Menjaga Bahasa, Memuliakan Bangsa: Bunga Rampai Konservasi Bahasa Dan Sastra Daerah

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Menjaga Bahasa, Memuliakan Bangsa: Bunga Rampai Konservasi Bahasa Dan Sastra Daerah MENJAGA BAHASA, MEMULIAKAN BANGSA: BUNGA RAMPAI KONSERVASI BAHASA DAN SASTRA DAERAH MENJAGA BAHASA, MEMULIAKAN BANGSA: BUNGA RAMPAI KONSERVASI BAHASA DAN SASTRA DAERAH Hak Cipta © 2019 Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan Pengarah Dadang Sunendar Kepala Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Penanggung Jawab Gufran Ali Ibrahim Kepala Pusat Pengembangan dan Pelindungan Penyusun Ganjar Harimansyah, Deni Setiawan, Suladi, Inayatusshalihah, Itman Jalbi, Purwaningsih, Jonner Sianipar, Retno Handayani, Wawan Prihartono , Mardi Nugroho, Miranti Sudarmaji, Dina Amalia Susamto, Prih Suharto , Rahmat Hidayat, Nur Ahid Prasetyawan Ps. Penyelaras Kenedi Nurhan Ganjar Harimansyah Deni Setiawan Pendesain dan Pengatak: Munafsin Aziz Katalog dalam terbitan (KDT) PB 499.210 2 Menjaga Bahasa, Memuliakan Bangsa: Bunga Rampai Konservasi MEN Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah/ Ganjar Harimansyah dkk. Jakarta: m Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2019. 159 hlm.; 24 cm.; 24 cm. ISBN 978-602-437-977-3 BAHASA INDONESIA - BUNGA RAMPAI KESUSASTRAAN INDONESIA – BUNGA RAMPAI Diterbitkan oleh Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI, Tahun 2019 ii KATA PENGANTAR KEPALA PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN DAN PELINDUNGAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA Pelindungan bahasa daerah merupakan tanggung jawab kita bersama. Selain masyarakat pemilik bahasa dan sastra itu sendiri, pemerintah pun tentu ikut hadir dalam usaha pelindungan ini, seperti yang telah diatur dalam Undang- Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (UU RI No. 24/2009) dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 57 Tahun 2014 (PP No. 57/2014). Di dalam UU RI No. 24/2009, kebijakan penangan terhadap bahasa dan sastra daerah diarahkan pada tiga tindakan, yakni pengembangan, pembinaan, dan pelindungan bahasa dan sastra daerah. Untuk mewujudkan amanat undang- undang itu, Pusat Pengembangan dan Pelindungan Bahasa dan Sastra, Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan (BPBP), Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, mempunyai lima program unggulan untuk mewujudkan pelindungan bahasa dan sastra di Indonesia, yakni (1) pemetaan, (2) kajian vitalitas, (3) konservasi, (4) revitalisasi, dan (5) registrasi bahasa dan sastra. Sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Permendikbud) Nomor 11 Tahun 2018, salah satu tugas Pusat Pengembangan dan Pelindungan adalah melaksanakan pengkajian pengembangan dan pelindungan bahasa dan sastra. Sejalan dengan Permendikbud dalam bidang pelindungan tersebut—dan mewujudkan amanat undang-undang, para peneliti, pengonservasi, dan perevitalisasi Bahasa dan sastra dituntut secara terencana dan teratur menghasilkan penelitian dan kajian yang siap diolah sebagai bahan kebijakan teknis pengembangan dan pelindungan kebahasaan dan kesastraan. Selain itu, hasil-hasil penelitian dan kajian tersebut diharapkan dapat dipublikasikan dalam bentuk terbitan yang bisa dinikmati dan dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat umum. Sehubungan dengan itu pula, saya menyambut buku Menjaga Bahasa, Memuliakan Bangsa: Bunga Rampai Konservasi Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah ini dengan bangga. Bunga rampai atau antologi ini merupakan salah satu bentuk publikasi dari sebagian kecil hasil kajian vitalitas dan laporan kegiatan konservasi bahasa dan sastra yang dilakukan oleh Bidang Pelindungan, Pusat Pengembangan dan Pelindungan Bahasa dan Sastra, BPBP, pada tahun 2017 dan 2018. Bunga rampai ini memberikan gambaran kepada masyarakat umum mengenai kegiatan pelindungan bahasa dan sastra yang dilakukan oleh BPBP. Di dalam buku ini pembaca akan mendapatkan gambaran mengenai metodologi, langkah kerja, hingga aksi pelindungan yang dilakukan. Selain itu, bunga rampai ini juga diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi mengenai kondisi bahasa dan sastra daerah di Indonesia kepada para peneliti, pengkaji, akademisi, serta masyarakat umum yang tertarik kepada upaya pelindungan bahasa dan sastra daerah di Indonesia. iii Saya berharap buku ini menjadi sumbangan berarti dalam pelestarian bahasa daerah. Untuk itu, saya menyampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada Tim Penyusun bunga rampai ini. Semoga upaya ini memberi manfaat bagi langkah pelindungan dan upaya pengembangan bahasa daerah di Indonesia. Jakarta, Desember 2019 Prof. Dr. Gufran Ali Ibrahim, M.S. Kepala Pusat Pengembangan dan Pelindungan Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa iv DAFTAR ISI Kebijakan Pelindungan Bahasa dan Sastra 1 (Ganjar Harimansyah) Bagian Pertama: Kajian Vitalitas Bahasa 8 1. Bahasa Adang di Tiga Komunitas Tutur di Pulau Alor 14 (Inayatusshalihah) 2. Ikhtiar Bahasa Benggaulu yang Menolak Punah 23 (Itman Jalbi) Bagian Kedua: Kajian Vitalitas Sastra 26 3. Sastra Lisan Dolo-Dolo sebagai Narasi Budaya 30 Masyarakat Lamaholot di Flores Timur (Purwaningsih) 4. Sastra Lisan Dolabololo di Ternate 39 (Ganjar Harimansyah dan Jonner Sianipar) Bagian Ketiga: Konservasi Bahasa 50 5. Sistem Aksara dan Sintaksis Bahasa Nedebang 53 (Ganjar Harimansyah) 6. Sistem Sintaksis Bahasa Nedebang 62 (Inayatusshalihah dan Retno Handayani) 7. Sistem Fonologi Bahasa Kalabra 76 (Wawan Prihartono dan Mardi Nugroho) 8. Sistem Sintaksi Bahasa Kalabra 91 (Miranti Sudarmaji) Bagian Keempat: Konservasi Sastra 101 9. Mereka yang Tak Pernah Kendur 104 Menjaga Tradisi Lisan Borero Gosimo di Tidore (Dina Amalia Susamto) 10. Konstruksi “Hoho” dan “Fondrakő”: Konservasi Sastra Lisan Nias 109 (Jonner Sianipar) v 11. Sastra Lisan Buhun di Subang dan Sumedang 121 (Prih Suharto dan Rahmat Hidayat) 12. Ketika Warisan Budaya Tulis Suku Bugis Terabaikan 136 (Nur Ahid Prasetyawan Ps.) 13. Tulisan Nenek Moyang Orang Sumatera Utara 145 (Prih Suharto dan Rahmat Hidayat) vi Menjaga Bahasa, Memuliakan Bangsa: Bunga Rampai Konservasi Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah Kebijakan Perlindungan Bahasa dan Sastra Ganjar Harimansyah Kepunahan bahasa terkait dengan kematian bahasa adalah kondisi yang menggambarkan sebuah bahasa tidak lagi dituturkan. Salah satu keadaan yang memperlihatkan gejala-gejala kepunahan bahasa adalah penurunan secara drastis jumlah penutur aktif. Pengabaian penggunaan bahasa daerah oleh penutur usia muda juga merupakan gejala sebuah bahasa akan mengalami kepunahan… Jika keadaan seperti ini terus berlanjut, bukan tidak mugkin dalam beberapa tahun mendatang akan semakin banyak bahasa daerah yang pada akhirnya punah terkikis zaman. Khazanah bahasa dan sastra daerah di Indonesia tersebar dari Sabang sampai Merauke dan dari Rote hingga Miangas. Dalam buku Bahasa dan Peta Bahasa di Indonesia (2019) yang diterbitkan Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan (BPBP) disebutkan bahwa jumlah bahasa daerah yang sudah diinventarisasi dan dideskripsikan sebanyak 718—tidak termasuk dialek dan subdialek. Jika dilihat dari akumulasi persebaran bahasa daerah per provinsi, bahasa di Indonesia berjumlah 733. Itu pun di wilayah Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Papua dan Papua Barat belum semua teridentifikasi. Penghitungan jumlah itu diperoleh dari hasil verifikasi dan validasi data di 2.560 daerah penelitian di seluruh Indonesia. Penelitian untuk pemetaan bahasa di Indonesia yang dilaksanakan BPBP (dulu Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa) tersebut dilakukan sejak 1991. Bahasa Daerah di Indonesia Menurut Sensus Penduduk Tahun 2010 (SP 2010), jumlah bahasa di Indonesia mencapai ribuan, yakni sekitar 2.500 jenis bahasa, atau hampir dua kali lipat dari jumlah jenis suku bangsa yang mencapai 1.340 suku bangsa. Tampaknya dialek dan subdialek dimasukkan dalam hitungan ini. Di antara 1 Menjaga Bahasa, Memuliakan Bangsa: Bunga Rampai Konservasi Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah ratusan bahasa yang terdapat di Indonesia tersebut hanya 13 bahasa yang memiliki penutur di atas satu juta, yakni bahasa Jawa, Batak, Bali, Bugis, Madura, Minang, Rejang Lebong, Lampung, Makassar, Banjar, Bima, dan Sasak (BPS, 2010). Penghitungan jumlah bahasa yang mencapai ribuan ini karena banyak faktor dari tanggapan responden, salah satunya pengakuan penutur yang sering menyebut bahasanya dengan nama tempat persebaran dan sukunya, padahal bahasa tersebut termasuk dalam kategori dialek atau subdialek. Misalnya, di Rote Tengah, NTT, banyak yang menyebut bahasanya sebagai bahasa Termanu. Namun jika dilihat secara dialektometri, bahasa itu merupakan dialek bahasa Rote. Penyebutan tersebut, boleh jadi, disebabkan karena selain penutur dialek Termanu terbanyak jumlahnya dibandingkan dengan penutur dialek bahasa Rote lainnya, juga terluas daerah pemakaiannya. Di antara ratusan bahasa—termasuk sastra daerah di dalamnya— yang terdapat di Indonesia tersebut, dari tahun ke tahun jumlahnya terus berkurang hingga terancam punah, bahkan ada yang sedang menuju kepunahan. Apabila kita melihat peta kebahasaan di Indonesia—berdasarkan pemetaan yang dibuat Unesco1, kita dapat menemukan bahwa bahasa-bahasa yang terancam punah itu terbanyak terdapat di wilayah Indonesia bagian timur. Hal tersebut dikarenakan keberagaman bahasa di Indonesia timur lebih kaya. Berbeda dengan di Pulau Jawa yang hanya memiliki tiga bahasa terbesar (Jawa, Sunda, dan Madura) dengan beragam dialeknya. Dari sekian ratus bahasa daerah itu, diperkirakan 145 bahasa—yang penuturnya kurang dari satu juta orang—terus mengalami penurunan status. Sebagai contoh, diperkirakan 30 dari 58 bahasa daerah Papua Barat punah selama 20 tahun terakhir. Selain itu, 10-15 bahasa daerah di Papua Barat juga dipastikan mati karena tidak pernah digunakan lagi oleh penuturnya, seperti bahasa Meyah, Mpur, Dunser, dan Karondori. Contoh lain bahasa yang punah di wilayah Indonesia bagian timur adalah bahasa Tandia—bahasa asli suku Mbakawar (Tandia), Distrik Rasiei,
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