom or- famous Weimin was not satisfied with this pieces of period calligraphy - conventional device and sought served as scene openers. These inspiration from history and kept the audience informed of archaeology. At Xi'an he spotted changes in place anci time and some Tang funerary figures, and added to the overali effect of the concept of the livirrg taoyong ancient grandeur. was born. To have'them speak Yan Haiping receives eongratulations only as objective narrators seemed on her prize-winning play Look Backstage from senior A too cold and impersonal, so writer cultural leaders Zhou Yang (left) and Any successful production welds and director endowed them with Yang Hansheng (right). Wang Jingren together the talents of a whole personal outlooks and had them group of people: writer, di.rector, interact with events on stage. there had been some public dis- performers and experts in stage- In commenting on the source of agreement. Some critics had felt craft of all kinds. The Shanghai inspiration for the minimal stage that the Emperor Li Yuan had been Youth Drama Group is singularly decor, Director IIu gave credit to portrayed as too weak and inde- well equipped with talented, de- traditional Chinese arts, including cisive; perhaps, in contrasting him dicated professionals whose crea- painting and poetry, rather ,than to Li Shimin, he had been some- tive verve is responsible for some modern Western stage traditions, what reduced in stature. of the most exciting theater in as I thought might have been the The young playwright, who had China today. Critical acclaim has case. "A basic Chinese esthetic researched the period for two also come from publications in the principle," he told me, "is to ex- years before writing the play, ex- United States, Canada and a press sentiments and ideas, not to plained in a press interview that number of European countries. copy reality. Traditional treat- the characters of the imperial Members of the group all have ment of time and space is ex- consort and the wronged official college educations and are well tremely tlexible. both in theater Liu Wenjing were composites of versed in literature and the arts in and other arts. We believe in several different historical per- addition to their own rigorous taking nourishment from our own sons, and that the personality of professionai training. Performers heritage, and in learning from its Xiuzi (though not her existence) regularly engage in research as spirit as well as its concrete was a product of the imagination. well as helping to write and edit methods." In the opinion of at least one weli- scripts. Unlike some troupes in It was also important, he went known historian, however, the play which a few star performers stand on, that the group not isolate itself was essentially faithful to history, out above some rather inferior from artistic currents around the whatever minor details had been supporting players, this group world, from which much could be distorted. strives for an ensemble of high- learned and adapted to their own Yan Haiping wanted to show a caliber, experienced people in even needs. The ideas of German play- ruler who could learn from history the most minor roles. wright Bertolt Brecht, for example, and respond to the questioning Founded in the late 1950s under influenced the staging of Li Shi- eyes of peasants. the auspices of the Shanghai min. Hu did not even rule out And that led to the central Academy of Drama, the group has Theater of the Absurd as a source symbol of the play the ruler a operated independently under its of useful dramatic teehniques al- boat, his people the- water. For present name since 1963. In recent though, as he put it, Chinese present-day China, the metaphor years it has performed works by artists do not share the hopeless can be extended even further. The foreign authors ranging from outlook of these plays, which are ideaL is for rulers to be like fish in Shakespeare to Moliere to Jean- after al1 a form of reaction to water not above the people, but Paul Sartre in addition to a capitalist societies. a part- of them, existing in their number of Chinese works. The midst. If the play roused feelings Meaning Times 1980 production schedule included A for Our and raised the thoughts and ideals five new plays, four of them writ- Mr. Li and Mr. Hu both com- of the audience to a higher level, ten by staff dramatists. I was mented on the historical authen- then all the hard creative efforts fortunate enough to talk with the ticity of Li Shimin, about which woul JULY T982 are gone. There are neat green fields, shelterbelts of tall trees, canals and ditches, and wells with motor pumps. Women in colorful clothes pick cotton. Every village boasts new houses. The Battle In 1965 China had zo,boo,ooo hectares of alkali or saiine land. Over 3,000,000 of these were in the plains of the Huanghe, Huaihe and Haihe rivers, and 660,000 in Shan- dong province alone. In 1966 the state set uP in Yucheng countY an experimental area for determining scientific methods of imProving the land. This area comprised 50,000 people and ?,300 hectares of saline land. The Chinese AcademY of Sciences, the AcademY of Agricultural Sciences, and Prov- ince and countY organizations were invoLved. There was no research equiP- ment or housing for the scientists. They lived with the Peasants and shared f ood with little fresh vegetables or meat. Setting to work to hel.P eliminate PovertY as soon as pos-sible, theY were joined by the local peoPle, who Pitched in with enthusiasm. The researchers first investigat- ed the causes of saline formation. The county lies between 20 and 25 meters above sea level. Most of its 633 mm. of YearlY rainfall com€s during the summer mon- soon. But because the soil is siltY loam, evaporation is four times as Saline areas are notl' high-l'ield farmland. Xitrhua much as in the fall and the other seasons are dry. Underground water then rises swiftlY to make up for the lack of surface water, driving salts uPward. Moreover, Making Saline land Fertile as lowland water: evaPorates, more salts are left on toP of the soil' Nevertheless, there was Plenty MAO ZHTCUN of fresh water several dozen meters underground. BY drilling enough water could be describes the Frogs herald locusts the wells, A N old folk sonp floods, obtained to. wash out the saline past countl,. notth- A in Yuchen[ drought. irrigation and drainage. province, when through ern Shandong The tortured soil Lies useless The county sank one well for everY areas saline made large of soil und.er salt, seven hectares, leveled the land. miserable and poor: farming life In sprtng, hectares of tnhite; in widened and deepened channels, South of Yucheng the are fields sumfner, seas of weter. and constructed new ones. lota, Yucheng people sow but do not Several years of irrigation and hansest. drainage washed out the salts. MAO ZHICUN is a reporter in the years table, al- Shandong branch of Xinhua News Today, after ten of soil This lowered the water Agency. improvement. the salt-white fields lowed more room underground RECONSTRUCTS 34 CHTNA for saline water and basically con- Soil improvement continues in trolled surface salinity. Yucheng county, aided by a re- search offrce. laboratories, green- Mop ond Gross-s€Gfion: More Comprehensive Change hou-ses.- a soil testing room, evapo- Disfribution of vyells, ration ground, weather stations 'Ihe "cultural revolutirin" stop- and 1li'ri sttil ohservai.ion stations. chonnels Gnd ditches. ped the work in 1969. In 1975 The experience in controlling a the researchers returned to Yu- .large .saline area in north China cheng. The land they had ',rzorked has attracted .scientists lrom all on had reverted to its former' over the world. salinity. The lesson was that sa- Sponsored by the State Scien- iinity comes back easily when ir- tific Commission, sorrre 70 well- rigation and drainage is halted and known snil scientists and profes- that leaching cannot permanently sors have studied the Yucheng eliminate it. crlunty project, coneluding th.trt a Washing r,l,as er:rntinued. but af- comprehensive and effective sys- forestation w'as now added as an tem of saline-soii control has been aid in control" The county assigned set up. Its r.esults have made the 10,000 people to plant saline-l'e- count-v a leader: in the field in Chi- sistant trees. Three million trees, na. Dr. Jalv-kai Wang. head of the 1,000,000 bushes, 266 hectare.s of agricultural engineering depart- orchards and 27 hectares of mul- merrt of the University r:f Hawaii, berry trees wer:e planted, B0 per- who visited the area in 1980, re- cent of them surviving. This has marked that he had seldom seen helped lower the water table and good progress such over such a Road Channel 0itch improve the local climate. large expanse of land I Soii and f ertilizer workers helped develop pig raising to pro- vide more organic fertilizer. They also introduced sesbania and clover as green manures. Farmers piowed under the staiks and stubble to help build up the soil. A change from one-crop farming to all-round far"ming, forestry, animai hus- bandry, fisheries and sideline trc- cupations also aided soil improve- ment. Today, 82 percent of Ditch Yucheng county's saline land has been turned into fertile. stable- Sur{oce Yysler evop' Freghwqler used io yield fields unaffected by drought orctes ropidly in irrigole sudoce soil or excessive rain. dry ++climole Neu' Life SoiI improvement has brought better living. Feng Yunxiang, 73. of the Wangzifu brigade, is an exarnple. Before 1949 his family often fled from famine. Life im- proved in the neu'China but they still had diffieulties. The brigade onl;r harvested ?50 kg. of grain per hectare and the peasants had to depend on grain irorn the state. Today Feng Yunxiang's family of Before: Under nofu- After: fopping fresh- nine has enough grain f or two rol years conditions, sclls woier deep under- stored in the house. The ore conlinuolly cor- ground both rellevos Feng's standard of living is aver- rled to the eu:{oce. lhe upwcrd woter age in the brigade. Compared pressure ond cllour5 with 1966 when the soil program for ir?igotion qnd flushing out of surf- began, the brigade is harr.esting oce satlts. 3.5 times more grain. JULY T98Z 35 Gen$u$ Time for & Eltiom e& Hm LI CHENGEUI rnHE BIGGEST national census trends, but on their inrPact on the each is to answer a questionnalre. l- ever undertaken rvas set to national economy. Equaily irnpor- and there are several additional begin on July 1 as China collects tant is its significance for control blanks for the head of the house- popula- of population growth. hold. Most questions are of the statistics on her one billion fol tion. Trt,o previor-ts censuses were Several of the 19 questions being multiplt:-c-hoice t:/Fe designed space ha-n conducted since liberatior:." in 1953 poserl this time are ner,v ories. They computer processing anci and 1964. 'Ihis the data will inciude questiorr.s on: marital sta- been left on the blank for coding Year bY processeci with the aid of com- tus, oecupation (listed on the 1964 Enumeration is made easier be work. puters, and wiII be more comPlete, form but not compietely tabulated). being done in Places of on a dozen status of non-rvorking persons, re- schools and Production teams and including information in points never previouslY covered. sidence registration, and for wom- in enumeration stations set uP apat't- Everyone holding citizenship of the en, statistics on chiidbearing. residential c OUESTIOI{NAIRE OT T}IE THIRD NATI(}NAT POPI'td Provrnce, tlousehold Munlctrpality, CouotY, Commune, Itoductlon Brtgade, Productlon Team Autonornous Stret Commlttee--Resldents' Committee- Resldents' Group (.--S Address ---Region - CitY' fV. No. of blrths tn the household in 1981 tal _ male -female- Dach PeBon II. ri.elationship tv. to head of I patton- IrI. Registration status Ix. occupatlon household I ality I t. H"od of 1. Male Date of birth I househokl I z. sporu" Year _ 3. Chilal !.,Ionth_-- 4, crandchild 5. Parent Day 6. Grandparent ---- 7. Other rela- tive of r\ge E. Non-relatlve -Years CHINA RECONSTBUCT$ 3ii country-qide, her still-developing gress and help efforts to raise the eeonom:/ and her backward trans- sta,ndard of living. portation system contribute to the difficulties of taking a census" Then, too, China's population has Regular Resident Registration a rather 1<;w educational level, and her science and technology are A more specific condition mak- rather backward. The use of com- ing the census easier is the fact puters lor data processing has only that a regular system of resident just begun: the State Statistical registration already exists which Bureau's Computer Center was set provides a general count of the up a mere five years ago. Very population. These records are recently the statistical bureaus of verified each autumn and winter sorrre provinces, municipalities and at the time that booklets for grain autonomcus t'egions have also ac- rations (for planned consumption) quired computers. while other are checked, and the yearlY allow- facilities are in the preparatory ance of tickets for rationed cloth stage, is issued. In the rural areas this UN ollicial ai'a u'aining scssion for census u'orkers in Wuxi, But there are also some condi- process is done as part of sharing grain ti.ons which make things easier. out the year's production of Political stability and national in the production teams. (Everyone sus will be a matter oi interest- ration cotton unity are being consolidated is entitled to a of In the 1964 census it wa"- lorrnd unra- economic construction in cloth other fabrics are that in the registration or tabulat- and - and an allowance of tood the countryside is on the right tioned ing process some people had tried grains -according to age and tYPe traek. Historically. before libera- to produce figures in excess of the of work.) The statistics from this get tion, people might go into hiding real population in order to registration have served as the themselves' and census workers for more grain or cloth for avoid the basis for the population figures in govern- fear rhat the government would In recent years, since the the annual communiques which ment has been urging married cou- grab them into the army, levy more the State Statistical Bureau has ples to have onlY one child, some taxes on them or pressgang them been issuing in the past few years. local cadres have not rePorted all Now the people are for labor. People are enumerated for the the births in an attempt to show ready cooperate with the govern- to census in the place where theY are that the family-pianning policy is rnent in census-taking because they listed in the residence registration. being carried out u,ith success in knou.' wili advance eeono- weLl registration figures that it How their tocalities. (This has naturally mic construction and social pro- tatly uzith the findings of the cen- met with opposition from the Peo- ple because it deprives newborns of grain and cloth rations.) A pilct census of 9.5 million Relerence Tlme: 00;00 a.m. July r., 1982 ITE{}ro GEruSUS taken in 1980 in and around the city of Wuxi on the Changjiang Narne ot CoUectlve Respondents must provlde lnlormation honestly (Yangtze) River in Jiangsu province 1,411, or lmt, Lane _t{o,) Ilousehold-- Enumerators must record the answers accurately found an overcount of 0.15 percent, and an- undercouni 'u"t of ?99, or 0.08 percent. When the I i Attachment: i Registered person latter is deducted from the former, it leaves a net overcount of 632, -l or 0.0? percent. This is taken as proof that the registration figures of childbearin8 aEed 15 and &bove Women aged 15 to 64 least this denselY 15 to 49 are, at in PoPu- lated area, in the main verY close children ever Bore the foUowing to those for the actual population. now livlng in 1981 1. Student borne alive i 0. No birth Low MobilitS' 2. Housekeplng llving at present 1. First chi 3, Awaitlng school en- China's economic backwardness, rollment 2. Second ,1. Awaiting state em- while a disadvantage, rnakes for a ployment 4. Divorced 3. Third 5. Awaltlng Job asslgn- low population mobilitY, and thus ment 1n city/town 4. Fourth 6. Retlred or reslgned 5. Fifth or ?- Other - Official transla(ion lrom State Council { Con.u. Leading Group. JULY I982 37 since the people's gnvernment was set up in 1949. The first came in Gensuses in Ghina's llistory 1953, following three years of economic rehabilitation. It was coordinated r.vith the election HINA was one of the earliest countries population of to keep local people's congresses. figures, but a modern census and votel is for her still a ."laii'oulv n"* registration and thing. During the Zhou dynasty (11th enumeration were century to 771 B.C.) and done at possibly earlier, there was the same time. This survey a strict system of registration ,f house- was to supply data holds. The feudal rulers placed emphasis for workipg on such registration out the first Five-Year plan (I9EJ- as one means to reinforce state power. The records served as the basis for taxation, military 1957) for developing the national service and conscript labor. These economy. It included provide a'rich source to draw on for demographi. only six .tudi"". points: name, relation head The first attempt at a modern census to of was in 190g. when china household. sex, age. nationality still had a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society. Threatened by the and place of residence. The results reform movement, the tottering eing dynasty government. in the were manually tabulated a name of preparing for ,'constitutional government,,, and issued a docu_ totai of 2.5 million people took part ment known as "Regulations for a Residents, Survey.,, But it was in the census projcct. The resuit an abortive effort as the survey was never conducted in many areas. was announced by the State Sta- tistical Bureau on November 1, After the Revolution of 1911 toppred th'e eing as the rast im- perial dynasty, poputation 1954; China's population as of surveys were taken ai different times midnight on a trial basis in selected areas. rn 1g2g on June 30, 1953 was a survey was attempted 601,938,035 including people but as little was done in the way of organization or p.up"rriio., in Taiwan province, Chinese com- it reached only 10 percent of the population. It drag.ged^ o., to. years patriots in Hongkong and Macao, four and finally somehow pioauced the figure-"of 474.8 a and overseas Chinese (2,b91,29g million total population, which continued in use until after libera- for tion in 1949. Taiwan. according to a figure is- sued by the Taiwan authorities in 1951). This data laid the basis for the system of regular population registration. Despite its simplicity and shortcornings, the census easier census-taking. In the 1g50s first tion mobility by world standards. since iiberation the government was urging people rvas considered a In 1980, those relocating from city success. from the densely populated coastal to city and commune to commune The second census was conducted regions to relocate in the thinly- accounted for only 1.g3 percent populated of in 1964, when China,s economy northeast and northwest. the totai population. took When industrial bases were set up a favorable turn following three years in the interior of China as a stra- of economic readjust- tegic measure in the 1g60s and International Assistance ment. Its aim was to provide early 70s, some people did relocate. data for drawing up the third A group to lead the census this is was Five-Year Plan (1966-1970) and a ..But a very tiny fraction of set up under the State Council the whole population. in long-term plan for the economy- 1979, and offices were then set up It showed The preliberation migration of at provincial a population increase of the level. Draft 14 percent. Three new points impoverished peasants from the regulations were were issued early in added. A peo_ coastal regions to fringe areas 1980 total of b.B million and have gone through a ple were mobilized Iike the nor,iheast has ceased dozen revisions for the project. since on the basis The results. still manually tabulat- as a result of an irnproved of opinions from specialists in ed, found China,s population to living standard in the coun- related fields in China and abroad. be 7 23,07 0.269, inciuding 28,488,b1 tryside. The number of school A $15.6 miliion contribution 9 graduates resettling Taiwan province residents. Chinese in ouilying from the United Nations will go cornpatriots areas, which reached a high point mainly for purchase in Hongkong and and installi- Macao, and over-seas during the "cultural revolution,,, tion of computers, plus Chinese. A a bit for follow-up check on S.b percent of has tapered off. In an effort to obtaining specialist aid in China. the total showed the rate of error prevent cities from growing too The United States, Japan and some large, the government other to be only 4.29 percent (people left restricts countries have helped with out enumerated the number of people the training or twice, and who of technical personnel. other errors), which can obtain permanent residence indicated that in them. thus cutting the survey was of good quality, down Two Previous better than the migration from smaller towns Surveys first. The experience gained the and the countryside. All these Two other general in and scientific first two censuses will to give China a very low popula- census surveys help have been taken make the third one a success. D 38 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Rewi Alley's 55 Years in China MEI DA f N March 1927 when Rewi Alley I boarded the Australian ship Calulu bound for Shanghai via Hongkong, it never occurred to him thai this trip just to "have o look" at China would mark the beginning of a new life in a new country. Rewi Alley the Nerv 'j Zealander (named after Rewi Maniapgto, a Maori hero of the re- sistance against the British) has 1 been Rewi Alley of China for 55 of his 85 years. An Awakening Alley first reached Shanghai during the white terror which fol- lowed the counter-revolutionarY coup launched by Chiang Kai- shek. At the wharf where he landed there was no customs in- With Viel.namese refugee children of Clrinese anccs(ry, spection of any kind foreigners were above the law- in the old days of China's inequality - but a ing in the silk fiiature rvorkshops, His home became an asylum for docker came up to him and sPat who had to pick cocoons out of underground fighters, and one of in his face. It did not take him near-boiling water rvith their: bare the Party's secret transmitter-re- long to discover the reason for this fingers; of the mutilations- caused ceivers 'was concealed on the toP extraordinary reception - the Chi- by boiler explosions; and of the floor. In 1929 and 1930, he used nese people's hatred for the painful deaths from lead poisoning vacation periods to travel to Inner colonialist rulers of the foreign suffered by battery factory appren- Mongolia and the Wuhan area to concessions in Shanghai. tices. These and man;,' oiher ex- help famine and flood relief work He learned too of the misery periences gradually convinced him there. There he saw even more and degradation of t,he people un- that people's welfare could not be clearly the ugly features of the der the Kuomintang and its improved under the semi-colonial, KMT governmeni, whose corruPt foreign backers, and that e. great semi-feudal societY. and degenerate officials Paid no struggle had begun against these He began to read Marx's CaPital attention to the dire miserY of the oppressors, domestic and foreign. Before long he joined, along with people. visa Six months later, when his some Americans, the writer Agnes In the Wuhan area he battted was about to expire, he chose to Smedley and Dr. Ma Haide bureaucrat after bureaucrat in for peo- stay. He became an inspector (George Hatem). the first Marxist- order to get relief grain to the the f ire department of the In- Leninist study group for foreigners ple ol the Honghu Soviet area high ternational Settlement and later in Shanghai, sponsored bY the up the Changjiang (Yangtze) River chief inspector of factorY safetY Englishman Dr. Henry Baring. It who, under PartY leadershiP, were tor the Municipal Council's In- was then that he first came into building and repairing dikes to dustrial Division. contact with the Chinese Com- control floods. In these positions he got to know munist Paity, which at the time In the middle 1930s, he helPed workers the terrible conditibns had to work underground. Americans Manny and Grace endured and did what he could to Granich to found the English- alleviate them. He learned of the journal China Active Revolutionary language Voice of torments of young children work- to tell progressive PeoPIe around About this time he started to use the world the truth about condi- MEI DA is a staff member of the his official car to help the PartY tions in China. Association for Friendship with Foreign also helped arrange a triP to Countries who has worked closely with transport its people and Pro- He Rewi Alley. paganda materials more saf elY. the northern Shaanxi revolution- .IULY T982 39 ary base for tr.'u'o Americans, Dr. L{a Haide, who has worked in Chi- na ever since and the noted journaiist Edgar Snow. Out of this trip came Snow's famous Red Star Ouer China. Aliey knew and worked with China's foremost progres.sive writers, Lu Xun and Mao Dun, and developed a lasting friendship with Soong Ching Ling (Mme. Sun Yat-sen). 'Gung Ho' The next phase of his life, dur- ing the difficult years of the War of Resistance Against Japan, was wholly bound up with the Gung Ho industrial cooperative move- ment (Indusco).) Alley's determina- tion to organize it was sparked by the wanton bombing of Shang- Alley teaching a class in tractor mechani(s at the Bailie school in Gansu's shandan hai factories by Japane-se invaders county some 40 years ago. about establishing industries in the 300,000 workers were established, interior to serve the people. and they played an important role The Gung Ho International Jn supplying people's daily needs Committee was formed in 1939 in and grenades, stretchers. blankets Hongkong, with Alley as its field and other rhings needed for the secretary. Distinguished people war of lesistance. abroad were enlisted as members and contributions of funds and Teaching the New Generation supplies came from the U.S.. Britain, New Zealand, the Philip- Long before the Nel,,, China ',vas born. great pines and elsewhere. Local com- Relvi Alley foresarl, the need for technically trained peo- mittees were set up in all these places. ple, particularly those dedicated to building up the vast rural area.s. In the course oI organizing the To help educate such young peo- rnovement, Alley traveled bike by ple, he and a British friend George or on foot some 30,000 kilon-reters. Hogg established the Bailie School, Regiona) headquarters were set up Greeling girls of the Yugur which became a going concern in nationality in the northwest, northeast in Sunan county, Gansu province, lg?g. the 1942 and after 1944 was located at and southeast of China. Re- Shandan, a small county in Gansu sourceful and persevering, Alley province in the northwest, along defied enemy bombings, bandits, in 193?. By that time coastal in- the Old Siik Road. Alley named disruption by reactionaries dustries were on the verge of ruin and the it after Dr. Joseph Bailie, a dem- risks catching or and the number of refugees grew of typhus ocratic American who had made malaria daily. With Edgar Snow and his to help Gung Ho take root. great efforts to promote education wife Helen Foster Snow (Nym His countrywide travels gave him of this kind earlier in the century Wales) Alley discussed how to a still deeper understanding of and had been instrumental in China's problems greater keep China's industries and skills and a re- getting Alley to take his first relief out of the hands spect of the Japanese for the Communist Party, trip to famine areas in the 1930s. invaders. which Nym Wales suggested supported Gung I{o since its At Bailie School, students were setting up industrial cooperatives inception. expected to take part in produc- in the unoccupied rear areas to The goal of organizing 30,000 tion and learn all sorts of technical prclvide employment, needed con- Gung Ho cooperatives was never skills as well as academic knowl- sumer goods and materials for the reached, mostly because the KMT edge. war effort. Alley immediately actively held down the movement. As headmaster, Alley worked took up the plan - it fitted very However, about 3,000 factories and out teaching schedules and pro- well with his long-cherished ideas workshops employing more than duction plans. oversaw the 40 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS students' welf are. raised f unds were taking place in China and to younger men. He never married, from all over and dealt with the work for world peace and under- but his two sons (Chinese orPhans constant harassment of KMT standing. Over the years he has adopbed early in the 1930s) r'isit troops and officials. The school qriss-crossed the ccuntry many him frequer:tiy with their wives was full of vitality, and the stu- times, recording the details of the and children. His rnide circle of dents led a ha.ppy and disciplined bitter past and of the new society Chinese and foreign friends collective life. Except for grain, as it took shape. cherish him for his warmth ar.rd it was self-supporting. It even had In the 1950s Alley participated generosity and for his encyclopedic its ov,'n smail coal mine. With the in a number of Afro-Asian and in- knorvledge of things Chinese,' past help <-rf New Zealand surgeon Bob ternational conferences as a Nerv and present. Feople frcm ali over Spencer and his wife Barbara, it Zealand delegate, and was elected the rvorld, r.vhen in Beijing, con- set up a clinic for its own needs a member of the Peace Liaison stantly stream to hi-s home. and to provide free medical service Committee of the Asian and Alley was deeply distressed bY to local people. Pacific Regions, headquartered in the disastrous consequences of the The KMT, in its final retreat, Beijing. In these capacities, he "cultural revolution." but he re- planned to destroy the schcol and made a number of trips abroad. tained his faith in the Chinese peo- he join- kil1 the students and the staff . In his travels and writings ple and the Communist PartY. forces progressive people This was frustrated when they or- ed with deaths of. Zhou Enlai. Zhu De nation fighting The ganized f or selfdefense under from every in and Mao Zed.ong increased his Alley's leadership and made con- against imperialist aggression and He greeted the downfall promoting world peace, national worries. tact with the PLA. of the gang of four with great joY. of independence and liberation from Soon after the liberation expressing it in such poems as the Shandan, the Bailie School was oppression of aII kinds. 19?? "Again on Course." over new People's His publications up to the pre- turned to the Many years ago Rewi Ailey' Government. In 1953 it was moved sent incLude 34 books and pam- chose the hdrd and tortuous road renamed the phlets describing China's socialist to Lanzhou and China's Lanzhou OiL Technical School, of construction or in support of world of casting his lot wiih and sclcialist construc- which Alley is still honorary peace and justice. Outstanding revolution could easilY have headmaster. Graduates from the works include Yo Banfa (We Have tion. though he Zealand and led school he founded are now scat- a Way) and The People Houe returned to New comfortable life. tered all over the country, armed Strength. He also published 18 a much more once wrote, was with the ski1ls they learned and volumes of his own poetry and 11 However, as he it gave purpose life, committed to socialist construction. books of English translations of China that to his classical and modern Chinese a cause to fight for each Year more rewarding and a place in Messenger to the World poetry, including the works of richly famed Tang dynasty poet Du Fu. the ranks of the advancing mil- ln 1953 Alley settled down in Rewi Alley has always led a lions. For a man of such high Beijing to begin a new phase of simple and disciplined life, and goals and high courage, these his life. He wanted to tell the despite his age maintains a work things are both hi-s rervard and world about the great changes that schedule that would daunt much his sustenance. D Hunrlretls of frientls attentled the celebration of Eewi Alley's 55 years in Chdoa sponsored by the Association for Friend- slrip rvith Foreign Countries in April 1982, Zh,ang Shuicheng JULY T982 4l a cripple. I wrote a letter break- The Story of a Disabled Soldier ing our engagement. After I mailed it, I was in de- spair. Soon I received a tear- 1}TA XINYOU stained letter from her. "You were wounded doing your duty. I loved you in the past and I love nniffi"'"rx:" you now. I will take care of you M ilH,"i,i,,if; for the rest of my life." the People's Liberation Army in She had been in deep agony 1956, I was accidentally wounded after reading my letter. People during rnaneuvers. Paralyzed told her she should break off our below the waist, I was sent to engagement. But she still loved several hospitals. . me, and socialist moral concepts According to regulations I could also urged her toward her duty to go sanitarium to a for disabted a disabled soldier. Her brother, soldiers or remain under treatment who was also in the army, advised in the army. But the army had her leave me. already spent not to a lot of time and She made up her mind, unhesi- money on me and I didn't want to tatingly quit her job and came burden them any longer. Besides, back to ]ook after me. At the I wanted to be with my old mother Ma now works as a bookkecper in his beginning sorry for her at home. I returned to my village brigade. I felt very things I in the Boliang brigade in Yanling and tried to break up. county, Henan province. was cool, and this broke her heart. they heard that a doctor in But our love was strong and the HeIp from AII Sides Luoyang could treat me with mas- thought of separating was too sage, they arranged for him to painful. We were married in the At first I was plagued with come. When the chairwoman of autumn of 1959. worries. I had a pension of 350 the county women's federation Huanzhi took good care of me, yuan a year (430 yuan since 1978), heard of a medicine in Hubei prov- helping me dress and undress, financial aid from my production ince 400 kilometers away that serving meals and even carrying team and free medical care. This might help. she bought it for me. me to bed, When I got bedsotes, made my situation above average l'II never forget a trip to see a village. she washed me and changed the in the But a disabled doctor in Nanjing 500 kilometers dressings. She saved money and person cannot live by himself. I from home. Unexpectedly I had to bought me a radio to help pass the was al.so worried about my mother stay much l 42 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS her head oI the women's team in The next morning she went from charge of cotton growing" The street to street looking for the yield of her experimental plot is doctor we wanted. Meanwhile, Dr. 1"65 tons of ginned cotton per Du Hengshou, head of the local hectare, one of the highest in our Chinese traditional medical associa- area. tion, heard about this. While he Fluanzhi is loyal to me and I was having the doctor found, he return her love. To help reduce gave me acupuncture and massage. her burden, I tried to be more During this period we cooked for self-sufficient in spite of the pain. ourselves. When we didn't have Finally I was able to get m),self to enough fuel, a lumber yard sent bed, dress and undress. and go to scrap wood to us. When Huanzhi the village in rny wheeichair. I went out, an attendant in the hotel can do some of the housework and cooked and took care of me. In I am the cashier and bookkeeper the two months we stayed there, for sideline production in our 30 to 40 strangerc helped us irr one team. We are praised as a model way or another. couple by our neighbors. Since February 1980 when Huanzhi's good care of her par- Ma Xinyou and his family. alyzed husband was reported in the Good-Hearted Strangers newspapers, we have received Over the past tr,r,entv years I letters, money and gifts from all have gone for treatment in Bei- over the country. An armyman in while on duty and )rcu are public jing, Shanghai, Nanjing and other Xinjiang sent us 30 yuan he had spirited. Your wife has looked cities with my wife. No matter saved. Dr. Chen Baocieng of the after you all these years. I carrle where we went, total strangers Jingtoushan Farm Hospital in because I was moved by so many gave us a lol of help. Hubei province sent me a prescrip- good-hearted people who helped Once when we went to look for tion handed down in his family for you out of kindness, not for a doclor in Shaanxi plovince, we generations. money." were not clear about his name and Dong Zibing, an old traditional After these years of treatment,,.I address. It was midnight when we doctor, came a thousand'kilometers am better. My legs have recovered arrived and we didn'i know what from Ningpo to give me massage some consciousness of movement. to do. As we hesitated. a strange therapy. He stayed about two I often think of my brother who woman spoke to us, brought us to months. When he said goodbye to died before liberation because no her own house and prepared a meal us, w-e wanted to pay for his hospital would admit him. I rvill for us. Then she toclk us to a small traveling expenses and treatment, nevel forget all those who have hotel nearby. but he refused. "You were hurt helped me. n Constitution To Be Revised shock at a few highly-publicized democratic dictatorshlp (Ied by the cases based on al- (Continued p. 29) of callousness toward elderly working class and an from parents, and applies mainly in the liance of the peasants and workers, f reedom of marriage are pro- countryside, where elderly peopie with intellectuals as part of the hibited." are not covered by a pension Iatter), adherence to Marxism-Le- The 1978 constitution stated that system as are urban and govern- ninism and Mao Zedong Thought, "working people have the right to ment workers. and the leadership of the Com- material assistance in old age, and munist Party. It also lays par- in case of illness ror disability" and ticular stress on the united front, that the state should gradually ex- Broader Preamble citing the contributions to China's pand social insurance, social as- revolution by the democratic par- bistance, and health services. Now In keeping with the idea that ties, patriotic people who support "working people" has been the Constitution should reflect the socialism, and patriots who stand changed to read "citizens of the main national effort in each period, lor reunification of the country. People's Republic." modernization as the basic task Where the 1978 version stated "we Added is the provision (Article has been written into the preamble. are determined to liberate Taiwan" 46) that children have the duty to The new preamble is longer than the new version states that to ac- support their parents, and that the 1978 one. It reaffirms as the complish the task of reunification maltreatment of old people, women four fundamental principles for is the duty of the entire Chi- and children is prohibited. This the People's Republic of China the nese people, including those on was in part a response to national socialist road, the -peopie's Taiwan. tr JULY 1982 43 Traditional Tlhetam Festiwals ZHI EXIANG T.\ HE Wonggor (walking around -!- the tields) Festival is one Tibetan peasants celebrate just before the harvest. Weaning brightly colored clothes, men and women, young and old. hoiding pagodas made of qingke barley and sheaves of wheat tied together with a ceremonial silk scarf called a hada, walk around the fields with gongs and drums. It is also an occasion to renew old frienciships, Celebrated in {arm areas, the festival doesn't have a fixed date. After iiberation, the date began to differ from place to place accord- ing to how the collective farm work was organized. Around Lhasa the three to five-day festi- val takes place in early August, in 'fibetans exrhange greetings and Eood Nishes at the time of the Tibetan n-eu. year. Xigaze in mid-July. Alterward the Zhari autumn harve.st and sowing begins. The Wonggor Festival originated E OR seven days in early autumn. There are many legends about some 1,500 years ago in the Yar- r between the ?th and 8th the origins of the festival. One of lung Zangbo River area" Tibetan mr:nths by the Tibetan calendar them is about a kindhearte"d, pretty history says that irrigation canals people celebrate the. Muyu (take a girl. Trying to save the ordinary were built and wooden plorvs used bath) Festival. The- weather is fine people, she was imprisoned on a at the end of the fifth cen- and the rivers clear. From morn- mountain by a demon and allowed tury. Agriculture \ryas weil de- ing until night crowds gather at out to take a bath only when Venus veloped. The king asked the rivsrs, lakes and ponds. The appeared in the sky. So everJ year shaman leaders how to get bumper festival lasts as long as Venus can at this time Tibetans come to the harvests. They declared that the be seen in sky. river to "bathe" with her. the farmers should walk around the Last year the Muyu Festival The Muyu Festival is at least fields to beg blessings from the began on September 4 (by the several hundred years old. Like gradually became a Gregorian calendar). Families and many traditional celebrations, it spirits. It custom before the harvest. friends came to the bank of the has a logical reason behind it. In Lhasa River with cushions. blan- early auturnn, the weather in Tibet N Tibetan. ro means yogurt and kets and mats, bringing food, is fine. In spring. water from f L doin means The Xodoin qingke (barley) spirits and butter melting snow rnakes the rivers too feast. Festival is also called the Tibetan tea. Finding places among the cold to swim in. ln summer. tor- Drama Festival because later rocks on the shore, they spent the rential rains make them muddy. it per- day sw'imming and relaxing by Only in early autumn is the water became an occasinn for the formance operas. the river. Children splashed and warm and clear. Then, Tibetans of Tibetan chased one another. say, the water has eight good Bef r:re the 17th century the points Xodoin Festivai was simply a re- - sweet, cool, soft, light, ZHI EXIANG is a staff reporter for clear, without smell. harmless to ligious holiday. A tenet of Bud- China Reconstructs. the throat and stomach. dhism forbade the larnas to go out 44 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS for many days in the surnmer. As Tibetans begin to make prepara- gets his new clothes ready for the soon as the ban was Iifted they tions for the festival in early follorving day. left the monasteries and went Deeember by the jocal lunar calen- According to custom, the family down the mountains. The pecpie dar. Every family soaks the seeds is at home on Nerv Year's day. of qbqke barley and tends the Early m.orning childrerr would get, yogurl. ready lor them in the the seediings. Or: New Year's day the and grandchildren pay their as a traditional donation. seedlings are placed on an altar respects to the elders and wish By the middle of the 17th cen- in front of a statue of Buddha and good health to the head of the tury, with the growing integration prayers said for a bumper harvest house. The dinner lasts frorn noon of government and religion, activi- in the coming year. In the middle until evening. Wine enlivens the ties Tibetans'New Year uised to THE At Lhasa's Norbtr l,ingka Park, Tibetans and Hans watch a holiday performance. r fall a few days earlier or later Xirthlio _: than the Hans' Spring Festival. !1 This is the biggest of their tradi- tional holidays. Today both the Tibetans and ltrans spend this holi- day at the same time. though they celebrate it in different ways. Old custom dictates that men ':., and women, young an'd old, wish each other a happy rlew year on the first day of the festival (i.e., of the first lunar month). Chiidren set. off fire crackers. People drink qingke spirits and butter tea. Toasts and songs can be heard in every home. In the pastorai areas herdsmen sing and Cance around fires all rright long. A great variety of competitive sports, including wrestling, tug-of-war, archery and horse racing are hcld. JULI 1982 45 Republishing Ancient Books LI SHAOSHAN E-t XPERTS estimate that at least such work, especially in the pre- Beijing attended by 80 rT'eil-known rJ go,ooo some of scholars set some priorities for: the books were put out servation of rare books - over the 28 centuries during which exist only in single coPies. years up to 1990" The grouP will China's imperiaL dynasties (gth The publication of manY oid texts compile and publish 2,600 titles' century B.C.-A.D" i9i1). A special in modern Chinese eharacters with including 6'?2 ovt literature. 213 on group oi schoiars is now at work punctuation (lacking in ancient language, 685 on historY. li84 on of locating, cataloging, selecting manuscripts), footnotes and cross* philosoph;r. 612 reference bocks and republishing or translating references will bring them for the and 35 studies of earlier books. this "vast sea" of soutces tor first time within reach of ordinary Twenty titles will be Published in knowledge about ancient China. nrodern readers. Siudy of portions modern Chinese. Big as this Plan The group's activities, halted of ancient works in primary and is, it only touches three Percent of during the "cultural revolution," middle schools is being discussed the total auiount of ancient Chi- were revived last year on an ac- by educators. nese books. celerated basis. Li Yimang, 80-year-oid Planning these Under the group's leadership, Rich Heritage Group head, says that universities and other institutions ancient books ''contain the com- are paying greater attention to The Planning Group for Compil- mon culiural heritage of the entire ing and Publishing Ancient,Book-s Chinese nation. SPreading knorv- literatr"tre, his- LI SHAOSHAN is a journalisl with now has 53 full-time staff and 34 Iedge about ancient Xinhua News Agency. advisers. A conference held in tory ard philos In Guangzhou, a book store specializing in ancient books has teopenetl. Xinh tttt (.IIINA RtrTC(}NSTRUCTS en the unity of the diflerent na- Recent Publicotions: tionalities in China and love of count1y." Bai Shouyi, professor of hi-story France as one volttme in its "AP- Historical Atlas of Ghina at Beijing Teachers University, proach to the Worlcl" series. Twenty-three years old, Zhang recently commented: "Our ances- Deyi w-ent to France in JanuarY tors wrote many beautiful lines ll7fORE than 300 maps dating 1871 as an interpreter for Chong' and u,ell-turned phrases. and lVl trom remote antiquity to the dynasty (ended in 1911) ap- Hou, envoy to France and the Qing did many exemplary things. Qing On pear in the eight-volume fidstorical court's Vice-Minister of War. though their literature includes he Atlas oJ Ch,ina now being issued March 18 of the same Year many elements of feudal culture." and the the Cartographic Publishing w-itnessed the uPrising "People can understand the by Paris Com- House. establishment of the ups and downs of China in history jotted down what he Superimposed on a base maP of mune and through reading ancient books," diarY con- today's China, the ancient rraPs saw and thought. His says Prof. Bai. "They tell us that valuable mate- reveal the borders of early states, stitute.s extremely history is full of twists and turns. rial on the great eYent. The ten years of the 'cultural rev- administrative divisions through- olution' were really a bitter period. out history, lamous cities, moun- Looking at it in historical perspec- tains, and frontier fortresses. From five, we can see it more clearly, their depiction of the coastline, cherish today and 'work harder lor lakes, and courses of rivers it is tomorrow. There are many pro- possible to get an idea of the gressive and correct ideas in our changes that have occurred in ancient writings for us to learn them. The set contains 70,000 from and develop. The Twentg- place narnes. Compilation of the atlas was f our Histories (a collection of classic works dating from the 2nd begun ln the mid-50s with Profes- century B.C. to the 18th century sor Tan Qixiang of Fudan U,niver- A.D.), for instance, not only left us sity as its editor and an editoriai a great deal of historical data but commission consisting of the gave us a lot of ideologicAl insights scholars Fan Wenlan, Wu Han and into ways of viewing history and Yin Da. Ninety historians, geo- other subject.s." graphers and cartograPhers from across the countrY took Part in the work. Trial editions were First !'ruits pubiished beginning in 1974. Repeated revisions were made. To serve the needs of teaching The new atlas is greatly imProved and scientific research, photocopies in content and accuracy. of four or five thousand titles will Zhang Deyi, author of 'I'aris Comnrune be published soon. For reference Eyewitness'. in studying ancient texts, priority is being given to publishing Shuo Ghinese Eyewitness ol Wen Jie Zi (Erplaining Tetts and Paris Gommune Analgzing Characters), China's dictionary, compiled Xu first by AS there any Chinese observer Shen (58-147) of the Eastern Han of the events of the Paris dynasty. Ancient books on music, Commune? It was long thought the fine arts, Iocal chronicle-s, na- that there was none, but all that tionalities, agriculture, medicine, was changed by the discoverY in science and technology will also be 1980 of the notes of Zhang DeYi, an republished. Tbe Chung Hua Book interpreter for a Chinese diplomat, Company is setting up two special which had been lost for over a printing houses to handle publica- hundred years. His 140,000-word tion. manuscript describes the birth of Because the compiling and pub- the Paris Commune established in lishing of ancient books was halted, 1871 by the French working class no new specialists were trained the first time the working class and today most of the old ones are -held state power. Zhang's observa- in their 70s and 80s. Iraining tions are published by the Hunan scholars in this field is thus also People's Publishing House under an urgent priority. tl the title An lnterpreter's Notes on JULY 1982 47 When Zhang died irr 1918, his the year. Aiming at the four-to- manuscript \,vas preserved by his six-year level, the editors rewrote second son, Zhang Zhongying" In some of the stories or cut unneces- 1951 it was presented to Beijing sary sections. Library. No one read it carefully, Many of the stories are folktales however, and no Paris Comrnune well ioved and perfected by time. historian knew about it until 1980 Some of these are "The Wolf Is when Zhong Shuhe, an editor of Coming," "How the Monkeys Hunan People's Publishing House Fished for the Moon," "School- discovered it. Master Dongguo", "The Mice Hold a Meeting," "Weighing an Ele- phant" and "Choosing the Smallest Ihe Yong te Encyclopedia Pear." Some are fairy tales, such as "A f-l ONiPILED during the reign of Lion Sees Himself in. Distorting \-r (1403-1424) Emperor Yong Le Mirrors" in which a ',vise cal uses of the Ming dynasly, The Yong Le distorting mirrors to scare a fero- Encycloyte.di,o is the earliest extant cious iion away. The story also encyclopedia in China's cultural teaches children about concave and history. It collects 8,000 signifi- convex lenses, and stimulates their cant pieces of literature before the interest in science. Ming dynasty and preserves many Some stories are satires on chil- valuable materials on literature, dren's bad habits such as bragging, arts and craf ts, history, phi). Ghildren's $tories rfrHE Chiidren's Pubiishing f Hnrr.u, under the guidance of Lu Bing, an experienced editor and '"r,riter of children's ]iterature, has selected 365 stories both Chi- nese and foreign, and brought them out in a iwo-volume edition Inside the operat.ions room of the called 365 Nights, f or evening telecommunications building in Lhasa, readings to children every day of Tibei. 48 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Modern Communications for the M inority Areas SIIANG CUIYUN D)EFORE the 1949 liberation, thc Xinjiang .rzrth the rest r;.' {lhi:ra. },' r:-r:dern r:onnrunic:-ttion svs- .xzas LD 6ip61i1y nationality peoples The route serveel b.r Ii-,1 sh::-l-i - 1.em flcans r;-iuch morg than pri- who live in China's remote border by postal trucks. In all thc rr-st oI vate rnessage:; be1--*..een peopie --- regions were almost totally isoiated Xinjiang, Ietters and parcels were as important as that is. A devel- from the rest of the country and carried by donkeys, horses and ca- oping economy depends on rapid the lest of the world. Today in mels. It took 23 days for a letter and reliablq mail, telegraph and Lhasa one can pick up a telephone from Urumqi to reach Hetian, telephone facilities. Radio, televi- and call anywhere around the 2,100 kilometers to the south.. sion, newspapers and magazines globe. People in remote rural parts On the broad grasslands of Inner are important for educating peo- of the autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, there was not a single ple and informing them of current Mongolia f in the ar north and post office though there were events in the country and the Xinjiang in the far west can send some - Peas- in the major towns. world; in China the postal service letters and telegrams their ants persuade in and herdsmen had to not only handles mailed publica- own languages with - confi- travelers messages for full to take tions, but also accepts subscriptions dence that they- will be delivered them and hope that somehow, and makes regular deliveries of quickly. In secluded mountain sometime.- these would reach their newspapers and magazines all villages Yunnan province and destination. The of of wealthy could af- kinds. the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous ford private messengers on horse- Region in the far south, people back, but even very slow. this was Grolvth routinely listen to national radio The handful of post offices scat- and television broadcasts. tered through the border regions With the founding of the Peo- did not cater to the needs of mi- ple's Republic, post i,.nd telecom- The Past nority peoples; KMT government munications systems began to policy The remarkable growth of post virtually ignored them. The grow. This was in line with the post government's and telecommunications services offices would not accept let- new policies of pro- in the border regions is even more ters addressed or telegrams writ- moting the economic and cultural- impressive when one considers the ten in minority languages, so those development of the minority na- distances and terrain involved and who did not know the Han lan- tionaiities, strengthening the unity guage had to pay someone to among all China's nationalities and the situation as it was some 30 years ago. In the remote moun- translate for them" consolidating r-raiional independ- tainous areas of Yunnan, such a thing as a postal service was to- Ma Guizhen, a Hui postwoman, delivers a Ietter to a l00-year-old Uygur man. tAlly unknown. Minority peoples such as the Jingpo, Va and Lahu were almost entirely illiterate. When they wanted to communicate with someone outside their villages, they prevailed on a friend or pas- ser-by to carry a sign to the per- son they wanted to contact a red pepper meant there was- an emergency, while a square of salt with a hole in the middle meant the problem was solved. In the vast area of Xinjiang, which covers one-sixth of China's total territory, the only real postal route was an 820-kilometer stretch between the capital city Urumqi and Xingxingxia, a pass connecting SHANG CUIYUN is a woman re- searcher with the Ministry of Post and Telecortlmunicati ons. JULY T9E2 4g ln the Xin.liang Uygur Autono- mous Region. the nlrmber of post offices has grown from 26 in 1949 Lo 442 today, postal routes have grown from 10,000 kilometers to 1.500,000 kilometers, and postal vehicles of ali kinds have increased 90 f old. In the Tibet Auto- nornou.s Region. postal services have been set up in 1,900 eom- munes and telephone facilities in 50 couniies, 190 districts and 400 .:'..'-. n' i'a., i cornrrruhrls. The majority of leaders and technicians at all levels are Tibetan. Minority area post offices handle annualy au estimated 850,000 newspapers and magazines in minority languages alone. Despite the many udvances in LJygur and llan workers in Xinjiang check out porver lines. post and telecomrnunications serv- ices for the border regions, faci- ence by creating a strong defense The right oI minority peoples to lities are still quite backward in network in the border regions. use their own Ianguages is pro- comparison with those in China's Because of local conditions tected by law and promoted by large cities and ihe eastern coastal the vast areas to be covered, the- government policy. In minority area. Man;r people still do not difficult terrains and the alrnost area post offices and communica- have access to a telephone, much total absence of existing lacilities tions centers signs, rules and re- less one of their own. Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Tibet still lack -- the government granted special gulations and postal for,ms are srrbsidies to the border regions, printed both in the Han and the the high-pctwer microwave relay beyond the regular funds spent in Iocal minority languages. equipment which would allow every area to develop communica- these areas to receive national tele- tions networks. Progress vision programs directly. These Groups of technicians and work- By the end of 1981, postal routes and other problems, however. are g5 gradually ers were sent to border regions to had been established in over being scrlved; and when set up everything frorn sirnple post percent of the production brigades, they are. the news "problem offices to large telecommunications and telephones installed in 94 solved" will not need tcl be trans- percent complexes. In Lhasa, capital of the of the communes in all the mitted through a square of salt autonomous Tibet Autonomous Regionl a tele- regions and in the au- with a hole in it, but will go oui tonomous p.refectures communications center equipped and counties to every part of the country over in provinces where peo- rvith carnier wave, telex and radio- minority the most rnodern communications ples live in compact groups. facsimile eqrripment now helps equipment. f keep people in close iouch with Tibet's Xigaze com,municalions eenter sponsors classes to train local people in Beijing and other parts of the telephone repair work. country. Just iast October, a pow- erful new telecommunications center started operations at Ka- ramay in the Xinjiang Uygur Au- tonomous Region. Government policy has also stressed the training of minority nationality technicians and postal workels. Voeational schools have been Set up in autonomous regions, prefectures and counties. Promis- ing young people of minority na- tionalities have been sent to study at colleges and universities all o",el China. GrAduates of the local and national schools have playeci im- I ,i portant roles in developing facili- , -..*t ties in the border regions, li 50 CHINA NECONSTNUCTS Dor Op"ro Troupe Credtes 'The Peococr( Princess' QING XIANYOU A LEGEND of the Dai people minority nationality songs and tion of tubber in Xishuangbanna, .{-A provides the story f or The danees lT,'ere not performed. It was rvhich is now one of China's im- Peacocfu Princess, one 0i the sev- taken up again in 1979 and, with portant rubber-prodttcing areas. In cral recr:nt dance drrimas vrhich suppor-r from the central govern- 1979 Zhu Lanfang received the na- ha,re been frequently performcd in ment and provincial song and tional writing and direction award Beijing and other" major cities. It dance troupes, around the original for her work on The Peacock rvas created by the song and dance dances a full-length st4ge produc- Princess. troupe of the Xishuangbanna Dai tinn r,r'as conceived. Now it is per- Autonornous Prefecture. The fornred with scenery to an orches- members oI the people OST of the Dais. reiated to the Tai of tral. accompaniment with a choral troupe, like Zhu Lanfang, Thaiiand. are trargest of 13 mi- the backgrr:rund. came originally from rural locali- norities living the prefecture. in A large part of the credit must ties. Some were chosen while still u'irlch is locateci in Yunnan prov- go t('' Zhu Lanfang, a dancer who students because they showed ap- ince next door tcr Laos and But'ma has headed the' troupe since 1965 on China's iar southern border. titude for song and dance. Yang Li, and who with her husband Dao the troupe's deputy head, now in Shortiy after Xishuangbanna Guo'an wrote anci directed the was set Lrp as an autnnomous pre- his sixties, in 1955 left his position present production. At 77 ZhuLan- as a musician with the Yunnan fecttrre in 1953 it was decided that tang rvas picked out for her beauty Province Song and Dance Troupe it should liaye a sr:rrg and dance and grace among the girls ih her troupe oI its own to collect, per- to become a key member in the Xi- village by a scout for the troupe, group's artistic di- form and derrelop the rich artistic though she had no special dance shuangbanna tradition of its nationahties. When expelience. She has compelling rection. The troupe now has its the troirpe was founded in 1954 it own orchestra and chorus and 81 just stage presence, and plays the role consisted of about 20 i>eople. of the empress in the present pro- members of 11 nationalitie.s. Per- The chief mu.sical instruments they duction, With experience gained formers of minority nationalitY, ownecl were a set percussion in- of over her years with the troupe. she who make up 87 percent, are most- .struments. Their repertoire was too has created several numbers out ly Dais, but there are also members pro.qram. limited to make up a full of Dai dances, among them of the l{an, Hani, Jino, Lahu, gaps per- so they filled in the with "Jo.yous Water-Splashing Festival" Manchu, Bai, Yao, Bulang and Hui formances by trained monkeys. and "Dai Rubber Tappers," The nationalities. The average age is The dance'drama The Feacock latter celebrates successful cultiva- 23; the youngest is 17. The Yc'ung Prtncess was deveioped over a period of some 20 years. The tradi- tional Dai peacock dance was done AI a rehearsal by one man, wearing a bird mask and a franre like the bird's body, and mimicking the peacock's movements to the sound of drums and gongs. Starting flom this, making the movements and cos- tumes more Ilowing and discarding the mask, the trrrupe created a short dance nurnber about a flock of peacocks flying over legendary Golden Lake. It was rvell-r'eceived in Kunming, the provincial capital, and in Beijing. Work on it rn,as dropped during the ten years of "cultural revolu- tion" during most of which time SING XIAOYOU is a staff reporter for China Reconstruets, JULY l98Z 51 people love music and dancing, says Yang Li. but lack basic train- ing when they arrive. Older mem- Ihe $lory of the Peaeock Prineess bers guide thern in mastering the basi(-s of classical dance and ]rallet A MYTHICAL kingdorn of peacocks is one ci the many legends and the dances of their ovrn and I r about these beautiful birds, symbol for good forturie through- other nationalities" The "Dance of out southeast Asia. A peacock princess figures in a tale of the the Elephant-Foot Drum" is a fa- Dai people. Versions of it are well-knorvn in China in Yunnan vorite among the Dais. Everyone province, home of the Dais, and neighboring Tibet, and also in knows hov; to do it from an early Thailand, Burma. Laos, Sri Lanka, India. Korea. Indonesia and age. To learn to dance it properly, Japan. In China perhaps fhe bes't, known is that in the Dai epic the younger members traveled to a poem Zhaoshutun, named for the prince who lell in love with a remote part of the pref ecture peacock princess. where they took lessons from a The king of Mengbanjia planned to hold a ceremony to select veteran folk artist. a consort for his son, Prince Zhaoshutun. The prince, unhappy They often make cxtended trips because he found none of the candidates appealing, slipped away to the rural areas for such study, and went hunting in the forest. There, beside Golden Lake he and also tour Xishuangbanna's came upon seven peacock princesses who had come to bathe. He mountain villages carrying their and the youngest, Nanmunona, fell in lo-ze and he took her baek scenery and bedding rolls to give to the palace to be his bride. performances, Sometilnes they Not long afterward the king sent the prince to lead an travel outside the prefecture to expedition against an encroaching enemy. After he had left, perform and exchange experience Xinaji, an evil minister who had intended to marry his own with artists there. daughter l.o the prince, faisely accused Nanmunona of They strive both to carry for- and got a sorc€rer to incite the king into driving her away."l,itchcraft When ward the best tradition of nation- the victorious prince returned, he exposed Xinaji's machinations, ality art and to create new forms and with a heavy heart went out in search of the Princess. After and styles. More than 200 epic many dangers and hardships he reached the Peacock Kingdom poems of the Dai people have been and persuaded her tb come back with him, and the prince and discovered, providing a rich source princess became beloved rulers. to draw upon. In 1957, starting with the zanha, a Dai folk form which combines singing with reci. tation, they added elements from the Vas to study their waY of life, so made someihing of a name for "Sword . Dai f olk songs to create a f ull- the troupe created the himself length "zanha drama" Dance" in Va idiom. By adding Pisong. a singer of Hani nation- (The Dai Doctor) on-Mogad,ai, a contem- brcad, sr,veeping gestures and a ality and soloist with the chorus, porary theme. - large selection of movement-s it rvas a slave in the household of a The art of the Va nationality is has considerably enriched the Va village chieftain during her teens. noted for its vigorous rhythm and dance. She used to hum folk melodies to lively leg movement, but is short rFHt herseif as she lay in the dark in on other means oI expression. role of the Peacock Prin- her shed at night, and during the l- present production After spending some time among cess in the daytime rvhen gathering firewood played Yinghan, a 20-year- is by Yi cn the mountains she r.l'ould break 1975, year alter she Orchestra for the performance contains old Dai. In a into full song. In her years with many folk instruments. came to the troupe, she was chosen the troupe her voice has been Photas bU Zltou Youma for a course of studies at the Cen- breadth of tral Nationalities Institute in Bei- heard the iength and jing. Her four years there helped this large mountainous area. A her improve her dancing skilis and very popular singer, she has also broaden her culturai background. written many songs. At one concert She shares the role with slender she was asked to sing 17 of them 2l-year-olci Yi Po who was setrect- one after another. young people trained ed while "studying at Jinghong Some of the County Middle School No. L. She in the Xishuangbanna troupe have has put in a lot of hard rv,:rk to gone on to become members of the enable her to master the demand- central or provinciai groups. Such ing role. is the case with Yang Liping ot Bai Yan Duan, 24, who plays the nationality, who played the role of prince, was picked from among the the princess before the present two Dai youths at the Damenglong Cancers. She is irow with the Cen- commune in 1954. After more than tral Nationalities Song and Dance a hundreci perlormances he has al- Ensemble. D 52 CTIINA RECONS.TRUCTS Lead dancers from'Peacock Princess' lltott ) t)Lu)tu Scene from the dance drama 'Peacock Princess ' OLt ll'aibo Any handy marketplace becomes a stage. Thrtu Youtttct Celebrating the Water-Splashing Festival with villagers" Zhou Younta Zhou Youma Seeking advice from folk artists. Younru Making up before a performance. Zhou Yotrmo MMAruM COTTON Sh{OffiS St.vle.s ol llO(- Bruntl C'orron Shoe.; ul- trot'.\.follow nevt fhshion Jor rnen, a.(tfften und thildrtn. .a .:a ,: l ia .: \ : 'l CF{INA NATIONAL IIGI{T INEUSTRIAL FRODUCTS IMPORT & 't EXPORT CORPORATIO${, SFIA}SDQNG BRANEH i I Tioniin Rood, Glingdoo, People's Republic orf Chino. eoble:,,lNDUSTRy" Glingdoo :i lndian Group Visits Dali GU ZTXIN DELEGATION from the state They were astonished to find that of Orissa in eastern India re- an Indian feature film, "Norrie", cently visited the Dali region in happened to be showing in a cin- Yunnan province in the south. Lo- ema in Xiaguan, capitai of the Dali cated on an ancient trade route to Bai Autonomous Prefecture. They India. Dali was the site of verY were surprised to find it in such a early cultural exchange between remote city of China. the civilizaitons of China and In- Zt.eng Lun, a tsai, vice-head of dia. The delegation included Par- the prefecture, greeted the group. iiamentarians, a doctor, a Poet, a The Bais are the most numerous writer and a dancer'. among the 21 nationalities who The Indian guests were struck live there, inciuding Hans, Yis, by the similarity of Dali's green trIuis and Lisus. "India, like China, subtropical environment to their is a multi-national country," said own even to the local Products. Lakshman Mallick, Ieader of the - delegatlon. "Our Orissa people can GU ZIXIN, a leaaler of the Chinese also be called a minority nation- People's Association for Friendship ality. The peoples of India and Chi- At the site of the C'hong Sheng Temple. with Foreign Countries, accompanied problems com- Lakshman Mallick, Orissa delegation an Indian delegation on a visit to na have many in mon in building up their countries, leailer, is first right and Zheng Lun, China. vice-head of the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. thrird risht" Greeterl by members of the Bai people's Zhoucun agricultural brigatle" including how to develop the econ- omy and culture in minoritY areas. We need to exchange exPerience and from each other." E learn rFHE Indian guests visited the I Zhoucun agricultural brigade. composed of Bai people, and a quarry of "Dali stone", as marble is known in China. It is abundant in the area and put to the most varied uses by the Iocal people. At the home of a commune member an old man got into a neighborlY conversation with them on the kind of crops grown in India and how the harvests were. Among the picturesque sPots visited was the ButterflY Spring, so called because in April and MaY when the weather turns warrner, thousands of butterflies congregate around it for the coolness and to feed on the secretion of the Nepalese camphor trees which grow there. 57 JULY 1982 The group also visited the three thousand-year-old pagodas on the site of the Chong Sheng Temple. Dali is on one of the routes by which Buddhism came to China. The road dates from the second century B.C. The temple, once an important center of Buddhism and magnet for pilgrims from China and elsewhere, no longer stands. but the three pagodas built in the ;F 9th century are there. They are 6 among the oldest in south China. :r The main one is 58 meters tall while ihe others are 28 meters. They are saicl to contain 11,000 bronze Buddhas. The Indian poet and.writer in the delegation exami.ned Sanskrit inscriptions on a Buddhist stone tablet unearthed i:x in the area and discussed the Bud- Bishop Michael Fu Tieshan at his consecration dhist stories they tell. cerenlony on December Zf. lg7g. A T party given by the prefec- -( r ture's" cultural bureau, the first number was an Indian dance "Bouncing a BalI," performed by a Chinese woman from the Dali Beiiing Catholics Enioy Song and Dance Troupe. The well- known poet Prasanna Kumar Patsani composed and read an ex- temporaneous verse entitled "Oh. Renewed Freedom of Belief Dali": The clou.d, a dark eEebrou, JUDY POLUMBAUM kisses the peak, The beautiful eye of the peak kisses the cloud. succeed. Only through social re- We liue on either bank of the M' :,T." ?i: il' :T B:i :ili," I ll; form and the socialist system were TI,DET, little incompatibility between the these things accomplished.,' We Liue on either side of the socialist values being promoted by Socialist .and Catholic ideology Himalayas. China's Communist Party and gov- likewise converge in China,s cur- ernment and the teachings of the rent campaign to promote courtesy, ln the sky Catholic Church. kindness, and voluntarism. We are the the tuo birds. "We don't accept atheism," he bishop said. India and, China said in an interview recently. WilL Liue in harmonious union "but otherwise we have a lot of For euer ond euer. similarities in our thinking." Spirit of Love The visiling dancer Aparimita The socialist system has estab- Misra. "Odisi," did the a classical lished a new moral climate as Lei Feng, a Chinese armyman Indian dance portraying the wor- well as a strong and independent often cited as a model of selfless- ship of Jagnath, god of literature China, in Bishop Fu's view. ,'It ness, is another example. ',Lei and art and the victory of good got rid of prostitution. gambling, Feng's spirit was a spirit of love. over evii. It conveys the hope that and opium-smoking. This in In our church, we also talk of love people is of various colors in the the same spirit as the Ten Com- Ioving the church, loving God, world will be - able to live in frater- mandments." he said. and also loving others.', nal unity. She also sang two songs. "Two thousand years ago,', Bishop Fu, 50. traces his Cath- "This is the most meaningful'per- he went on, "the ancient saints began olic beliefs back two generations formance of my life," she said. trying to accomplish this. We also to his grandparents on .both sides. Friendship and exchange be- wanted to do this. But r,ve didn,t "My roots are very deep.', he said. tween China and India has existed His parents sent him to seminary for long centuries. China hopes JUDY school in Beijing at the age of this will continue grow POLUMBAUM is an American to stronger staff member of the English language nine. The school stayed open for in today's worid. D newspaper China Daily. a decade after the founding of the tro CHINA RECONSTRUCTS People's Republic in 1949, and he two or three bishops in their 70s," dressed. The bishoP said the Ad- graduated to the priesthood in Bishop Fu said. As it was, theY ministrative Commission of Church 1956. went on to choose several dozen Affairs, a government agencY, is He taught Latin for a few Years more, declaring their independence handling printing of New Testa- and then went to work at the from Rome. ment in Chinese. Church of the Immaculate ConceP- The bishop characterized PoPe But Catholic services in China tion of the Blessed Virgin MarY John PauI II's recent statement are still conducted in Latin rather (now also called the South Cathe- that Chinese Catholics are "Per- than the vernacular excePt for dral) on the south side of Beijing. secuted" as "false testimonY and sermons on Sunday mornings. Although China's Constitution slander." Beijing's Catholic Church is suP- guarantees freedom of religious be- "We cannot accept it," he said. ported mainly by rent PaYments on Iief, churches and temples came Mainland China's Catholics now suburban houses it owns, as well under attack during the "cultural number an estimated three million, as alms, which the bishoP describ- revolution." But priests remained and Bishop Fu said Beijing muni- ed as "pretty good." at St Mary's and many Catholics cipality has close to 20,000, manY Weekday morning masses draw continued to worship secretlY at in the rural counties around the up to 200 peoPle, while the usual home. city. crowd on a SundaY amounts to said. With the resumption of a PoIicY Beijing's first Catholic church 2,000 or more, BishoP Fu of freedom oI religious belief sev* and the oldest still standing is Christmas services last Year, in- eral years ago, representatives of St Mary's, started in 1650 bY the cluding midnight mass, drew a the Beijing Patriotic Catholic As- German priest Adam Schall Von total of about 10,000, he said. sociation, made up of priests and Bell. Destroyed by fire in 1681 On Easter SundaY, APril 11, lay people, elected Michael Fu and wrecked again during the Yi- about 10,000 Chinese Catholics at- Tieshan bishop of the Beijing dio- hetuan Movement of 1900, the tended services at the Xuanwumen solemn mass cese in July 1979. present structure was rebuilt in Cathedral. The main BishoP Michael Chinese Catholics have chosen 1904. was celebrated bY the Beijing their own bishops since 1958, when There were four Catholic Fu Tieshan, head of Cathedral the Chinese church broke relations churches in the capital before the diocese. At St JosePh's with the Vatican. "cultural revolution." St MarY's in the city's east district, BishoP and St Joseph's have reoPened, and Gaojian officiated. tr whether the others do "will de- Rupture with Vatican pend on the need," BishoP Fu said. Beijing's Catholics celebrate Easter The numbers of worshiPpers are Sunday at Xuanwumen Cathetlral. Bishop Fu said the Vatican had about the same as before, with no Photo$ blt Wu Chu?inq encouraged Chinese clergy to sup- evident trends of growth, he said. port the Kuomintang and oppose The diocese is served bY about the Communists during the revolu- a dozen priests ranging in age from tionary and civil war years, and 50 to over ?0. Last year theY Per- had even recognized the Japanese formed more than 300 baPtisms. puppet government of Manchukuo more than 100 weddings, rnore in northeast China. than 300 confirmations and more After 1949, "The Vatican didn't than 100 last rites. allow priests to support the new Baptism is not administered to government, didn't allow them to children, Bishop Fu said, because participate in any people's organi- candidates are expected to "under- zation such as the Women's stand the basics" of Cathoiic Federation or Youth League, didn't teaching first. allow them to read the newspapers and magazines of the new govern- ment, and didn't even allow them Tackling Problerns to wear Mao jacketsl" Bishop Fu said. The diocese has begun to tackle He said China's Catholic Church the problem of rePlenishing the faced a "crisis" in 1958: 90 of its clergy; 10 young men are now 100 dioceses had no bishops. So being trained as priests. They were two congregations in Wuhan chose chosen from the congregation on their own. "The Vatican didn't the basis of "moralitY, knowledge, approve; it threatened excommuni- and health," the bishoP said. Even- cation of both the consecrated tually, the diocese hoPes to set uP bishop and the consecrator." a new semrnary. If Chinese Catholics had not Another problem, the lack of taken action, "now we'd only have Chinese bibles, alSo is being ad- JULY 1982 59 Softball Flou rishes in Ch ina XIE KAINAN qOMETIME in the early 20th cen- Federation in 1979, there have been pines and Australia have visited lJ tury softball (Leiqiu in Chi- many rnore contacts with foreign China, rvhile Chinese teams tra- nese), introduced from the US, teams. Besides promoting interna- veled to Japan. the US and Italy. began to be played in large cities tional friendshlp and understand- During a 1979 visit to Japan, the such as Shanghai and Tianjin. At ing an important consideration Chinese team managed to win six first it was confined to young men; and games to China-.such- contacts have im- tie three out ol the uine the first women's teams were form- played. Japanese newspapers com- proved the skills of Chinese players ed in 1951. In those years the level mented that the team's batting was of play was comparatively low. and helped promote the sport particularly strong and that the After the 1949 liberation and the within the country. players had made amazing progress establishment of national sports Women's softball teams from in the five years since the sport organization and physical culture Japan, the US, Italy, the Philip- was restored il institutes, the sport became more popular. The Physical Culture and Sports Commission standardized Shanghai team members cheer on their mates. the rules and listed softball as a major sport to be promoted active- ly. Today it is played largely by women, while men play baseball. The first national exhibition matches were held in 1956 and a middle-school championship com- petition in 1957. Twentyrcne prov- inces and municipalities sent teams to the first national games in 1959. Softball activities lapsed during the "cultural revolution" and were not revived until 1974. National games were held in 19?5, in 1979 and every year thereafter. The Chinese Softball Association founded in 1979 has played an im- portant part in developing ihe sport. Branch associations have been set up in about a dozen prov- inces and municipalities where softball is particularly popular. A Yang Daijin, one ol' China's strongcst batters, is safe on base. great many athletes, coaches and umpires have been trained. China '-J presently has eight umpires certi- fied for international competitions and 27 qualified for national games. In Beijing, Tianjin, Lr.ida, Qiqihar and Chongqing, spare- time sports schools and training centers for young people have added softball to their curricula. QIUCE China became a member u of the International Soltball XIE KAINAN is a staff reporter for Sports News. 60 ,1 I t .r*. 1\ Warm-up beford a match. Pitcher Zhang Meilan. Batting practice. \l Safe on base after a spectacular slid€. A migtrty swing. Photos by Huo Jianfing and ll'ang Hongxun E Women's Softboll Teom ZHONG LEI Catcher Wang Hongxin. TIHREE [resh-faced young wo- Championships held in Edmonton, period lasting from early May to r men softballers and their coach Canada, and second in a special late June. (Yanli, Zhengping and talked to China Reconstructs a few ISF-sponsored US-China-Japan Guixiang, who are still students months ago about the strengths contest. International competitions, at Beijing Middle School No. 66, and weaknesses of their team, their as team coach Li Minkuan empha- would practice in the early morn- training regimen and their hopes sizes, are important for athletes. ings and late afternoons while at- of being the first mainland athletes Pitting themselves against the tending regular classes in the in over 30 years to compete in a world's best, players can learn lrom mornings.) sports tournament held on Taiwan one another's strong pxrints and The players also regret the lost province. Ren Yanli, Li Zheng- eliminate weaknesses in their'own chance to greet old friends and ping and Zhang Guixiang are all game. make new ones. They have warm 19 and Beijing natives, and have Yanii, Zhengping and Gui- memories of the Canadian games. been playing softball since junior xiang all of whom played in the They found that though athletes middle school. They are tall for Canadian- tournament have ob- may be highly cornpetitive on the Chinese women and obviously in viously studied other teams- close- field, off the field they 1ike, respect. excellent physical condition. Re- Iy. Pitching standards are very and help one another. In face-to- presenting China at the Fifth high, they say, among North and f ace human contacts. misconcep- World Women's Softball Cham- South American teams pitches tions and hostilities that divide pionship in July at Taibei meant a are fast, varied and hard- to hit. people tend to dissolve. iot to them, their teammates and Japanese players are particularly their coach. good at base defense. Canadian Sports and Friendship .Australian Even as we talked, however, and pitchers are very In Canada, the Chinese women they knew there was little chance powerful. They also admire the were delighted to meet for the first team games their could attend the Taiwan players who, though time athletes from Taiwan. Since because of a political ploy on the young, are becoming a team to be part the mainland and Taiwan teams' of some Taiwan authorities reckoned with. Two of their rooms faced one another and they and American sports an official. pitchers are ah'eady f amous in were often assigned to the same softball circles for their fast tables at mealtimes, they naturally What Might Have Been delivery and hard-to-hit dipping swapped stories about, conditions curves. Despite the fact that softball is back home and in the process According to Coach Li, fhe - not ond of China's most developed clealed up some misconceptions. Chinese team is stronger on the of- sports (see p. 60) and her players One Taiwan player, admiring a have had few opportunities to fensive than in defense. It has sweater worn by a mainland girl, some powerful batters and good compete in international matches, was astonished to learn it had been the International Softball Federa- base runners. though bunting skills made in the People's Republic. Did tion (ISF) rates China's women's need to be improved. Pitching, they reallv have the necessary team among the top three in the defensive ball handling in general technology ? Were such stylish world, along with the US and and fielding long balls are weak things really worn? Members of Japan. The team placed third at points, and the team needs to the two teams ended up helping the 198l World Youth Softball develop more varied tactical ap- one another in their daily lives, proaches in offense and defense. staging a joint songfest and ex- ZHONG LEI is a staff reporter for The coach hoped to work on these changing autographs and souve- China Reconstructs. defects in an intensive training nirs. .IULY 1982 63 sociation (CTSA): but may not use the name. {lag or anthem identify- ing it as the "Republic of China.'' Nevei'theless, from the time thc gantes were scheduled in Februarv, the CTSA flaunted its intentions oI violating the rules and actyally did send official invitations in the name of the "Republic of China " American ISF Secretary-Cleneral l)on Porter consistently hedged, made excuses, and prttiected Tiribei cif f icials trom the conse- Sh;t*"tl', quences o{ their actions. Under & strong pressure from softball as- sociations around the .,vorld. Porter set up a final meeting with CTSA and promptly announced Lhal the matter was ''resolved." implying that the rules wouid be l,i jllinkuan (lel't), r.oach of the Chinese national team tollorved- though the subsequent, CTSA statements cast doubl on An of ficial traveling with the its matches against .Iaprin. the US these assurances. Taibei oflicials Taiwarr tearn, mainland-boln, and other foleign teams. further inflamed the situation by came around to ask if any of the The belief that sport5 er.ents stating that large balloons bearing piayers were from his native prov- help promote friendship and r.tn- ilags '"vould float over the -stadiun.r ince; he wanted to hear about the derstanding between peoples a and spectators wonld be "required" old home place. Among the belief shared by China and by- the to carry small tlags ol emblems. spectators lt,ere Taiwan students ol'ganizers of the Internati..rnal Undel such circumstances. China attending Canadian colleges. At Olympic Games was - antplv <-rf course could no1, attend. first they were rather hostile to the borne out in Canada. But there will be other matches national team. but a number of ISF rule.s are quite speci{ic: The allo'"ving Chinese athletes to stririe victories by the team brought out, People's Republic represents for excellence and to extend the their pride in being Chinese. By China: Taiwan may pal"ticipate as hand o{ fliendship to others in- the end of the tournament many a province oI China under the cluding their brothers and sisters- were happily cheering the team in name China Taibei Soltball As- acl'()ss the Tair,r,an straits. ., Ren Yanli is a good batter as well as thir.d base \vontan, Li Nianmin (right), a Ieading pitcher, coacht's l,ounger playt'rs. Pirolrs hr.r Lllto Jia\llinl Do You Know? his coat, but will still be wearing padded clothing, as-except for tourist hotels internal heating is not customary.- When he arrives in Gqangzhou he rvill iind a sweat- er quite enough. However, if About Chinq's Climqte yc.'u travel f rom Guangzhou to Harbin in July,;-ou'll wish you had brought a bathing suit, fof the water in the Songhua River at Harbin is as rvarm as that in the n HINA'S climate is conditioned L<;p Nur (see Chino Reconstructs Zhujiang (Pearl) River in the tJ by her location on the south- May 1981) to be maintained in a south. eastern portion of Eurasia bc- state of preservation comparable Many other f actors such as tween the world's gneatest land to that of Egyptian mummies. mountains contribute to climatic mass and its biggest ocean, the Traveling there you '*'on't have differences. The southw-estern pla- Pacific. The difference in tempera- to worry about needing a raincoat teau prorzince.s of Yunnan and ture of the land and water give or umbrella, but it would be risky Guizhou are known for their mild rise to seasonal winds known as to travel without them in summer weather a1l year round. The cnm- morlsoons, which control her south of the Changjiang (Yangtze) bination of southerly latitude and rainf all. The oceanic monsoons River, for the weather is charac- high altitude has earned Kunming between April and September terized by intermittent drizzles. in Yunnan province the title of bring heavy rains and make the This is the source of the green, "City oI Perpetual Spring," but climate warm and humid. Between green landscape of the south and some who have been there in the October and March the dry winds in fact, the warm, soft mists of the winter might add that it is a very from inlarid Asia make most of south have often been the source early spring. Every place has its the country col,d and dry in this oI poetic inspiration. season tamed for weather at its period. The north-south difference over best. Summer is Harbin's. Beijing's Precipitation in general de- China's vast territory is great in is autuntn, rvith'brisk sunny daYs creases progressively from east to winter, but not marked in summer. after the rains stop and before the west. In western Inner Mongolia Someone traveling in JanuarY cold northwest winds begin to and the Xinjiang region desert, trom, say, Harbin in the northeast blow. The southerly latitude makes semidesert, or arid grasslands pre- to Guangzhou in the south, will winter the best time in scenic dominate. The extreme dryness ot start out in a fur coat. By the time Guilin in Guangxi, famous for its Xinjiang in the f ar west has he reaches the Changjiang valley fantastic karst limestone moun- enabled ancient bodies found at in central China he will have shed tains. tr Mean femperalures ol China's Major Cities Cities January July 1 Harbin -19.7'C - 3.46'F 22.7"C 72.86'F 2 Beijing - 4.7"C 23.54'F 26.0'C 78.8" F 3 Xi'an - 1.3"C 29.66'E 26.7"C 80.06'F 4 Lanzhou - 7.3"C 18.86'F 22.4'C 72.32"F 5 Qingdao - 2.6.C 27.31'F 24.7'C 75.2" F 6 Turpan - 9.5'c 14.9" F 33.0'C ' 91.4" F 7 Shanghai 3.3"C 37.74'F 27.9"C F o Hangzhou 3.6'C 38.48'F 28.7"C 83.86'F q Wuhan 2.8'C 36.9" F 29.0"C 84.2' F 10 Chengdu 5.6"C 42.08"F 25.8"C 78.44"F 11 Kunming 7.8'C 46.0' F 19.9"C 66.2' F 11. o12 t2 Guilin 8.0'c 46.4" F 28.3"C 82.9' F 13 Guangzhou 13.4'C 55.82'F zo.J \- 82.9' F JULY 1982 'Fairylond' Coverns of Yaolin HUANG GUOWEN and TANG QINGZHONG f UST two years ago the lime- year, we set out by car from Hang- ed with shapes resembling rt stone caverns known as the zhou and, after a two-hour drive monkeys, some with tongues Yaolin Fairyland were rediscov- along the picturesque, winding Iolling, others seeming to gaze ered. Though well known to his- banks of the Fuchun River, arrived covetously at the life-giving plant. tory, their location had been lost at the Yaolin Fairyland. As we admired this tableau, our for much of the 20th century. Of The tave mouth is halfway up a guide called, and see all Chrna's underground "Come what caverns hillside. Wraiths of mist coming I've famous for their unusual rock for- caught.'' We saw his hand in from the smail entrance give it an grasping goggle-eyed mations, these are largest a cranny a the and aura of mystery. A newly installed most beautiful. The mountainside frog. The guide laughed, and on handrail guides visitors caves are 85 kilometers southwest down a closer inspection we found that steep of Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang slope. With each step for- the "frog" was just another ward province on the southeast coast. the way becomes darker. At stalagmite. People knew about the caverns a depth of about 20 meters, the As we walked down a newly- as early as the Tang dynasty (618- view suddenly opens up into the laid path one of our party exclaim- 907), and in the 14th century a her- first cavern, Lintianmen (Gate ed "Watch out!" We looked up mit poet named Xu Fang lived Leading to Heaven), about 20 me- to see a soundless waterfall seven there and wrote a book of poems ters high and 400 meters around. meters high and ten wide plunging about them. An inscription on a Illuminated by colored lights; the down into a chasm at our feet. rock wall was carved during the rocky vault resembles a magnifi- Then it dawned on us that this reign of Emperor Guang Xu (1875- cent palace hall, r'ichly decorated was a petrified lava fall, and that 1908). Later the cave mouth at the and crowded with human and in- the "chasm" was no more than a foot of the mountain was silted up human shapes. At the end of the shallow pool" which, reflecting as by floods and upper opening the hall stands what looks like an it did the fall, lengthened its lines covered with a millstone by super- enormous lotus pedestal with an and gave it the appearance of stitious villagers who believed that array of fairies gods and on it. To plummeting to bottomless depths. warm gusts of air coming from the one side is a stone elephant with cave mouth a The guide explained that this was in winter were a potted evergreen on its back, the Iargest lava fall so far discover- dragon's breath. So the caverns paying obeisance to the "im- were cut from world ed in China. off the and rnortals" on the pedesta).. people forgot their existence. Stalactites, stalagmites and rock In 1980 a local peasant's goat formations in every conceivable Chimes squirmed behind the millstone and form resemble curtains tapes- he went in after it and found the or strange crea- Walking past the fa1l, we foLlow- caves. The news spread, and ex- tries. half-human young maidens, ed a sieep path down into a dark perts investigating them found cop- tures, fish, war- riors and as and again a per coins of the Northern Song so on. It was though ravine then up to dynasty (960-1126) and an ancient we had indeed been transported to second hall. The rock formations bronze mirror which still produces a fairyland. here are rugged and grandiose. a reflection in spite of its age. The In the dim light, there is a tableau caverns have since been refur- More Marvels reminiscent of a traditional Chi- bished and are now a popular tour- nese landscape painting done in ist attraction. As we left the entrance hall. the heavy ink. A winding path leads scenes seemed change with to a depression where on a large Wonderland to every step we took. One grey and "screen" is suspended what looks A week or two before they were white stalagmite looks uncannily like a set of ancient musical actually opened to the public Iast Iike glossy ganoderma, that fungus chimes. Our guide picked up a used'in Chinese medicine and, in stone and struck the "chimes," HUANG GUOWEN and TANG QING- ZHONG work in travel and publicity in legend, accredited with miraculous which gave out clear, crisp sounds the llangzhou area. powers. Opposite is a slope crowd- whose echoes filled the cavern. 66 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS I }.f j I t 1'a(,1iil :r;t(]nE 1/-rrntatiofl 'Scenes liorri Another $roi[r!-'', it lJ.ili\ 'Hanging Curtains'is the fanciful name l'or this group of stalactites. Wang Ttanrut 'Sea Lion Reaching for Water.' Liu Bing A stalagmite looks tike a rnountain range in rniniature. lYang Tianrut Leaving the second hall, we negotiated a number of "cliffs" and "ravines" to reach a third hall. Gartor*ns This cavern was larger than the We guorqnlee two preceding ones, measuring 170 meters long and 37 high. One outstanding feature is an enor- mous "tree," so thick that a dozen people could hardly encircle it with their arms. In one place, the cave fl.oor resembles a sea with rippling waves, in the center of which lies a large, flat rock raised at both ends in the manner of a dragon boat. A small platform on the "boat" contains what looks like a "banquet" complete with trays, plates, wine pots and dishes with rare delicacies. Quantily and quality, I\liao Di Arctic Scenes Right next to this cavern is a \ surfeit oI love. fourth one. its air fresh and cool. Sun Guongzhao From the ceiling hang clusters of "icicles". The flat, slightly un- dulating rock underfoot is covered with a blanket of white "snow." To the right of the path bubble several springs. Here too are a number of exquisite little scenes. comes alive. most remarkable of which is a Gito ('ltt nrtrti stone tree, tall and erect and surprisingly lif elike. We wanted to go further. but the guide would not let us. There were two more halls immediately ahead, but the path had not been properly explored yet. A glance at our watches showed that we had already spent two and a halt hours in the caverns. In our. guide's estimation the f our sec- tions we had seen constituted less than one-third of the total area. On the way out the guide told us that scientists dated the caverns' beginnings at 200 million years ago in the Paleozoic era, and their final formation at 80 to 100 million years ago. The hilts hereabouts consist of limestone, and the rock formations were shaped over the centuries by mineral-rich rain water seeping through cracks caused by shifts in the earth's crust. It was nice to have the scientific explanation, ( hampion-length noodles. Wanq Zuntitt but the caverns will live in our rtremories as a wonderland of unearthly charm. I .TULY T982 69 Legends ind Tales from History fer one of his daughters to be his wife. nNE tale may be taken as an il- Stories Told about Gonfucius \-/ lustration of his consideration for differences. Zi Lu asked him a question, "When we hear a good WEI TANG proposal, should we put it into practice at once?" "You should al- ways first ask someone with more n NE thing Confucius (551-479 dreamed of killing a tiger bare- experience," Confucius answered. \,rs.c") will be remembered is his handed. Neither would I take any- Later a student named Ran You approach to education. He stimu- one who behaved rashly and want- asked the same question. To him lated his students to think by pos- ed to cross a river without any Confucius replied, "Of course you ing questions. He also maintained preparation. I would take with me should put it into practice at once." that the molding of the personality someone cool-headed and prudent." A third student who had heard was of prime importance in educa- Zi Lu developed into a person tion, and everything else foilowed with political insight. He traveled from this. Thus, if the tales told to the State of Wei with Confucius after hirn have any truth in them, and when Confucius left Zi Lu and he tailored his methods to each another student stayed on to serve student's needs. the Duke of Wei in important His teaching style was more in positions. When Confucius iater the way of inf ormaL conversa- heard that there had been a polit- tions than formal classes. Roughly ical upset in Wei, he said that the speaking, his discourses covered other would return but that Zi Lu three fields, the classics and phi- would die, for he knew that this Iosophy, including his views on re- honest and upright man would not forms which would bring the gov- turn with the tide. Soon the news ernment of the ducal states back to reached Confucius that Zi Lu had what' he considered the ideal of been killed in battle, and he wept ancient times, the forms and cere- bitterly for his student. monies of those past times, and poetry and music. He was an avid NOTHER storv is about his Drawn by Yang Yongqing lover of music, which he once re- I fI 1sla1i6n with Yan Hui, who is marked could help mold kindness credited with carrying out 'Confu- uprightness character. and of cius' ideas most faithfully. He led both answers, puzzled by their ap- Wherever he went in his travels very hard life, but never let parent contradiction, asked Confu- through the states, he collected a it deter him from his studies. Confu- cius about it. You alwaYs the songs of the people, which he "Ran once of doubt hesitates when making a decision," used in his teaching, and near the cius said him, "I that person he should be end of his life edited the ancient I can find another who is he said. "Therefore be bolder. Zi Lu collection The Book of Songs. so attentive, diligent and consistent encouragd to Altogether at one time or an- in his studies as Yan Hui " . He tends to make hasty decisions. reminded to other some 3,000 young men came eats coarse grain, drinks nothing Therefore he should be but water and lives in a small nar- be cautious. It's only natural that to study under him. The 72 who get were the brightest and spent the row lane. To anyone else this different people should dif- most time with him came to be would be depressing, but not Yan ferent answers." known as his disciples. Some of Hui. He is always happy and al- When Confucius died at the age them went with him on his travels ways studies hard." of 73, some of his disciples put uP to other states. But Confucius criticized Yan Hui huts beside his grave and lived in Most devoted among them was for being too obedient and not them for three years in mourning. Z\ Lu, by nature rather brash and having independent views. "Yan One by the name of Zi Gong did very courageous but lacking in Hui accepts everything I say," he not feel this was enough, so he tactics. Conf ucius warned him observed. "That's neither good for stayed on three more yeam. TodaY more than once to use caution. him nor for me." visitors to Confucius' tomb in the One story goes'that Zi Lu asked Gongye Chang was another of tovJ'n of Qufu in Shandong prov- Confucius, "If you were to lead an his students. He was imprisoned on ince will see a small cottage stand- army, who would you take with a charge that Confucius believed ing to the right of it, which, re- you to the battlefield?" to be unfounded. A.s a gesture of built many times in after Years, Confucius' reply was. "I would his f aith in him Conf ucius an- stands on the site of Zi Gong's certainly not take anyone who nounced that he was willing to of- hut. tr 70 CIIINA RECONSTBUCTS HUITNG WENYAN Lesson 19 Miniature Landseapes z,! frt atr ji- _@ !4i,1t 0Lff Afi *- t4*']t "ft t ff *.} p6njing shi -vi zhdng He! Ni zhu6shing rle zhC p6n Mili: Guinsh[ng Mili: Appreciate potted landscape is one kind(of) Marl': Oh! your desk on this pot Mary: i#fr' alr ftE' *.*t' rt1J + *., lE't& ,\'{11 Afr + 'tt r6nmen zhEn Piioliang Ya! Ni shi m6iMo de xiflngshdu, n{nguiri P6niing no wonder people potted landscape really beautiful! That IS aesthetic enjoyment, " lL rt1 i+, 4+ #r €',1.1 *. F 'frf A tit ch6ng tf,men shi "wish6ng de sht"' sh6nme shir? Yizh6ng is "soundless Poem"' ' tree? call them a kind what of i4+ hIJ fu" t J-*, E f-frie-*r'" .,liti ile hui,' ya! WAng Ping: Te shi lu6hins6ng' "rhree-dimensional painting!" Wang Ping: lt is dwarf Pine' 1-*, it tfr *'t Efr + hfr, th*'| iiixtAZ^ in+ *' le WAng Plng: Qing ni diro kdting qu kinkan, 'Please Mili: ZhE shi geo bi gud bin Ri, dirn Wang Ping: you to living room go look" half meter" but Mary: This tree tall not over Itltg zt *L+i, Ea ElL, nili hAi ydu Yi P6n. llogirn qit zhl' cingjin tingM, there aiso have a Pol. branch. green strong straight' otd trunk curling t4*,1, ir" ( *-ft.*f-r ) 4! ii; A R' .-sL t+- + +*f Mili: Htro. (Z6ujin kdtlng) O! Zhi p6n shi 4t- *r- g[sht' " lin xiing Yi zhil cjintiiin Mar5': Fine. (Walk into living room) Oh! This pot is just like a towering old tree ,LFft, t 44-,zZ g'l{-, t&f' ftr Ld shincMhui, k5i de zhCme hdngYin' A*, -f,fr camellia flower, bloom so red brilliant' WAng Ping: P6niing yishir zii Zhdnggu6 vi y6u Wanl ningr Potted landscape art in China already have t tr-lt + al tfi*-" €it" mdi jile! + , ! yi qren du6 niAn de lishi' Tdnggud beautiful extremely more year history' Through a thousand A+, lh ftea frh,&tr fk *f hlr r+&. 4,7fi. HFIS- + Ji-iL Wdng Ping: Ni zixi kirnkan, zhi p6n g6n zhu6shing de pinjie, xiiiiiln, itiiozhu6 d6ng iishn Wang Ping: Youcarefully' look, this pot with desk on grafting, pruning, carving etc' skillful ''A 611 n$ A A- ft 'tiz llo Lt i fi tt f 6*r' nit pCn ydu sh6nme ^bfi YiYing? iiagdng, dizirAnzhdng de cflngs6ng that pot have what not same? processlng, nature in green plne J44,1, ts" lY" hlt ,1r ikJ frL fu A, A L 4*a, )ll * rfri Zbmnq zhi p6n shi jil de? gduhd, d6u n6ng Mlli: cuibtri, shinchuin Mary: What. this pot is artificial? verdantcypress, mountain river valley' all can ,1.,1. fr! ftfr 4+tfr. t+. |frfr, lJlt iL6, fu*. ff"|, t t ni huEl6i, hu6du6, hui Y0, ziri xi6oxi6o de p6njingzhdng tixiin WAng Ping: Ni kin, look, that flowerbuds' flower, flower leave, at small potted landscaPe embod)' Wang Ping, You k Ifl ia6-L. ,L)\fr" *t. k6ngquishl' chiilai. shi Ydng hirnbAiyi, white marble, malachite, out. are use JULY 1982 77 tqtfr+ rrfrhl ++*+ ,r Everyday Expressions Translation l. xifijiin prune, trim Mary: Oh, the miniature landscape on your desk is realll- {bq beautiful. What kind of tree is that? 47fr X+L xi[jiin gu6zhi prune fruit trees Wang Ping: It's a dwarf pine. l,rfi )A Y xifijidn zhijia trim fingernails Mary: This tree is less than half a meter tall but has it frl bidzhi unique the sturdy trunk and strong gnarled branches of !t- a towering old tree ++ + ff,) fk- yingzi bi6zhi unique look Wang Ping: The art of miniature landscapes has a history of frllkfllli- xingzhuirng bi6zhi unique shape more than one thousand years in China. Through Pn- -). ln gudnshdng see and appreciate, or grafting, pruning. and carving, the green pines" verdant cypresses, mountains, rivers and valleys enjoy of nature can all be manifested in miniature. l'Lfr fr L gu[nshdng jingsd enjoy a beautiful Mary; The appreciation of miniature landscapes is one scene type of aesthetic enjoyment. No wonder people tn guinshlng biloyin enjoy per- call thern "soundless poems" and ..three-dimen- ff L;rt a sional paintings." formance Wang Ping: Please go to the living room and have a look. There is another pot there Exercises Mary: All right. (Walks into living room) Ohl This pot has camellias. Such a brilliant red. Ho$ l. Answer the following questions in Chinese. beautiful ! Do you like miniature landscapes? Why? Wang Ping: Look carefully. Is there any difference between this one and the one on the desk? 2. Complete the following sentences with gEn , . . Mary: What. is this artificial? @n) yiynng. Wang Ping: Yes. Look, the buds, petals and leaves are made ( 1) Aff+,r(---__fu-a4rLt<_" of such precious materials like white marble, ma- ( 2 fll, k,s(.4*ltu aF lachite and agate. ) X +,t.l.?.4*-lt Marv: If you doo't look carefully, .you can hardly. tell the difference. ( 3 ) d.AAfr *7fr 'F.d.Afi " - ( 4 ) 1+-*A1'r# +r _ *"x nl w+r Notes -?" l. GEn...yiying xff....-t+ (the same as. . .). 3. Read the following sentences aloud and trans- Wd de shduyinji gEn ti de shduyinji yiyirng late them into your own language. (Mv -irr.('fll *,a1&*tttrklr-fi&*ttr--ll radio is the I h f,"rh+ tT.l + same as his). Zhd pdn hud gEn nd p6n yiyirng 2 E hu[ r:IrI.'fl* At )r , xv-trilflL*,ll +! (This -ir d.-Aitf&aFAit-+f pot of flowers is the 3 *.,fr] h tg ,t LjEfrt rt t4t t * same as that one). 4. Read the following passage. 'x Sometimes ffi an adjective follows. Wd de +Xi\t,nnE-FA [,ffi _h4fr, _-A*. y jt-E,^-, shduyinji gEn td de sh6uyinji yiying ft hio }n6i &Fft" flf.&Y il*a'X 6 +*A, EL*+ E tL#*l"tY F I Afforestation campaign poster 'Greenery Protects Environment' Posler b)) Han Yang ln the Orient discover the difference between travel and Lindblad Travel Lindblad Travel has created a series of diflerent and Tenzing Norgay, world famous mountaineer and first man flexible travel itineraries in the Orient. These programs are to reach the top of Mt. Qomolangma (Mount Everest), operated on a weekly basis. This means you can combine personally takes you on a trekking expedition. visits to diferent areas to suit your particular wishes. Lindblad Travel stands for quality of travel, quality of For instance, many want to see China. Let us suggest planning, handling and leadership. Because we have oper- then that you spend two weeks there and add another in ated tours in the Orient for 24 years we are well known. Japan. Or you want to simply go to Beijing for a full week, Wherever you go, you find our own Lindblad staff on hand, where there is more and more to see every year. Then you ready and anxious to assist you-whether it be with proceed to Thailand and from there to Indonesia for a third shopping, hotels, restaurants or tickets for entertainment. week. It is also possible to combine our Beijing program with visits to India, Nepal or Bhutan. Or you may combine We use only the very finest hotels. In China we can beautiful Burma with India or any of our other Orient guarantee luxury accommodations. programs. You will discover that traveling to the Orient with We offer a totally different Himalaya tour where Lindblad Travel is a delightfully diflerent experience. Please contact Lindblad Travel at any of the locations listed below. UNDBLAD TRAVEL, tNC. 8 Wright Street, P.O. Box 912, Westport, CT 0688r USA (203) 226-4189 Telex: 643443 LINDBLAD TRAVEL LINOBLAD TBAVEL, INC. LINDBLAD TBAVEL, INC. VIVBE INTERNAT!ONAt (H0NG K0NG) LTD. ARAI Building 22 Petershom Mews P.O. Box 5067, FDR Stotion House 20 l0 Swire I USA 7-7 Honshio-Cho London, SW75NR, UK New York, NY 0022 9 Connought Rood Centrol Shiniuku-Ku Telephone: O1 -594-9042 Telephone: 1212\ 7 51 -23oo L Hong Kong B.C.C. Tokyo, 1 60, JoPon Telex: 91 2 88 I Telex: 234980 Telephone' (s) zOS-gsO Telephone: 03-357 -O24 1 Telex, 66l 5l Telex: 24840 i[i1s Jeq5.r ]3s sl::u.l jt]-J Arlu no3 dlluno3 apo} lotls* _ &t) ssarPpv ssarpPy eu!ofi{ puB1r4 B .r6g uotld!,,3sqfts E tagx..ea ssee{d x!Jr@* l6pi0 *6sqdt!55qn$ ,1.!\/!f ,,) ,.--ri i- _) ,.'l!, :l:i: 1.1 lt)l()cl !:1, 11r0,1. 1 , . I '-i\'\ \i i,. 'i-., l_til rt t i, , 1..,.. lr:r,rr y\Lil ) tilt .,!l t l-.ll -i 1, t':t .: li:l i L, I t15^ lii \'-li r\rv!/i L.,:Nr a..,rril 't ;-li!('r')., :t,t,i..ti r-) & y/ ,r, , Ba.i ii ,! 6ft: . ,9.: STAMPS OF NEW CHINA The Twelve Beauties of Jinling fiom 'A Dream of Red Mansions' Part II .1 D t t'tttn o.f Rcd M utsion v , by Ca o Xueqin (?- 176 3), one of China's greatest literary masterpieces, has won worldwide renown. Stamps 1,3,5,7,9, and I I and the souvenir sheet, showing some of the novel's principal characters, were issued on November 20, 1981, the rest on April 24,1992. Stamp l, Daiyu burying flowers, 4 len Stamp 2, Baochai chasing a butterfl,y, 4 /'en Stamp 3, Yuanchun visits her parents, 8 /ez Stamp 4, Yingchun recites Buddhist sutras, 8 /cr Stamp 5, Tanchun helps form a poetry society, 8 /Zr. Stamp 6, Xichun sketching, 8 /e/7 Stamp 7, Xiangyun picks up a necklace, 8 /i,ru Stamp 8, Li Wan lectures her son, l0 /cr Stamp 9, Xifeng hatches a plot, 2O lbn Starnp 10, Sister Qiao escapes, 30 /el Stamp 11, Keqing at leisure,40 len Stamp 12, Miaoyu serving tea, 8O lctt The stamps measure 27 x 4O mm. Perl.l1.5. Color photogravured. Serial numbers: T. 69 (12-l) to (12- 12). The souvenir sheet "A Dream of Red Mansions: Baoyu and Daiyu Reading," was also issued; face value 2 yuan, size 140 x 78 mm., color photogravured. 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