Honey Hollow: Myth and Substance

A HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE Prepared for: Mercer County Planning Department Mercer County Park Commission

Prepared by: Hunter Research, Inc. April 2018

HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

A HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE

Prepared for:

Mercer County Planning Department Mercer County Park Commission

Prepared by:

Richard W. Hunter, Ph.D., RPA

APRIL 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

Table of Contents ...... i List of Figures ...... iii List of Photographs and Tables ...... v Acknowledgments ...... vii

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1

2. HONEY HOLLOW -- THE NAME ...... 2-1

3. HONEY HOLLOW -- THE PLACE ...... 3-1

4. HISTORY A. Roads ...... 4-1 B. Colonial Settlement and Land Ownership ...... 4-8 C. From the American Revolution to the Laying Out of Honey Hollow Road ...... 4-11 D. Honey Hollow at Its Peak, circa 1830-1875 ...... 4-17 E. Agricultural Decline in the Later 19th Century ...... 4-26 F. The 20th Century ...... 4-31

5. THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN PRESENCE ...... 5-1

6. TODAY’S LANDSCAPE A. Topography, Geology, Soils and Drainage ...... 6-1 B. Honey Hollow Road and the Old River Road ...... 6-2 C. Farm Lanes, Trails, Fields and Woodland ...... 6-9 D. Standing Buildings and Archaeological Remains ...... 6-10

7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ...... 7-1

REFERENCES ...... R-1

i TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

page

APPENDICES A. Excerpts from Henry Charlton Beck’s Fare to Midlands ...... A-1

B. Sequences of Land Ownership 1. Block 52, Lot 14 ...... B-1 2. Block 52, Lots 6 and 35 ...... B-2 3. Block 61, Lots 1 and 49 ...... B-3 4. Block 61, Lots 3.01 and 3.02 ...... B-4 5. Block 60, Lot 54 ...... B-5 6. Block 60, Lot 28 ...... B-6

C. Farmsteads Along Honey Hollow Road – Agricultural Assets and Production, 1850, 1860 and 1870 ...... C-1

D. Slaveholders and Numbers of Slaves in Hopewell Township, 1778-1802 ...... D-1

E. African-American Heads of Household in Hopewell Township, 1830-1940 1. 1830 Federal Census ...... E-1 2. 1840 Federal Census ...... E-2 3. 1850 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-3 4. 1860 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-4 5. 1870 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-5 6. 1880 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-6 7. 1885 New Jersey State Census ...... E-7 8. 1895 New Jersey State Census ...... E-9 9. 1900 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-10 10. 1905 New Jersey State Census ...... E-11 11. 1910 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-12 12. 1915 New Jersey State Census ...... E-13 13. 1920 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-14 14. 1930 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-15 15. 1940 Federal Census, Population Schedules ...... E-16

F. Resumes ...... F-1

ii LIST OF FIGURES

page

1.1. Aerial Photograph of the Honey Hollow Study Area...... opposite 1-2 1.2. Honey Hollow Historic Core and Expanded Honey Hollow...... opposite 1-2 3.1. LIDAR Map of Honey Hollow Vicinity...... opposite 3-2

4.1. Worlidge, Map of East and West Jersey, 1706...... 4-2 4.2. Hessian map, 1779...... 4-4 4.3. Hills, A Sketch of the Northern Parts of New Jersey, 1781...... 4-5 4.4. Gordon, Map of the State of New Jersey, 1828...... 4-6 4.5. Return of Road in Hopewell [Honey Hollow Road], 1831...... 4-16 4.6. U.S. Coast Survey, Yardley to Baldpate, 1844...... 4-18 4.7. Otley and Keily, Map of Mercer County, 1849...... 4-19 4.8. Lake and Beers, Map of the Vicinity of Philadelphia and Trenton, 1860...... 4-22 4.9. Everts & Stewart, Map of Hopewell Township, 1875...... 4-24 4.10. Scarlett & Scarlett, Hopewell, 1890...... 4-27 4.11. Pugh and Downing, Map of Mercer County, 1903...... 4-32 4.12. Mueller, Mueller’s Automobile Driving and Trolley Map of Mercer County, 1918...... 4-33 4.13. Aerial Photograph, 1930...... opposite 4-34

6.1. Topography of Honey Hollow...... opposite 6-2 6.2. Locations of Cultural Resources, Field Boundaries and Trails in Hollow Hollow...... opposite 6-10

iii

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND TABLES

page PHOTOGRAPHS

6.1. View from Mount Canoe toward Baldpate Mountain along the JCP&L transmission line corridor .....6-3 6.2. View from Baldpate Mountain toward Mount Canoe along the JCP&L transmission line corridor .....6-4 6.3. Remains of abutment of bridge that carried Honey Hollow Road over Fiddlers Creek ...... 6-5 6.4. Abandoned course of Honey Hollow Road ...... 6-6 6.5. Abandoned course of Honey Hollow Road ...... 6-7 6.6. Course of the Old River Road ...... 6-8 6.7. McClellan/Sked farmstead site ...... 6-12 6.8. Cellar hole of the Wiley farmhouse ...... 6-13 6.9. Honey Hollow House ...... 6-15 6.10. Remains of dam across Fiddlers Creek ...... 6-17 6.11. Cellar hole of the Scott farmhouse ...... 6-19 6.12. Remnants of the barn complex at the Scott farmstead ...... 6-20 6.13. Remains of the Hudson/Phillips farmhouse ...... 6-21 6.14. Cellar hole of the Muirhead/Reed farmhouse ...... 6-22 6.15. Brick cistern at the Muirhead/Reed farmstead ...... 6-23

TABLES

5.1. Summary of Free African-American Families Living Independently in the Honey Hollow Vicinity ..5-17

7.1. Summary of Cultural Resources in Honey Hollow and Along Honey Hollow Road ...... 7-3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was funded by the County of Mercer. We offer our thanks to Leslie R. Floyd, Director, Mercer County Planning Department, and Aaron T. Watson, Executive Director, Mercer County Park Commission, for their administrative oversight and intense interest in this work. Several County Planning and Park Commission staff also assisted in providing information and insights at critical points during the study, most notably Lisa K. Fritzinger, Assistant Planning Director, Daniel Pace, Principal Planner, and Kathleen Sar, Supervising Drafting Technician, in the Planning Department, and Joe Pizza, Director of Operations, and Brenda Giannacio, Executive Secretary, of the Park Commission.

Considerable archival research was performed in support of this report. This aspect of the study was assisted immensely by the staff of the New Jersey State Archives, several of whom invested time and energy helping us pursue often tenuous documentary leads. Joseph Klett, Director of the State Archives and a native Hopewellian, shared his exceptional knowledge of land records and genealogical sources, and other members of the State Archives staff, notably Bette Epstein, Catherine Medich and Don Cornelius, guided us to countless relevant documents. Within the Hopewell Township administration, Paul Pogorzelski, recently retired Township Administrator/Engineer, facilitated access to the series of municipal tax maps produced in 1915. David Blackwell, newly appointed Township Historian, kindly allowed us to draw on his extraordinary storehouse of historical information about Baldpate Mountain and Pleasant Valley gathered over many years. Access to private property was not always granted and we are grateful to Owen Weekley, Greg Merkle and Alastair Alastick for accepting field visits and sharing what they knew of their own properties’ histories.

During the course of the research undertaken for this project, which extended over more than a year, several colleagues, neighbors, friends and members of the Hopewell Valley community generously shared their knowledge of the township’s history. Within the Hopewell Valley Historical Society (HVHS), fellow board members William “Larry” Kidder, David Blackwell, Jack Davis and Martin Rapp all shared their support and interest in this research. Larry Kidder, in particular, through his books and newsletter contributions and through numerous conversations, has helped improve the quality and accuracy of this document. Special thanks are offered to members of Hopewell and Pennington’s African-American community, namely Beverly and Robert Mills, Elaine and John Buck, and Angela and Susan Witcher, whose invaluable and deeply cherished knowledge of their forebears is matched by their admirable enthusiasm for local history. Beverly Mills, in particular, gra- ciously fielded a never-ending stream of questions about the genealogy of black families in the Hopewell area.

Certain individuals went far beyond all reasonable bounds to help with this project. Bob and Carol Meszaros, whose family ties to Baldpate Mountain are deep and wide, spent many hours reviewing maps and archival materials, and talking about the history and genealogy of local families. Their knowledge of the Titusville area in the late 19th and 20th centuries is exceptional and they willingly shared their trove of local historic images, manuscripts and other materials. Karl and Mark Niederer, Baldpate-bred brothers, have over the years opened many doors to Hopewell families and their histories and their on-the-ground knowledge of Honey Hollow has been invaluable. Thank you, Karl, for sharing in many forays through the Hollow’s clothing-ripping understory.

vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (CONTINUED)

Finally, this study has benefited immensely from Hunter Research’s long-standing relationship with Richard L. Porter, co-author of Hopewell: A Historical Geography, a book that provides the underpinning for much of what follows in this report. Rick’s researching endeavors are lodged everywhere throughout this document and inform many of its conclusions.

With regard to Hunter Research staff involvement, this project was largely completed by Richard W. Hunter, Principal. Valuable administrative, researching and editorial assistance were provided by Patrick Harshbarger, Principal Historian/Architectural Historian, and James S. Lee, Principal Archaeologist. The vast majority of the extremely challenging land records research was undertaken by Eryn Boyce, Historian. Maps for this report were completed by Evan Mydlowski, Cartographer/GIS Specialist. Report layout, final editing and report production were completed by Patricia Madrigal, Publications Director.

Richard W. Hunter, Ph.D., RPA Principal/President

viii Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Toward the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain in the hillside. European settlement in this section of Hopewell Township, Mercer County, there is a dense- Hopewell Township had hardly started and the land, ly wooded and heavily overgrown declivity down wooded and unimproved, lay under the control of which passes an abandoned lane once known as the wealthy Coxe family, descendants of the second Honey Hollow Road (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). In 2017, Governor of West Jersey, who soon established a plan- this upland setting is as remote a place as one might tation, Bellemont, on the banks of the Delaware River, hope to find in suburban central New Jersey where less than three miles away, at the opposite, western open space is increasingly at a premium. Yes, there end of Baldpate Mountain. are homes ranged along Pleasant Valley Road, Church Road and Fiddlers Creek Road at either end of the Today, with the bulk of Baldpate Mountain now abandoned lane, and a power line easement cuts an in public ownership through the land preservation energy-laden swath across the fading roadbed, but efforts of Mercer County, Hopewell Township and the otherwise this is a derelict landscape that for several non-profit Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space, decades has been reverting back to some semblance of the history of the Honey Hollow vicinity remains its natural past. Human movement across this impen- shrouded in mystery. Ask most local residents and etrable terrain today is a challenge, barely helped by they will know only vaguely, if at all, where Honey the loose and labyrinthine network of trails that wends Hollow is located and they are largely ignorant of its through the woods and undergrowth. basic character and what went on there in times past. Those that do have some knowledge of the place have A century and a half ago, however, in the Civil War invariably gleaned it from the colorful and mischie- era, this location – one of marginal land with shal- vous writings of Henry Charlton Beck in the 1930s. low, poorly drained, rocky soils – was painstakingly Indeed, it is Beck, and specifically the tales regaled in farmed. Scattered across the hillside, accessed by three chapters – “Over Canoe Mountain,” “Fiddler of Honey Hollow Road, was a series of hardscrabble Fidler’s Creek” and “From Herberts to Harbourts” – homesteads occupied by some of Hopewell’s less in his book Fare to Midlands (1939; reprinted in 1962 financially well-endowed families. Where the topog- and 1984 as The Jersey Midlands), that have provided raphy and soils permitted, irregularly shaped fields much of the impetus for the current study. were defined by stones piled up around their edges, grain crops were grown, livestock raised and fruit Henry Charlton Beck (1902-1965) worked initially as trees bore an annual harvest. But the farming life in a journalist for the Camden Courier Post before set- Honey Hollow was hard won and laborious, and early tling into a career as an author of detective novels and in the 20th century local residents began moving on to books on the local history and folklore of southern and other, more rewarding livelihoods . central New Jersey. An accomplished violinist, the founding President of the New Jersey Folklore Society Go back in time another century and a half to the early in 1945 and briefly the editor of Rutgers University years of the 18th century and Honey Hollow Road did Press from 1945 to 1947, Beck was ordained as an not exist. The human imprint touched but lightly on Episcopalian priest in 1949. Thereafter, Father Beck

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wrote extensively for church publications and also lectured frequently across the state. His local history books, beloved by many, all tend to be long on tall tales of human interest and somewhat lacking for solid documentary underpinning. He seldom, if ever, undertook systematic research into archival sources in support of his storytelling, preferring instead to base his writings around the many conversations he had with local residents and colleagues. This was very much his modus operandum in dealing with Honey Hollow.

Beck took a number of excursions out of Trenton to Baldpate Mountain in the late 1930s and these trips form the basis for the three chapters reproduced in full in Appendix A, along with a series of accompanying photographs taken at the time. It should be noted that the illustrations included in the original 1939 edition differ from those in the later reprints and the images in both published versions merit careful study. Beck’s text is nothing if not accessible and he brings the denizens of Honey Hollow vividly to life in his often ram- bling narrative. The reader is merrily carried along as he encounters the likes of Will Kane and Andy Williams and Charlie Lennox and, in places, it is possible to follow literally in his footsteps as he ventures up Honey Hollow Road, exploring the old homes along its path. Nevertheless, in other instances, it is frustratingly difficult to pin down exactly where he was on the landscape, while the statements made by those he met upon the way must always be taken with a healthy dose of salt. This brief report, aside from summarizing the results of some carefully targeted documentary and field research into the settlement and land use history of Honey Hollow, aims to analyze Father Beck’s oral historical record of this place, separating fact from fiction and providing a more balanced and nuanced treatment of its residents.

Page 1-2 Wilson Rd

Pleasant Valley-Harbourton Rd Trenton-Harbourton Rd

Woosamonsa Rd

Pleasant Valley Rd

Block 52 Lot 6 Pennington-Harbourton Rd Block 52 ley Rd Lot 35 Pleasant Val Block 52 Lot 14 Block 61 Lot 1

JCP & L Transmission Line Block 61 Lot 49

Bear Tavern Rd Block 61 Lot 3.02 JCP & L Transmission Line

Old River Rd Block 60 Lot 28

Honey Hollow Rd

Block 61 Fiddlers Creek Rd Lot 3.01

Church Rd Block 60 Lot 54

Church Rd

Cedar Ln Hansens Cor

Brickyard Rd Pennington-Titusville Rd B ear Tavern Rd Mckonkey Way e Ln Reigate Way Bethany Ave Fern Ridg

ental Ln Contin

d R e e v A idg d d R Legend e an R l e n lu v o r B eds A Honey Hollow Tax Parcels 2017t brow D e g Fa R N k in iv V a n e al Former Roads n r R ley L d rk ± R V a Pe y i iew g ok Wa ve P n g Bro River ra Windin A R ssi ve e d 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 v ro Dr r A C e n Feet m to g rim in T h Figure 1.1. Aerial Photograph of the Honey Hollow Study Area Showing Modern Tax Parcels and the Course of Honey Hollow Road. Source: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 2017.

JCP & L Transmission Line

Old River Rd

Honey Hollow Rd

Legend

Honey Hollow Study Area Honey Hollow Historic Core ± Expanded Honey Hollow 20th-Century Focus of African American Settlement Former Roads

0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

Figure 1.2. Honey Hollow Historic Core and Expanded Honey Hollow. Source: 7.5’ USGS Lambertville, PA.-N.J. Quadrangle (1953 [photorevised 1973]).

Chapter 2

HONEY HOLLOW – THE NAME

Setting aside the issue of where exactly Honey A minor digression on the occurrence of Honey Hollow was located (see the following chapter for Hollow as a place name is also in order. There appear further discussion of this topic), let us first consider to have been multiple Honey Hollows scattered across the origin of the name. What does “Honey Hollow” the landscape, most especially in the Middle Delaware mean and how did this spot on Baldpate Mountain Valley. Perhaps the best known is the Honey Hollow come by this name? This was the source of some Watershed in Solebury Township, Bucks County, speculation by Beck, and he pressed at least one local Pennsylvania, a collection of five farms located resident, Reeder Green, on the matter, but ultimately less than ten miles northwest of the area here under came away empty-handed (Beck 1939:109). A later study in Hopewell Township. The Honey Hollow secondary source, Alice Blackwell Lewis, author of Watershed, a national leader in soil conservation prac- Hopewell Valley Heritage, states that “Along the sides tice since the 1930s, was designated as the country’s of this road [Honey Hollow Road] bees swarmed to first and only agricultural National Historic Landmark the naturally sheltered hollow and worked their honey in 1969 and is today home to the Honey Hollow in the immense trees. So people came into the hollow Environmental Education Center (Solebury Township just to gather their winter supply of honey” (1973:84). Historical Society 2017). Another well-known location is Honey Hollow Camp, a National Register of Without delving further into where exactly Ms. Lewis Historic Places-listed retreat in Bolton, Chittenden meant by the hollow, this apiarian explanation would County, Vermont. In neither of these instances is the seem to be entirely credible, although no primary or origin of the name revealed, but one presumes again eyewitness accounts of honey being harvested on the that bees lie at their etymological source. eastern end of Baldpate Mountain have so far been unearthed. Typically, feral bees would live in hollow Interestingly, there are at least two other locations logs, just as domesticated bees will swarm in hollow within Mercer County known historically as Honey trees. Certain trees, like sweet gum, were particu- Hollow, both within ten miles of Baldpate Mountain. larly well suited to “honey hollows.” Often, farmers One, in common usage in the first half of the 20th engaged in beekeeping would cut a tree down several century, was in the Gold Run vicinity of Ewing feet below the hive or hollow and then relocate the Township, near the present-day Trenton Country hive using a straw or wicker beehive known as a skep. Club. Here, a number of newspaper accounts of car The beehive boxes that we are familiar with today accidents, criminal acts and other events, make refer- weren’t invented until the mid-19th century and not ence to Honey Hollow Road and a locale referred to widely used until some decades later. From early as Honey Hollow (Trenton Evening Times, February on in the colonial period, bees were imported from 9, 1899; January 22, 23, 24, 26, 1922; May 8, 1922; Europe and played a key role in pollinating fruit trees. August 19, 1922; September 1, 1922; December 31, Beekeeping is likely to have been an important pursuit 1929; June 30, 1949). The precise location is uncer- in Hopewell Township and in the Sourland Mountain tain and has not been found on any contemporary area during the height of the peach boom in the later maps, but the “settlement” of Honey Hollow appears 19th and early 20th centuries. to be along Lower Ferry Road between Sullivan Way

Page 2-1 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. and N.J. Route 29, possibly at the junction of Lower historically a recognized activity among Hopewell Ferry Road and the Delaware and Raritan Feeder Township farms closely linked to the cultivation of Canal, with Honey Hollow Road perhaps being an local orchards. alternate name for Lower Ferry Road. In the 1890s and 1920s, several of the residents in this area (Jorius Carroll, Lewis Vincent, James Taylor, William Smith, Herbert Johnson, Fred Smith, Stephen Baker) were African-American.

A somewhat earlier Honey Hollow is also referenced in the mid- to late 19th century in the heart of Trenton in the vicinity of Tucker Street and Willow Street along the Petty’s Run drainage. Again, newspaper accounts provide witness to a rough neighborhood (Trenton State Gazette, January 2, 1879; January 3, 1881), while a later historical account describes Honey Hollow as “a low patch of ground back of the houses on North Willow Street, along the railroad tracks. Here there stood and still stands an old stone mill called the Coffee House, and operated by the late John Haws, who was known as ‘Coffee House Haws.’ Here Haws operated a coffee and peanut roaster and a mustard mill” (Trenton Evening Times, January 13, 1918). No evidence has been found for the Honey Hollow in Trenton being characterized by an African- American population. The derivation of the name Honey Hollow for both the Ewing and Trenton locations is unknown, but the keeping of bees in a dell-like setting seems a plausible explanation.

In summary, Honey Hollow appears as a place name in several locations, including no less than four separate localities within a ten-mile radius of Baldpate Mountain. The term would seem to have some geographic commonality in that all four locations are associated with a valley or dale, hence the use of the word “hollow.” The “honey” component of the phrase Honey Hollow defies definitive interpretation, but the association with bees is by far the most reasonable and logical, and suggests that beekeeping was

Page 2-2 Chapter 3

HONEY HOLLOW – THE PLACE

Where is Hopewell Township’s Honey Hollow? The road survey documentation of 1830-31 makes Today, most Hopewell area residents who have ever clear that Honey Hollow was a specific place at the heard of this locale would place it somewhere gener- northern, or Pleasant Valley Road, end of the newly ally at the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain, west laid-out road. This location in actuality coincides of Bear Tavern Road (County Route 579) between with a depression or hollow on the top of the mountain Church Road and the township’s northern line, which between Mount Canoe and the eastern end of Baldpate also serves as the boundary between Mercer and Mountain proper. The hollow, still evident as one Hunterdon Counties. Over the years, it is clear that passes along this section of Pleasant Valley Road, is Honey Hollow has had a differing geographic mean- reflected in the contours and topography that define ing, being applied in the early 19th century to a fairly the watershed between two unnamed streams, one specific locale and then in the later 19th and early 20th flowing north into Moores Creek, the other flowing century taking in a more expansive area (Figure 3.1). south alongside Honey Hollow Road into Fiddlers Creek (Figures 1.2 and 3.1). Based on this evidence, The name Honey Hollow is not found on any pub- the original, historic location of Honey Hollow is lished maps and is largely absent from descriptions in judged to cover an area measuring approximately land records. It does appear, however, on an unpub- 1,800 feet east-west by 1,200 feet north south roughly lished manuscript map accompanying a “return” centered on the intersection of Pleasant Valley Road (survey) of a two-rod public road laid out in the fall of and Honey Hollow Road. 1831 (see below, Figure 4.5). This thoroughfare, for which a petition was filed a year earlier, soon became Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, known as Honey Hollow Road and remained in exis- as settlement spread along Honey Hollow Road and tence until 1944, connecting modern Church Road on to the flanks of Baldpate Mountain and its eastern and Pleasant Valley Road. In the body of the petition, outlier, Mount Canoe, the appellation Honey Hollow the road is described as beginning “at a stake in the came to be applied more widely and indiscriminately. middle of the road leading from penington to the river The term was used to describe an area that stretched Delaware opposite or nearly south of Thomas Addis’s southward and downstream along the valley that fed House” [Church Road] and running through the lands into Fiddlers Creek, reaching as far as Church Road. of several owners “to the Center of the public Road This area also extended over on to the east side of leading from Lambertsville to penington [Pleasant Mount Canoe toward Bear Tavern Road and a short Valley Road] at a place called Honey Hollow some distance westward along the south slope of Baldpate distance west of the Buildings and to end there.” The Mountain down the Fiddlers Creek valley. It is annotation “Honey Hollow” on the road survey map essentially this expanded Honey Hollow that Henry matches the location provided in both the petition Charlton Beck was exploring in the 1930s and with and the written description of the road return itself which his interviewees were familiar. (Hunterdon County Road Return 1830-31:19-9-3).

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While the upper (northern) end of Honey Hollow Road does still seem to have been considered a part of Honey Hollow in this later period, the main focus of the hollow in Beck’s eyes appears to have shifted southward to the Church Road end of the road. Indeed, by the early 1970s, the historic house still standing at the intersection of Church Road and Honey Hollow Road had taken on the name of the Honey Hollow House (Lewis 1973:84). The easterly expansion of Honey Hollow on to the east side of Mount Canoe is witnessed by the John A. Most family who routinely described themselves in the early 20th century as being residents of Honey Hollow. This identification may have been in part due to their farm being accessed by a lane from Honey Hollow Road rather than from Bear Tavern Road (Figures 4.11 and 4.12) (Trenton Evening Times, February 22, 1904; June 29, 1921).

An important characteristic of Honey Hollow throughout its century-plus existence and tendency toward geographic waywardness is the dispersed nature of the human settlement associated with this place name. Historic maps from the mid-19th century through into the early 20th century, as well as aerial photographs from the late 1920s onward, show conclusively that there were no major foci of buildings and that the settlement pattern consisted of well-separated farms and smallholdings (Figures 4.7-4.13).

Page 3-2 Wilson Rd

Pleasant Valley-Harbourton Rd Trenton-Harbourton Rd

Woosamonsa Rd

Pleasant Valley Rd Block 52 Block 52 Lot 6 Lot 35 Pennington-Harbourton Rd Pleasant Valley Rd Block 52 Lot 14 Block 61 Lot 1

JCP & L Transmission Line Block 61 Baldpate Mountain Lot 49

Block 61

Bear Tavern Rd Lot 3.02 Block 60 JCP & L Transmission Line Lot 28

Old River Rd

Mount Canoe

Honey Hollow Rd

Fiddlers Creek

Block 61 Fiddlers Creek Rd Lot 3.01

Church Rd Block 60 Lot 54

Church Rd

Cedar Ln Hansens Cor

Brickyard Rd Pennington-Titusville Rd Bear Tavern Rd Mckonkey Way

Reigate Way Bethany Ave Fern Ridge Ln

Continental Ln Legend

d Honey Hollow Tax Parcels 2017 R e e g v d A Honey Hollow Historic Core i d R n ± e la Rd u s e Expanded Honey Hollow l d on r B e t brow D e Av g Fa R N k 20th-Century Focus of Africanin American Settlement iv V n e al La n r le e R y rk R d V Former Roads P iv ie Pa g rook Way R e w in ding B ra R s Win iv A d e ve e 0 500 1,000os 2,000 3,000 4,000 r D v Cr r er A ton Feet rimm ing T h Figure 3.1. LIDAR Map of Honey Hollow Vicinity. Source: New Jersey Statewide LIDAR, Mercer County (Providers – NJDEP, USGS) 2009.

Chapter 4

HISTORY

This chapter presents a brief overview of the history abandoned section of the route that crossed over of land ownership, settlement and land use for the Mount Canoe at the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain eastern end of Baldpate Mountain and Mount Canoe where it joined Pleasant Valley Road. The River Road with a particular emphasis on the properties in the then followed modern Pleasant Valley Road west over historic core of Honey Hollow and bordering Honey Baldpate, dropping down into Pleasant Valley and Hollow Road. This narrative, especially for the early eventually crossing Moore’s Creek before following colonial period, draws on historical research and doc- Valley Road and Goat Hill Road over to Coryell’s umentation developed for recent archaeological inves- Ferry (Lambertville). The River Road is thought to tigations at the John Phillips House Site in Pleasant have been a well-established route by at least 1700 Valley (Hunter Research, Inc. 2014). It also incorpo- and undoubtedly helped to frame the subdivision rates extensive additional research into land records and settlement of land throughout the 18th century and probate records from the 18th century down to (Hunter and Porter 1990:185; Heritage Studies, Inc. the present day, drawing heavily on census records, 1990; Hunter Research, Inc. 2014:2-1). historic maps and aerial photographs. Conversations with local historians and residents have also helped to Other lesser elements of the colonial road network in flesh out the more recent history. The sequences of the Baldpate Mountain/Pleasant Valley area took root ownership developed for the nine present-day tax par- over the course of the 18th century as farmland began cels selected for detailed study, as best as these could to be put into production and movement over the land- be determined, are tabulated in Appendix B. scape intensified. On the north side of the mountain at the downstream end of Pleasant Valley, two spurs from the River Road headed southwest to ferries on the A. ROADS Delaware River, both probably originally under Coxe family control. One followed Pleasant Valley Road Critical to the spread of settlement into northwestern from Valley Road to Bellmont Farm (also referred to Hopewell Township was the early road network which as Lower Bellmont Farm); the other, a short distance evolved as an outgrowth from the pre-existing lattice to the northwest and much shorter in length, ran along of Indian trails and was anchored by the main cross- Valley Road from Goat Hill Road to Upper Bellmont colony route linking the falls of the Delaware with Farm, which was located at the intersection of present- New York and Philadelphia (Figure 4.1). Owing to day Valley Road and N.J. Route 29. Both of these the steep and rocky hillsides bordering the left bank of spur roads likely existed early in the 18th century. On the Delaware River, the main route up the New Jersey the south side of the mountain, Church Road, head- side of the Delaware Valley lay up to two miles inland ing west from County Route 579, and Fiddlers Creek from the riverbank. The course of this road through Road were laid out in the mid-18th century to provide Hopewell Township, known as the River Road, rough- a second connection between the River Road and the ly followed today’s County Route 579 (Bear Tavern Lower Bellmont ferry. This latter route was re-laid Road) northward out of Ewing Township, veering in 1779 (Hunter and Porter 1990:185-186; Hunter westward just north of Church Road along a long- Research, Inc. 2014:2-1).

Page 4-1 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. 1706. Scale: 1 inch = 3.6 miles (approximately). 1706. Scale: 1 inch = 3.6 miles (approximately). New Jarsey. new mapp of East and West A Approximate location of Honey Hollow circled. Figure 4.1. Worlidge, John. Detail of Worlidge, Figure 4.1.

Page 4-2 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

Many of the principal elements of Hopewell’s colonial Road further to the northwest, most likely in Pleasant road network are visible in the first maps of the area Valley. If this interpretation of the Hills map is cor- prepared during the Revolutionary War, but it is far rect, the section of the River Road over the top of from a simple matter relating these early roads, as Baldpate Mountain lies between these two roads mapped, to the modern landscape. A somewhat styl- heading south out of Harbourton and appears to have ized map dating from 1779 held in the Hessian State a pair of buildings along its course in the Honey Archives in Marburg, Germany, presumably produced Hollow vicinity. Interestingly, the Hills map also by British or Hessian military cartographers, shows shows a route hugging the left bank of the Delaware the River Road with the southwestern spur to Coxe’s between Coxe’s Ferry and Coryell’s Ferry; this was Lower Bellmont ferry, but the Upper Bellmont ferry not formally surveyed as a road until 1820 (Hunterdon and the Church Road/Fiddlers Creek Road route are County Road Return 1820:19-6-4; Hunter and Porter not depicted (Figure 4.2). It is also difficult to deci- 1990:186-187; Hunter Research, Inc. 2014:2-1). pher the roads leading east from the River Road in the Harbourton area. The structure depicted schematical- Over the course of the 19th century, the local road ly on the riverbank and annotated as “”Cokes Ferry” network expanded considerably and becomes progres- may be a ferry house, or possibly the Coxe mansion. sively easier to relate to the present-day landscape. Historic maps and road survey data also help to Another somewhat better known map, A Sketch of reinforce our understanding of this evolving pattern the Northern Parts of New Jersey, prepared by John of movement on the land. The Gordon map of the Hills for the British army in 1781, shows a generally State of New Jersey, published in 1828, relied on similar arrangement of roads and again shows the fresh survey information and is considerably more spur to Coxe’s ferry and a building on the riverbank accurate than its predecessors (Figure 4.4). The (Figure 4.3). Although literally “sketched” in the rela- River Road is easily traceable heading north from tive comfort of New York City from other maps, and Jacob’s Creek at the Ewing/Hopewell border, passing replete with errors, this map is more detailed than the Washington Crossing-Pennington Road, Pennington- Hessian map, providing more names for features in Titusville Road and Church Road, then curving west the landscape and also showing many more building over Baldpate Mountain and heading along Pleasant locations. On this map, “Smith’s Creek” corresponds Valley Road and Valley Road to the Delaware River. to modern Moores Creek and “Bellemont” refers On the mountaintop, a cluster of buildings is shown at to Upper Bellmont Farm and probably also Belle the intersection of the River Road and what is today Mountain. The intersection annotated as “Mershons” the easternmost segment of Pleasant Valley Road (likely a reference to a tavern keeper) appears to (which heads east down the mountain to connect with correspond with the village of Harbourton, with the Pennington-Harbourton Road at the Ackers Corner road heading north following Harbourton-Mount Airy crossroads). This mountaintop building cluster is in Road. This latter route was laid out around 1710 and essence the historic core of Honey Hollow. Also nota- re-laid in 1738. Of the two roads heading south from ble on the Gordon map is the configuration of Church Harbourton, one follows the course of County Route Road and Fiddlers Creek Road, both of which follow 579, forming a T-intersection with the western end their modern routes. While Fiddlers Creek Road and of Pennington-Harbourton Road before connecting the eastern section of Church Road date from the mid- to the River Road; the other, possibly a forerunner 18th century, the western section of Church Road was of Harbourton-Pleasant Valley Road, which was not laid out around 1810 and re-laid in 1831. The build- formally laid out until 1815, connects to the River ing shown at the intersection of these two roads is the

Page 4-3 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. Figure 4.2. Hessian State Archives. Map of Central New Jersey. 1779. Scale: 1 inch = 1.5 miles (approximately). Approximate location of Approximate 1779. Scale: 1 inch = 1.5 miles (approximately). Archives. Map of Central New Jersey. Figure 4.2. Hessian State Honey Hollow circled.

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Figure 4.3. Hills, John. A Sketch of the Northern Parts of New Jersey. 1781. Scale: 1 inch = 2.4 miles (approximately). Approximate location of Honey Hollow circled.

Page 4-5 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. 1828. Scale: 1 inch = 1.3 miles. Approximate location of Honey 1828. Scale: 1 inch = 1.3 miles. A Map of the State New Jersey. A Figure 4.4. Gordon, Thomas. Detail of Figure 4.4. Gordon, Hollow circled.

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River Methodist Episcopal Church, established in the From the early 1830s until well into the 20th century same year that the Gordon map was published (Hunter Honey Hollow Road was an established component and Porter 1990:186, 201). within the local Hopewell Township road network, a fact that is borne out in the sequence of historic maps By 1830, residents in and around the eastern end that cover this period (see below, Figures 4.6-4.12). of Baldpate Mountain were petitioning Hunterdon A U.S. Coast Survey map, surveyed in 1844, shows County for a new road that would soon take on the the road running up the east side of the unnamed name of Honey Hollow Road. A major stimulus for tributary valley of Fiddlers Creek, here confusingly this road, and for the relaying of Church Road from called Smith’s Creek, with a scatter of buildings along Fiddlers Creek Road to the Delaware River, was the its course (see below, Figure 4.6). At the southern imminent arrival of the Delaware and Raritan Feeder end, the house formerly belonging to Thomas Addis Canal, which was constructed along the left bank is depicted, along with a building in the northern of the river and led directly to the emergence of the angle of the Church Road/Fiddlers Creek Road inter- canal-side community of Titusville. Constructed in section (the River Methodist Episcopal Church) and 1831-33, the Feeder Canal offered a superior means another structure, marked “school,” a short distance for farmers to ship their produce to market and also along Fiddlers Creek Road. This latter building was receive manufactured goods and other materials for reputedly an octagonal brick schoolhouse associated their homes and farms. with the church (Lewis 1973:86; Trimmer undated:2). At the northern end of the road in Honey Hollow, at As noted in the preceding chapter, the petition, road least four buildings cluster around the intersection of survey and accompanying map of 1830-31 for the Honey Hollow Road with Pleasant Valley Road and road that became known as Honey Hollow Road are the River Road, correlating well with buildings shown clear in identifying the northern terminus of the road on subsequent maps. as being “at a place called Honey Hollow.” The road was to begin in the road leading from Pennington to At some point in the mid-19th century the section of the Delaware River (i.e., Church Road) “opposite or the River Road that passed up and over the north end nearly south of Thomas Addis’s House.” It was then of Mount Canoe was abandoned. This road segment to pass through or along the edge of lands owned by is shown on the U.S. Coast Survey map but not on the Addis, Andrew Phillips, Absalom Moore, John Hart Otley and Keily map of 1849 (cf., see below, Figures and Elijah Hart to Honey Hollow (see below, Figure 4.6 and 4.7), nor on any subsequent maps. No refer- 4.5). Absalom Moore and John Hart were among the ence to a formal vacation of this portion of the River 28 petitioners for the road, along with numerous other Road has been found in the documentary record. In local residents, including representatives from the every other respect, the road network in and around Hart, Hunt, Phillips, Fidler, Chidester and McClannan the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain remained [McClellan] families. Another signatory was Edmund essentially unchanged into the early years of the 20th Roberts, whose blacksmith shop on the River Road in century. The roads shown on the Pugh & Downing Honey Hollow was one of the places where the peti- map of 1903 and the Mueller map of 1918 (see below, tion could be signed (Hunterdon County Road Return Figures 4.11 and 4.12) echo those shown on the later 1830-31:19-9-3). 19th-century maps, although the Mueller map appears to be an almost exact tracing of the Pugh & Downing map with just a few adjustments in property owners’ names.

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Honey Hollow Road quite likely began to fall into of England, from 1685 until deposed by the “blood- disrepair in the 1920s, if not a few years earlier. less” Glorious Revolution in 1688 (Hunter and Porter Although the course of the road is generally visible 1990:25; Hunter Research, Inc. 2014:2-1). within the landscape shown in aerial photographs from 1928 onward, the valley along which it passed On March 30, 1688, Adlord Bowde, acting as Daniel became progressively more wooded over time until Coxe’s agent, acquired from a group of 11 Indians the by the 1950s, it was largely invisible from the air rights to a vast tract of land that included all of modern (see below, Figure 4.13) (Fairchild Aerial Surveys of Hopewell Township, most of Ewing Township and the Mercer County 1928; Nationwide Environmental Title northwestern part of the City of Trenton (Figure 4.1). Research, LLC 2017). Certainly by the late 1930s, Originally estimated as being 28,000 acres, the area at the time of Henry Charlton Beck’s excursions, the covered by this transaction, usually referred to as the road was no longer passable by vehicular traffic, since Hopewell tract, was later revised upwards to 30,000 he and his colleagues parked at the Church Road end acres. In 1691-92, Coxe conveyed the rights to this of the route and hiked along its course. Finally, in tract to the West Jersey Society, a group of English 1944, the Township of Hopewell enacted an ordinance land speculators, but this agreement was never formal- formally abandoning Honey Hollow Road, thereby ized through an executed deed, an oversight that ulti- relieving itself of the burden of maintaining it and mately led to numerous disputes over land ownership setting in motion the gradual decay that has persisted in the Hopewell area extending well into the mid-18th down to the present day (Hopewell Herald, April 5, century. Although at least one settler, Andrew Smith, 1944). established himself on a 200-acre property within the Hopewell tract (in what is today Ewing Township) prior to the West Jersey Society agreement, settlement B. COLONIAL SETTLEMENT AND LAND did not start in earnest until the mid-1690s when the OWNERSHIP Society began to subdivide and sell off large parcels to incoming farming families (Hunter and Porter The Honey Hollow vicinity is located on land that 1990:25-26; Hunter Research, Inc. 2014:2-1). came into the hands of Dr. Daniel Coxe, a physician to the English Royal Court in London, in the late Baldpate Mountain and Pleasant Valley do not appear 1680s. At this time, this area was mostly a wooded to have opened up to European settlement until the wilderness, still unsettled by Europeans. Coxe, one second quarter of the 18th century. The West Jersey in a succession of Daniel Coxes prominent in New Society, the Coxe family and other absentee landown- Jersey’s colonial history, never personally set foot in ers, like William Bryant of Perth Amboy, to whom the American colonies. In 1687, he acquired the land the Coxes sold property in this section of Hopewell, rights and control of the government of the colony began to convey land to incoming settlers in the of West Jersey from Edward Byllynge, assuming for later 1720s and 1730s. The first farms, such as those himself the de facto position of Governor. Byllynge of the Phillips family relocating from Maidenhead had purchased his rights to West Jersey from John, Township (modern Lawrence Township), were estab- Lord Berkeley in 1673. Berkeley and Sir George lished toward the downstream end of Pleasant Valley, Carteret were jointly granted the colony of New Jersey close to the Delaware River, while others were carved in 1664 by James, Duke of York, brother of King out along the margins of the River Road. The slug- Charles II of England and later, briefly, King James II gish spread of settlement into this far northwest corner of Hopewell Township may have been the result of

Page 4-8 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE the relatively rugged landscape, which would have named creeks and roads, and neighboring property been less attractive for farming than the fertile rolling owners. To assemble this information jigsaw-style lowland in the Pennington/Lawrenceville area along into a map of colonial land ownership is a daunting the King’s Highway corridor (Hunter Research, Inc. task well beyond the scope of the current study. Even 2014:2-1). a lifetime of effort expended by local historian Betsy Errickson, which resulted in large swaths of colonial The fact that the Coxe family reserved substantial Hopewell land ownership being mapped from her acreage for themselves along the main stem of the analysis of deeds, was largely unsuccessful in the Delaware Valley may also have slowed settlement, Baldpate Mountain area (Errickson Collection). especially in the western part of Pleasant Valley, where Colonel Daniel Coxe, son of Dr. Daniel Coxe, Understanding colonial land ownership patterns in established the plantation known as “Bellmont Farm.” northwestern Hopewell Township is further complicat- This latter property existed as a 507-acre tract prior ed by the disputes between the Coxe family and those to 1737, when it passed, upon the death of Colonel local residents who had acquired their properties from Coxe, to his four children, Daniel, John, William and the West Jersey Society. In 1731 Daniel Coxe filed Rebecca. The nucleus of Bellmont Farm was situated a series of ejectment suits in New Jersey’s Supreme at the mouth of Moore’s Creek, near the present-day Court against individuals holding land in Hopewell intersection of Pleasant Valley Road and N.J. Route based on titles received from the West Jersey Society. 29, and also included a ferry and a fishery. The Coxes Coxe maintained that unless “proper” titles were pur- likely viewed the property as a valuable asset with chased from him through quitclaim deeds these indi- economic potential. They retained Bellmont Farm and viduals should be removed and their properties confis- several other farm and woodland tracts in northwest- cated. The politically well-connected Coxe received ern Hopewell Township up until the Revolutionary a favorable judgment from Governor William Cosby War, when the Coxe properties were all confiscated on in 1734 and shortly afterwards Coxe himself became account of the family’s Loyalist sympathies (Heritage a justice of the Supreme Court, effectively ensuring Studies, Inc. 1990; Audit Office AO 12/13:190, 208- that Cosby’s decision would remain unchallenged. 211; AO 13/93:236, 296; AO 13/108:409-410; Hunter Hopewell residents with land titles acquired from the Research, Inc. 2014:2-1). West Jersey Society were thus left with one of three choices: pay again for title to their lands; accept Tracing the ownership of land in the Honey Hollow removal; or continue to resist. Unfortunately, no sys- vicinity during the colonial period is extremely chal- tematic analysis of the Coxe ejectment suits has ever lenging. Attempts at precise location and delineation been undertaken and it remains unclear which proper- of property through research into land and probate ties were involved and what outcomes resulted. Based records have been stymied by an absence of formally on the occurrence of certain families involved in these filed deeds and by the often unrevealing descriptions disputes (e.g., Phillips, Stout, Smith, Hoff, Merrell), of metes and bounds included in those land records many of whom settled in northwestern Hopewell, it is which have survived. Many properties were passed likely that some properties in the Honey Hollow vicin- down within families through the unspecific provi- ity were affected. An integrated study of colonial land sions of wills. Where deeds and mortgages do exist, records, probate records, Supreme Court records and the boundaries of tracts changing hands are typically Coxe family records, including their Loyalist claims described with reference to ephemeral landmarks to the British Parliament, is sorely needed and would such as trees and stone walls, unnamed or confusingly likely throw valuable light on colonial land ownership

Page 4-9 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. patterns in Hopewell (Minutes of the Supreme Court and unimproved throughout the colonial period. The of New Jersey 1704-1873, Book 1; Hunter and Porter two-section stone and frame dwelling still standing on 1990:28-29). the north side of Pleasant Valley Road, often referred to as the Hart farmhouse [52/25], may have been the Based on the deed research and maps compiled by original focus of this mid-18th-century farmstead. local historian Betsy Errickson, supplemented by the title searching completed for the current study, Bordering the Moore/Dickinson tract to the east dur- a partial picture of colonial land ownership can be ing the colonial period was another sizeable property assembled for the Honey Hollow area. The following of roughly 195 acres which also extended from the remarks pertain first to land in the northern section River Road to the Amwell Township line. Secondary of the Honey Hollow study area along River Road sources (Jones 1964; Lewis 1973:70-71) state that this (Pleasant Valley Road) [modern-day tax parcels 52/14, farm, initially around 145 acres, passed from John 52/35, 52/6, 61/1 and 61/49] and then address proper- Titus to Joseph Furman and was then bought from ties proceeding generally southward along the axis of Furman by Andrew Muirhead in 1745, a transaction Honey Hollow Road [60/28, 61/3.02 and 61/3.01], for which a deed survives (Hunterdon County Deed ending at the property containing the so-called Honey 1/190). The original mid-18th-century Muirhead Hollow House, today owned by the Peters family farmhouse, much altered, is believed to be still stand- [60/54]. ing in the northeastern corner of this tract [52/5] and was accessed from Harbourton-Pleasant Valley Road. Land along Pleasant Valley Road immediately west of Honey Hollow, referred to as “part of Coxe’s In 1756 Andrew Muirhead added another 50-acre Mountain land in Hopewell,” fell within a 105-acre parcel adjoining to the south, which he acquired from parcel surveyed on March 26, 1754 by Timothy Smith William Coxe, one of Daniel Coxe’s sons (Hunterdon for Joshua Howell. This property, which straddled County Deed 31/541; Errickson Collection, Box 1, both sides of the River Road, soon after passed into Abstracts/Plottings: Mo-Mu). The southern limits of the hands of John Moore who by the time of the this 50-acre parcel are unclear but it appears to have Revolutionary War had incorporated it within a rough- included most, if not all, of the three modern-day tax ly 370-acre tract which extended north to the Amwell parcels within the Honey Hollow study area along Township line. On December 20, 1777, Moore, a the north side of Pleasant Valley Road [52/14, 52/35 carpenter by trade, sold this tract in its entirety to and 52/6]. It is possible, but so far not documented, Philemon Dickinson, a wealthy Trenton landowner that one or more small parcels may have also existed and noted patriot. Dickinson distinguished himself along the River Road frontage between the road and in the early years of the Revolutionary War and was Muirhead’s 50-acre parcel. If such parcels existed, commissioned Major General and Commander-in- they may have contained buildings; if they did not Chief of the Provincial forces of New Jersey shortly exist, it is likely the road frontage was wooded. before he acquired the Moore tract (Hunterdon County Deed AL/48; Errickson Collection, Box 1, Abstracts/ Ownership of land lying east and southeast of the Plottings: Mo-Mu; Trenton Historical Society Muirhead and Moore/Dickinson properties during 1929:130-131). The northern portion of the County- the colonial period is presently unknown. From later owned land along the south aside of Pleasant Valley land records, mostly dating from circa 1800 onwards, Road [60/28] lies within the southeast corner of the one may speculate that certain well-established local Moore/Dickinson tract and possibly remained wooded families controlled this area, but establishing how

Page 4-10 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE they obtained title from the Coxe family and/or the this southernmost portion of the Honey Hollow study West Jersey Society would require exhaustive study. area was cleared and cultivated in the colonial period Working from north to south along the Honey Hollow (although not necessarily supporting the nucleus of a Road corridor, the families most likely to have owned farmstead with a farmhouse, barns and outbuildings). land in the area prior to the American Revolution are the Atchleys, Harts, Robertses, Christophers and In summary, there is no conclusive documentary evi- Phillipses. This section of rugged landscape is likely dence that there were any houses, workshops or other to have remained wooded throughout the colonial buildings within the Honey Hollow study area during period and was likely appended to farmsteads based the colonial period. The Hills map of 1781 (Figure on the lower-lying, more fertile land to the east and 4.3) perhaps shows buildings along the River Road south along the River Road (present-day Bear Tavern within the historic core of Honey Hollow, but the Road/County Route 579). Periodic logging of this scale of the map is too small to allow certainty of this. land likely took place with lumber being processed The nuclei of the Moore and Muirhead farmsteads lay at water-powered sawmills along Fiddler’s Creek, west and north of Honey Hollow on the mountain top, Moore’s Creek and Jacobs Creek. while other farms were focused on farmhouses and agricultural buildings in the lowlands to the east and The property on which the so-called Honey Hollow south. The land was predominantly wooded, although House is situated at the southern end of Honey small areas of improved and cultivated ground may Hollow Road [60/54] has traditionally been associ- have existed along the River Road and Church Road ated with the Fidler family. The house is generally frontages toward the end of the colonial period. thought to be an 18th-century dwelling and has been suggested as the home of John Fidler (1687-1759), one of Hopewell’s earliest settlers, or perhaps his C. FROM THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION son, also named John Fidler (died 1805), while the TO THE LAYING OUT OF HONEY HOLLOW latter’s eldest son, Samuel (1762-1843), has also ROAD been posited as the builder of the house much later in the18th century (Lewis 1973:85, 88; Heritage Studies, In the early years of the Revolutionary War northwest- Inc. 1985). The current research has found no clear ern Hopewell Township existed in a state of unease as documentation to support an 18th-century Fidler American and British/Hessian forces vied for control connection to this property, although it is considered of the Delaware Valley. More specifically, during plausible that Samuel Fidler could have built the the month of December 1776, the Americans were in house in the 1780s or 1790s. To date, the earliest land retreat across New Jersey after a series of dishearten- record found for this property is a mortgage of 1799 ing defeats in and around New York and were in the in which Benjamin Temple of Hopewell is named process of regrouping on the Pennsylvania side of the as the mortgagor and John Chambers of Trenton as Delaware River. The British and Hessians sought to the mortgagee (Hunterdon County Mortgage 2/417). consolidate their grip over the King’s Highway and Much of the surrounding land at that time was in the the towns along its course preparatory to an assault hands of the Phillips and Christopher families, whose on Philadelphia. Ultimately, the Continental Army ownership may have extended back into the colonial managed to turn the tide of the Revolutionary conflict period. Owing to the character of the land along the at the end of the year with their surprise victories at south side of Fiddler’s Creek, which is gently undulat- Trenton and Princeton and, from then on, the military ing and more suitable for agriculture, it is likely that focus shifted elsewhere in the region.

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Hopewell’s local farming population mostly favored ers and householders, their real estate, personal prop- the patriot cause, although some of the wealthier erty and agricultural holdings, certain types of eco- landowners, including the well-endowed Coxe family, nomic activity (e.g., mills, taverns) and the numbers were ardent loyalists. Throughout December of 1776, of slaves. However, the tax ratable data offer no easy American “rebels” and British and Hessian patrols means of locating individual property holdings on the crisscrossed the area between Pennington and the ground within the township and one needs to make use Delaware River foraging and carrying out raids and of deeds, mortgages and other types of records, such reprisals. The River Road was one of the main routes as wills and road surveys, to fully understand where that the competing troops used in their efforts at con- landowners and householders were actually living trolling the roughly triangular area between Trenton, (Hopewell Township Tax Ratable Assessments 1778- Princeton and Coryell’s Ferry (Lambertville). On 1802; Hunter and Porter 1990:33-34). December 9, for example, the properties of Samuel Stout and John Phillips in Pleasant Valley were pil- It is possible to trace certain families and family laged by a contingent of British and Hessians and Mr. members (e.g., Atchley, Christopher, Hart, Moore, Phillips was personally assaulted. On December 24, Muirhead, Phillips and Roberts) with some confidence a column of roughly 100 Hessian troops headed north through the tax ratables between 1778 and 1802. out of Trenton along the River Road to Johnson’s Since these names also figure prominently in the land Ferry (Washington Crossing), sweeping the area clear records for northwestern Hopewell Township from of American troops. On the morning of December 26, the colonial period through into the post-tax ratable John Muirhead, one of Andrew Muirhead’s sons and era, one may reasonably speculate that some members likely a resident of the Muirhead farm near Honey of these families lived and farmed in and around the Hollow, was assigned by George Washington to the Honey Hollow area in the late 18th and early 19th job of guiding American troops from Johnson’s Ferry centuries. Land records for the period between the into Trenton. One can reasonably imagine that the Revolutionary War and the early 1830s also see the section of the River Road passing over Baldpate appearance of several new family names (e.g., Addis, Mountain and through Honey Hollow saw consider- Chidester, Hunt, McClellan [or McClennan and other able traffic that was military in nature in the lead-up variant spellings], Reves [or Reeve], Scott, Stout and to the Battles of Trenton (Lewis 1973:70-71; Hunter Temple) associated with properties around the eastern and Porter 1990:31; Hunter Research, Inc. 2014:2-5). end of Baldpate Mountain and some of these certainly lie along or close to the route of the future Honey As was the case for the colonial period, it is difficult Hollow Road or in the area of the hollow on the top to precisely reconstruct patterns of land ownership of the mountain. and land use in the period from the Revolutionary War through into the early 1830s when Honey Hollow A deed for a three-acre parcel which changed hands Road officially came into being. There are no detailed between two Hopewell residents on December 1, 1800 maps from this period, but an important source serves as a good example of how difficult it is to pin of information on privately owned landholdings is down exactly where properties in the Honey Hollow available in the form of municipal tax ratable assess- area were located. Noah Stout, a wheelwright, sold ments. Tax ratables exist for Hopewell Township for to Edmond Roberts, a blacksmith, three acres that he May 1778, September 1779, January and May 1780, had acquired from Asher Atchley in 1797. The limits January 1781, July 1785 and September 1802. These of the property were described as “beginning at a records are useful in indicating the names of landown- heap of stones in Elijah Hart’s line, corner to Moore

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Scott” and then progressed along Scott’s line to a heap records, he evidently lived on the north side of the of stones in Muirhead’s line, on to another heap of River Road (Pleasant Valley Road) on Block 52, Lot stones in Muirhead’s line, to a stone corner, to another 6, with his roadside blacksmith shop being located a stone corner, to a stone in James McClellan’s line and short distance to the west, either on this same lot or on then back to the beginning (Hunterdon County Deed the neighboring property, Block 52, Lot 35. Edmund 3/226). From the names of the neighboring landown- Roberts the blacksmith is not to be confused with his ers it is reasonably certain that this L-shaped parcel namesake and near contemporary (Edmund Roberts is within or very close to Honey Hollow, but exactly [1754-1839]), perhaps his uncle or cousin, who where these three acres lie is uncertain. Of particular served in the Revolutionary War and also lived nearby interest here is that the property was being exchanged (Appendix B.2) (Hopewell Township Tax Ratable between a wheelwright and a blacksmith. In view Assessments 1778-1802; U.S. Federal Census 1830, of a blacksmith shop of Edmund Roberts being ref- 1850; Mercer County Wills A-B/55-56 and 360-362; erenced in both the road survey for Honey Hollow Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Road in 1831 (see below, Figure 4.5) and on the Otley Application Files 1833; Sobotka 2010a). and Keily map of 1849 (see below, Figure 4.7), it is tempting to associate this deed with the blacksmith Most of the land on the north side of the River Road shop that served as a focal point of Honey Hollow in in the vicinity of Honey Hollow appears to have the early/mid-19th century. However, the deed makes remained in the hands of the Muirhead family in the no mention of buildings or of the River Road, both of later 18th and early 19th centuries, but piece by piece which one might expect to see, and it may be safer to the Muirheads began to subdivide their land, espe- consider this parcel as comprising other nearby unde- cially along the River Road. The original farm tract veloped or agricultural land. of almost 200 acres passed from Andrew Muirhead, who died in 1795, to his sons, Andrew, Jonathan, John Edmund Roberts the blacksmith merits a few addi- and George, with George eventually assuming sole tional words. Born around 1770, he married Elizabeth control of the homestead property. In 1801 and 1806, Phillips who bore him at least two sons, Aaron Phillips several members of the Scott family sold George Roberts (1795-1857) and Palmer Roberts (circa 1801- Muirhead a 9.25-acre tract that later transactions show 1875). He was identified as “Edmond Roberts black- is most likely the site of Edmund Roberts’ home and smith” in the tax ratable for 1802 where he is listed blacksmith shop (Appendix B.2). In 1802, Andrew as a householder with three houses and a lot valued Muirhead sold lots of 11.5 and ten acres to John at $20, and two cattle. Both he and a woman in her Hart and a lot of almost six acres with a messuage to 50s (presumably his wife, Elizabeth) are listed as a Thomas Roberts. The metes and bounds for the latter household in the census of 1830 (but not in the cen- parcel began at a stone in the “Great Road corner to sus of 1840). Elizabeth died in 1848 and Edmund, George Muirhead,” suggesting Roberts family owner- aged 79 years, appears in the census of 1850 living ship along the River Road in or near Honey Hollow with his daughter, 52-year-old Mary Hart. Edmund (Hunterdon County Deeds 6/338 and 6/340). The Roberts died on November 17, 1852 and is buried relationship of Thomas to Edmund Roberts is unclear. in the Titusville Presbyterian Churchyard. Although far from wealthy, Edmund Roberts was a key figure In 1816, Noah and Sarah Stout sold a parcel of one in the mountaintop hamlet of Honey Hollow where acre and 26 perches, possibly south of the River Road he apparently lived and worked as a blacksmith for in the Honey Hollow vicinity, to John McClellan. upwards of half a century. Based on maps and land Again, the metes and bounds commenced at a stone in

Page 4-13 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. a road which is most likely the River Road (Hunterdon from John and Mary Phillips to Joseph Phillips and County Deed 26/219). Moving southward down the remained in Phillips family ownership until Honey valley that would later carry Honey Hollow Road, Hollow Road was laid out (Appendix B.5) (Hunterdon the land ownership history becomes rather more County Deed 24/40; Errickson Collection). obscure. The Moore, Hart, Stout and Phillips families are all candidates for owning property in this area As the local population gradually increased and farms in the later 18th and early 19th centuries, but there were subdivided within families, the local infrastruc- is insufficient information to allow a clear picture ture also expanded and more commercial facilities, to be painted of who owned what. For example, a churches and schoolhouses were established. In the parcel of two-and-a-half-acres and five perches sold years following the American Revolution, the spread by Noah Stout to Robert Reeve in 1816 may be in of the Methodist faith among Hopewell’s former this area, based on the surrounding owners’ names Anglican farming families was an especially power- (William Moore, Gabriel Reeve, Joseph Phillips and ful trend. A Methodist society was first organized J. Herbert). Toward the southern end of the future near Pennington in 1774 and ten years later, when Honey Hollow Road, a sizeable 70-acre tract owned American Methodists formally broke away from by Benjamin Temple in 1799 straddled the road from the Church of England, this congregation reorga- Pennington to the Delaware River (modern Church nized as the Pennington Methodist Episcopal Church. Road and Fiddlers Creek Road) (Appendix B.5). The Continuing growth led to the emergence of an off- focus of Temple’s property appears to have been the shoot congregation in the western part of the town- stone farmhouse, the so-called Honey Hollow House, ship around 1805, a group in which the Fidler family which still stands on the north side of Church Road, played a leading role. John Fidler, who died in 1805, just west of the southern end of Honey Hollow Road. was a Methodist preacher and his son, Samuel, hosted meetings in his home (reputedly the Honey Hollow West of Benjamin Temple’s property and downstream House) up until around 1820. In 1828, the congre- along Fiddler’s Creek, John and Samuel Fidler (mem- gation erected its own meeting house, known as the bers of the family for whom the creek is named) appear River Methodist Episcopal Church, on the north side to have been among the more prominent landowners of Church Road at its intersection with Fiddlers Creek in 1802, owning respectively 64 and 63 acres, with Road and Brickyard Road, just west of the Honey John also operating a sawmill. East of Temple, Barnet Hollow House. Soon afterwards, a small cemetery and Nathan Christopher and Noah Stout owned much and a schoolhouse came to be associated with this of the fertile farmland extending eastward toward the church. A structure, presumably the church, is shown River Road (modern County Route 579). Temple’s in this location on the Gordon map of 1828 (Figure mortgage, held by John Chambers of Trenton, was 4.4), while both the schoolhouse and church are canceled in 1813 and three years later he sold off depicted on later mid-19th-century maps (see below, a 21-acre tract with a messuage to Gabriel Reves Figures 4.6 and 4.7) (Vliet 1959; Lewis 1973:85-88; (Reeve). The latter tract, bordered by lands of Reeve, Hunter and Porter 1990:200-201). Joseph Phillips, William Moore, John Christopher and Nathan Moore, was possibly located along the Honey The federal census of 1830, the first comprehensive Hollow Road corridor and may have included a house enumeration of the nation’s population, supplies an other than the Honey Hollow House. By 1818, the important benchmark for local historians throughout bulk of Benjamin Temple’s 70-acre tract apparently the country. A total population of 3,154 individuals existed as a 58-acre parcel which passed in that year inhabited Hopewell Township in 1830 and was spread

Page 4-14 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE across 650 households with the head of each house- valuable clues as to the identity of residents, many hold being individually named. From the manner in of them landowners, living in the Honey Hollow area which the census data were gathered it is possible to in the early 1830s (Hunterdon County Road Return roughly recognize neighborhoods within the township 1830-31:19-9-3). Twenty-eight individuals signed from the clumping of certain surnames. For example, the petition, of whom several are reasonably certain Elijah Chidester, Gabriel Rieves, Noah Stout and John to have lived along or fairly close to the course of D. Roberts are listed close to one another, reflecting the road (e.g., Enoch Hart, Edmund Roberts, John households near the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain. H. Phillips, Dean Hart, John Hart, Absalom Moore, Another name cluster on the next page of the census, Elijah Chidester, Gabriel Reves, John McClannan, consisting of Benjamin McClennon, Edmund Roberts, Samuel Fidler). The map accompanying the road Andrew Roberts and John McClennon, very likely survey (Figure 4.5) also identifies the landowners reflects households in Honey Hollow on the top of the through whose property the road passed, from north mountain (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1830; to south: Elijah Hart (deceased), John Hart, Absalom Hunter and Porter 1990:42). Moore, Andrew Phillips, Joseph Phillips (deceased) and Thomas Addis. The map shows only one dwell- Without question, besides fostering economic growth ing along the route of the road, “Addis’s House,” region-wide, the coming of the Delaware and Raritan located near the southern end. This building is the Canal had a major effect on local commerce along Honey Hollow House, which Addis may have been its route and strongly influenced the immediately occupying as a tenant of the Phillips family. Addis surrounding settlement pattern and road network. was not one of the petitioners, perhaps because he was Although the primary purpose of the 22.5-mile-long not a landowner at the time. It was not until March Feeder Canal, constructed in 1831-33 along the left of 1832 that he purchased from the estate of Joseph bank of the Delaware River from Raven Rock to Phillips the 56.5-acre parcel on which the dwelling is Trenton, was to supply water to the upper level of the located (Appendix B.5). main canal between Trenton and Kingston, this section of the waterway was soon doing double duty as a The only other indication of buildings along the route commercial artery used for shipping coal, stone, agri- of the new road is at the northern terminus, which cultural produce and manufactured goods. The Feeder is described as ending in “the centre of the public Canal effectively spurred the transition of Coryell’s Road leading from penington to Lambertsville at a Ferry into Lambertville and was largely responsible place called Honey Hollow some distance west of for the development of Titusville as a canal-side set- the Buildings.” These structures likely included the tlement. Indeed, it was Titusville’s emergence and the blacksmith shop and home of Edmund Roberts and desire of Hopewellians for better access to the canal perhaps also one or more dwellings of the McClellan that led directly to the formal laying out of Honey family. Despite the absence of any mention of other Hollow Road in 1831 in response to a petition signed buildings close to the route of the road, the number by residents of Honey Hollow and the surrounding of petitioners, the census data and mid-19th-century farms on the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain. historic maps all suggest that others lived nearby and that clearing, improvement and settlement of land in The petition of September 20, 1830 for the two-rod the surrounding area was fairly well advanced by the road that would later become known as Honey Hollow early 1830s. The rugged hillsides likely remained Road and the details of the “Return of Road” (i.e., wooded, but the less steeply sloping land alongside survey) filed on November 26, 1831 both provide Fiddlers Creek and its tributary streams may have

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Figure 4.5. Return of Road in Hopewell (Honey Hollow Road). 1831. Note annotation “Honey Hollow” at northern end of road.

Page 4-16 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE been put into use for pasture, or even cultivated. It River Road, Church Road and Fiddlers Creek Road) is not impossible that parts or all of the future Honey and many houses, outbuildings and other structures. Hollow Road may have existed informally by this Houses and other major buildings are shown as filled- time as a privately owned farm lane winding up the in rectilinear blocks; barns and large outbuildings are valley between Baldpate Mountain and Mount Canoe marked with an “x”. Fiddler’s Creek is incorrectly to Honey Hollow. identified as “Smith’s Creek,” the latter stream, known today as Moore’s Creek, in actuality flowing into the Delaware on the north side of Baldpate Mountain. D. HONEY HOLLOW AT ITS PEAK, CIRCA 1830-1875 Honey Hollow, although not named, is visible on the Coast Survey map as a topographic feature, accompa- In the second and third quarters of the 19th century, the nied by two buildings on the north side of the portion shape of settlement and land use in the Honey Hollow of Pleasant Valley Road that heads down to modern area becomes a lot clearer, mostly because of a general Ackers Corner (most likely Edmund Roberts’ home fattening and increasing explicitness of the documen- and blacksmith shop) and a house and outbuilding tary record. Land records are more specific in their on the north side of the now abandoned segment of descriptions of property; chains of title are more easily the River Road (probably the McClellan farmstead). traced; the census data becomes more comprehensive; Other buildings are also shown further to the south and detailed wall maps and then, atlases, begin to be along this segment of the River Road. A house and published, helped along by advances in surveying barn (most likely the farmstead of Timothy Scott) are and cartography. It is also during this period that the shown roughly midway down Honey Hollow Road intensity of agricultural land use and exploitation of on the west side of the tributary stream of Fiddler’s lumber and waterpower in rural Hopewell Township Creek that paralleled the road. At the southern end of reach a peak. Natural population growth coupled with the road, also on the west side, just south of the bridge in-migration of families looking to establish their own over Fiddler’s Creek, is the Honey Hollow House, smallholdings spurred property subdivision and put while the River Methodist Episcopal Church and its increasing pressure on the landscape, and by the 1870s nearby schoolhouse are shown close to the intersection and 1880s the Honey Hollow area had effectively of Church Road and Fiddlers Creek Road. The delin- attained its full carrying capacity within the context of eation of woodland along Honey Hollow Road reveals an agrarian economy. that a considerable amount of the land had been cleared and improved by this time, although the hill- Two maps from the 1840s are especially helpful in side to the west was still densely clothed in trees. The throwing light on the mid-19th-century landscape top of the mountain, however, must have been logged of western Hopewell Township. Baldpate Mountain for it to have been living up to its balding name. represented the further upstream point in the Delaware Valley charted by the U.S. Coast Survey in 1844 The second detailed map of the area in the 1840s is the (Figure 4.6). Map sheet T-144 was assigned a work- Otley & Keily wall map of Mercer County published ing title “Yardley to Baldpate” (possibly the earliest in 1849 (Figure 4.7). Although less exactingly sur- documented use of “Baldpate”) and the southern end veyed and more casual in its depiction of topography, of Mount Canoe served as a survey station. This drainage and building locations, the map provides exceptionally accurate map is valuable in that it shows a reasonably faithful and comprehensive picture of basic topography, the approximate extent of tree cover, land ownership and rural settlement, which is of great the road network (including Honey Hollow Road, the

Page 4-17 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. Road Old River Church Road

Road Church Road Church

Honey Hollow

Creek Road Creek Fiddler’s Fiddler’s Figure 4.6. U.S. Coast Survey. Detail of Chart T-144, Yardley to Baldpate. 1844. Scale: 1 inch = 1790 feet. Approximate location of Approximate location to Baldpate. 1844. Scale: 1 inch = 1790 feet. Yardley T-144, Detail of Chart Figure 4.6. U.S. Coast Survey. Honey Hollow circled; individual buildings highlighted.

Page 4-18 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE 1849. Scale: 1 inch = 2040 feet (approximately). Approximate location of Honey location Approximate (approximately). = 2040 feet 1 inch 1849. Scale: Map of Mercer County. Mercer Map of Figure 4.7. Otley, J.W. and J. Keily. J. Keily. and J.W. 4.7. Otley, Figure Hollow circled.

Page 4-19 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. assistance in piecing together land records and which 1850 is more of a challenge. In the federal census can also be compared with some success with contem- of 1840, there is one sequence of names of heads of porary census data. Most residential properties in the families that can be tentatively matched to the eastern countryside, perhaps upward of 95%, are shown on end of Baldpate Mountain in the general vicinity of this map, although hamlets, villages and towns receive Honey Hollow: Garrison Chambers; John H. Phillips; considerably less detailed treatment of individual Elias Phillips; Asa Burroughs; Mahlon Wambaugh; properties. The single biggest drawback in assessing Palmer Phillips; Lott Phillips; Timothy Scott; Jesse the wealth of names on this map is that property own- Titus; Dickson Roberts; Henry Griffith; George Agar; ership is given primacy in the assigning of names to Dean Hart. On the Otley & Keily map of 1849, homes structures and it is difficult to distinguish tenant and owned by Garrison Chambers and Palmer Phillips secondary family households (i.e., where members of are evident on the north side of Fiddlers Creek Road, a landowner’s extended family may have been living). just west of the southern end of Honey Hollow Road. As noted above, Mahlon Wambaugh, resided in the Honey Hollow Road is clearly shown on the Otley & Honey Hollow House, while Timothy Scott lived Keily map of 1849. The hamlet of Honey Hollow, roughly halfway along Honey Hollow Road. Dickson although again not named, is identifiable as a cluster Roberts can perhaps be linked with Edmund Roberts’s of buildings at the intersection of Honey Hollow Road family on the mountain top and Dean Hart lived on and Pleasant Valley Road (note: the segment of the the north side of Pleasant Valley Road, just west of River Road shown on the Coast Survey map of 1844 the northern end of Honey Hollow Road. Although as passing southeast over Mount Canoe is not depicted not a perfect match, one can speculate that the route on the Otley & Keily map). Three homes are in evi- of the census enumerator proceeded up Fiddlers Creek dence: those of “E. Roberts” (Edmund Roberts), “J. Road, then up Honey Hollow Road and then headed McLellan” (John McClellan) and “S. Webber” (most west along the River Road (U.S. Federal Census of likely a short-lived tenant who may have worked for New Jersey 1840). either Roberts or McClellan, since this individual does not appear in land or census records). The build- It is important to note, of course, that the 1840 census ing annotated as “B.S.” corresponds with Edmund identified the names of heads of families or house- Roberts’ blacksmith shop. Two farmstead properties, holds irrespective of property ownership, while the those of “T. Scott” (Timothy Scott) and “W. Snook” map of 1849 shows predominantly the names of land- (Wilson Snook) are shown further south on the west owners. Many of the families recorded in the census side of Honey Hollow Road between Pleasant Valley existed as tenant households, so it is a risky business Road and Church Road. At the southern end of Honey using the 1849 map as a basis for tracking the census Hollow Road is the Honey Hollow House, owned and enumerator’s route. Furthermore, the enumerator will occupied by “M. Wambough” (Mahlon Wambaugh), certainly have ventured out to conduct his count on with the River Methodist Episcopal Church and multiple occasions using a variety of routes, needing schoolhouse nearby to the west. to retrace his steps to visit people who were not at home at the time of earlier perambulations. The information on the Otley & Keily map of 1849 corresponds on the whole quite well with the Coast The population schedules of the 1850 census paint Survey map of five years earlier, with a few additional a more thorough and richly nuanced demographic buildings now appearing for the first time. However, canvas compared with the census of a decade earlier. matching the 1849 map to the censuses of 1840 and They name every individual in every household,

Page 4-20 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE also giving their age, gender, color, occupation and up in Honey Hollow on Pleasant Valley Road. In this birthplace. The value of the real estate held by each instance, the two Roberts households and those of head of household is also provided, which can help Henry Wiley, Simeon Tomlinson and Joseph Atwood in separating out tenants from landowners. As one are living in tenant dwellings and can probably be might expect, with this fuller information and only a assigned to some or all of the structures shown on the year’s difference between the data sets, there is a much map as being owned by E.H. Hunt, P. Phillips, I. Hoff, stronger correlation between the Otley & Keily map C. Wiley (shown as owning two structures) and M. of 1849 and the 1850 census. Again, strings of house- McClennan (McClellan). holds are indicative of the route the enumerator took in moving among neighbors. Thus, the Honey Hollow The census taker of 1860 seems to have made several area households of Elisha F. Harbert, Palmer Phillips, passes across Baldpate Mountain and the surrounding John Sine (Seine), Garrison Chambers, Wilson Snook, area as other strings of households are identifiable Timothy Scott and Peter Stout appear in sequence as elsewhere in the schedules and similarly traceable on occupying Dwelling #s 123-129 in the schedules and the Lake and Beers map of 1860 (e.g., Dwelling #s are traceable on the map of 1849. The entry following 184-199, including those of William (Wilson) Snook, Peter Stout is for the household of John D. Roberts, Asher Brown, Garrison Chambers and Isaac B. Jones, a 58-year old laborer with no real estate. His home to the south of the above-noted string; and Dwelling #s is not identifiable on the map, but he and his family 494-499, including those of Stephen Welling, Richard likely occupied a tenant dwelling somewhere close Brewer, Elijah Atchley and Phillip Atchley, to the to Mount Canoe and they may have been relatives of north) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population Edmund Roberts the blacksmith. The homes of John Schedules 1860). A notable difference between the McClenlen (McLellan) and Edmund Roberts occur 1850 and 1860 census data sets, also evident between later in the schedules as Dwelling #s 507 and 508, the maps of 1849 and 1860, is the increasing density while Mahlon Wambaugh’s household, Dwelling #76, of dwellings on the eastern and southern margins of was captured in an early foray of the enumerator that Baldpate Mountain over this roughly decade-long took in properties closer to Titusville (U.S. Federal period. This is generally consistent with the move- Census of New Jersey, Population Schedules 1850). ment of an expanding population on to more marginal agricultural land and helps to explain the gradual A decade later, the publication of another wall map, growth in Hopewell Township’s population through the Lake & Beers Map of the Vicinity of Philadelphia the mid-19th century. The total township population and Trenton (Figure 4.8), coincides with the fed- in 1830 was 3,154, rising to 3,205 in 1840, 3,698 in eral census of 1860. Yet again, one can engage in 1850, 3,900 in 1860, 4,276 in 1870 and reaching a a correlation of map and census data to reasonably peak of 4,462 in 1880 (Hunter and Porter 1990:42). good effect. A string of census entries – Elisha F. Harbout (E.F. Harbourt), Joshua Tomlinson, Isaac Narrowing in on the Honey Hollow Road corridor, Lore, Joseph Waters, James Martin, John P. Roberts, there is clear evidence of continuity of ownership and John D. Roberts, Timothy Scott, Joseph Harbout occupation when comparing the maps of 1849 and (J.T. Harbourt), Henry Wiley, Charles Wiley, Simeon 1860, but there are also some important changes and Tomlinson, Aron Baldin (Baldwin) and Joseph Atwood several new arrivals worth noting. Timothy Scott and (Dwelling #s 337-350) – can be mostly tracked on the Mahlon Wambaugh appear on both maps, each own- 1860 map as the census taker made his way from west ing their same properties. However, John McClellan to east across Baldpate Mountain, eventually ending and his wife Letitia died respectively in 1850 and 1858

Page 4-21 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. 1860. Scale: 1 inch = 1.15 miles (approximately). 1860. Scale: 1 inch = 1.15 miles (approximately). Map of the Vicinity of Philadelphia and Trenton. and Trenton. of Philadelphia Map of the Vicinity Figure 4.8. Lake, D.J. and S.N. Beers. Approximate location of Honey Hollow circled.

Page 4-22 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE and their property was being held by another member only briefly, selling a 12.25-acre parcel (the property of the family, “M. McClennan,” who is nowhere to be at the intersection) to Joseph Atwood in 1861. In found in the 1860 population schedules for Hopewell 1863, he was drafted by the Union Army, by which Township. Analysis of the census data suggests that time he was living in Kingwood Township. Assigned Simeon Tomlinson, a shoemaker, and his family as a private to Company H of the 34th Regiment, New were likely tenants in the McClellan house. Edmund Jersey Infantry, he survived the war and was living in Roberts’ blacksmith shop, shown on the 1849 map, Lambertville in 1870 with his wife, several children had disappeared by 1860. This was no doubt a func- and the widow Chidester. Other members of the tion of Edmund Roberts’ demise in 1852. His home- Wiley family, however, notably Obadiah, remained stead property, in 1860, was in the hands of Aaron in the Honey Hollow area, most likely occupying the Baldwin, an African-American laborer whose life is more southerly Wiley tract, which Charles may have examined in more detail in Chapter 5 below. Wilson continued to own for some years after 1860 (Appendix Snook’s farmstead of 1849 is not shown on the 1860 B.4) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population map, but since he appears appropriately “in sequence” Schedules 1860; Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft in the census, perhaps his property was inadvertently Registration Records, 1863-1865). omitted. The River Methodist Episcopal Church is marked on both maps, but the octagonal schoolhouse Residents along Honey Hollow Road are easily had seemingly gone out of use by 1860. identified in the population schedules of the 1870 census and for the most part they can be associated By 1860, new arrivals have appeared on the east side with reasonable confidence with dwellings shown of Honey Hollow Road in the person of Isaac B. Jones, on the map of Hopewell Township included in the another shoemaker, and Charles Wiley. Jones is listed Everts & Stewart Combination Atlas Map of Mercer in the 1860 federal census as heading a household County published in 1875 (Figure 4.9). A continuous of seven comprising himself, his wife, three sons, a string of households in the census, those headed by daughter and a boarder. His real estate holdings were Joseph Atwood, Joseph Harbourt, George Hudson, valued at a meager $600, suggesting a small property Sr., George Hudson, Jr., Joseph Scott, Peter Sweasey, with minimal agricultural activity. The 1860 map Sr., Peter Sweasey, Jr., Theodore Martin and William shows two structures in the ownership of Wiley. The Woolverton, may be keyed to the landscape, as fol- more southerly of the two is not shown on the 1849 lows. Joseph Atwood owned and occupied the former map and was likely built in the intervening period, Wiley property at the intersection of Honey Hollow while the other apparently corresponds to the prop- Road and Pleasant Valley Road (Appendix B.4). erty owned by S. Webber in 1849. From the census Joseph Harbourt’s household, which included two taker’s perambulation in 1860, it seems probable that members of the Wiley family (Mary and Obadiah) in the more southerly house was occupied by the house- addition to his wife and son, lived as tenants, possibly hold of Henry Wiley, a 17-year-old laborer (possibly in the old McClellan house, which was now owned by a brother or nephew of Charles Wiley), while Charles Phillip S. Sked. Sked himself resided in Pennington. himself, a 35-year-old farmer, along with his family The households of George Hudson, Sr. and Jr. (respec- and Elizabeth Chidester, a 57-year-old widow (and tively a carpenter and a painter) lived west of Honey former owner of what was now the Wiley property), Hollow Road and south of Pleasant Valley Road on were all installed in the other dwelling near the inter- lands acquired between the late 1850s and the late section of Honey Hollow Road and Pleasant Valley 1870s (Appendix B.6). Joseph Scott occupied the Road. Charles Wiley apparently remained in the area Scott family farmstead on the west side of the road

Page 4-23 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. 1875. Scale: 1 inch = 3540 1875. Scale: Combination Atlas Map of Mercer County, New Jersey. New Jersey. County, Atlas Map of Mercer Combination Figure 4.9. Everts & Stewart. Map of Hopewell Township. Township. Figure 4.9. Everts & Stewart. Map of Hopewell Approximate location of Honey Hollow circled. feet (approximately).

Page 4-24 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE which he inherited on the death of his father, Timothy only on Woolverton’s, Snook’s and Sweesey’s larger Scott, in 1862 (Appendix B.4). The families of Peter farm properties that agricultural production obviously Sweasey, Sr. and Jr., appear to have lived on the farm- expands beyond what was necessary to sustain the stead occupied in 1849-50 by Wilson Snook, while resident family’s needs. In Snook’s case, by 1870, Theodore Martin most likely lived a short distance to he was paying $25 in annual wages to one or more the northwest where James Martin is shown as own- farm hands, while Woolverton’s household included a ing a residence on the 1875 map. William Woolverton 43-year old laborer, Bergen Harris, and Peter Sweesey, and his family, from analysis of land records, appear Jr. maintained his own household and no doubt helped to have lived for a three-year period from 1869 to operate his father’s farm. 1872 on a 12.1-acre property on the east side of Honey Hollow Road, the more southerly of the two tracts One farm property that is easy to trace through these owned by Charles Wiley in 1860, which later passed three census years is that of the Scott family. Timothy back into Wiley family ownership (this is the prop- Scott (1775-1862), the family patriarch, appears in erty identified as owned by “C. Wiley” on the 1875 the 1830 federal census as head of a sizeable house- map). Finally, based on a later perambulation by the hold in Hopewell Township apparently comprising 1870 census taker focusing more on properties along him and his wife, Huldah, four young males and two Church Road and Fiddlers Creek Road, Wilson Snook females, all under 20 years of age (and presumably now owned and lived in the Honey Hollow House at their children). It is unclear where the Scotts lived the southern end of Honey Hollow Road, a property at the time, but in 1838 Timothy acquired a 25.6-acre he acquired in 1860 from the assignors of Mahlon and property from Elijah and Rhoda Chidester which Horace A. Wambaugh (Appendix B.5). was focused on a farmstead nucleus on the west side of Honey Hollow Road, roughly midway between A sense of the scale and type of farming activity along Pleasant Valley Road and Church Road. By 1840, Honey Hollow Road may be gained from the agri- the family was much reduced in size, most likely as a cultural schedules of the federal census compiled in result of the deaths of several of their children. The 1850, 1860 and 1870 (Appendix C). None of the farm household in this year comprised Timothy (in his 60s), properties is especially large in terms of acreage, rang- his wife, Huldah (in her 50s), a male in his 20s and a ing in size from 11 to 100 acres, and much of the land female between 10 and 15 years old (presumably their remained unimproved woodland, no doubt because of children, Joseph and Mary). This same household the steep and rocky terrain. Most of the farms were was enumerated in 1850 and 1860, and following valued at $2,500 or less, which is in marked contrast Timothy’s death in 1862, the 1870 census records to the more fertile lowland parts of Hopewell where the trio of Joseph, Mary and their widowed mother farms were typically 100 acres or more and valued in (Appendix B.6) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, the $3,000 to $10,000 range. Only in 1870 do three Population Schedules 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870; of the larger farms toward the southern end of Honey Balyer 2010). Hollow Road exceed $3,000 in value. These are the 100-acre property of William Woolverton, the 90-acre The agricultural schedules for 1850, 1860 and 1870, property of Wilson Snook and the 52-acre property all of which identify Joseph Scott as the farmer, show of Peter Sweesey, Sr. A mix of small-scale livestock a relatively constant pattern of farming activity on the and crop farming is reflected in the census data, gen- Scott family smallholding. The farm size remains erally sufficient to sustain each household and with essentially the same in all three years at 26 or 27 acres, only small surpluses of grains and vegetables. It is as does the ratio of improved to unimproved land

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(roughly 65/35). The Scotts owned a single horse and ulation schedules of the 1870 census. Further south a pair of milk cows in all three census years. They on the west side of Honey Hollow Road, between the kept 13 sheep in 1850, which generated 20 pounds Scott property and the Honey Hollow House (now of wool, but they had abandoned sheep farming by owned and occupied by Wilson Snook), the farmstead 1860. The crop and dairy production (wheat, Indian of “P. Swayze” (Peter Sweesey, Sr.) is indicated, corn, oats, Irish potatoes, butter) changed little and apparently corresponding to the property shown as was of limited output. In 1850, flax was included in being owned by Wilson Snook on the Otley and Keily the farm’s suite of plants, but this crop was no longer map of 1850 (cf. Figures 4.7 and 4.9). Otherwise, being grown by 1860. All in all, a picture emerges the remaining farmsteads persist between 1860 and of a small, hard-won family homestead struggling 1875, as follows: Wiley [1860]/Atwood [1875]; to maintain a low level of agricultural production McClennan/Sked; Wiley/Wiley; Scott/Scott; Martin/ in a somewhat unforgiving landscape (U.S. Federal Martin; Jones/Harmon; and Wambaugh/Snook. Census of New Jersey, Agricultural Schedules 1850, 1860, 1870). E. AGRICULTURAL DECLINE IN THE Details of the Honey Hollow area shown on the Everts LATER 19TH CENTURY & Stewart map of Hopewell Township in 1875 on the whole match well with the Lake & Beers map of 15 The rural history of central New Jersey in the final years earlier, although a few changes are worthy of quarter of the 19th century is less well documented note (Figures 4.8 and 4.9). For example, no buildings in terms of federal census data and historic map are depicted on the north side of Pleasant Valley Road coverage compared with the period 1850-75. The in the historic core of Honey Hollow on the 1875 map, decennial federal census exists for 1880, albeit with suggesting that the homestead of Aaron Baldwin, fewer categories of information, while the 1890 shown on the map of 1860, had been abandoned and census was mostly destroyed by fire in 1921. This pulled down in the interim. Baldwin, a casualty of loss is offset to some extent by the New Jersey state the Civil War (see below, Chapter 5), sold a 10.21- censuses which were conducted mid-decade from acre property, including his home, to Amos L. Hart in 1855 to 1915; state census records exist for Mercer 1860, who in turn sold the same to his son, Isaac S. County for 1885, 1895, 1905 and 1915. There is Hart, in 1864. The Harts were no doubt responsible only one map for the later 19th century covering the for pulling down the Baldwin house (which may western part of Hopewell Township that provides a well have been previously occupied by the Roberts sprinkling of property owners’ names – a somewhat family). A dwelling under the ownership of Charles sketchy and far from complete fire insurance map Muirhead appears for the first time on the 1875 map a produced by the Newark-based firm of Scarlett & short distance to the west of the northern end of Honey Scarlett (Figure 4.10). As a result, reconstructing the Hollow Road on the south side of Pleasant Valley history and agrarian landscape of the Honey Hollow Road. This was almost certainly a tenant dwelling area is a challenge and it is difficult to be sure of who (Muirhead himself lived on a large 212-acre property is living where. on Harbourton-Pleasant Valley Road), but the identity of the tenant is uncertain. Southwest of the Muirhead At the northern end of Honey Hollow Road, on the tenant dwelling, the 1875 map also shows for the first north side of Pleasant Valley Road, land remained time the farmstead of George Hudson, presumed to be under the control of the Muirhead and Hart families the elder of the two George Hudsons listed in the pop- for most of the final quarter of the 19th century.

Page 4-26 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE Scarlett & Scarlett’s Fire Map of Mercer County, New Jersey. Including Trenton Including Trenton New Jersey. County, Map of Mercer Fire Scarlett & Scarlett’s Road Honey Hollow Figure 4.10. Scarlett & Scarlett. Detail of Sheet 81B, Hopewell. 1890. Scale: 1 inch = 2050 feet (approximately). Approximate location of Honey Hollow circled. and Suburbs. 1890. Scale: 1 inch = 2050 feet (approximately).

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On the death of John Guild Muirhead in 1866, the ated with the McClellan family, was owned by Phillip old established Muirhead family farm that extended S. Sked and his second wife, Mary, from 1873 until across the mountain from Harbourton-Pleasant Valley 1914; the other, close to the intersection of Honey Road to Honey Hollow came into the hands of his Hollow Road and Pleasant Valley Road (River Road), son, Charles H. Muirhead. In 1877, Charles and his was in the hands of the Atwood family, passing from wife, Elizabeth, resident in Philadelphia, sold the Joseph Atwood to his sons, George and James in farm to Charles’s brother, William H. Muirhead, who 1883, remaining in their control until 1915. The Sked- lived on the property until 1902. The portion of the owned property was rented out during their period of farm bordering Pleasant Valley Road likely existed as ownership, most likely to the Tomlinson family in the cultivated fields and woodland. There are no indica- 1870s and 1880s. Based on the census taker’s peram- tions of buildings ever having stood on Muirhead bulation for the 1895 state census, the house seems to property along the north side of the road (Appendix have been shared by two African-American couples, B.1) (Lewis 1973:71). Jefferson Mosely and his wife, Katie, and George Frost and his wife, Maggie. Both couples had moved East of the Muirhead lands, where Edmund Roberts elsewhere by 1900 and there is no obvious tenant and then Aaron Baldwin had lived earlier in the 19th household in residence evident in the federal census of century, the 10.21-acre property acquired by Isaac S. that year. The Sked rental dwelling in Honey Hollow Hart in 1864 was sold to John Long in 1888. It is is not shown on the Scarlett & Scarlett map of 1890, believed that the property was uninhabited from the but is depicted as owned by “M.J. Sked,” Phillip’s early 1860s until the late 1880s as no buildings are widow, Mary, on the Pugh & Downing map of 1903 shown on the Everts & Stewart map of 1875. Long, (Figure 4.11; Appendix B.3) (U.S. Federal Census of German parentage, is thought to have erected a new of New Jersey 1870, 1880; New Jersey State Census dwelling shortly after his purchase of the property 1885, 1895). (although no building is shown in this location on the Scarlett & Scarlett map of 1890 [Figure 4.10]). His Joseph Atwood, from the census records, appears home was evidently in place by 1895 since he is listed to have lived in the other house nearby in gradually in the New Jersey state census of that year as head declining circumstances into the late 1890s, despite of a household in the Honey Hollow area compris- selling the 12.25-acre property to his sons. In 1880, ing himself, his wife, Eliza, and his sons, Russell and Atwood’s household comprised himself, his wife, Odis. The same household, with the addition of John Matilda, a daughter, Mary, and a son, Thomas; in Long’s brother, was reported five years later in the 1885, he headed a household consisting of himself federal census of 1900 and the Long home is shown and the Thornton family (presumably either relatives on the Pugh and Downing map of Mercer County or lodgers); in 1895 he was living there alone; and, published in 1903 (Figure 4.11; Appendix B.2) (U.S. by 1900, he had moved to Lambertville (where he Federal Census of New Jersey 1900; New Jersey State eventually died in 1909). Following his departure Census 1895). The Long house, much altered, still for Lambertville, the property was likely rented out, stands today on Block 52, Lot 6. although the identities of any tenants are unclear. Joseph Atwood is marked as the property owner on Across Pleasant Valley Road, along the course of the the Scarlett & Scarlett map of 1890 and the Pugh abandoned section of the old River Road, on the east & Downing map of 1903 (Figures 4.10 and 4.11; side of Honey Hollow Road, were two homesteads: one, the more easterly of the two, historically associ-

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Appendices B.1.3 and B.1.4) (U.S. Federal Census Moving eastward from the Hudson/Phillips property of New Jersey 1880, 1900; New Jersey State Census across the valley toward Honey Hollow Road, one 1885, 1895; Snyder 2011). encounters the 26.5-acre Scott family farmstead, and West of the Atwood homestead, on the south side of then, focused on a dwelling close to the east side of the Pleasant Valley Road, the Muirhead tenant dwelling road, the 12.1-acre Wiley family farmstead. Joseph shown on the 1875 Everts & Stewart map appears to Scott appears in the 1880 federal census as a 56-year- have been occupied by the family of James S. Reed old farmer, living with a 70-year housekeeper. In the in 1880. In this year, the Reed household consisted following year he mortgaged his property to Joseph of James, his wife and four daughters, while the New H. Golden and may well have defaulted on this obli- Jersey state census five years later records the house- gation. By 1885 he had moved off the property and hold as comprising James, his wife, a son and three was living in the household of John Fleming. Two daughters (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1880; years later the farm was seized and sold in a sheriff’s New Jersey State Census 1885). The name “Reed” is sale to neighbor Obadiah Wiley. Joseph Scott died marked in this location on the Scarlett & Scarlett map in 1891 and in this same year Obadiah Wiley and his of 1890 (Figure 4.10), but the Reeds are not read- wife sold the farm to Elias Scott (possibly a brother or ily identifiable here in subsequent censuses and the nephew of Joseph). The New Jersey state census of dwelling is not shown on early 20th-century maps. 1895 shows Elias Scott living on the property, head- Quite possibly, different tenants occupied the prem- ing a household of six comprising himself, his wife, ises after the Reeds around the turn of the century. Beulah, three daughters and a son. The Scotts are not listed in the federal census of 1900 and at some The family of George Hudson, Sr., who by 1870 had point in the first decade of the 20th century, Elias established and was living on a smallholding on the and his wife ceded control of the farm to the estate of west side of the valley down which Honey Hollow John H. Golden, probably to allow for release of the Road passes, had relocated to Ocean Grove by 1884. mortgage arrangement made between his father and In the latter year, the 27-acre property was sold to Golden more than two decades earlier. The farm is Sarah E. Hudson, George Hudson’s daughter-in-law not identified on the Scarlett & Scarlett map of 1890, and wife of Joseph H. Hudson. The Joseph H. Hudson but “E. Scott” is marked as the property owner on the family were living in Trenton in 1880 and there is no Pugh and Downing map and the Mueller map of 1918, indication that either George Hudson, Sr. or Jr. was even though by the date of the latter map the Scotts’ living in the Honey Hollow area in that year. The association with the property had long since ended property is therefore thought to have been rented out (Figures 4.11 and 4.12; Appendices B.1.4 and B.1.6) in the late 1870s and 1880s, although the identity of (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1880; New Jersey the tenant is unclear. Sarah E. and Joseph H. Hudson State Census 1885, 1895; Sobotka 2010b). sold four tracts totaling 11 acres to Edward H. Phillips in 1890. Edward and his wife, Anna, were living on The neighboring Wiley farm continued in Wiley fam- this property in 1895 and were joined there by his ily ownership throughout the late 19th century. In mother in 1900, at which time he was recorded as a 1880, 38-year-old Obadiah Wiley headed a household farmer. The Phillips dwelling is identified on the Pugh that included his wife, Mary, and John Harbourt. & Downing map of 1903 (Figure 4.11; Appendix B.6) Both Obadiah and John Harbourt worked as farm (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1870, 1900; New laborers. On March 18, 1881, the Wiley farm was Jersey State Census 1895). passed from Obadiah to John Harbourt, and then back to Obadiah’s wife, Mary, but it was both Obadiah

Page 4-29 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. and Mary who jointly sold the property to Obadiah’s transferred ownership of the family’s Honey Hollow brother, William, in 1892. Obadiah then inherited Road property to his son, Lymon Leavitt Brewer, in the farm again in 1900, following his brother’s death, 1883. From census records for 1880, 1885, 1895 and and immediately conveyed it to his daughter Alice E. 1900, it is apparent that L.L. Brewer was living in Pancoast. Throughout this period, Obadiah and his his father’s home on Fiddlers Creek Road, thus con- family seem to have been living on the property: in tinuing the tenant arrangement on the Honey Hollow 1885, the state census records a household comprising Road farm. It is difficult to pin down in the census Obadiah, Mary, daughter Alice and John Harbourt; in records for 1880, 1885 and 1900 who exactly might 1895, the household consisted of Obadiah, Mary, Alice have been living on the Sweesey/Brewer farm, but and Obadiah’s brother, William (ostensibly the owner from the census taker’s perambulation in 1895 there of the property); and in 1900, following the death is a possibility that one of two African-American of both Mary and William Wiley, the federal census households (those of John Case or George Mosely) shows Obadiah heading a household that included could have been resident there in the mid-1890s. The his daughter Alice, her husband Edward Pancoast, a Sweesey/Brewer farm is not shown on the Scarlett & blacksmith, and a boarder. Obadiah Wiley died not Scarlett map of 1890 (it likely lay too far off Honey long after in 1903, but in the preceding year the farm Hollow Road), but it is marked as under the owner- was sold in a sheriff’s sale to John M. Hoppock and ship of “L.L. Brewer” on the Pugh & Downing map James H. Van Cleef. Hoppock, a local factory super- of 1903 (Figure 4.11; Appendix B.6) (U.S. Federal intendent, is listed as living in Hopewell Township Census of New Jersey 1870, 1880, 1900; New Jersey in 1900, but does not appear to have ever lived at the State Census 1885, 1895). Wiley farm. The Wiley dwelling is depicted on the Scarlett & Scarlett map of 1890 without an owner East of Honey Hollow Road, toward the base of the being identified; on the 1903 Pugh & Downing map, eastern flank of Mount Canoe, there were at least one, “J. Hoppock” is shown as the property owner (Figures and possibly two, 19th-century homesteads that have 4.10 and 4.11; Appendix B.4) (U.S. Federal Census proved difficult to trace in the land records. On the of New Jersey 1880, 1900; New Jersey State Census Otley & Keily map of 1850, these are the properties 1885, 1895; Sobotka 2004a). of “P. Stout” and “P.T. Hunt,” which probably correspond, respectively, to those of “J.T. Harbourt” and “I. Further south and downslope along Honey Hollow Hoff” on the Lake & Beers map of 1860 (Figures 4.7 Road, the Scott and Wiley farms were bordered in and 4.8). One or other of these appears to be marked the early 1870s by the somewhat larger 54.59-acre as a 53-acre farm “Blackwell & Gaddis” on the Everts property of Peter Sweesey (Swayze). In 1876, & Stewart map of 1875 (Figure 4.9). None are shown Sweesey and his wife sold the farm back to Smith T. on the Scarlett & Scarlett map of 1890. However, Brewer, one of the people he had originally bought a single farm comes more sharply into focus in this it from in 1870. Based on the population and agri- area in the 1890s with the arrival on the scene of John cultural schedules of the 1870 census, it is clear that A. Most. German-born, Most is listed as head of a the Sweesey family lived on the property during their household of six, comprising himself, his wife, three brief six-year period of ownership. Following Smith daughters and a son, in both the 1895 state census and T. Brewer’s reacquisition of the farm, it seems that it the 1900 federal census. The Most property, accessed was occupied by a series of tenants through into the by a lane leading from Honey Hollow Road around early 20th century, since the Brewers lived on their the southern end of Mount Canoe, is shown on the own farm on Fiddlers Creek Road. Smith T. Brewer

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Pugh & Downing map of 1903 (Figure 4.11) (New Brewer, Hoppock, Robbins) renting to tenants who Jersey State Census 1895; U.S. Federal Census of were perhaps less motivated to work the challenging New Jersey 1900). terrain.

At the southern end of Honey Hollow Road, the F. THE 20TH CENTURY principal farm property was the one centered on the Honey Hollow House, an 86.5-acre tract that came The history of Honey Hollow in the first half of into the hands of Wilson Snook in 1860. Snook, in the 20th century is surprisingly difficult to trace in 1880, was still resident there, heading a household of the documentary record, in large part because the six that also included two of his sons, a daughter, a bulk of Baldpate Mountain came into the hands of daughter-in-law and a grandson, but the Snooks must a single owner (the Kuser family) during this period have been struggling for in the following year the and because the related land records are exception- farm was sold to the First National Bank of Trenton. ally complex and hard to disentangle. In contrast By 1885, Snook and his family were living elsewhere to the second half of the 19th century, for which in Hopewell Township, and he eventually died in several detailed maps of Hopewell Township exist, 1892. In the meantime, the bank sold the farm to there are only two maps available, both focused Elwood P. Robbins in 1886, and it is around this time primarily on communicating the road network: the that it appears to have made the transition to a tenant Pugh & Downing Map of Mercer County in 1903 property, although the identity of any tenants remains and Mueller’s Automobile Driving and Trolley Map unclear. Robbins, a resident of the Bridgewater area in of Mercer County, New Jersey, published in 1918 Somerset County, is not listed in Hopewell Township (Figures 4.11 and 4.12). Frustratingly, the latter liber- in the state censuses of 1885 and 1895 or the federal ally plagiarizes the former, applying many property census of 1900. The farmhouse is shown, but with owner names that are long out of date. State and no owner identified, on the Scarlett & Scarlett map of federal topographic survey maps, accurate and infor- 1890; Robbins is indicated as the owner on the Pugh mative, were published with some regularity during & Downing map of 1903 (Figures 4.9-4.11; Appendix this period. These show the locations of dwellings, B.5) (New Jersey State Census 1885, 1895; U.S. but they do not identify property owners or delineate Federal Census of New Jersey 1900; Sobotka 2004b). property boundaries. Beginning in the late 1920s, aerial photographic coverage becomes intermittently Overall, the final years of the 19th century appear available. Aerial photographs are accessible online to have been difficult for residents of the Honey for the years 1930, 1931 and 1947 (Nationwide Hollow area. Farming was evidently on the decline, Environmental Title Research 2017; New Jersey in part due to broader nationwide economic forces Department of Environmental Protection 2017), while that began to see rural New Jerseyans moving off the the New Jersey State Archives holds an exception- land and into the cities, but probably also because of ally valuable series of high-quality prints of Mercer the marginal quality of the land with regard to its agri- County produced by Fairchild Aerial Surveys in 1928. cultural productivity. To some degree, local farmers Aerial photographic views, when taken un der optimal succeeded in arresting the decline by switching to fruit light, weather and seasonal conditions, can give an farming and, in particular, the growing of peaches and extraordinarily vivid and objective impression of the apples. Several owner-occupied farms (e.g., Atwood, landscape and contemporary land use, but again there Scott, Wiley, Sweesey, Snook) were clearly struggling is minimal cadastral information (Figure 4.13). and most were sold to absentee owners (e.g., Sked,

Page 4-31 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. Road Honey Hollow 1903. Scale: 1 inch = 2210 feet (approximately). Approximate location of Honey Hol- 1903. Scale: 1 inch = 2210 feet (approximately). low circled. Map of Mercer County. Pugh & Downing. Map of Mercer Figure 4.11.

Page 4-32 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE 1918, Scale: 1 Road Honey Hollow Mueller’s Automobile Driving and Trolley Map of Mercer County, New Jersey. New Jersey. County, Map of Mercer Automobile Driving and Trolley Mueller’s inch = 2660 feet (approximately). Approximate location of Honey Hollow circled. inch = 2660 feet (approximately). Figure 4.12. Mueller, A.H. Detail of Figure 4.12. Mueller,

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Federal population census data are available at ten- sides of the entirety of Honey Hollow Road between year intervals and are helpful in giving increasingly Pleasant Valley Road and Church Road (Appendices detailed information on the location and composition B.1.4-B.1.6). The Kuser acquisitions were the death of households and in distinguishing between families knell for Honey Hollow farming, but laid the ground- that own and rent their homes and farms. The New work for the land preservation initiatives of the late Jersey state censuses taken in 1905 and 1915 offer a 20th and early 21st centuries, which are discussed similarly detailed mid-decade snapshot of the popula- briefly at the end of this chapter. The immediately tion. However, individual street addresses are not following paragraphs trace the fate of the various provided in the census enumerations of the first half properties in Honey Hollow and along Honey Hollow of the 20th century, so assigning families to particular Road in a little more detail following the same general properties is often a risky endeavor. As the century north-to-south track employed in preceding section of wears on, oral history has an increasingly important this narrative. role to play in supplementing the documentary record, but with all the usual caveats about hearsay and the On the north side of Pleasant Valley Road, land long flexibility of people’s memories. held by the Muirheads finally passed into different hands when their entire 217.24-acre farm was Honey Hollow was unquestionably on a downward acquired by George B. and Clarissa Lutes in 1902. economic trajectory in the early years of the 20th Descendants of the Lutes family retained control century. As the early aerial photographs reveal, farm of the farm into the late 20th century with the land fields along Honey Hollow Road, except toward the along Pleasant Valley Road remaining largely wooded southern end, mostly lay fallow and were beginning except for a single small field along the road frontage to revert to secondary woodland by mid-century. The (Figure 4.13). In 1993, when the farm was finally uncultivable summits of Mount Canoe and the eastern sold to the Newhouse family, a 6.1-acre parcel mostly end of Baldpate Mountain, cleared for lumber earlier comprising the field on Pleasant Valley Road (cor- in the 19th century, were again blanketed with well- responding to present-day Block 52, Lot 14) was entrenched forest by this time. Honey Hollow Road retained by Roberta Holden, a granddaughter of itself, rocky and treacherous, was a low priority for George and Clarissa Lutes. This became the site of a maintenance by the township and was apparently new residence where Roberta Holden spent her final never paved with asphalt. It was formally abandoned years until she passed away in 2000 (Appendix B.1) in 1944. As the farms dwindled, they were bought up (Lewis 1973:71). by absentee landowners who installed tenant families in the dwellings to ensure a modicum of income. East of the Muirhead/Lutes property, the farm established by John Long in the late 1880s remained in the This transition to absentee and non-agricultural own- Long family until the late 1960s, passing from John ership reached its peak with the actions of John L. Long, who died intestate sometime prior to 1915, Kuser, the Trenton brewery baron, who between to his son, Russell, and Russell’s wife, Elizabeth, in 1910 and the late 1920s bought up the vast majority 1920. Russell and Elizabeth Long raised a daugh- of Baldpate Mountain, including the Honey Hollow ter, Hazel, and the household at various times in the area, and recast it as a country estate and hunting early 20th century also included Russell’s mother, preserve. By 1930, when he passed on a one third Eliza; brother, Odess; son-in-law, Henry Wagner interest to each of his two sons, Kuser’s holdings (husband of Hazel), and three grandchildren. In 1954 totaled around 1,350 acres, including land along both the Longs sold the field furthest to the west of their

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Legend Honey Hollow Study Area ± Honey Hollow Historic Core Expanded Honey Hollow 20th-Century Focus of African American Settlement Honey_Hollow_Historic_Roads_1930s

0 150 300 600 900 1,200

Feet

Figure 4.13. Aerial Photograph. 1930. Source: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 2017.

HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE house to Floyd and Sylvia Niederer, who built and Jersey state census for that year as living there with occupied a new residence on this parcel (present-day two daughters and a son. The Wisniewskis must have Block 52, Lot 35) in the following year. By this time, had little success farming for the property was sub- farming activity on the Long property had largely ject to a sheriff’s sale in the following year and was ceased. Russell Long died in 1965 and three years snapped up by John L. Kuser as he consolidated his later his widow, Elizabeth, sold off the remaining grip on Baldpate Mountain (Figure 4.11; Appendices 4.61-acre core of the original farm property. The old B.1.3 and B.1.4) (Trenton Evening Times, October 20, Long farmhouse underwent a major remodeling and 1906; U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1910; New expansion circa 1970 (Figures 4.11-4.13; Appendix Jersey State Census 1905, 1915). B.2) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940; New Jersey State Census 1905, 1915; From 1915 through the 1920s and 1930s, both farms National Environmental Title Research 2017). functioned as rental properties, the former Sked- owned farm passing through a succession of absentee In the first decade of the 20th century, across Pleasant owners and the old Atwood property staying firmly in Valley Road from the Long farm, were two small farm Kuser control. Again, working from the federal cen- properties, both occupied by tenants, one on either sus taker’s perambulation in 1920, two tenant families side of the abandoned section of the old River Road may be suggested: German-born George Plambeck that headed over the north and east side of Mount and his wife and daughter; and Wilson Kane, an Canoe. On the north side of the River Road was the African-American laborer working in the Titusville 19-acre farm owned by Mary J. Sked, the widow of rubber mill, with his wife, daughter and two sons. Phillip S. Sked (including present-day Block 61, Lots Plambeck’s family, but not Kane’s, reappears next 1 and 49); on the south side was the 12.25-acre farm to the Long family in the 1930 federal census, while owned by the Atwood family (including the northern in 1940 the families of Stephen Gassler and Wilson end of Block 61, Lot 3.01 and the northeast corner of Kane are listed separately one after the other follow- Block 60, Lot 28). It has not been possible to identify ing the entry for the Longs. Since the Gasslers go on the tenants on either property in the New Jersey state to exchange a portion of the former Sked property census of 1905. Based on the census taker’s peram- with Elna Plambeck (George Plambeck’s daughter), it bulation in the federal census population schedules seems logical that Wilson Kane and his family were in for 1910, a likely tenant at one of these properties residence at the old Atwood farm in 1920. is Lafayette Brumskin, a 32-year-old black farmer, and his wife, Lucy, although which of the farms they Wilson Kane is one of the individuals encountered occupied is uncertain. The Brumskins lived in Honey along Honey Hollow Road by Henry Charlton Beck Hollow for several years as a newspaper account of and his friends in the late 1930s. On their second visit 1906 reports Lafayette losing his purse containing they found Kane and his wife and daughter living in $7.72 “on the road from Honey Hollow to Titusville.” a cabin in the woods off the road that led up to the By 1915, the Sked-owned farm had changed hands “lookout clearing on Mount Canoe.” Kane relates to and was owned by Rufus and Florence Reckard of Beck how the family used to live “at the farm under Philadelphia, but if and to whom they may have the elm, alias the ash, that goes on living there, but rented the property is unknown. The children of that was a long time ago.” This remark may refer to Joseph Atwood, in 1915, sold their farm to Stanislaw the Atwood farmhouse. Evidently, the Kanes moved and Johanna Wisniewski, respectively Russian and to a different, more remote location, but still on Kuser- German-born immigrants, who are shown in the New owned land (Beck 1939:65-55, 87-88).

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Throughout this period, based on aerial photographs, parcel on the east side of Honey Hollow Road (Mercer it appears that little if any farming was taking place on County Deed 666/103, Tracts 7, 8, 14, 15, 20, 21, either the Sked or the Atwood property, and most of 25-27, 53, 54, 59 and 62) (Appendices B.1.4-B.1.6). the fields were either gradually reverting to woodland It is difficult to trace with confidence the identity of or being kept as pasture or lawn. It is difficult to make residents and the precise fate of the farms and houses out whether or not a house still stood on the Atwood along either side of Honey Hollow Road in the first parcel in 1930 or 1931, but Wilson Kane’s interac- half of the 20th century. Farming activity was clearly tions with Beck suggest that he and his family may on the wane but several of the farmhouses and other have occupied the Mount Canoe cabin around this dwellings were occupied by tenants both before and time. The Atwood dwelling was certainly no longer in following Kuser’s campaign of land acquisition. In existence by 1947. The old Sked-owned tenant dwell- the northwestern section of what is presently Block ing, possibly of early 19th-century McClellan family 60, Lot 28, the smallholding acquired by Edward H. origin, is visible on aerial photographs from 1930 Phillips from the Hudson family in 1890, consisting of through 1963, but was pulled down between 1963 and four small tracts totaling around 11 acres, appears to 1969, while a new home was erected a short distance have been sold sometime after 1910 to Clarinda Dallas to the east between 1958 and 1963 (both houses are on and others, who in turn sold to John L. Kuser in 1912, present-day Block 61, Lot 1). In 1966, the Gasslers but the Phillips family continued living there in a ten- sold off a portion of their land to Anthony Alastick ant capacity into the 1920s. In the New Jersey state (Block 61, Lot 49), who soon after built the new resi- census of 1905 and the federal census of 1910 Edward dence that still stands there today (Appendices B.1.3 Phillips is listed as owning his home and heading a and B.1.4) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1920, household that in the former year included his wife, 1930, 1940; National Environmental Title Research daughter and mother, and in the latter year, his wife, 2017). mother-in-law (Anna Lore) and sister-in-law (Mary C. Holcombe). The 1915 state and 1920 federal cen- Moving west across the Atwood farm and then south suses show Edward, his wife and sister-in-law still in along Honey Hollow Road, one enters the eastern end residence, but the family does not appear in the 1930 of the Baldpate Mountain estate lands amassed by federal enumeration. By this year, aerial photography John L. Kuser in the early 20th century. The extent of shows the rough location of the farmstead as wooded Kuser’s acquisitions is most clearly revealed in a deed with no buildings obviously visible (Figure 4.13; of 1930, when he passed on a one-third interest in his Appendix B.6) (New Jersey State Census 1905, 1915; roughly 1,350-acre Baldpate holdings to each of his U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1910, 1920). two sons, John L., Jr. and Walter, and which lists no less than 62 separate tracts ranging in size from 86.5 Along the central section of Honey Hollow Road, the acres to a quarter of an acre. Kuser progressively Scott family’s 26.5-acre farm and the adjoining 54.59- bought up property in the Honey Hollow area, mostly acre tenant farm owned by L.L. Brewer, both on the in 1912 and 1913. In the former year he acquired land west side of the road, and the old Wiley farm, focused owned by Edward H. Phillips and Lymon L. Brewer, on a 12.1-acre tract on the east side of the road, were and in the latter he took over the old Scott and Snook all occupied by tenants by the end of the first decade farms. In 1916, as noted above, he added the Atwood of the 20th century. It is impossible to reconstruct farm, which had been briefly in the hands of the who these tenants were and where they were living, Wisniewskis. It was not until 1927 that Kuser gained but the state and federal censuses do offer up some control of the old Wiley smallholding, a 12.1-acre plausible candidates. In 1915, the families of two

Page 4-36 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE workers in the Titusville rubber mill, Henry Ezekiel in all the state and federal censuses from 1905 through and John A. Bradley, appear to be living in the Honey 1930. Only in 1905 did the household include other Hollow vicinity, based on the census taker’s perambu- family members (two daughters, Mary J., aged 20, lation. Ezekiel was also resident in the area in 1910 and Laura aged 14). John Most died in 1939 and his and listed then as an odd jobs laborer, while Bradley, widow appears to have continued living on the proper- still a rubber mill worker, appears again in the 1920 ty through the 1940s until her own death in 1950. The census in the company of known Honey Hollow resi- Mosts figure prominently in local newspaper accounts dents. Vincent Garfella, a salesman in 1915, may also indicating that they were being visited periodically have been renting a home in Honey Hollow (New by family and friends. Their farm is shown on early Jersey State Census 1915; U.S. Federal Census of 20th-century maps and is visible in aerial photographs New Jersey 1910, 1920). of 1930 and 1931 as a patchwork of fields extending between Mount Canoe, the old River Road and By 1930, the federal census indicates an entire- Fiddlers Creek. Aerial photographs show this area ly different set of tenant families potentially liv- beginning to revert to woodland in the 1940s and ing along Honey Hollow Road, namely those of: 1950s (Figures 4.11-4.13) (New Jersey State Census Glenville Shaffer; William H. Handford, a poultry 1905, 1915; U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1910, farmer; Russell Sage, an assistant manager; Theodore 1920, 1930, 1940; Trenton Evening Times, July 26, Stradling, a stableman; and William E. Crangle, 1918; June 24, 1919; July 25, 1920; June 29, 1921; manager of a game farm. In the case of Stradling Nationwide Environmental Title Research 1930, 1947, and Crangle, both may have been employees of John 1953, 1956-1958; Sobotka 2004c, 2004d). L. Kuser, assisting in the operation of his Baldpate estate. The Pugh and Downing map of 1903 and the The old Snook farm at the southern end of Honey Mueller map of 1918 are of no assistance in clarifying Hollow Road, an 86.5-acre tract focused on the Honey who was living along Honey Hollow Road, noting Hollow House, remained in the hands of absentee John Hoppock, Elias Scott, L.L. Brewer and Henry landowners throughout the 20th century. Elwood Phillips as property owners, none of whom appear in P. Robbins sold the property to Edward G. Trimmer the censuses as residents in the Honey Hollow vicinity in 1911, who in turn conveyed it to John L. Kuser (Figure 4.11 and 4.12). Aerial photographs from 1930 in 1913. Trimmer was a telegraph operator for the and 1931 show a complex mosaic of fields and wood- Pennsylvania Railroad, who lived on River Road in land along Honey Hollow Road with possible clusters Titusville. From around 1910 into the late 1920s, he of farmhouses and outbuildings in several locations to appears to have functioned as an agent for Kuser, buy- the west of the road, but few if any to the east. Few ing up land in the Baldpate Mountain/Pleasant Valley fields were in cultivation at this time, except toward area and then selling it on to Kuser. E.P. Robbins the southern end of the road, where orchards are is shown as the owner of the farm on the Pugh and visible (see below) (Figure 4.13; Appendices B.1.6) Downing map of 1903, while the name of George (New Jersey State Census 1905, 1915; U.S. Federal Hunt, perhaps a tenant of John L. Kuser, is given on Census of New Jersey 1910, 1920, 1930). the Mueller map of 1918. In aerial photographs of 1930 and 1931, much of the farm is under cultivation East of Mount Canoe, the principal active farm prop- as orchard, but this activity is much reduced in later erty continued to be that occupied and tended by the aerial photographs of the later 1940s and 1950s which Most family. John A. Most and his wife Sarah are show increasing areas of woodland. Fruit farming, recorded as owning their farm, subject to a mortgage, chiefly the growing of peaches and apples, evidently

Page 4-37 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. peaked in the 1920s and 1930s (Figures 4.11-4.13; veyed by John L. Jr.’s younger son, Michael, and his Appendix B.5) (New Jersey State Census 1905, 1915; wife, Lynda, to Trap Rock Industries in anticipation of U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1910, 1920; an expansion of this company’s quarrying activities. Nationwide Environmental Title Research 1930, Public opposition to the quarry expansion led to a pro- 1947, 1953, 1956-1958). tracted battle between local residents and Trap Rock Industries which ultimately led in 1998 to the acquisi- Aside from the presence of George Hunt on the tion and preservation of the greater part of Baldpate property in 1918, the identity of the tenant farmer Mountain by Mercer County, Hopewell Township and on the old Snook farm in the early years of the 20th the local non-profit organization, Friends of Hopewell century remains uncertain. Henry F. Crum, listed Valley Open Space (FOHVOS). Baldpate Mountain as a tenant fruit farmer in the Honey Hollow area in thus became home to what is now known as the Ted the federal census of 1910, is one possibility, while Stiles Preserve, named for the Rutgers University Harry J. Mendez, listed similarly in the 1930 census, biology professor who was largely instrumental in the is another. The one person who is more certainly protection of this vital natural resource asset (Ogren linked to the farm is Elmer Cadwallader, who Henry 2017). Charlton Beck encountered there in the late 1930s and described as a “game warden and caretaker for The history of the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain the Kusers.” Beck further noted that Cadwallader and Mount Canoe followed a trajectory that was had lived in Honey Hollow for ten to 12 years, which somewhat less politically charged in the mid- to is borne out in part by a newspaper account of the late 20th century. Kuser-owned land east of Honey death of Cadwallader’s father-in-law, Samuel Nicholl, Hollow Road (including present-day Block 61, Lots who passed away in Cadwallader’s home on Honey 3.01 and 3.02) was sold off in 1944 by John L., Jr. Hollow Road in 1930. Cadwallader is not listed in the and his wife, Olivia, to Charles Geller and Beatrice federal census of 1930, but he does appear in the 1940 Groves. In 1975, this property came into the hands of enumeration where he is identified as working at the the Niederer family in whose control it remains today. nursery in “N.J. State Park” (the nearby Washington This land, farmed with declining intensity in the early Crossing State Park). By this time, Cadwallader decades of the 20th century, is now entirely wooded, would have been renting the Honey Hollow House except for a power transmission line easement estab- from John L. Kuser, Jr. (U.S. Federal Census of New lished in the early 1960s and a residential property Jersey 1910, 1930, 1940; Hopewell Herald, June 25, with an adjoining field along the Church Road front- 1930; Beck 1939:64). age. The core of the old Snook farm, containing the Honey Hollow House, was sold off as a 6.154-acre John L. Kuser, Sr. died in 1937 and his extensive real property in 1965, being purchased by the Peters fam- estate holdings then came fully under the control of his ily from the widow of John L. Kuser, Jr. This property two sons. Although not reflected in the land records, (Block 60, Lot 54) remains in the hands of the Peters in the early 1930s Baldpate Mountain had become the family today and is also largely wooded, except for domain and primary residence of John L. Kuser, Jr., the house and immediately surrounding yard. while his brother Walter remained on the family estate at Fernbrook in Chesterfield Township, Burlington Otherwise, all of the land on the west side of Honey County. Most of Baldpate Mountain thus continued Hollow Road remained in Kuser family ownership under three generations of Kuser family ownership into the early 21st century, passing from John L., Sr. until 1986, when approximately 989 acres were con- to his sons, John L., Jr. and Walter, and then from John

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L., Jr. to his widow, Olivia, and finally to their son, John Erdmann Kuser. The latter, a forestry professor at Rutgers University, inherited in 1970 what was by then a densely wooded tract of just over 130 acres which he carefully managed and used as an outdoor teaching laboratory for his students. In 2001, John Erdmann Kuser sold a conservation easement on his Honey Hollow property to FOHVOS and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection for $1 million. This purchase was facilitated by grants received from the state’s Green Acres program and the Mercer County Open Space Preservation Trust Fund. Five years after John Erdmann Kuser’s death in 2008, his estate sold the Honey Hollow tract (Block 60, Lot 28), surveyed as 129.166 acres, to Mercer County and the State of New Jersey (Figure 1.1; Appendices B.1.4-B.1.6) (Ogren 2017).

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Chapter 5

THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN PRESENCE

This chapter focuses on the history of enslaved and late 1770s and early 1780s is a direct reflection of the free African-Americans living, working and raising state’s need to raise money for military and defense families in northwestern Hopewell Township, with purposes during the Revolutionary War conflict. a specific emphasis on the eastern end of Baldpate These tax records provide the names of slave-owning Mountain in and around Honey Hollow. Figuring out landholders and how many male slaves they held, who these individuals were and where exactly they but the slaves themselves remain nameless and no resided, and understanding their familial and econom- data were compiled on women and children or family ic circumstances, is exceedingly difficult, for the most relationships. In the five assessments taken between part because of the paucity of the documentary record. 1778 and 1781, approximately 11% of all Hopewell Prior to the compilation of detailed population data at property owners (between 45 and 48 individuals) were the municipal level, which effectively begins in New assessed for a total of between 49 and 52 male slaves. Jersey with the federal census of 1830, there are few Presumably owing to the slowly mounting nationwide easily accessed primary archival sources that can offer opposition to slavery, these numbers tail off slightly a glimpse of the African-American population within in 1785 and 1802: to 45 male slaves in each of these the local cultural landscape. The most helpful materi- years, and to 39 and 38 property owners in 1785 and als, all maintained at the county administrative level, 1802 respectively, representing 9% and 7% of all are: tax ratables, which were intermittently assessed Hopewell property owners. To place these numbers in Hopewell Township between 1778 and 1802 and in a broader demographic perspective, estimates of the included enumeration of male slaves over the age total number of slaves in New Jersey in the mid-18th of 16 who were able to work; slave manumission century are in excess of 4,000. The federal census for records, which date from the late 1780s onward; and the state in 1790 reports a total of 14,185 blacks of slave birth records, which were kept after 1804. Aside whom almost 80% were enslaved and 20% were free. from these bureaucratic sources, which tend to be In 1800, with manumission and abolition just begin- dry and matter-of-fact, other information on African- ning to take hold, there were 16,824 blacks statewide Americans is mostly anecdotal and gleaned from of whom 74% were enslaved and 26% were free. wills and inventories, from newspaper accounts and The numbers of blacks in Hunterdon County, 1,492 advertisements (e.g., concerning sales of slaves and in 1790 (81% enslaved/19% free) and 1,790 in 1800 runaways) and from oral histories. With the excep- (70% enslaved/30% free), indicate that the pace of tion of Henry Charlton Beck’s writings in the 1930s, manumission was moving somewhat faster there than which can be considered to fall under the category of in the state as a whole (Barber and Howe 1845:40; oral history, none of these sources make mention of Wacker 1975:194; D’Autrechy 1979:143). Honey Hollow. Typically, as per the tax ratable data, each of the slave- Seven tax ratable assessments exist for Hopewell owning landholders in Hopewell, almost all of them Township: for May 1778, September 1779, January farmers, held one male slave over the age of 16. A and May 1780, January 1781, July 1785 and September few held two, and there are two instances of members 1802 (Appendix D). The concentration of data for the of the Hunt family (Wilson Hunt, Sr. in 1778 and

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Noah Hunt in 1802) keeping three male slaves. It is a have included a few farms here and there that had one reasonable assumption that virtually all of the slaves or two slaves, perhaps a male and a female, living with reported in the tax ratables worked primarily as farm and working for white families. laborers in the fields and farmyard, although some may also have toiled as mill hands, chopped wood on By 1802, a handful of free black heads of households woodlots, quarried stone and dug clay, and assisted were separately listed in the Hopewell Township tax with construction, tanning, fishing and other activities. ratable assessments. Seven individuals are identified: There was probably a roughly equivalent number, at Free Benjamin, William Beran (?Berrien), Lewis least, of female slaves and children working as domes- Holburt, Smith Lunn, Harry Taylor, Cato Welling tics in Hopewell farmhouses and dwellings, carrying and Tom Wilson. Of these, three – Beran, Taylor out selected indoor and outdoor tasks, such as washing and Wilson – owned real estate minimally valued at clothes, helping prepare food, discarding night soil, between $10 and $12. Beran was assessed for three tending to animals, orchards and kitchen gardens, and houses and a lot, a horse and a cow; Taylor had two carrying water from wells. The first generations of houses and a lot, a horse and a cow; while Wilson slaves coming into Hopewell were most likely pro- owned just one tenth of a house. At least one other cured locally through networking, responses to sale taxed householder in 1802, one Friday True, is specu- advertisements or at markets in Trenton, Burlington, lated, based on his name and subsequent descendants, in the Philadelphia area or further afield. to have been black or mulatto, but is not identified as such. Where these free black families lived is uncer- In the list of 96 Hopewell property owners who appear tain. Some may have occupied dwellings on the out- in the tax ratables as holding male slaves, there are skirts of villages, such as Pennington; others perhaps a few family surnames (Christopher, Hunt, Moore, established smallholdings in the Sourlands. Phillips, Stout, Smith, Temple and Titus) that are commonly associated with the northwestern section It is reasonably certain that one of the seven free black of the township. While there is no specific slave- heads of households identified in 1802 – Cato Welling holding individual who can be linked with certainty to – was in fact living in the Sourlands. Based on his the immediate Honey Hollow vicinity, Major Henry enumerated position in the 1830 and 1840 federal Phillips, resident in nearby Pleasant Valley, held one censuses relative to his neighbors (notably Stephen male slave from at least 1778 to 1781. Henry Phillips Welling [presumed to be Cato’s son], Charles Hart is listed again in the tax ratables for 1785 and 1802, and Enoch Atchley in the 1840 census), Cato Welling but not as an owner of a male slave. Perhaps his war- is believed to have lived on Baldpate Mountain on time male slave of a few years earlier had been freed Pleasant Valley Road at the head of the valley about or had passed away by this time. An inventory of a mile west of Honey Hollow (Appendices E.1 and the estate of Henry’s brother, Lott Phillips, who died E.2) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey 1830, 1840). in early 1780, makes clear reference to “a negro girl Support is lent to this deduction by a compelling named Phebe,” in addition to a recently freed, appar- statement about Cato Welling included in a historical ently indentured mulatto man named Thomas Case, discourse prepared in 1888 by the Reverend George who served in Lott’s place in the Hunterdon County Hale, pastor of the Pennington Presbyterian Church. militia (Kidder 2013:279; 2017). From the evidence Describing the baptism of Cato Welling on February of the tax ratables, the Honey Hollow area very likely 27, 1839, an event that took place at Cato’s house, conformed to the general pattern of slaveholding in Hale wrote as follows: Hopewell in the Revolutionary War era and would

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Cato Welling … was brought a slave from 35 to be freed if they were brought by the slave owner Africa when seven years old, and landed in before two township overseers of the poor and two Philadelphia. He became the property of county justices of the peace and found to be of sound the Rev. William Kirkpatrick, Amwell, N.J., mind and able to support themselves. In compliance and was afterwards a slave in the family of with this latter law, which was modified in 1798, rais- John Welling, Esq., from whom he took his ing the upper age limit for manumission to 40 years, name. After he was manumitted he remained county clerks were required to certify and maintain in the western section of the township, in a records of slave manumissions. picturesque nook in the extreme eastern end of Pleasant Valley. He was then bed-ridden, Hopewell Township is fortunate in that the Hunterdon almost totally blind, and nearly one hundred County slave manumissions are well represented in the years old. About fifty communicants gathered form of two original volumes held by the Hunterdon at the house. Cato was examined by the ses- County Historical Society which have been published sion, accepted and baptized in the presence of as printed abstracts and selectively posted online by the assembly, immediately after which the sac- the New Jersey State Archives. The original books rament was administered to him, in connection kept by the Hunterdon County clerk provide the with others who were present. A circumstance names of the male and female slaves being freed, the which attracted attention was, that as the wine dates of their manumission and the names and places cup was handed to him, he exclaimed, “Yes, of residence of their owners. The age of most slaves Christ’s blood!” Only about a year or two after- is also given. A total of 113 slaves (69 male and 44 wards he went to his long home (Hale 1889:9). female) were freed in Hopewell Township between 1791 and 1833. The manumission information is The acquisition, treatment and freeing of slaves in helpful, not only in that it includes the names both of New Jersey has a long and complex legislative his- black men and black women being freed, but a clearer tory in the colonial period, although it was not until picture also emerges of the numbers of slaves being the later 18th century that manumission occurred in held by individual owners. While most slave owners any great numbers or in organized fashion. As early freed only one or two and occasionally three slaves, as March 11, 1713/14, New Jersey’s colonial legisla- lending support to the impression that the numbers of ture passed “An Act for Regulating of Slaves,” which slaves per household and farm were in the low single made provision for the freeing of slaves. However, digits, there are five individuals (Edmund Burroughs, this law, by requiring slave owners to provide a John P. Hunt, Esq., Andrew Smith, David Stout £200 security for each freed slave and guarantee £20 and Captain Edward Yard) who manumitted four or annual support for life, effectively discouraged the more slaves over the course of this period. Edmund practice of manumission. It was not until after the Burroughs topped the list in freeing six slaves: Harry, Revolutionary War, as the abolition movement gained aged 38, Sarah, 39, and Lucy, 33, all freed in 1802; traction on both sides of the Atlantic, that new legisla- Prime, 25, in 1809; Levinia, 21, in 1817; and Harriot, tion addressed and somewhat encouraged slave own- 21, in 1818. Two black slave owners are recorded ers to set free their slaves. On March 2, 1786, “An as freeing slaves in 1827: Frost Blackwell, who was Act to prevent the Importation of Slaves into the State himself freed in 1819 following the death of his owner of New Jersey, and to authorize the Manumission of Andrew Blackwell, released Nancy, aged 31, while them under certain Restrictions, and to prevent the Abuse of Slaves” enabled slaves aged between 21 and

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Pero Williams, known from later census records to be and gender of the newborn, the date of birth, the name black, freed Julian, aged 23 (Hunterdon County Slave of the mother (in most cases) and the name of the Manumissions 1788-1836; D’Autrechy 1979). mother’s owner.

Some of the manumissions certainly relate to slaves Approximately 60 slave births, split evenly between held on properties in the northwestern part of Hopewell male and female, were registered by Hopewell Township. Uriel and Joseph Titus, Andrew Smith and Township slave owners between 1804 and 1832 members of the Moore family, all resident in the area, (Hunterdon County Children of Slaves 1804-1835). are among those listed as freeing slaves. George Many of the same slave owners who appear in the Muirhead, who owned a large plantation on the north manumission records figure again as owners of the side of Pleasant Valley Road extending from Honey slave mothers giving birth, including residents of Hollow to the Hopewell-Amwell line, freed a succes- northwestern Hopewell in the Honey Hollow vicinity. sion of three female slaves: Judith Burchill in 1804, George Muirhead, for example, registered the birth of Rachel Lott, aged 22, in 1809 and Mary Burchill, aged Ann in 1807. While the mother’s name is not given, 21 and likely the daughter of Judith, in 1824. Edmond she may well have been Rachel Lott, who would have Roberts was one of two witnesses to the manumission been around 20 years old and a couple of years away of Rachel Lott and he himself freed a slave named from receiving her freedom. Edmund Roberts, either Jenney, aged 29, in 1826. Whether these records the blacksmith or the Revolutionary War veteran, also reference Edmond Roberts, the blacksmith, who lived appears as a registrant, certifying that Charles (again in Honey Hollow or his namesake, the Revolutionary with no mother named) was born on August 14, 1804. War veteran, is unknown but both are known to have Perhaps the most intriguing slave birth registration, so lived in this same part of the township (Hunterdon far as the current research is concerned, is that made County Slave Manumissions 1788-1836; D’Autrechy by Jane Fisher for her “black girl named Nancy a male 1979). child born April 1811 whose name is Aron and had never been put on record as the law directs this child is Beginning in 1804, following the State Legislature’s know[n] as being a grand child of Cato Welling on the passage of “An Act for the Gradual Abolition of part of his mother.” This belated entry in the county Slavery,” county clerks were required to maintain a clerk’s book was made on March 4, 1820 (Hunterdon register of the births of slaves’ children born after July County Children of Slaves 1804-1835, Book 1:349; 4 of that year. This momentous law declared that all D’Autrechy 1979). Aron, believed to be Aaron such children were technically “free,” but remained Baldwin (also Aron Baldin), will be encountered bound as servants to the owners of their still enslaved again shortly as one of the few securely documented mothers for 25 years in the case of male children and African-American residents of Honey Hollow who 21 years for female children. No provision was made was living there shortly before the Civil War. for children of slaves born before July 4, 1804, so with the earlier legislation allowing for manumission As the first half of the 19th century progresses, of slaves aged between 21 and 40 still in force, a large Hopewell’s African-American population gradual- swath of African-American youth still remained very ly becomes more visible in the archival record. much in thrall for many years to come. Hunterdon Individuals and families, especially after attain- County again complied with this law and the slave ing their freedom, are increasingly identifiable by birth records were kept in the same books as the slave name and, to a lesser extent, by place of residence. manumission records. The register provides the name Throughout this period and beyond into the 20th cen-

Page 5-4 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE tury, the names of the free black heads of households worked house-to-house in a logical, time-saving man- provide perhaps the best and most instructive means ner), the families of Andrew Chamberlain, Francis of tracking the growth and changing character of the Guile, Robert Rowes, John Smith, and Henry Stout township’s black population (Appendices E.1-E.15). may also have lived close by. Further genealogical In 1802, seven or possibly eight free black men were research within Pennington’s deep-rooted African- listed in the municipal tax ratable assessments, each American families will surely make further connec- apparently heading their own household and in three tions between the 1830 census data and this growing cases owning or part-owning their own property. By neighborhood. 1830, when the federal census recorded the names of free colored heads of families and the number of free Many of the other free black families were likely colored males and females in each household, no less scattered across the Sourlands, perhaps sometimes than 36 free black families comprising 125 individuals in clusters of two or three households. For the most were listed in the township (Appendix E.1). An addi- part, however, the free black families are dispersed tional 132 free colored persons and 13 slaves lived in throughout the census enumeration, interspersed with white households, giving a total colored population of larger numbers of white families, suggesting there 270. These figures would likely have included a small were no predominantly black nucleated settlements. number of mulattoes and Native Americans, but the In the northwestern part of the township, for rea- dwindling number of slaves still living shows that the sons described above, Cato Welling’s three-person effects of the State’s abolitionist legislation a quarter household (perhaps composed of Cato, his wife century or so earlier were finally taking effect. and Stephen) is thought to have resided on Pleasant Valley Road west of Honey Hollow. One other indi- Even so, slightly more free colored persons still vidual who may well have lived on the eastern end lived in white households in 1830 than lived in free of Baldpate Mountain is the powerfully named Brave colored homes, indicating that many former slaves Burchall, a single free black man, 55+ years old. It and free-born blacks were economically unable or is speculated that he might be the widower of Judith chose not to set up their own households. Most of Burchill and father of Mary Burchill, who were freed these individuals no doubt continued to work as farm respectively by George Muirhead in 1804 and 1824. laborers and domestics. Where and under what cir- If this is correct, Brave Burchall perhaps lived on cumstances the free African-American families were or close to the Muirhead farm not far from Honey living in the township is difficult to divine. As shown Hollow (Appendix E.1) (U.S. Federal Census of New by the 1802 tax ratable assessment, a few certainly Jersey 1830). will have owned their own smallholdings in 1830, but the majority likely rented their homes from white (or, Like the 1830 census, the enumeration a decade very occasionally, black) landlords. later records the names of heads of families and the numbers of males and females in certain age brackets One cluster of free black families had almost certainly within each household. In 1840, 39 colored families begun to establish itself on the southern outskirts of accounting for a total of 132 individuals were living the village of Pennington along South Main Street. independently, three more families and seven more The families headed by John Cook and Mahlon Risner individuals than ten years earlier. The number of (Reasoner), from later census and map records, can free colored people residing in white households had be placed in this location and, based on clustering in declined slightly from 132 to 121, and there was only the census enumeration (assuming the census taker one slave still living. The overall colored population

Page 5-5 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. had dropped from 270 to 254. From the census taker’s maps, the Otley and Keily Map of Mercer County, perambulation, a few additional families – those of published in 1849, and the Lake and Beers Map of Boney Demon, John Hagerman, Peter Hayway and the Vicinity of Philadelphia and Trenton, published Samuel Hunt – may be speculated as living on or in 1860; and the Everts and Stewart bound volume close to South Main Street in Pennington. Cato and Combination Atlas Map of Mercer County, published Stephen Welling are both listed as heads of families in 1875 (see above, Figures 4.7-4.9). Juxtaposing the and appear as successive entries. Based on Stephen historic maps and census data is a never-ending exer- Welling’s occurrence on the 1849 Otley and Keily cise often capable of throwing valuable light on the map (see above, Figure 4.7 [he is identified as “S. shifting character of Hopewell’s resident population. Wallen”]), both Welling families are believed to have been living on Pleasant Valley Road a mile west of A summary of Hopewell’s African-American families Honey Hollow. Moses True and his family, again from 1850 through to the end of the 19th century is based on the evidence of the Otley and Keily map, are provided in Appendices E.3-E.8. These tabulations thought to have been living on what is today known as compile data extracted from the federal and state Crusher Road (Appendix E.2) (U.S. Federal Census of censuses and plug in locational information drawn New Jersey 1840). from historic maps. Over the course of the second half of the 19th century, census data show that the Beginning with the federal census of 1850, a far more proportion of independent African-American house- detailed picture of Hopewell’s African-American holds in Hopewell Township remains fairly constant demographic can be constructed. The federal decen- at between 5% and 7% of the total number of house- nial censuses for 1850-1880 identify every individual holds. The number of black heads of families ranged in every household by name, age, sex, color (white, between 39 in 1860 (the same as in 1840) and 62 black or mulatto) and place of birth. The occupation in 1885, while the total black population was typi- of the breadwinners in each household is generally cally between 200 and 300, rising to a peak of 317 in provided and, where applicable, the value of individu- 1895 (a number that includes residents of the newly ally owned personal and real estate is recorded. The formed Pennington and Hopewell Boroughs as well mid-decade state censuses for New Jersey for 1885 as Hopewell Township) (U.S. Federal Census of New and 1895 also identify individuals by household and Jersey, Population Schedules 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880; family, providing names and sex along with somewhat New Jersey State Census 1885, 1895; Hunter and less specific information on race and age. Porter 1990:42).

It is possible to track family relationships to some The data on the value of real estate is helpful in show- degree from the federal and state census data and, as ing that roughly one third of black heads of families, with the 1830 and 1840 censuses, the perambulation where the family was living independently, owned of the census taker is a useful clue to neighbors and their own property. In 1850, 13 out of 42 black heads neighborhoods. Again, the names of the heads of of families owned property ranging in value from families are a critical guide to understanding the eco- $150 to $800, definitely at the bottom end of the nomic circumstances and whereabouts of the African- economic scale. This proportion increased in 1860 American population. Also appearing mid-century are to 16 out of 39 black heads of families, with a range the first comprehensive maps of Mercer County which in property value from $100 to $2,300, but fell back show the settlement pattern and the names of most again in 1870 to 13 out of 49 black heads of families property owners – in this case, two enormous wall (perhaps as a consequence of the Civil War), although

Page 5-6 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE the range of property values increased to between six months) and 32-year-old Aaron Baldwin, a black $500 and $3,000. Many, but by no means all, of the male, identified as a laborer. Baldwin, of whom more black-owned properties were located in Pennington in below, is thought to be a relative of Frances Welling the South Main Street neighborhood. Others appear née Baldwin, perhaps being her younger brother. The to have been located in the Minnietown area along Welling household in 1860 consisted of Stephen, his Rileyville Road and along Pleasant Valley Road in wife, Francis, and the two elder children, and the 1860 the northwestern section of the Township. There is Lake and Beers map shows the family living at the some correlation between land-owning black families same location on Pleasant Valley Road (see above, identified in the censuses and the names of property Figure 4.8). Stephen Welling died in 1868 and in that owners appearing on historic maps (renter households same year the family’s 3.5-acre smallholding was pur- are essentially invisible on the maps). The Everts chased by Ephraim and Sarah Cannon. Although no & Stewart atlas maps of 1875 conveniently identify record of her marriage has been found, Sarah Cannon black property owners with the suffix “Col.” for “col- is almost certainly Sarah Welling, so the Welling ored.” By this means, several Pennington families can property effectively stayed in the Welling family fol- be pinned down along South Main Street, while in the lowing this transaction. Ephraim, a Delaware native, township Burroughs Blackwell and Ephraim Cannon and Sarah likely married between 1860 (when Sarah are evident on Pleasant Valley Road, Philip Bergen on was still in the Welling household) and 1863 because Rileyville Road, Jonathan Case on Brickyard Road, in the latter year the couple jointly purchased a five- Joseph Watson on Bear Tavern Road and possibly acre parcel on the north slope of Baldpate Mountain, John Pigeon on River Road. closer to the Delaware River, that they sold in 1865 to another black farmer, Burroughs Blackwell of Amwell Focusing more specifically on the Honey Hollow/ (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population Baldpate Mountain vicinity and taking into account Schedules 1850, 1860; Kidder 2017). the census taker’s perambulations, certain families come to the fore and their whereabouts gain greater The Cannons lived on the Pleasant Valley Road prop- certainty. Based on the 1840 Otley and Keily erty from the late 1860s into the early years of the 20th map, Stephen Welling, presumed descendant of Cato century, raising a family there. Sarah Cannon gave Welling, was clearly living on Pleasant Valley Road, birth to eight children, of whom at least three were about a mile west of Honey Hollow, on the crest of still living in 1900. By 1895, the eldest son, Stephen, Baldpate Mountain at the head of Pleasant Valley. He presumably named for his maternal grandfather, had married Frances (Fanny) Baldwin in 1836 in Amwell set up a separate household in a different dwelling, and at some point prior to 1849 acquired a small par- probably located on the family property or rented cel of land, possibly containing the home where Cato on a neighboring farm. By 1900, however, accord- Welling had been previously living. Since the 1840 ing to the federal census data, both Cannon families census shows both Stephen and Cato Welling main- were renting their homes and Ephraim Cannon had taining separate households, it is also possible that apparently ceded ownership control of his property. Stephen Welling acquired his property between 1836 Interestingly, back in 1870, the federal census shows and 1840, shortly after his marriage (Kidder 2017). Ephraim’s family as the first in a series of four households listed in sequence, the others being the families In 1850, the Stephen Welling household comprised of Charles Johnston, George Nevius and Stephen him and his wife, aged 40 and 34 respectively, three Williams. It is reasonable to assume that these four children (Sarah, aged 9, John, aged 8, and Mary, aged families were living close to one another, with the

Page 5-7 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. latter three all apparently in tenant houses either on ond family comprising Abbe Harbourt, a 25-year-old neighboring farms or possibly on the Cannon prop- female, and two young Harbourt boys, George L., aged erty. It is tempting to see the beginnings of a nucle- 4 and Samuel, aged 1. There are discrepancies here ated black community emerging here, but by 1880 the concerning Aaron’s date of birth which from the 1850 other three families had all moved away, leaving only census data would be around 1818 and from the 1860 the Cannons. Ephraim Cannon died in 1902 and his census around 1820, neither of which conform with widow, Sarah, passed away in 1904; both are buried the 1811 date in the children of slaves records. One in the Pennington African Cemetery. Stephen Cannon explanation may lie in the date his birth was registered and other family members appear to have left the with the county clerk in 1820, which may have been Pleasant Valley Road property shortly after the deaths mistaken for, or deliberately used as his birth date. of Ephraim and Sarah, since they do not appear in the Using the 1820 date would have prolonged his period federal or state census listings for the western district of servitude with the Fishers into the mid-1840s, a cir- of Hopewell Township after 1900 (Appendices E.5- cumstance presumably to the Fishers’ advantage (U.S. E.11) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population Federal Census of New Jersey, Population Schedules Schedules 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910; New 1850, 1860). Jersey State Census 1885, 1895, 1905; Kidder 2017; Pennington African Cemetery 2017). In the 1860 census Aaron Baldwin is recorded as owning real estate valued at $700 and having a personal Aaron Baldwin, whose name has cropped up several estate valued at $200. He is shown as living in Honey times in the narrative so far, is one of the few African- Hollow on the north side of Pleasant Valley Road on Americans who can be securely linked to Honey the Lake and Beers map of 1860 (see above, Figure Hollow in the mid-19th century archival record. His 4.8), inhabiting a property he acquired from Charles name appears with a number of variant spellings (e.g., and Elizabeth Muirhead in 1857 and which he and Aron; Baldin, Boldin), a function of his likely being his wife then sold to Amos Hart as a 10.21-acre tract illiterate, but he is most frequently seen in docu- in 1860. The reason for the Baldwins’ sale of their ments as Aaron Baldwin. It is thought that he is the property is not known for certain, but it was likely same “Aron” born to Jane Fisher’s “black girl named the result of non-payment of a $700 mortgage that Nancy” in April of 1811, whose birth was not regis- Amos Hart assumed when he acquired the property tered until March 4, 1820. Aaron’s mother, Nancy, (Appendix B.2). was a daughter of Cato Welling, thus enabling Aaron to trace his lineage back to Africa in the mid-18th Aaron Baldwin’s life was soon to take a sharp turn century (Hunterdon County Children of Slaves 1804- for the worse. In June 1863 he enlisted for military 1835, Book 1:349; D’Autrechy 1979). service, identified as a 43-year-old colored laborer resident in Harbortown (Harbourton; probably mean- Aaron next appears in the 1850 census as a 32-year- ing Honey Hollow, and perhaps implying he was still old laborer living in the household of Stephen Welling living in the same house on Pleasant Valley Road). He on Pleasant Valley Road, where it is speculated he is a was enrolled on January 9, 1864 in Philadelphia for a brother of Stephen’s wife Fanny Welling née Baldwin. three-year term as a private in Company B of the 22nd In the 1860 census he appears as Aron Baldin, a Regiment of U.S. Colored Troop’s Volunteers. His 40-year-old laborer, and head of his own household military record describes him as 5 feet 5½ inches tall which included Harriet, his wife, aged 45, and Jane E., with black hair, brown eyes and a dark complexion, aged 14 (presumably his daughter), along with a sec- listing him as a farmer of Hopewell N.J. On June 15

Page 5-8 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE he saw action at Petersburg, Virginia but in the follow- Hampton Va of that disease which is carrying ing month was reported “absent sick.” In September off so many of our best soldiers – the chronic he was still absent sick at Dutch Gap, Virginia and the dysentery. next month he was in hospital. He died of chronic The Surgeon who gave me notice of his dysentery on November 4, 1864 in the military hos- death tells me that he was possessed of no pital at Fort Monroe and is buried in the Hampton effects. National Cemetery. Disease seriously depleted the His arrears of pay can be collected upon ranks of the 22nd Regiment and Aaron Baldwin was application to the nearest “Claim Agent.” one of many to fall to the ravages of dysentery. Of the Hoping, Madam, that you will derive consola- 217 men in the regiment who were lost during its peri- tion from the fact that he died in the defence of od of Civil War service between January 10, 1864 and the glorious Stripes and Stars. October 16, 1865, more than twice as many died of I remain disease as were killed or mortally wounded in action Very Respectfully (Consolidated Lists of Civil War Draft Registration Your Ob’d’t Serv’t Records 1863-1865; U.S. Colored Troops Military H.L. Stone Service Records, 1863-1865; Sons of Union Veterans Captain, Com’d’g Co. of the Civil War 2005). “B. 22” USCT

On February 8, 1865, Harriet Baldwin applied for a Harriet Baldwin’s widow’s pension application was widow’s pension and the resultant paperwork fills in accompanied by sworn affidavits from James Jenkins, a few other details of her husband’s life and demise. William Pierce and Joseph Williams, soldiers who Aaron Baldwin and Harriet Barney were married on had served alongside her husband and who knew him February 24, 1853 in Titusville Presbyterian Church before he enlisted. The application was witnessed by by the Reverend J.B. Davis. At the time of his two of the family’s Honey Hollow neighbors, Levi S. death, Aaron left no children under the age of 16, so Atchley and John G. Muirhead, Jr. It was eventually it would seem there were no, or at least no surviving, approved on December 11, 1866, at which point she children of his and Harriet’s marriage. Whether Jane was granted a monthly pension of $8, back-dated to E. Baldwin was a pre-marital offspring of Aaron and the date of her husband’s death. The fate of Harriet Harriet remains unclear. Included in the widow’s pen- and Jane E. Baldwin is unknown. At the time she sion application is a rather spare and perfunctory let- applied for the pension, Harriet was living in or ter from Aaron Baldwin’s white commanding officer, close to Pennington. It is possible she continued to H.L. Stone, to his widow, Harriet, written at Chaffin’s live there and is buried in the Pennington African Farm: Cemetery (U.S. Civil War Widows’ Pensions 2017).

My dear madam, Aside from the Baldwins, there appear to have been It has become my painful duty to be the at least two other black families living in the vicinity harbinger of very sad news for you. of Honey Hollow in the mid-19th century. Based on I regret to say that your husband who the census taker’s perambulation in 1850, the families has been for a long time a faithful soldier in headed by Mina Hill, a 39-year-old laborer, and John my company was, on the 4th of November last, Hanson, a 30-year-old laborer, lived next door to one claimed by the God who gave him his exis- another, possibly toward the southern end of Honey tence. He died at the U.S. General Hospital at Hollow Road. These were both tenant households

Page 5-9 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. and among their immediate neighbors in the census later 19th-century historic maps, and they have not were Mahlon Wambaugh, Alfred Holcombe, Samuel been tracked in birth, marriage and death records (U.S. J. Montgomery and Joseph Burroughs, all of whom Federal Census of New Jersey, Population Schedules owned properties identifiable on the Otley and Keily 1850). map of 1849 as being in the Church Road/Honey Hollow Road locale (Figure 4.7). Mina Hill, who in From 1880 onwards it is possible to narrow down 1850 lived with his wife, Louisa, aged 31, and their considerably which African-American families were son, Henry, aged 9, is very likely the same person or might have been living in the Honey Hollow area. as Minna Hill, who sold a 2+-acre parcel to George This is chiefly because the federal census created a Hudson in 1858 (Appendix B.6). This property separate enumeration district for the western district lay on the west side of Honey Hollow Road within of Hopewell Township, thereby greatly reducing the modern-day Block 60, Lot 28, higher up on the slopes number of households requiring analysis. In 1880, of Baldpate Mountain closer to Pleasant Valley Road. the township was divided into western, northern and The Hill family has otherwise proved untraceable in central districts. Pennington and its sizeable black the archival record. The Hanson family, which has community at the southern end of town fell within the so far only been documented in the 1850 federal cen- central district, while the village of Hopewell was in sus, comprised John Hanson, his wife, Louisa, aged the northern district. The township’s western district 30, and four children, Sarah E., Arnet W., Sally and was bounded by the Delaware River on the west and Charles D., aged respectively 6 years, 3 years, 2 years modern-day Bear Tavern Road (County Route 579) and one month. The Hansons are notable for having on the east, resulting in just seven independent black a white family, that of Henry and Hannah Gibbs, aged households being recorded in this area. Only one of 29 and 24, and their one-year-old daughter Susan these families, that of George Mosely, a 50-year-old A., living with them in the same house (U.S. Federal farm laborer, and his wife, Liddia A., is considered as Census of New Jersey, Population Schedules 1850). potentially resident in Honey Hollow (more will follow shortly on George Mosely and his probable broth- One other black family, the husband and wife, Peter er, Jefferson). The family of Jonathan Case, however, and Catherine Custus (or Curtus), may also have lived not far away on the east side of Brickyard Road, lived along Pleasant Valley Road close to or possibly just south of its intersection with Church Road and within Honey Hollow. Peter Custus appears in the Fiddlers Creek Road (Figure 4.9). Included in the 1850 census as a 54-year-old laborer, his wife was a household of Jonathan Case were Jonathan and his year younger and they rented their home which was wife, Ann, aged 60 and 65 respectively and both listed immediately following those of Aaron Lawyer, identified as black, and the family of Charles E. Peter Lore, Charles Hart and Stephen Welling (see Williams. Charles Williams is recorded as a 40-year- above) and before those of Dean Hart, Michael Keller, old illiterate white farm laborer, born in Wisconsin. Edmund Roberts and John McClellan. Comparing Living with him were his 20-year-old black wife, these names with those shown on the Otley and Keily Sarah C., a servant, and their two mulatto children, map of 1849 (not all of them are evident), the Custuses Georgeanna, aged 3, and Rosanna, aged six months. would seem most likely to have lived along Pleasant The Williamses emerge as a key African-American Valley Road just west of Honey Hollow (Figure 4.7). family resident in the Baldpate Mountain/Honey Neither the Custuses nor the families of Minna Hill Hollow area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and John Hanson are traceable in Hopewell Township (Appendix E.6) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, in the later census schedules of 1860 or 1870 or on Population Schedules 1880).

Page 5-10 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

The New Jersey state censuses of 1885 and 1895 61, Lot 1). All four of these families had dispersed both used the entire township as the enumeration from Honey Hollow by 1900, with John Case mov- district and included the boroughs of Pennington and ing down to the northwest corner of the township to Hopewell in the tallies in the latter year even though work at the stone quarries along the Delaware River, these villages were created as separate municipal enti- and Jefferson Mosely taking on the position of bridge ties in 1890 and 1891 respectively. A total of 62 black tender on the Delaware and Raritan Canal at Moore’s families were reported as living in their own house- Station and presumably living in the bridge tender’s holds in the 1885 state census; this number dropped house (Appendix E.8) (New Jersey State Census slightly to 59 in 1895. The only Honey Hollow col- 1895; U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population ored resident in 1885 continued to be George Mosely, Schedules 1900). whose household comprised him and a single colored female named Lizzie Woodbury. Liddia Mosely may Both George and Jefferson Mosely were veterans have passed away in the early 1880s, while Jefferson of the Civil War, joining four other Titusville area Mosely, thought to be George’s brother, was living black men as survivors of this conflict. George and elsewhere in the Township in 1885. Where exactly Jefferson were recruited as privates into Company George Mosely and Lizzie Woodbury were living is E of the newly formed 25th Regiment of the U.S. unclear, but judging by their neighbors in the census Colored Troops in January of 1864. They were (e.g., William Woolverton, Elijah H. Phillips, Obadiah trained at Camp William Penn near Philadelphia, but Wiley), it was almost certainly somewhere along do not appear to have been sent to the front. Jefferson Honey Hollow Road (Appendices E.7 and E.8) (New appears as a patient on the hospital muster roll for Jersey State Census 1885, 1895). May and June of that year (no ailment is specified), and both men were discharged on November 11, 1864, From the enumerator’s perambulation for the 1895 almost a month before the regiment was mustered state census, it is possible to deduce that four black out of service. Neither man received a pension. The families were living independently as tenant house- other Titusville area black Civil War servicemen were holds in the Honey Hollow vicinity. This appears to Henry Lane, James D. Smith, Charles E. Williams and represent the largest number of black families that John Pigeon, who had the misfortune to lose his right was resident there at any one time. George Mosely, foot (U.S. Colored Troops Military Service Records, his second wife, Francis, and daughter, Anna J., 1863-1865; U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, likely continued in the same home that George had Special Schedules 1890). been living in earlier. The family may have been renting the former Sweesey/Brewer farmhouse (see In 1900, the federal census reconfigured the Hopewell above, Chapter 4). John Case, his wife, Jennie, enumeration districts, and the township was split into and their son, Caleb, were living close to George a western and an eastern district, with the dividing Mosely, although which house they were occupying line being the main road from Flemington to Trenton. is uncertain. Finally, two husband/wife combinations, Pennington and Hopewell boroughs were each enu- Jefferson and Katie Mosely and George and Maggie merated separately form the township. Beginning in Frost, were sharing the same dwelling, but recorded 1910 the federal census also identifies the names of as separate households. It is thought that these two the roads where most dwellings and households are couples were renting the Sked house on the north located. The state censuses of 1905 and 1915 used side of the old River Road near the northern end of different district boundaries with the western district Honey Hollow Road (located on present-day Block limits apparently conforming to those of the federal

Page 5-11 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. census of 1880, having an eastern boundary formed census. A native of Ohio, Andrew’s relationship to by Bear Tavern Road. From 1900 through to the mid- Charles Williams is unclear, although he was possi- 20th century, the federal and state census data show bly Charles’s son. It is also uncertain where Andrew a gradually dwindling number of black households Williams was living in 1900, but his listed occupation in Hopewell’s western district. The federal census as a “blaster copper mine” may offer a clue to where he records 25 black heads of households in 1900, this was working. In 1899-1901, there was a flurry of cop- number falling to 23 in 1910, 12 in both 1920 and per mining activity in Hopewell Township following 1930, and a mere three in 1940 (the year after Henry the discovery of a workable vein along Jacobs Creek Charlton Beck published his Fare to Midlands). The near the foot of Pennington Mountain in the vicinity state census, covering a reduced area, documents 13 of Bake’s Mills (between present-day Pennington- black heads of households in 1905 and ten in 1915 Harbourton and Woosamonsa Roads). Two mining (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population companies were incorporated following this discovery Schedules 1900, 1910, 1920, 1920, 1940; New Jersey – the Mercer Copper Company in 1899 and the O.B. State Census 1905, 1915). Gray Mining Company in 1900 – and for a couple of years it looked as if copper mining might be carried on Around the turn of the 20th century, a number of trap profitably. Indeed, local farmers with land along the rock (diabase) quarries along the Delaware River base of the diabase landforms, where ores containing in Hopewell and West Amwell Townships com- copper and other precious metals had formed in the menced large-scale operation in response to increas- metamorphosed shale, also set about exploring for ing demand for crushed rock for road building and minerals with high hopes of further discoveries. By other construction-related purposes, such as the build- 1902, however, all copper mining activity had ceased ing of jetties and retaining walls along the New Jersey and peace and quiet returned to the farms at the foot shore. In the 1900 federal census no less than six of of Pennington and Baldpate Mountains. Although the 23 black male heads of households in the west- needing stronger proof, it is speculated that Andrew ern district of Hopewell Township made their living Williams may have been working for one or other working in the stone quarries, most likely the opera- of the two mining companies and living not far from tions at the western end of Baldpate Mountain and on the site of the copper-bearing ores (Trenton Evening Belle Mountain. Another black head of household, Times, October 9, 1899; August 21, 1900; November James Taylor, worked at the brickyard on Fiddlers 4, 1900; December 23, 1900; Stevens 1903:317). Creek Road, also at the western end of Baldpate. Two former Honey Hollow residents, Jefferson Mosely, None of the black families listed in the 1900 federal now installed as the canal bridge tender at Moore’s census can be definitely placed in the Honey Hollow Station, and Charles Williams, a laborer in the stone vicinity. Indeed, almost all of these families appear to quarries, had evidently moved down to the Delaware have been living either in Titusville, along the canal- River to live closer to their place of work (Appendix side road leading from Titusville to Lambertville E.9) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population (the predecessor of today’s N.J. Route 29), on Valley Schedules 1900; Hunter and Porter 1990:154-155). Road, or on Pleasant Valley Road, well to the west of Honey Hollow. The stone quarries clearly provided a Worthy of specific mention at this juncture is another focus of employment for the local black community, member of the Williams family: Andrew Williams, causing several families to make their homes nearby. who appears in Hopewell for the first time as a Most black families were renting in 1900; only five 36-year-old black head of household in the 1900 of the 25 black heads of households owned their

Page 5-12 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE own property, all of them carrying mortgages (John Jersey-born Titusville residents, were Edward Seruby, Pigeon, Civil War veteran and pensioner; Edward a laborer, and Orlando H. Blackwell, a hod carrier Seruby, a Titusville junk dealer; Henry Tubman, a (Appendices E.10 and E.11) (New Jersey State Census quarry boss; and Moses True and Benjamin Wilson, 1905; U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population both farmers) (Appendices E.9-E.11). Schedules 1910; U.S. Selective Service System 1918, 1942). This general pattern of black settlement persisted through into the second decade of the 20th century Following World War I, a period when Baldpate with only a single black head of household, Lafayette Mountain and Honey Hollow were coming under Brumskin, a farm laborer/farmer, living in Honey the control of the Kuser family, there were few black Hollow. Brumskin, a Virginia native, who appears families resident in Hopewell’s western district. The in the 1905 state census and 1910 federal census, is rubber mill on Fiddlers Creek in Titusville began to believed to have rented either the Sked or Atwood supersede the stone quarries as the dominant employer property at the northern end of Honey Hollow Road, of black males. According to the federal census of at its intersection with Pleasant Valley Road (see 1920, Edwin Blackwell, John Furman, Wilson Kane above, Chapter 4). In 1905, Brumskin’s household and Elijah Williamson were all employed at the mill, also included his wife, Lucy, and an eight-year-old while George Lancester, a watchman, was the only girl, Mary E. Johnson, who was attending school. black employee in the quarries. Other local black By 1910, Mary Johnson had been replaced in the heads of households were mostly farmers or farm Brumskin household by their five-year-old adopted laborers. A by-now-elderly Edward Seruby and daughter, Anna F. Lafayette. Brumskin registered George Lancester were the only two freeholders, for the draft in both World War I and World War II, while Wilson Kane’s family was the only one resident by which time he had moved to Gloucester County, along Honey Hollow Road, apparently installed on New Jersey. In 1918, he identified himself as an the former Atwood property (see above, Chapter 4; acid burner working for the E.I. Du Pont Company in Appendix E.13) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Paulsboro, where he also lived; in 1942, he was work- Population Schedules 1920). ing at the Delaware Ordnance facility in Pedricktown and living in Swedesboro. In the 1910 federal census From the 1920s until mid-century, there were only Brumskin was one of ten out of the 23 black heads of three black families living in the Honey Hollow vicin- households in Hopewell’s western district who were ity – those of Andrew Williams, Lizell Glover and Virginia-born. The vast majority of these Virginia Wilson Kane. Both Andrew Williams and Charles natives appear to have migrated north to work in Williams, back in 1910, were working as fishermen on the stone quarries, although some of those listed as the Delaware, and appear to have lived on or not far laborers in the census may also have been work- from the riverbank in the Titusville area (as opposed ing at the recently opened rubber mill in Titusville. to inland or on the mountain near Honey Hollow). Isaac Wood, a Washington, D.C. native recorded as Both Williamses appear in Hopewell’s western district a “laborer rubber mill,” was one of only three black in the 1915 state census, but neither are recorded there heads of households who owned their own homes in the 1920 federal census (Charles Williams may in 1910. He lived on a smallholding on Baldpate have been deceased). By 1930, Andrew Williams Mountain accessed from Fiddlers Creek Road, a short was recorded in the federal census as a 70-year-old distance upstream from the rubber mill (see above, laborer owning his own property on today’s Brickyard Figure 4.11). The other property owners, both new Road, a quarter mile or so southeast of the southern

Page 5-13 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. end of Honey Hollow Road. Ten years later, Andrew Lawrenceville, and then by 1900 as a laborer in the Williams was still at the same location, living there stone quarries. His belief that other blacks came to with his 67-year-old wife, Margaret, and active as northwestern Hopewell Township from the south, a dealer in iron and scrap metal. Andrew Williams from Delaware and Virginia (also from Washington, went on to live to the advanced age of 100. Former D.C. and Maryland) is also founded in truth (Beck State Archivist, Karl Niederer, a native Hopewellian 1939:80-81). who grew up in the Titusville area, can recall meeting him when he was a child and Williams still lived on A neighbor of Andrew Williams in 1930 was 37-year- Brickyard Road. Born before the Civil War in 1860, old Lizell Glover, a contractor, who also lived on Andrew Williams died in 1960 and is buried in the Brickyard Road, a short distance from the southern Titusville Methodist Church Cemetery (Appendices end of Honey Hollow Road. Glover, a native of E.14 and E.15) (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, South Carolina, registered for the World War I draft Population Schedules 1910, 1930, 1940; New Jersey in 1917, when he was living in Camden and work- State Census 1915; Sobotka 2004e; Karl Niederer ing as a laborer at the Atlantic Refining Company in 2018:personal communication). Philadelphia. He was married with two children at the time. By 1920, he had returned to the south and Andrew (or Andy) Williams is the same individual was living in Leesburg, Lake County, Florida, with his encountered by Henry Charlton Beck in the late wife and now four children, working as a laborer in 1930s, who at the time was noted as planting corn the fruit groves. At some point in the 1920s he moved on his property on the edge of the State Park. Beck north again, this time permanently, and by 1930 quotes Williams as saying he had previously lived on owned his own property on Brickyard Road, valued at a farm on Mount Canoe (perhaps the former Sked or $1,000. By this time Glover and his wife, Pearl, had Atwood properties) and Williams was familiar with ten children, and an eleventh was born in the following the names of many of the former residents along year, when Pearl died under difficult circumstances at Honey Hollow Road – Allen, Harbour[t], Vermoy, the age of 36 (possibly during childbirth). Within a Brewer, Lawyer and Scott – all apparently white and few weeks Glover filed suit against Dr. Jonathan C. most of whom are evident in the documentary record. Gibbs of Spring Street in Trenton, claiming that his He also identified the location of the Scott farmhouse wife had died because of improper medical attention. correctly and spoke more vaguely of “quite a settle- The case against Gibbs dragged on for more than five ment of colored people all in the Hollow there” and years, after which it was dismissed. By 1940, Lizell “fifty colored families in and around Canoe Mountain Glover had remarried and was living in Hamilton in the old days.” This last statement is certainly an with seven of his children, working as a laborer. His exaggeration when compared with the results of the World War II draft card records him in 1942 as work- current research and unfortunately Beck embellishes ing at Millers Farm in Robbinsville. Later in his life Williams’s remarks, speaking of a “colored colony,” he appears to have become a minister, for his grave- which in turn has morphed into the Baldpate and stone in Hamilton’s Greenwood Cemetery, marking Honey Hollow African-American lore that is with us his death in 1960, refers to him as the Reverend today. Other elements of Andrew Williams’ story, Lizell W. Glover (Appendix E.14) (U.S. Selective as told by Beck, match better with the historical Service System 1917, 1942; U.S. Federal Census of record. Williams was indeed born in Ohio and likely New Jersey, Population Schedules 1920, 1930, 1940; did come east to find work in the mid-1890s, first Trenton Evening Times, September 9, 1931; April 15, apparently as a hod carrier in school construction in 1937; Miller 2011).

Page 5-14 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

Henry Charlton Beck makes no mention of Glover and Corner vicinity (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, his family, so one might assume they had moved from Population Schedules 1900, 1910; New Jersey State Hopewell to Hamilton by the time he made his Honey Census 1905, 1915). Hollow forays in the late 1930s. Beck most certainly did encounter Wilson Elwood Kane, however, and In 1918, when Wilson Kane registered for the World Kane (whose name frequently appears with the variant War I draft, he and his family were living on Durling spellings Cane and Cain) has the distinction of being Place in Hopewell Borough and he was employed as the last black resident of Honey Hollow. Born on a farm hand at the Joseph Ruggieri farm on the edge February 17, 1884, he first appears in the documentary of town. Kane was not called up for duty and by 1920 record in the state census of 1895, when he was listed he and his family (his wife, Sarah, and children, Julia, as the fourth of ten children in the household of Cort James and Clarence) were living on Honey Hollow and Sarah Kane in Montgomery Township, Somerset Road, possibly renting the old Atwood farmhouse (see County. It is likely that the Kanes, like many other above, Chapter 4). Ten years later, the federal census black families in the area, were living on Sourland lists the Kanes as living on Harbourton-Trenton Road Mountain at this time. It is pertinent that Cort and (present-day County Route 579) and the family had Sarah Kane, with their first child, five-month-old added two more children with names matching those Lizzie, also appear in the federal census of 1880 as an of their parents, Wilson and Sarah. It is unclear if any independent household resident in the northern district families, black or white, were resident in 1930 along of Hopewell Township. This again suggests that the Honey Hollow Road, which by this time would have Kanes were denizens of the Sourlands, perhaps living been in a deteriorating state, but one imagines that around this time in the Minnietown area. In the 1880 Wilson Kane, Sr. still roamed Baldpate Mountain and census, Cort, a 26-year-old laborer, identified himself the hollow, causing him to run into Henry Charlton as mulatto; his wife, Sarah, aged 19, was listed as Beck a few years later. The Kane family appears black (U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population to have continued living on the Trenton-Harbourton Schedules 1880; New Jersey State Census 1895). Road in the 1930s and 1940s, although they may also have inhabited a cabin on Mount Canoe during this By 1900 Wilson Kane had left home and was employed period (as Beck implies). On his World War II draft as a servant in the household of Abram Snook in East registration card, filled out in 1942, Wilson Kane gave Amwell Township (again probably in the Sourlands). his address as Harbourton Road and stated that he Five years later, by which time Snook had moved to was employed by the Hopewell Township Committee Hopewell’s eastern district, Kane was still a mem- working on the township’s roads. Wilson Elwood ber of the same household, now working as a farm Kane died in 1952 and is buried in the Titusville laborer. By 1910 he was employed as a “hired man” Methodist Church Cemetery (U.S. Federal Census of by Emmett E. Bunn and living in Bunn’s household New Jersey, Population Schedules 1920, 1930, 1940; on the Pennington and Glenmoore Road, now in the Beck 1939:65-66, 88; U.S. Selective Service System township’s western district. In 1915, he was finally 1918, 1942; Witwer 2016). master of his own home and is recorded in the state census as a 32-year-old laborer and head of household, * * * married to Sarah, aged 28, and father of six-year-old Julia, who was attending school in Marshall’s Corner. Based on the analysis provided above, approximately Owing to the latter circumstance, the Kane family a dozen African-American heads of households have likely lived at this time in the Glenmoore/Marshall’s been identified as living at some point in the immedi-

Page 5-15 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. ate Honey Hollow vicinity within a roughly century- Johnston, George Nevius and Stephen Williams. The long period from around 1830 to 1930 (Table 5.1). Case/Williams locus on Brickyard Road around 1930 Additional African-Americans were certainly living also included the large family of Lizell Glover. as slaves and servants on white-held farms and in white-headed households, both before and during this From the standpoint of basic demographics as seen period. While one or two families may have slipped in the documentary record, Andrew Williams’ state- through the documentary net, the estimated figure of ment to Henry Charlton Beck (“Guess there was fifty a dozen independent African-American households colored families in and around Canoe Mountain in the is likely to be close to actual reality. Most of these old days”) and Beck’s own supposition (“It may be residencies were of short duration – a few years or at that the colored colony came in after the pioneers died most a decade or two. Only the final two inhabitants, out in the valley”) may be dismissed as hyperbole. Andrew Williams and Wilson Kane, appear to have The census data and other archival evidence laid out lived the bulk of their lives in northwestern Hopewell here simply do not support the contention that there Township, and both men moved their homes several was a prolonged or spatially nucleated concentration times, although Williams spent the bulk of the later of African Americans living in the Honey Hollow part of his life living on Brickyard Road, just south of vicinity in the 18th, 19th or early 20th centuries. Free Honey Hollow. black families did occasionally live in and around Honey Hollow during this period, but their numbers Fluidity of residency is a strong characteristic of were small. this African-American occupation, no doubt bred by the fact that most of the families were renting their The Honey Hollow situation conforms well to the homes. Many of the renting families, especially in overall pattern of African-American settlement in the the later 19th and early 20th centuries (e.g., George Sourland Mountain region of northwestern Mercer, and Jefferson Mosely and Lafayette Brumskin), took southwestern Somerset and southern Hunterdon coun- up residence on properties vacated by white families ties. Black families were fairly widely dispersed who had struggled to farm the inhospitable terrain for across the less agriculturally fertile land on the wooded two or three generations earlier in the 19th century. slopes and summit of the Sourland plateau with a few Only Mina Hill and Aaron Baldwin owned property loose aggregations of households occurring in twos in Honey Hollow, both in the 1850s, and in Baldwin’s or threes, often where there was a genealogical bond case, he only retained ownership for three years. A (as is seen, for example, with the Welling, Baldwin number of other families nearby, however, did own and Cannon families, and with George and Jefferson their own homes for longer periods: for exam- Mosely). There were a few locales where there were ple, those headed by Stephen Welling and Ephraim more extended concentrations of black settlement, Cannon, further to the west along Pleasant Valley notably in the Buttonwood Corners area of southeast- Road, and by Jonathan Case and Andrew Williams on ern East Amwell Township and western Montgomery Brickyard Road. These latter families who became Township, and somewhat less conclusively in the more deeply rooted in the cultural landscape appear to Minnietown area of Hopewell Township, but even have spurred the brief appearance of minor clusters of there the families were fairly widely separated (Luce African-American occupation. The Welling/Cannon 2001; Lipari 2015). It was only on the outskirts of vil- locus at the head of Pleasant Valley about a mile west lages in the adjoining lowlands, notably on the south- of Honey Hollow was accompanied around 1870 by ern edge of Pennington and in the John Street area of three near-neighboring families headed by Charles Princeton, where black families were living cheek by jowl. In Hopewell Borough and Titusville, there were

Page 5-16 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE of in a in where Mary west family) 1905 point Ͳ Harbourt in Katie Mosely later farm, just Maggie Pleasant white house; unclear some and of and house) 1858 (a and Trenton at Samuel Road, house) but in George 1860 1850 side on Brumskins Sked in Muirhead and in house Atwood Gibbs Sked with L. Valley Jefferson George Hollow the or A. the the north VICINITY Hollow, Hudson as as the (and/or on living with Sked Atwood near Hansons Baldwins Susan Honey George Hollow or Pleasant Honey house house the in was the George Canoe the the (probably HOLLOW living and in on in on Hollow in to (probably Abbe, Road) lived same same with with was Honey 1895 living lived lived lived Mount living in 1930 1895 in HONEY the Honey the Hannah Hollow Road; on Woodbury in living living to in in in property THE Johnson IN cabin were Mosely prior were Valley Frost E. possibly 1885 Honey Notes Harbourton ?rent lived Rent or and INDEPENDENTLY LIVING 1860s own Ͳ Occupation Own 95 rent Lizzie 40 rent possibly 58 own sold mid 10 rent probably Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ of 1930 rent supposedly FAMILIES Ͳ c.1920 c.1850 rent Henry, D. AMERICAN Ͳ W., Clarence, Charles Arnet (adopted) c.1905 Sarah AFRICAN and E., J. c.1880 F. James, E. c.1857 FREE Wilson, Salley OF Francis Anna Barney Jane SUMMARY A.; F. Anna 5.1. Liddia TABLE Brumskin Lucy Mosely Katie c.1895 rent lived Household Spouse Children Date Williams Margaret ?pre Mosely Frost Maggie c.1895 rent lived Kane Sarah Julia, Baldwin Harriet Burchall ?Judith ?Mary c.1830 rent probably Custus Catherine c.1850 rent probably of Hill Louisa Henry c.1850 Case Jennie Caleb c.1895 rent probably Hanson Louisa Sarah Lafayette John George Wilson John George Andrew Mina Jefferson Aaron Brave Head Peter

Page 5-17 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. also smaller concentrations of African-Americans, again typically living on the periphery of the village. A major factor in the non-emergence of nucleated African-American settlements in the Sourlands almost certainly lies in the limited ability of families to accu- mulate the means to acquire property and buy homes, and in the unforgiving rocky soils that made farming so difficult.

Despite the relatively dispersed nature of African- American settlement across Sourland Mountain and the absence of truly nucleated black settlements, a strong sense of community was still maintained within the local African-American population through the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) church congregations. Black families living on the mountain in northeastern Hopewell Township (and neighboring East Amwell and Montgomery townships), as well as those in and around Hopewell Borough, gravitated chiefly to the Mount Zion A.M.E. Church, which was located initially near Buttonwood Corners, before being relocated to Hollow Road, near Skillman (Harshbarger and Frederickson 2017). The Stoutsburg Cemetery served as the final resting place for many of these families. Those families in the Baldpate Mountain/Honey Hollow area appear to have mostly worshipped in Pennington at the Bethel A.M.E. Church on South Main Street, erected in 1847, and made use of the nearby Pennington African Cemetery. Ephraim Cannon and several of his family, Pleasant Valley Road residents, as well as members of the Seruby and Williams families, both with strong Titusville links, are buried in this cemetery (Pennington African Cemetery 2017). More recent Honey Hollow occupants, Wilson Kane and Andrew Williams, are both buried at the Titusville Methodist Church Cemetery on Church Road in Titusville.

Page 5-18 Chapter 6

TODAY’S LANDSCAPE

A. TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, SOILS AND The protruding landforms of Mount Canoe and DRAINAGE Baldpate Mountain are composed of diabase, a dense, hard, intrusive volcanic rock of late Jurassic age, Honey Hollow, in its original, historical sense, consists originally formed sheet-like below ground, but sub- of a shallow, mountain-top depression between the sequently exposed following erosion of the softer, eastern end of Baldpate Mountain and Mount Canoe, older, overlying Triassic sedimentary rocks of the roughly centered on the intersection of present-day Passaic Formation into which the diabase had been Pleasant Valley Road and the historic, now-abandoned intruded. The sedimentary rocks within roughly courses of Honey Hollow Road and the Old River 1,000 feet above and 650 feet below the diabase Road (Figure 6.1). In its later, more expansive guise, sheets have been thermally metamorphosed, typi- Honey Hollow stretched south and slightly to the cally turning them a greyish or black-colored hornfels. west, downhill along the valley of an unnamed tribu- Metamorphosed and unaltered siltstone, mudstone tary of Fiddlers Creek and on to the intersection of and sandstone of the Passaic Formation are visible the former Honey Hollow Road with modern Church along Fiddlers Creek and its tributary drainages, while Road, and the latter’s intersection with Fiddlers Creek deep beds of sedimentary rocks unaffected by the Road and Brickyard Road. volcanic activity underlie the landscape as one moves southeastward away from the base of the Baldpate On the southeast side of Honey Hollow Road is Mount outcrop. One other important geological feature of Canoe, perhaps named for its upturned boat-like form, Honey Hollow is the fault line that runs north-south which rises steeply as a long narrow ridge, 420 to 430 between Mount Canoe and Baldpate Mountain, help- feet above sea level, running parallel to the road for at ing to accentuate the topography along the Honey least 1,500 feet. The ridge, today rocky and wooded, Hollow Road corridor (Hunter and Porter 1990:11-13; commands a striking view to the southeast across the Owens et al. 1998). rolling landscape of southern Hopewell Township. On the opposite, northwestern side of Honey Hollow Soils on the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain and Road, the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain is less Mount Canoe and in the adjoining valleys and low- well defined with several rocky outcrops and hill land are predominantly silt loams of varying qual- masses. Within County-owned Block 60, Lot 28, ity and limited fertility derived from the underlying there are two main hills rising to between 390 and 400 diabase and sedimentary rocks. On the steeper slopes feet above sea level, but just to the west the Baldpate of the mountain sides, including within the historic massif continues to rise reaching more than 480 feet core of Honey Hollow, are found the very stony soils above sea level less than a quarter mile away. South associated with the Neshaminy silt loam. These soils of Church Road, the land spreads out at around 200 defy prolonged cultivation and require widespread to 220 feet above sea level, while elevations steadily removal of rocks; they are better suited for pasture. drop heading west down the Fiddlers Creek valley, Downslope, on the west side of Honey Hollow Road, falling to 130 feet above sea level at the point where where the gradient flattens out somewhat, the very the creek exits Block 60, Lot 28. stony Mount Lucas silt loam and the eroded Lehigh

Page 6-1 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. silt loam supported limited grain cultivation and pas- weed, water lily, arrowhead, duckweed and skunk ture for livestock in the 19th and early 20th centuries. cabbage, are found along the Fiddlers Creek tributar- East of Mount Canoe, much more fertile land is still ies, most notably on the west side of Honey Hollow farmed today on the Chalfont silt loam, while south Road, roughly mid-way between Pleasant Valley and of Church Road, the Penn channery silt loam also Church roads. Throughout the woodland, dense thick- remained conducive to mixed crop and livestock agri- ets of multiflora rose and honeysuckle limit pedestrian culture up until the mid-20th century (NRCS 2018). movement through the woods, but passive recreational use of the public land on the west side of Honey Most of the streams in the Honey Hollow area drain Hollow Road is facilitated by a network of winding south into Fiddlers Creek, which itself flows south- trails traversed by hikers and mountain bikers. Public west into the Delaware River at the upstream end of land on Baldpate Mountain is also periodically made the village of Titusville. On the north side of Pleasant available for controlled hunting of deer and other Valley Road, a small quantity of surface water runoff wildlife during the fall and winter seasons. in the northern portion of Block 52, Lots 14 and 35, drains northward into tributaries of Moores Creek, The one dominating modern-day feature in the Honey which flows into the Delaware River along the north Hollow landscape is the Jersey Central Power & Light side of Baldpate Mountain. A sizeable unnamed transmission line corridor that cuts from northwest to tributary of Fiddlers Creek rises in the historic core of southeast across the summits of Baldpate Mountain Honey Hollow and flows south and immediately west and Mount Canoe (Photographs 6.1 and 6.2). This of Honey Hollow Road, joining the main Fiddlers roughly 350-foot-wide corridor, which is periodically Creek channel some 700 feet north of Church Road. cleared with a brush hog to allow for access to the This tributary draws in water from a number of other transmission towers along its alignment, intersects small streams, mostly flowing in from the northwest with the abandoned course of Honey Hollow Road and many of them intermittent. Several short gullies roughly 1,200 feet southwest of the latter’s junction empty directly into Fiddlers Creek both upstream and with Pleasant Valley Road. downstream of its confluence with the Honey Hollow tributary. Along much of the Fiddlers Creek drainage system, the stream bed consists of the metamorphosed B. HONEY HOLLOW ROAD AND THE OLD siltstone, mudstone and shale bedrock of the Passaic RIVER ROAD Formation that fractures sheet-like in horizontal bands. The critical historic feature in today’s landscape – the Aside from the few residential properties ranged along linear element that links most of the historic sites Pleasant Valley Road, Church Road and Fiddlers examined in the current study – is Honey Hollow Creek Road, the present-day landscape of the Honey Road (Figures 6.1 and 6.2). This traveled way, Hollow area is composed almost entirely of minimally decommissioned by Hopewell Township in 1944, is managed, successional woodland which has grown often difficult to pick out at ground level because of back in place of the former farm fields and logged hill- dense undergrowth and erosion, but is clearly evident sides. Mature upland oak-hickory cover has largely in aerial photographs and LIDAR imagery. Its course recolonized the diabase outcrops, while oak-maple also serves in places as a property boundary. woodland is more prevalent on the lower slopes and adjoining lowland. A few small areas of marshland with characteristic herbaceous species, such as jewel

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2 50 Block 60 Lot 28

230 220

Fiddlers Creek

130 Fiddlers Creek 0 18 160 150 140

160

260 0 190 17

Block 60 200 Block 61 Fiddlers Lot 54 270 Creek Lot 3.01

2 10 R o a 220 220 d Legend

Honey Hollow Tax Parcels 2017 Church Road 270 210 Existing Buildings ± S" Transmission Line Towers

0 0 B 22 r Former Roads ic k y a 10ft-Interval Contour Lines rd R 250 o a 0 100 200 400 600 800 d Feet

Figure 6.1. Topography of Honey Hollow. Source: New Jersey Statewide LIDAR, Mercer County (Providers – NJDEP, USGS) 2009.

HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

Photograph 6.1. View looking west northwest from Mount Canoe toward Baldpate Mountain along the JCP&L transmission line corridor; approximate course of Honey Hollow Road shown by dashed line (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, November 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D2-007].

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Photograph 6.2. View looking east southeast from Baldpate Mountain toward Mount Canoe along the JCP&L transmission line corridor; approximate course of Honey Hollow Road shown by dashed line (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, November 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D2-003].

Page 6-4 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

Photograph 6.3. View looking south at the remains of the south abutment of the bridge that carried Honey Hollow Road over Fiddlers Creek; arrows indicate the upstream (left) and downstream (right) faces of the bridge (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, January 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D1-004].

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Photograph 6.4. View looking north northeast showing the abandoned course of Honey Hollow Road roughly 1,000 feet north of Church Road (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, November 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D2-001].

Page 6-6 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

Photograph 6.5. View looking south southwest showing the abandoned course of Honey Hollow Road roughly 1,000 feet north of Church Road (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, November 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D2-002].

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Photograph 6.6. View looking east southeast along the course of the Old River Road, now the driveway leading to the Alastick property (Block 61, Lot 49) (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, February 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D3-002].

Page 6-8 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

Honey Hollow Road is at its most visible at its south- Coincident with the intersection of Honey Hollow ern end where it doubles as the driveway leading north Road and Pleasant Valley Road is an abandoned sec- to the so-called Honey Hollow House from Church tion of the Old River Road which originally headed Road. Beyond the house to the north, the road course east and south from this point over the back of Mount is traceable dropping down to Fiddlers Creek, where Canoe and down to Bear Tavern Road. Pleasant the heavily overgrown and crumbling ruins of the Valley Road heading west from Honey Hollow Road, abutments for the bridge carrying the road over the and Bear Tavern Road heading south from the point creek survive on both banks (Photograph 6.3). The where it is joined by the abandoned section of the road proceeds northward in a fairly visible manner, Old River Road, both follow the course of the historic often as an intermittently clear “hollow way” between River Road, the main regional route leading up the slightly raised roadside banks (Photographs 6.4 and New Jersey side of the Delaware Valley from Trenton. 6.5). Along some sections, the western side of the The western end of the abandoned section of the road comes close to the creek and is supported by a Old River Road exists today in modified form as the dry-laid stone retaining wall. Two trails, both tech- driveway to the Alastick property (Block 61, Lot 49) nically “closed,” connect to the road from the west (Photograph 6.6). Beyond the neighboring Merkle roughly 1,600 feet and 2,600 feet north of Church residence (Block 61, Lot 1), the course of the old road Road. The more northerly of these two trails fol- curves southward and is clearly visible within the lows the course of the lane leading up to the former woodland as an overgrown traveled way bordered by Scott farmstead and faint traces survive of the bridge fragmentary stone walls (Figures 6.1 and 6.2). carrying this lane over the creek that runs alongside Honey Hollow Road. A third trail, the former lane leading east to the Most property on the east side of C. FARM LANES, TRAILS, FIELDS AND Mount Canoe, joins the road roughly 2,400 feet north WOODLAND of Church Road. Honey Hollow Road, Church Road, Pleasant Valley A short distance north of the lane leading to the Road and the Old River Road provided the framework Scott Farmstead, the course of Honey Hollow Road within which the historic landscape of Honey Hollow becomes difficult to follow and much of its course evolved. Farms and dwellings set into the slopes of has been washed out and is obscured by undergrowth. Baldpate Mountain and Mount Canoe were accessed This condition prevails northward to where the road by privately-owned lanes keyed into these more for- crosses the JCP & L transmission line. Within the malized public roads. Besides leading to farmhouses power line easement, the road has been entirely dis- and farmyards, the network of lanes also extended out rupted by earthmoving activity related to the laying into the surrounding fields and woodland, enabling of the transmission cables and the construction of the farmers and laborers to pursue their everyday tasks, towers, but it becomes more obviously visible in the such as tending to crops and livestock, and cutting landscape continuing north to Pleasant Valley Road. lumber for fuel and construction. Today, portions of Parts of this section of the road are slightly sunken and the farm lanes have been co-opted by modern hik- lined by ruinous, rough-laid stone walls. The point ing trails (e.g., the Kuser, Blue and Orange trails), at which Honey Hollow Road met up with Pleasant although in many places the trails follow entirely new Valley Road is apparent from a concrete culvert that routes that offer short cuts and paths of lesser resis- passes beneath the former roadway, helping to drain tance for pedestrians. the westbound side of Pleasant Valley Road.

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Correlation of aerial photographs of 1930 and 1940, historic resources are archaeological in nature, while LIDAR imagery and field observation allows for a all other standing buildings are residences or second- reasonably faithful re-creation of the historic land- ary structures erected since 1950. scape that would have existed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries before the Kuser land purchases Resource 1, Holden House (Block 52, Lot 14): This (Figure 6.2). In walking the various trails on the residence, 206 Pleasant Valley Road, was erected public land on the west side of Honey Hollow Road, in the mid-1990s on land that was historically farm modern-day hikers will frequently find themselves fields. No significant archaeological remains are walking alongside or passing through gaps in the stone anticipated on this property. field walls that delineate the historic field system. The walls, still three to four feet high in places, were origi- Resource 2, Niederer House (Block 52, Lot 35): This nally formed by piling up rocks around the edges of residence, 210 Pleasant Valley Road, was erected in fields being cleared for cultivation. Gaps in the walls 1955 on land that was historically farm fields. The may sometimes signify the locations of gates; small site of the Roberts blacksmith shop is projected to be enclosures may signify livestock pens. The fields are in the southeast corner of this property, close to the easily recognizable in aerial photographs through the road (see below). No other potential archaeological linearity of their surrounding walls which most often resources are anticipated on this property. define rectangular and sub-rectangular (occasionally triangular and trapezoidal) shapes in the landscape. Resource 3, Roberts Blacksmith Shop Site (Block 52, Woodlots are less regular in their outlines. They are Lot 35): This blacksmith shop, operated by Edmund typically found on rocky hill slopes and summits, and Roberts from at least 1800 until around 1850, may on land that was less suitable for cultivation. have succeeded an earlier wheelwright shop of Noah Stout. There is no visible surface evidence of this site, which is estimated to lie close to Pleasant Valley D. STANDING BUILDINGS AND Road in the landscaped front yard of the former ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS Niederer residence, adjacent to the eastern property line. Archaeological testing might yield remains of This section of Chapter 6 briefly summarizes the 20 blacksmithing activity (e.g., worked metal objects, cultural resources identified on the nine tax parcels metalworking tools, slag) and perhaps also the foun- that have formed the focus of this study. The loca- dations of the shop (although the building will very tions of the resources are shown in Figure 6.2. There likely have had shallow footings and no basement). are two standing historic dwellings: the so-called Honey Hollow House, probably of late 18th-century Resource 4, Roberts/Long Farmstead (Block 52, date, which served as the nucleus of the Phillips/ Lot 6): Although this farmstead, 216 Pleasant Valley Snook/Wambaugh/Snook farmstead (Block 60, Lot 54 Road, was likely established prior to 1800 by the [Resource 13]); and the much-altered, late 19th-cen- Roberts family, the oldest buildings presently stand- tury house on the Roberts/Long farmstead (Block 52, ing on the property (the dwelling and main barn, both Lot 6 [Resource 4]). There are older barns and out- of frame construction) are believed to date from the buildings on the latter property and on the McClellan late 19th-century period of occupation by the Long farmstead (Block 61, Lot 1). All the other identified family. There are no surface traces of the earlier Roberts or Baldwin family occupation on this site.

Page 6-10 380

420

400

0 42

430

1 Block 52 4 430 Lot 35 Block 52 Lot 6

420 Block 52 Pleasant Valley Road Lot 14 2 3 420 20 8 5 20 6 390 Block 61 Lot 1 390 7

Block 61 360 Lot 49 39

Mountain Block 61 JCP & L Lot 3.02 370 420 370

410 430

1 Old R 0 Transmission Line

400

440

390 iverRoad

Canoe 19 JCP & L

19 380 Transm 9 ission Line

0 34

3 9 0

320 10 18 Mount

330

350 420 380 Baldpate 260

270 370 310

360 0 300

28 0 29

Block 60 Honey Hollow Road Lot 28 240 290 17

2 50

230 220

Fiddlers Creek

15 130 Fiddlers Creek 0 18 160 150 140

160 15

260 0 190 17 Block 61 Lot 3.01 11 200 Block 60 Legend Fiddlers Lot 54 270 Cr Honey Hollow Tax Parcels eek

2 Existing Buildings 10 R ± o 13 S" Transmission Line Towers a 220 220 d Existing Pedestrian Trails 10ft-Interval Contour Lines 14 Former Roads Church 270 Road 12 210 Visible Field Rows Projected Field Rows

0 0 B 22 r 1 Visible Cultural Resources See Text for Key ic k y to Numbers a 3 Projected Cultural Resources rd R 250 o a 0 100 200400600800 d Feet

Figure 6.2. Locations of Cultural Resources, Field Boundaries and Trails in Honey Hollow. Source: Source: New Jersey Statewide LIDAR, Mercer County (Providers – NJDEP, USGS) 2009.

HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

Archaeological evidence may survive, but is likely to farmstead. This property, perhaps originally contain- have been compromised by later construction activity ing a tenant dwelling, which was in place by 1849, and subsequent use of the property. was acquired by Joseph Atwood from Charles Wiley in 1861 and remained in Atwood family hands until Resource 5, McClellan/Sked Farmstead (Block 61, 1915. The outline of a stone foundation, 40 feet by Lot 1): This farmstead, positioned adjacent to the 16 feet, presumed to be the house, is visible today, north side of the Old River Road, almost certainly surrounded by a scatter of brick and stone rubble. The originated prior to 1800 and was probably established building apparently had no basement, since there is by the McClellan family. The farmhouse, rented out no telltale cellar hole. Neighboring resident Alastair by the Sked family in the later 19th and early 20th Alastick reported a well being present at the site, but centuries, was pulled down in the mid-1960s. Its site this was not located during the brief field inspection. was filled in and graded by the current owner, Gregory The site has archaeological potential for yielding the Merkle, who reported finding domestic debris, includ- remains of the house, outbuildings, shaft features, ing pottery. Two small barns and a well are still pres- such as wells, privies and cisterns, and associated ent at the core of the farmstead site (Photograph 6.7). cultural deposits. Archaeological evidence may survive, but the site is likely to have been disturbed by the demolition of the Resource 9, Wiley Farmstead Site (Block 60/28): farmhouse and subsequent use of the property. This small farmstead, focused on a house situated adjacent to the east side of Honey Hollow Road, Resource 6, Merkle House (Block 61, Lot 1): This appears to have been established in the 1850s by residence, 213 Pleasant Valley Road, was built around Charles Wiley. The property was owned and occu- 1960 close to the course of the Old River Road. There pied by members of the Wiley family for most of the are no known earlier buildings at this location and the rest of the 19th century. A roughly 20-foot-square, present house is far enough away from the McClellan/ mostly filled, stone cellar hole is visible in the dense Sked farmstead site that associated archaeological undergrowth adjacent to the road, indicating the likely remains are unlikely to be found there. No significant site of the farmhouse (Photograph 6.8). A stone-lined archaeological remains are anticipated in the immedi- well is positioned between the house and the road. ate vicinity of this house. The site has archaeological potential for yielding the remains of the house, outbuildings, shaft features, Resource 7, Alastick House (Block 61, Lot 49): This such as wells, privies and cisterns, and associated residence, 211 Pleasant Valley Road, was built in the cultural deposits. late 1960s and is some distance from the Old River Road. Although the present owner, Alastair Alastick, Resource 10, Most Farmstead Site (Block 61, Lot reported recovering an 18th-century coin on his prop- 3.02): This farmstead was established around 1890 erty, it is unclear exactly where this find was made. by German-born John A. Most, but it is likely that No significant archaeological remains are anticipated the family made use of an earlier farm core that may on this property. date back to the 18th century. Other 19th century owners of the property include the Stout and Harbourt Resource 8, Atwood Farmstead Site (Block 61, Lot families and the partnership of Blackwell & Gaddis, 3.02): Positioned in the woodland on the south side which operated a 53-acre farm centered on this loca- of Pleasant Valley Road between Honey Hollow Road tion. Access was not obtained to inspect the present- and the Old River Road is the site of the Atwood day tax parcel, but review of aerial photographs and

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Photograph 6.7. View looking east northeast across the site of McClellan/Sked farmstead from the Old River Road; the well in the front yard and barns beyond surround the site of the farmhouse (Photogra- pher: Richard W. Hunter, February 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D3-001].

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Photograph 6.8. View looking southwest showing the partially ﬁ lled cellar hole of the Wiley farmhouse; dashed indicates the approximate cellar outline (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, January 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D1-011].

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LIDAR data suggest that remains of foundations and 1913 and rented it out to, amongst others, one of his associated archaeological deposits likely survive at estate managers named Elmer Cadwallader, who was this farmstead site. encountered by Henry Charlton Beck in the late 1930s (Beck 1939:64-65). The property was eventually sold Resource 11, Wambaugh Farmstead Site (Block by the Kuser family to Walter Peters, the father of the 61, Lot 3.01): This farmstead is shown on the Otley current owner, in 1965. and Keily map of 1849 and the Lake and Beers map of 1860, but appears to have been abandoned by the Aside from a springhouse and shed, the house is mid-1870s. There are no obvious clues to its loca- the only structure on the property. This extensively tion on aerial photographs or in LIDAR imagery, and altered building comprises a two-story, three-bay access was not obtained to the present-day tax parcel stone section, probably part of the original 18th- on which the site is thought to lie. No archaeological century dwelling, with a smaller, heavily modified assessment is offered. frame section, most likely of mid- to late 19th-century date and possibly a replacement of an earlier wing. Resource 12, Blacksmith Shop Site (Block 61, Lot A one-story, mid-20th-century shed addition wraps 3.01): In the mid-19th century, a blacksmith shop around the north and eastern sides of the frame sec- (owner and operator unknown) was situated on the tion. Despite its age and interesting history, the house north side of Church Road about 1,000 feet east of the – because of its extensive alterations, is not considered southern end of Honey Hollow Road. There are no eligible for listing in the New Jersey and National obvious clues to its location on aerial photographs or Registers of Historic Places, although it is possibly a in LIDAR imagery, and access was not obtained to the suitable candidate for designation as a local historic present-day tax parcel on which the site is thought to landmark under Hopewell Township’s municipal his- lie. No archaeological assessment is offered. toric preservation ordinance. The property also may contain intact archaeological resources expressive of Resource 13, Phillips/Addis/Wambaugh/Snook its long period of occupation. Such resources may Farmstead (Block 60/54): The one truly historic include foundations of barns and outbuildings, shaft house still standing in the Honey Hollow area is the features, such as wells, privies and cisterns, and mid- so-called Honey Hollow House at 120 Church Road, den deposits. currently owned by the William L. Peters (Photograph 6.9). This building has a long and complex history. It Resource 14, River Methodist Episcopal Church and may have been originally erected by the Fidler family Cemetery Site (Block 60, Lots 28 and 62): Erected (most likely by Samuel Fidler in the 1780s or 1790s; in 1828, the River Methodist Episcopal Church was or, somewhat less likely, earlier than this, by his father accompanied by a cemetery and, within a few years, or grandfather, both named John Fidler). Although the by a schoolhouse. The first church, apparently a title has proved difficult to trace in the late 18th and small stone structure, was replaced by a larger stone early 19th centuries, the property evidently passed building in 1842. With the continuing expansion of through the hands of members of the Temple, Phillips the local Methodist congregation, the decision was and Addis families before being taken over and made in the mid-1860s to build a new, still larger farmed by Mahlon Wambaugh in 1853. Wilson Snook church at the foot of Church Road in Titusville. This owned and occupied this farm from 1860 until 1881, building remains in use today as the Titusville United after which it became a rental property under absen- Methodist Church. The River Church was torn down tee ownership. John L. Kuser acquired the house in in 1865, the year before the new church in Titusville

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Photograph 6.9. View looking northeast showing the “Honey Hollow House,” the farmhouse at the Phillips/Addis/Wambaugh/Snook farmstead (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, April 2018) [HRI Neg. #16058 D4-002].

Page 6-15 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. opened for services (Ackerman 1984; Hunter and lie in the far western corner of the neighboring resi- Porter 1990:201-203). The River schoolhouse, an dential property, 96 Fiddlers Creek Road (Block 60, octagonal structure, possibly in use as early as 1830, Lot 28.01). may have originated as a parochial school, but soon was serving as a public school. The school was short- Resource 15, Fidler Sawmill Site (Block 60, Lot 28): lived, however, and the building was abandoned and The precise location of John Fidler’s sawmill, refer- torn down in the 1850s (Hunter and Porter 1990:220). enced in the Hopewell Township tax ratable assessments for 1802, is uncertain. However, there are The cemetery associated with the River Church was vestigial traces of what may be a water-powered mill probably in use from at least the late 1820s, when site, possibly the Fidler facility, along the right (north) the church came into being, continuing into the sec- bank of Fiddlers Creek downstream of its confluence ond half of the 19th century. Interments would have with the unnamed tributary that flows south from been rare after the mid-1860s when the Methodist Honey Hollow. The most prominent feature of this Episcopal Church in Titusville superseded the River site is a stone rubble and earthen dam that runs north Church, although some Honey Hollow area fami- northeast/south southwest across the floodplain for lies may have continued to bury there. It has been a distance of more than 150 feet (Photograph 6.10). suggested that reinterments from the River Church This embankment is judged too substantial, both in cemetery to the new cemetery in Titusville occurred width and height, to be a field wall and it makes little over the years. In the late 1930s, several marble sense in the landscape as a field boundary. Rather, it gravestones were reportedly removed, broken up and is thought to have retained a pond extending upstream used for road fill. Henry Charlton Beck, not long toward the bridge carrying Honey Hollow Road over after, identified a gravestone commemorating the Fiddlers Creek and also up the tributary creek toward death of Mary Frances Wiley, daughter of Charles and Honey Hollow. The southern end of the dam has Eliza Ann Wiley, in July 1856. By 1950, only a few washed out and it is speculated that a long headrace inscribed stones, along with several other fieldstone ran westward and downstream from the opposite, markers, were visible (Beck 1939:70; Lewis 1973:84- northern end of the dam. A linear anomaly visible 85; Raser 2000:66). on the LIDAR imagery may reflect the course of this raceway, which appears to terminate at a point roughly There are no visible surface signs of the church, 1,000 feet downstream from the dam. The latter loca- cemetery or schoolhouse today, although the terrain tion, with its disrupted topography, may represent is heavily overgrown. The church site and the bulk the site of the mill. Unfortunately, without extensive of the cemetery are contained within Block 60, Lot excavation and survey work, it is impossible to be sure 62, owned by the Titusville United Methodist Church, if this characterization of the mill site is in fact correct. which extends for 200 feet along the Fiddlers Creek Road frontage. A portion of the cemetery may extend Resource 16, Snook/Sweesey Farmstead Site (Block over on to the neighboring Mercer County-owned 60, Lot 28): This farmstead is shown on the Otley and parcel, Block 60, Lot 28. It is highly probable that Keily map of 1849 and the Everts and Stewart map of graves and the foundations of the church survive 1875, but not on the Lake and Beers map of 1860. Its below ground, and clearing of vegetation coupled location appears to be downstream of the Scott farm- with a ground penetrating radar survey could help to stead site (Resource 17) to the west of both Honey delineate the cemetery area and pinpoint the church Hollow Road and the unnamed tributary that parallels location[s]. The site of the schoolhouse is thought to the road, but no obvious surface traces were observed

Page 6-16 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

DAM

Photograph 6.10. View looking west showing the remnants of a dam across Fiddlers Creek roughly 200 feet downstream of the Honey Hollow Road bridge (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, January 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D1-003].

Page 6-17 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. other than some possible foundations that may just as Roughly 200 feet to the southwest are the remains of easily be field boundaries. Clearing of vegetation and a barn complex and farmyard (Photograph 6.12). A archaeological testing would be necessary to confirm main barn, probably of bank-barn type, likely had an whether or not the suggested location is an actual entry on its upper northern side, while other fieldstone farmstead site. walls suggest the outline of a rectangular farmyard to the south of the main barn with a cluster of smaller Resource 17, Scott Farmstead Site (Block 60, Lot farm outbuildings in the southwest corner. Both the 28): The Scott family was present in the Honey house site and the farmyard area hold considerable Hollow area from at least the final decade of the 18th archaeological potential for remains of buildings, century. More in-depth genealogical and land records shaft features, such as wells, privies and cisterns, and research is needed to pin down more precisely when cultural deposits. they first arrived and where they first lived. This particular farmstead can be linked to Timothy Scott and Resource 18, Scott House Site (Block 60, Lot 28): his descendants from at least the 1830s through into This house appears to have been occupied for a brief the mid-1880s. It appears to have functioned as a ten- period by Elias Scott in the final decade of the 19th ant property into the 1920s and perhaps even into the century and may then have functioned for a decade or early 1930s. By the time of Henry Charlton Beck’s two longer as a tenant dwelling. Its location was not ramblings in the late 1930s, the farmstead was almost pinpointed in the field, although surface remains may certainly abandoned and the ruins of the farmhouse survive in the dense undergrowth that fills the Honey were likely one of the sites that Beck and his compan- Hollow Road corridor between the Scott Farmstead ions visited. Site (Resource 17) and the Wiley Farmstead Site (Resource 18). Clearing of vegetation and archaeo- This farmstead is especially well represented from an logical testing would be necessary to confirm whether archaeological standpoint. The stone rubble remains or not the suggested location is an actual farmstead of the farmhouse are visible adjacent to the currently site. closed “orange trail” with a deer stand installed in a tree growing out of the northeast corner of the house’s Resource 19, Hudson/Phillips Farmstead Site (Block footprint (Photograph 6.11). This residence occupied 60, Lot 28): This farmstead first becomes identifi- a commanding position at the eastern end of a ridge able in the documentary record in the late 1850s overlooking the lower portion of the unnamed tribu- when George Hudson acquired a two-acre tract from tary flowing south into Fiddlers Creek. The house Minna Hill. Although far from proven, it is pos- measured 48 by 20 feet, faced south with chimneys in sible that Minna Hill, believed to be an African- its east and west gable ends, and had a basement tak- American, occupied this property prior to its purchase ing up its easternmost third. It would have been one by Hudson. In 1890, the Hudsons sold their farmstead room deep and was probably built mostly in stone. It to Edward H. Phillips who continued its operation into conforms generally to the so-called I-house vernacular the 1920s, even after selling the bulk of the property form and was probably two stories in height. Clearing to John L. Kuser in 1912. The ruins of this farmstead, of rubble and vegetation, and a more thorough inspec- again, may well have been visited by Henry Charlton tion, might throw more light on the construction his- Beck in the late 1930s. tory and architectural details of this building.

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Photograph 6.11. View looking south showing the partially ﬁ lled cellar hole of the Scott farmhouse; dashed indicates the approximate cellar outline (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, January 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D1-007].

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Photograph 6.12. View looking north showing the remnants of the barn complex at the Scott farmstead (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, January 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D1-009].

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Photograph 6.13. View looking south showing the remains of the Hudson/Phillips farmhouse; the pile of tumbled stone at left may be the remnants of a chimney stack or adjoining wing (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, January 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D1-013].

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Photograph 6.14. View looking northeast showing the partially ﬁ lled cellar hole of the Muirhead/Reed farmhouse; dashed indicates the approximate cellar outline (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, Janu- ary 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D1-020].

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Photograph 6.15. View looking west showing the remains of a brick cistern at the Muirhead/Reed farmstead (Photographer: Richard W. Hunter, January 2017) [HRI Neg. #16058 D1-019].

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Like the Scott Farmstead Site (Resource 17), this 20 feet southwest from the same corner. About 100 farmstead is clearly visible adjacent to one of the feet south of the house, an area of rubble and ruinous present day trails through the Honey Hollow area (the foundations probably represents the remains of farm “Kuser trail”). The house footprint, measuring 30 feet buildings. Although established relatively late in the north-south by 24 feet east-west, is distinguishable historical period and only occupied for three or four with a rubble-filled basement that was accessed with decades, the archaeological remains of this site, espe- an exterior entry at the eastern end of its southern side cially in the house location, appear quite intact and (Photograph 6.13). A large mass of stone rubble adja- may hold some potential for yielding useful informa- cent to the southeast side of the basement may repre- tion about the property and its occupants. sent the remains of an adjoining wing or a collapsed chimney. Roughly 200 feet northwest of the house site are the remains of a barn and other farmyard buildings. While not as intact as the Scott farmstead site, the remains of the Hudson/Phillips farmstead hold archaeological potential for remains of buildings, shaft features, such as wells, privies and cisterns, and cultural deposits.

Resource 20, Muirhead/Reed Farmstead Site (Block 60, Lot 28): This farmstead was apparently established on Muirhead family property sometime between 1860 and 1875. It may have been set up as a tenant dwelling for farm workers employed by the Muirheads. By 1880 the property was occupied by the family of James S. Reed, although it is unclear if he had assumed ownership by this time. The farmstead is not shown on 20th-century maps and may have been abandoned around 1900. More focused genealogical and land records research would likely clarify the ownership history and occupation of this farmstead.

A well-defined cellar hole, roughly 20 feet square and partly filled with stone rubble, indicates the location of the house on the south side of Pleasant Valley Road (Photograph 6.14). The cellar was accessed by an exterior entry in its southeastern corner, and the house extended for at least another 12 feet further to the west (but without a basement). Two shaft features were noted close to the house: a brick cistern (Photograph 6.15), located about five feet southwest from the southwest corner of the cellar hole, and a 15 to 20-foot-deep stone-lined well, located about

Page 6-24 Chapter 7

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

This historical, geographical and archaeological study Revolution and several new farms came into being in brings clarity to Honey Hollow in space and time, and the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Honey Hollow helps dispel the myth, a mid-20th-century concoction, Road was formally laid out in 1831 in response to that this place existed as a major focus of free black this population growth and the spread of farming on settlement in the late 18th and 19th centuries. The to Baldpate Mountain continued into the second half term “Honey Hollow” originally referred to a moun- of the 19th century. The creation and maintenance tain-top depression along the River Road (today’s of these farms required immense effort – logging the Pleasant Valley Road) between the eastern end of hillsides; clearing and enclosing the fields; tilling Baldpate Mountain and Mount Canoe. This mean- the soil; planting and harvesting crops; and raising ing, understood in this geographical sense in the early livestock – all performed by individual families with 19th century, and possibly earlier, morphed over the the help of slave, indentured and eventually hired years to include the valley stretching southward down labor. However, agriculture was always a challenge from Pleasant Valley Road along the entire length of on this marginal land where the soils were shallow, Honey Hollow Road to Church Road. By the 1930s, easily eroded and rocky. Toward the end of the 19th this expanded area was the Honey Hollow known to century, local farms began to fall by the wayside, many local residents and to the folk historian Henry unable to produce crops or raise livestock in sufficient Charlton Beck, whose colorful and confusing writings quantity to sustain their participation in an expand- provided much of the impetus for the current study. ing marketplace, or even support basic subsistence. The origin of the name “Honey Hollow” still defies Owner-operated farms gave way to tenant farms and certain explanation but may lie in apiarian activity on the amount of acreage under cultivation declined. By the mountain top, either a naturally occurring seasonal the early 20th century, many of the farmhouses were concentration of bees or a particular local emphasis being occupied by tenants who no longer made their on beekeeping. Today, most Hopewell residents, living by working the land, but instead were employed if they have ever heard of Honey Hollow, vaguely in local mills and factories or in the local service consider it to be an amorphous, wooded, unoccupied industries. Starting early on in the second decade of locale somewhere up there on Baldpate Mountain. the 20th century, the Trenton brewing magnate, John Hopefully, this study now pegs this place in the mod- L. Kuser, began absorbing many of the struggling ern landscape in a manner that is intelligible to local farms on the eastern end of Baldpate Mountain into residents and to the increasing numbers of visitors his massive estate, providing the basis for the pub- exploring Baldpate’s mountain trails. licly owned preserved land in northwestern Hopewell Township that is so cherished by local residents today. European settlement in Honey Hollow and the immediately surrounding area dates from the mid-18th The extent of historic black settlement in the Honey century and initially consisted of a small number of Hollow area was a topic of particular interest in the dispersed farmsteads ranged along the River Road, current study, in large part owing to the writings most of them established by families of English back- of Henry Charlton Beck and the subsequent perva- ground. Occupation intensified after the American sive belief that a concentration of African-American

Page 7-1 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. homes once existed here. While enslaved blacks and, free black in the Hopewell Township tax roll of 1802 later, free black servants and laborers were scattered and he presumably established his home in Pleasant across many of Hopewell’s farms, and some free black Valley soon after he was manumitted, probably in the families acquired and moved on to land in the north- late 1780s or 1790s. The site of Cato Welling’s home western part of the township, there was no particular (and other nearby related buildings), which continued focus of African-African settlement in Honey Hollow. under black occupation into the early 20th century, is A few black families, notably those of Aaron Baldwin, potentially of great historic and archaeological impor- Minna Hill and John Hanson (and perhaps also Peter tance and deserving of further study (and possibly Custus), can be documented living in or near to Honey even public purchase). Hollow for brief periods in the mid-19th century, but aside from the Hills and the Hansons who lived next With regard to present-day Honey Hollow, this is in door to one another, these families were not close many ways a forgotten landscape – in essence, an neighbors. A somewhat greater number of black fami- archaeological landscape. Agriculture, to all intents lies (those of George and Jefferson Mosely, George and purposes has effectively ceased and the land has Frost, Jonathan and John Case, Charles and Andrew largely returned to some semblance of its original Williams, Lafayette Brumskin, Lizell Glover and forested state. The most visible feature of the land- Wilson Kane) appear in the late 19th and early 20th scape today is the vast swath that has been cut through centuries, but they were again scattered across a wide the woodland, oblivious to past land use, allowing area and in most cases show up in the documentary immense steel towers to convey electric power to record as tenants briefly installed in some of the older regional industrial and population centers far afield. farmhouses previously owned and occupied by white Locally, a handful of homes lines Pleasant Valley farmers. Road, Church Road and Fiddlers Creek Road, but virtually all of these are residences built since 1950. One minor focus of settlement where at least three Two older, much-modified historic homes remain as black families owned their own property was on testimony to the former farming life: the so-called Brickyard Road, on the southern periphery of the Honey Hollow House at 120 Church Road, a portion expanded Honey Hollow area, now within Washington of which dates from the late 18th-century; and the Crossing State Park (see above, Figure 3.1). Here, from frame house at 216 Pleasant Valley Road, which likely the late 19th century up until 1960, the families headed dates from the 1890s. These two properties and the by Jonathan Case, Charles Williams, Lizell Glover and site of the McClellan/Sked farmstead still retain some Andrew Williams, all lived in this area at one time or older outbuildings, but all the other historical farms another. Andrew Williams, the last of these residents, and dwellings that once graced Honey Hollow have was based there for more than 30 years, dying at the now been reduced to ruins and in some cases have all age of 100 in 1960. Perhaps the most compelling but vanished from the landscape. focus of free black settlement in northwest Hopewell Township, however, lay about a mile west of Honey Table 7.1 itemizes 20 cultural resources located within Hollow at the eastern end of Pleasant Valley where the nine tax parcels that formed the basis of this study. a small cluster of homes associated principally with Four of the 20 resources are modern homes, two the Welling and Cannon families had its origins in the are the historic farmhouses noted above, leaving 14 smallholding of Cato Welling. Cato Welling, who was properties that are predominantly archaeological in forcibly brought to the Delaware Valley from Africa nature. The physical expression of these 14 archaeo- as a child around 1740, is listed as a property-owning logical resources varies considerably – some, like the

Page 7-2 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE a of at feet hole to west entry Ͳ of south; mark in of and Ͳ 20 barn by flows shop from early c. east close cellar in be may foundations is trace entry not north barns the that feet hole, site basement may filled filled barn bank feet 24 southwest visible Church, occupied 16 by interior was century cellar no right Ͳ wheelwright through wing); ends; feet house basement tributary was by 5 partially site on of 20th filled south site and Ͳ 1800 west west boundaries); Ͳ century; Methodist with square; south cistern modified; and adjoining 1960s; terrain Ͳ least north succeeded side) east Creek field to 18th or feet partially south located); mid Ͳ east United brick 19th/early feet feet 20 property from late piles from locations) at north recently the 30 c. 40 (not irregular Road; possibly late Fiddlers north on (or in cellar; chimney from of dates 50; stacks owned well been hole, of hole, Ͳ rubble Titusville of Ͳ feet Road; a entry Creek; resource found; down by Hollow date 20 of 1800 which have west cellar cellar for by cellar; c. road County Valley may upper chimney foundations but of remains century imagery (remains 6.2 pulled feet site, confluence Honey to northwest owned Fiddlers report filled filled artifacts and west of Ͳ 12 to on with on this from was 20th land 1890, cellar House) LIDAR Figure below hole of Pleasant east side operation building c. cellar; of raceway on barn on 1800 to in early partially partially of southwest 1800, just extend rubble domestic (see another feet c. east c. cellar nucleus side from from Hollow the bank 48 feet close with with on based 1990s foundations mostly 1960s trace be overgrown Ͳ obvious built 20 ROAD date Roberts occupation today into no remains lies decade; no extends late 1955 mid 1960 barn may cemetery (Honey footprint; operation likely, between well in c. in in but southeast farmstead of (possible site heavily trace in dam past side; possibly on walls well century foundation foundation foundation, foundation foundation Baldwin Edmund the house buildings HOLLOW built built built built Hollow; lined house part building Ͳ of of house Fidler remains today; today; of rubble, visible and within 19th lined south of Ͳ possible house house house house house rubble no within stone of Honey shop HONEY John of of of of of of third brick corner; trace trace standing standing early residence residence residence residence farmhouse, of visited visited visited; owner evidence stone end Roberts deep from and Stout; the intersection; mass survive not not not location; visible visible ALONG southwest east eastern road in Remnants Original down Remnants inspected mill 1860s Noah southeast remnants least questionable earlier well cellar; square; stone Presently to Notes at present with AND 1875, 1875 No 1918 Presently 1903, 1918 Remnants 1903, 1903, HOLLOW 1860, 1860, 1903, 1890, 1903, 1875, 1875, Representation 1849, 1849, 1918 Remnants 1860, 1875, 1890, 1860, 1860, 1918 HONEY IN Map 1844, 1903, 1849, 1860, 1875, 1844. 1860 Site 1849, 1918 Site 1918 No 1849, 1849 Blacksmith 1875 Surface 1890 Remnants 1903, 1918 1918 1918 n/a Modern Historic n/a Modern 1890, RESOURCES 60/62 1828, & CULTURAL 60/28 60/54 1831, OF and SUMMARY Site 60/28 1875, Site 60/28 1849, Site 60/28 1875, Church 7.1. Site 52/35 1844, Site 61/3.01 1849, Shop Site 61/3.02 1849, TABLE Site 60/28 1860, Site 61/3.01 1849 Site Site 61/3.02 1903, Site 60/28 1844, Episcopal Farmstead Farmstead Farmstead Farmstead 61/1 1844, Site 60/28 n/a Sawmill Farmstead 52/6 1844, Site 60/28 1903, Farmstead Shop Site Name Block/Lot House 52/35 Farmstead Blacksmith House 61/49 n/a Modern House 52/14 House 61/1 n/a Modern Farmstead Sawmill Farmstead House Farmstead Methodist Cemetery Farmstead Resource 4 Roberts/Long 8 Atwood 9 Wiley 5 McClellan/Sked 6 Merkle 7 Alastick 3 Roberts 2 Niederer 1 Holden 16 Snook/Sweesey 13 Phillips/Addis/Wambaugh/Snook 19 Hudson/Phillips 14 River 12 Blacksmith 11 Wambaugh 18 Scott 10 Most 17 Scott 15 Fidler 20 Muirhead/Reed No. Resource

Page 7-3 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. remains of the Atwood, Wiley, Scott, Hudson/Phillips in its permitting procedures, and the New Jersey and Muirhead/Reed farmsteads, are easily seen, if Register of Historic Places Act and the National one knows where to look; others, like the sites of two Historic Preservation Act, which both seek to evalu- blacksmith shops, the Fidler sawmill and the River ate and protect designated historic properties, may be Methodist Episcopal Church and Cemetery, are no applied for the purposes of long-term preservation. longer visible and would require subsurface investigation for proper delineation and characterization. So far as the as-yet undesignated archaeological Collectively, these sites contain a wealth of material resources of Honey Hollow on publicly owned land culture information about the history of northwestern are concerned, long-term preservation of the higher- Hopewell Township and the hardscrabble life of farm- quality farmstead remains (e.g., building founda- ers and other residents of Baldpate Mountain. Tying tions, cellar holes, visible shaft features) can usefully all these sites together are the two abandoned road- focus on combatting natural weathering processes ways, Honey Hollow Road and the Old River Road, and protecting the resources against extreme natural and a crazy quilt of lanes, trails and field boundaries, erosion and unnecessary human damage. This is which still bind this history in our living memory. best achieved through a range of minimally invasive actions, for example: periodic clearance and control What is to be the fate of these archaeological sites of vegetation; removal of excess rubble; limited, and the linear features of the historic landscape that targeted stabilization of stone masonry; partial fill- link them together? Do they merit serious long-term ing of farmhouse basements; trail realignments; and preservation for the benefit and appreciation of future ongoing maintenance and education of the public generations, or should they be left to dwindle into concerning the value and fragility of these archaeo- nothingness, gradually eroded and buried by natural logical resources. Long-term preservation of this processes, helped along by periodic human interven- type has been recommended recently for a single tions? The answer is, perhaps not surprisingly, it farmstead site, the Hunt/Hoff farmstead, within the depends. It depends on their ownership status and on Howell Living History Farm management area in the desires and means of their owners, and it depends Pleasant Valley, and is equally applicable for Honey on the quality and preservability of the archaeological Hollow. The Hunt/Hoff property, located on the north resources involved. Insofar as these remains exist on slope of Baldpate Mountain roughly two miles west private property in New Jersey, their future lies in the of Honey Hollow, has been the subject of a stabiliza- hands of individual landowners and the community tion and interpretation plan based on detailed histori- at large can only exert an influence on their treatment cal research, clearing of undergrowth, mapping and through municipal land use law involving local his- surveying, and can serve as a useful model for how toric designation and planning and zoning constraints the comparable archaeological resources of Honey that may or may not make provision for preservation Hollow might be addressed (Hunter Research, Inc. or management of historic resources. On publicly 2017). owned land in New Jersey, however, a broader array of land use controls can be brought to bear in the Honey Hollow Road and the network of farm lanes on cause of historic and archaeological resource man- County-owned land west of the road offer a somewhat agement. State and federal laws and regulations, different preservation challenge, since segments of notably the New Jersey Department of Environmental these routes are semi-functional today as pedestrian Protection’s Land Use Regulatory Program (LURP), pathways. They deserve careful attention with respect which considers historic and archaeological resources to their potential role in the evolving public trail

Page 7-4 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE system on Baldpate Mountain. Expanded re-use of much attention to these prolific cultural resources may these routes for hiking and biking trails is an entirely hasten their decline and encourage vandalism, some practical and logical goal, and can be beneficial from simple acknowledgement of their existence does seem the standpoint of historic interpretation as it will help appropriate and, to some degree, a selection of these bring the historic landscape into modern conscious- sites could serve as semi-formal hubs and way sta- ness in an easily relatable manner. However, removal tions within the recreational trail network. In certain of vegetation and the expansion/reintroduction of instances, the more visually appealing or historically pedestrian and vehicular traffic will expose the road important of these resources may merit improved site and lanes to accelerated erosion. New surface treat- access and pedestrian circulation, limited opening up ments, surgical drainage improvements, and restora- of the surrounding landscape and installation of basic tion of bridges and roadside banks may be necessary, informational and directional signs, perhaps with an but will demand exceptional sensitivity to preserva- occasional larger sign panel that communicates the tion needs. history and layout of a particular site. Opportunities for public programming related to Honey Hollow’s An important consideration in the preservation and historic landscape should also be considered, either in treatment of the various ruins scattered throughout the form of presentations or guided walks, along with Honey Hollow is the safety of the general public. The brochures, maps and digital media applications. ruins of buildings, and more especially the depres- sions formed by cellar holes and the many ill-con- Overall, looking beyond Honey Hollow to Baldpate cealed wells, cisterns and privies, are a hazard. The Mountain as a whole, as this treasured landform routing of trails should take into account potentially becomes increasingly under public control and is dangerous and unstable ruins and judicious posting further developed for passive recreational purposes, of signs warning visitors to keep off foundations may a sensitive balance needs to be maintained in the be appropriate. Wells, cistern and privies that are management of the mountain’s natural and cultur- presently open should ideally be filled to within six al resources. Currently, while Baldpate’s natural inches of the surrounding ground surface, but in such resources are relatively well understood, it would be a manner that leaves these features still visible. Cellar fair to say that its cultural, historic and archaeological holes, similarly, should be filled to the point where resources are largely unknown and far from priori- they no longer represent a hazard, but still retain their tized in terms of their condition and importance. The basic form and can still be understood as a house Baldpate Mountain Forest Stewardship Plan, currently basement. being finalized by Mercer County and the Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space, aims to establish Beyond the need for preservation and safety precau- appropriate woodland management practices within tions, Honey Hollow’s historic landscape cries out for the context of trail hiking and biking, seasonal hunt- intelligent interpretation. Today, hikers and bikers ing and other public uses. This plan appropriately happen upon vestiges of Honey Hollow’s history and, acknowledges the land use history of the mountain if blessed with the curiosity gene, they are inevitably and notes the existence of historic and archaeological left wondering what it is they are looking at. There are sites, but does not address historic preservation issues. literally scores, even hundreds, of similarly expressed ruined farmstead and house sites, stone walls and other Ideally, a cultural resources stewardship plan is cultural features scattered across Baldpate Mountain, required that will inform and educate not only forest each with their own story to tell. While drawing too managers and recreational planners, but also visitors,

Page 7-5 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. residents and the general public, as to the importance of this neglected and underappreciated cultural landscape. This study, focused on the hidden history and archaeology of Honey Hollow, can serve as something of a pilot study and point the way toward a suitable cultural resource management plan for Baldpate Mountain as a whole. Such a mountain-wide plan might reasonably expect to address some or all of the following issues:

• Identification of historic and archaeological sites

• Evaluation and prioritization of historic and archaeological sites for preservation and potential New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places designation

• Stabilization of selected ruins, filling of cellar holes, shaft features, etc.

• Regular vegetation management and maintenance as a preservation measure to retard loss of historic and archaeological sites

• Review of trail system to determine adjustments that can take better advantage of historic roads/ paths and field boundaries

• Review of trail system to minimize damage to sensitive historic and archaeological sites while providing public access

• Development of trail guides, maps and signage to include a cultural resources component

• Development of public programs, such as guided walks and presentations

• Integration of cultural resources management into overall forest stewardship of Baldpate Mountain

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1881 “The Martin Gang in Trouble,” Monday, January 3, Volume XXXV (2), p. 3.

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Trimmer, Edward G. Undated “Honey Hollow Road.” Manuscript in possession of Robert and Carol Meszaros, Titusville, New Jersey.

U.S. Civil War Pension Files, 1861-1934 2017 Electronic document, https://www.ancestry.com/interactive, accessed November 2017.

U.S. Civil War Widows’ Pensions 2017 Electronic document, https://www.fold3.com/image/291045178?terms=Aaron%20Baldwin, accessed November 2017.

U.S. Coast Survey 1844 Sheet T-144 (Yardley to Baldpate). National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

U.S. Colored Troops Military Service Records, 1863-1865 Records for Aaron Baldwin and Jefferson Mosely. Electronic document, http://www.ancestry.com, accessed November 2017.

U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Agricultural Schedules 1850 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1860 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1870 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

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U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Population Schedules 1830 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1840 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1850 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1860 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

Page R-8 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

1870 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1880 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1900 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1910 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

1920 Census Place: Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Electronic document, http://www. ancestry.com, accessed May 2017.

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Vliet, Claire Ackerman (compiler) 1959 History of the Titusville Methodist Church, Titusville, New Jersey. The Trenton Printing Co., Trenton, New Jersey.

Wacker, Peter O. 1975 Land and People: A Cultural Geography of Preindustrial New Jersey: Origins and Settlement. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

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West Jersey Deeds On microfilm, New Jersey State Archives (NJDS), Trenton, New Jersey.

Witwer, R.S. 2016 Wilson E. Kane, Grave Memorial, Titusville Methodist Church Cemetery, Titusville, New Jersey. Electronic Document, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/172432284, accessed November 2017.

Worlidge, John 1706 A new mapp of East and West New Jarsey. Electronic document, https://www.loc.gov/item/97683601, accessed July 2017.

Page R-10 Appendix A

EXCERPTS FROM HENRY CHARLTON BECK’S FARE TO MIDLANDS

CHAPTER 3, 1939 EDITION

CHAPTER 4, 1939 EDITION

CHAPTER 6, 1939 EDITION

PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED PHOTOGRAPHS

1962 EDITION

PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED PHOTOGRAPHS

1984 EDITION

Appendix B

SEQUENCES OF LAND OWNERSHIP

HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

APPENDIX B.1. BLOCK 52, LOT 14 - CHAIN OF TITLE (MUIRHEAD PROPERTY)

Transfer Date Grantor Grantee Acreage Sale Price Reference Notes 6/18/2015 Denis Ness & Nilda Ursula, James & Eileen no data $550,000.00 Mercer County Deed 6221/413 Rodriguez Bielenberg 3/20/2001 Pamela Holden Denis Ness & Nilda no data $449,900.00 Mercer County Deed 4025/92 Rodriguez 5/24/2000 Estate of Roberta F. Pamela Holden 6.1 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 3838/291 William H. Holden died in 1950; widow Roberta F. Holden Holden retained 6.1 acres from larger property sold to Donald E. Newhouse [52/5]; Roberta F. Holden died January 1, 2000 leaving property to daughter-in-law Pamela Holden

5/7/1993 Roberta F. Holden Roberta F. Holden 6.1 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 2684/59 occupancy of separate living quarters in the single- family home to be constructed is restricted to a family member of owner and not to be rented (quitclaim deed) 9/8/1942 James T. & Jane R. William H. & Roberta F. 217.24 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 846/66 except 2.24 acres sold by William H. Muirhead to Wilson Holden James R. Reed 5/25/1938 Herbert Spencer James T. & Jane R. 217.24 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 775/403 as described above Greims Wilson

4/30/1935 William & Clara Lutes, Herbert Spencer Greims 217.24 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 734/222 as described above Roberta Ireland & William Holden, Melvin & Katherine L. Lutes 3/22/1902 William H. & Elizabeth Clarissa N. Lutes 217.24 $5,000.00 Mercer County Deed 276/554 as described above Muirhead

3/16/1877 Charles H. & William H. Muirhead 217.24 illegible Mercer County Deed 115/395 Charles H. & Elizabeth Muirhead live in Elizabeth Muirhead Philadelphia

7/18/1867 John Ogden, guardian Charles H. Muirhead 59+ $2,000.00 Mercer County Deed 68/251 a tract of land containing a dwelling and orchard; of Mary P. Ogden 50-acre tract; and a 9-acre wood lot; Charles H. (granddaughter of Muirhead lives in Philadelphia John Guild Muirhead) 3/19/1867 Alfred & Sarah Charles H. Muirhead 59+ $2,000.00 Mercer County Deed 68/46 as described above; Alfred & Sarah Muirhead live Muirhead in Ewing Township; Charles H. Muirhead lives in Philadelphia 3/11/1867 John G. & Priscilla Charles H. Muirhead 59+ $2,000.00 Mercer County Deed 68/44 as described above; Charles H. Muirhead lives in Muirhead, Jr. Philadelphia

3/11/1867 William Harrison Charles H. Muirhead 59+ $2,000.00 Mercer County Deed 68/350 as described above; Charles H. Muirhead lives in Muirhead Philadelphia

2/28/1867 Samuel & Elizabeth Charles H. Muirhead 59+ $2,000.00 Mercer County Deed 65/469 as described above; Samuel & Elizabeth Muirhead Muirhead Titus Titus live in Lambertville; Charles H. Muirhead lives in Philadelphia 11/17/1866 John Guild Muirhead Charles H. Muirhead no data n/a n/a John Guild Muirhead died intestate; his children and granddaughter transferred title to Charles H. Muirhead (see above five deeds)

4/6/1851 George Muirhead John Guild Muirhead 204 n/a Mercer County Will B/258 George Muirhead left his farm to his son John Guild Muirhead; the farm adjoins the lands of Amos Hart (west), Edmund Roberts (south) and William Atchley (east)

1795 Jonathan & Mary John Muirhead and 194.9 10 shillings Hunterdon County Deed 31/541 two parcels (144.9 and 50 acres); Andrew Muirhead and Andrew George Muirhead Muirhead died intestate and intended to give two & Hannah Muirhead lots to his sons John and George Muirhead. Two other sons, Jonathan and Andrew Muirhead devised the two lots to their two brothers

6/16/1794 Andrew Muirhead George Muirhead and no data n/a n/a Andrew Muirhead died intestate John Muirhead

8/14/1756 William Coxe et al. Andrew Muirhead 50 no data Hunterdon County Deed 1/188 north of Pleasant Valley Road

1/24/1745 Joseph Furman Andrew Muirhead 144.9 no data Hunterdon County Deed 1/190 north of Pleasant Valley Road

? John Titus, Jr. Joseph Furman no data no data

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APPENDIX B.2. BLOCK 52, LOTS 6 AND 35 - CHAIN OF TITLE (HART/LONG PROPERTY)

Transfer Date Grantor Grantee Acreage Sale Price Reference Notes Block 52, Lot 6 9/6/1979 Robert F. & Dorothy John & June Vester 4.61 $145,000.00 Mercer County Deed 2120/397 Sanford 8/3/1972 Robert C. & Margaret Robert F. & Dorothy R. 4.61 $80,000.00 Mercer County Deed 1917/254 White Sanford 8/30/1968 Elizabeth M. Long Robert C. & Margaret M. 4.61 $26,800.00 Mercer County Deed 1813/953 Russell Long died in 1965 leaving title to Elizabeth Long White 8/21/1954 Stephen J. & Catherine Russell E. & Elizabeth M. no data $1.00 Mercer County Deed 1300/234 described as a small parcel of land on the northwest side of Gassler Long the new Moore's Station-Ackor's Corner Road

Block 52, Lot 35 8/24/1998 Owen B. Weekley Owen B. & Dana W. 3.63 $100.00 Mercer County Deed 1300/234 Weekley 1/10/1995 Sylvia H. Niederer Owen B. Weekley 3.63 $260,000.00 Mercer County Deed 2900/1 1/10/1995 Sylvia H. Niederer and Owen B. Weekley 3.63 $260,000.00 Mercer County Deed 2938/153 deed re-recorded to correct the name of the grantors to Karl Niederer include the co-executors of the estate of Floyd S. Niederer

2/23/1954 Russell E. & Elizabeth M. Floyd S. & Sylvia 3.63 no data Mercer County Deed 1270/490 Long Niederer Block 52, Lots 6 and 35 4/14/1920 Orville W. Warren Russell E. & Elizabeth 10.21 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 445/263 Long 4/14/1920 Eliza J. Long, Odess W. Orville W. Warren 10.21 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 445/262 John Long died intestate leaving Eliza Long, his widow, and Long, Russell E. & Odess W. Long and Russell E. Long, his children, his only Elizabeth M. Long heirs; subject to $400 mortgage 4/2/1888 Isaac S. & Martha R. Hart John Long 10.21 $800.00 Mercer County Deed 159/7

8/27/1864 Amos L. Hart Isaac S. Hart 10.21 $1,100.00 Mercer County Deed 58/312 subject to mortgage of $700 given by Jeremiah & Catherine A. Craft to John A. Hunt and Daniel H. Phillips which grantee assumes and pays 11/3/1860 Aaron & Harriet Baldwin Amos L. Hart 10.21 $1,100.00 Mercer County Deed 55/533 subject to mortgage of $700 given by Jeremiah & Catherine A. Craft to John A. Hunt and Daniel H. Phillips which grantee assumes and pays 8/4/1857 Charles H. & Elizabeth N. Aaron Baldwin no data no data deed apparently not recorded; no deed found between Muirhead Jeremiah & Catherine Craft and Charles H. & Elizabeth N. Muirhead

11/30/1850 Edmund Roberts Jeremiah Craft 9.25 $750.00 Mercer County Deed 5/556 described as 9.25-acre tract in Honey Hollow; bordered by lands of Phillip Hart, George Muirhead and John McLellan

11/29/1850 Nehemiah R. & Jeremiah Craft 2 + $70.00 Mercer County Deed S/558 2 acres and 25 perches bordered by lands of Phillip Hart, Deliverance Blackwell George Muirhead and Edmund Roberts and Jane Mariah Roberts

4/7/1806 Esther Scott George Muirhead 9.25 £185 + 0.10 Hunterdon County Deed 12/385 tract of land adoining George Muirhead and Elijah Hart; George Muirhead paid share to Timothy Scott, Sarah Scott, David & Susannah Howell & Mary Scott

4/1/1801 Timothy Scott, Keziah George Muirhead 9.25 £185 Hunterdon County Deed 5/171 as described above Scott, Sarah Scott, David & Susannah Howell & Mary Scott (widow of Moore Scott)

1795 Jonathan & Mary John Muirhead and 194.9 10 shillings Hunterdon County Deed 31/541 two parcels (144.9 and 50 acres); Andrew Muirhead died Muirhead and Andrew & George Muirhead intestate and intended to give two lots to his sons John and Hannah Muirhead George Muirhead. Two other sons, Jonathan and Andrew Muirhead devised the two lots to their two brothers 6/16/1794 Andrew Muirhead George Muirhead and no data n/a n/a Andrew Muirhead died intestate John Muirhead 8/14/1756 William Coxe et al. Andrew Muirhead 50 no data Hunterdon County Deed 1/188 north of Pleasant Valley Road

1/24/1745 Joseph Furman Andrew Muirhead 144.9 no data Hunterdon County Deed 1/190 north of Pleasant Valley Road

? John Titus, Jr. Joseph Furman no data no data

Page B-2 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

APPENDIX B.3. BLOCK 61, LOTS 1 AND 49 - CHAIN OF TITLE (McCLELLAN/SKED PROPERTY)

Transfer Date Grantor Grantee Acreage Sale Price Reference Notes Block 61, Lot 1 4/29/2000 Dennis Tierney Gregory Merkle 4.730 $325,000.00 Mercer County Deed 3813/90 4/21/1995 Joseph & Peggy Dennis Tierney 4.730 $195,000.00 Mercer County Deed 2932/10 Tesauro 6/20/1991 Benjamin & Beverly Joseph & Margaret Tesauro 207,048.40 sq.ft. $205,000.00 Mercer County Deed 2659/346 Jones 7/9/1985 Raymond L. & Helen J. Benjamin C. & Beverly A. 4.797 $135,000.00 Mercer County Deed 2298/807 Mauer Jones 11/12/1968 Stephen J. & Catherine Raymond L. & Helen J. Mauer 4.797 $29,500.00 Mercer County Deed 1819/1 Gassler

Block 61, Lot 49 12/14/1993 Anthony & Lucille Anthony Alastick no data $110,000.00 Mercer County Deed 2762/89 quitclaim deed Alastick 4/22/1966 Stephen J. & Catherine Anthony A. & Lucille E. 4.148 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 1756/189 Gassler Alastick 9/11/1964 Elna Plambeck Stephen J. & Catherine 4.148 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 1714/192 Gassler 9/11/1964 Stephen J. & Catherine Elna Plambeck 4.148 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 1270/490 Gassler

Block 61, Lots 1 and 49 8/21/1954 Russell E. & Elizabeth Stephen J. & Catherine no data $1.00 Mercer County Deed 1305/448 piece of land on the south side of the new Moore's M. Long Gassler Station-Ackor's Corner Road 4/25/1942 Charles L. & Julia Gray Russell E. & Elizabeth M. 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 836/441 Long 2/28/1942 Antonio & Maria Scalia Charles L. Gray 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 836/60

8/11/1937 Herbert W. Bradley Charles L. Gray 19.000 $100.00 Mercer County Deed 766/163 subject to mortgage given by Sophie & Morris Luboff (sheriff) 5/7/1929 Anthony & Mary A. Sophie Luboff 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 649/436 Colacello 4/15/1929 David & Esther Kelsey Anthony & Mary A. Colacello 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 646/428 subject to mortgages of $2,000 and $2,800

11/2/1928 Gottfried & Teresa David Kelsey 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 637/437 subject to mortgages of $2,000 and $2,800 Nisen 6/29/1928 Antonio & Maria Scalia Gottfried & Theresa Nisen 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 633/76 subject to mortgage of $2,000

10/8/1927 Anthony & Mary Antonio & Maria Scalia 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 612/509 subject to mortgages of $2,000 and $3,000 Colacello 5/13/1927 Charles E. & Sarah S. Anthony Colacello 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 609/100 subject to mortgage of $2,000 Allen 11/28/1922 Rufus W. & Florence C. Charles E. Allen 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 499/479 Reckard 2/7/1914 Mary J. Sked Rufus W. & Florence C. 19.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 367/236 Reckard 4/1/1911 Charles E. Roberts Mary J. Sked 19+ $17,475.00 Mercer County Deed 336/345 8 tracts of land from the estate of Phillip S. Sked, incl. (Court of Chancery) tract 1 of 19 acres; determined during probate that property should be sold; Sked homestead in Pennington 3/24/1873 Peter & Jane Lawyer Phillip S. Sked 19.000 $2,750.00 Mercer County Deed 95/327

9/19/1863 Henry McClellen Peter Lawyer 19.000 $1,125.00 Mercer County Deed 56/253 subject to a lease between Henry B. McClellen and Wilson Chambers and Simeon A. Tomlinson dated 1/23/1860; lease agreement allowed Chambers and Tomlinson to plant and cultivate one lot or field on the premises with a peach orchard

8/1858 Letitia McClellan Henry McClellan no data no data Letitia McClellan died intestate 8/18/1858; assumed the land she inherited from John McClellan was sold per his will; assumed Henry McClellan either purchased the property from his parents' estate or received title from his mother or the executors of his parents' estate

10/12/1850 John McClellan Letitia McClellan no data n/a Mercer County Will 590 John McClellan died 9/2/1850; according to his will, proved 10/12/1852, his lands passed to his widow Letitia and were to be sold upon her death

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APPENDIX B.4. BLOCK 61, LOTS 3.01 AND 3.02 - CHAIN OF TITLE

Transfer Date Grantor Grantee Acreage Sale Price Reference Notes Block 61, Lot 3.01 6/22/2010 Thomas Otto & Wendy Dennis A. & Cindy L. 27.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 6060/386 subject to agricultural easement Niederer and Dennis A. & Niederer Cindy L. Niederer

2/20/2009 Thomas Otto & Wendy State of New Jersey 23.945 $478,900.00 Mercer County Deed 5987/713 grants State of New Jersey development easement Niederer and Dennis A. & Agricultural and all non-agricultural development rights and credits Cindy L. Niederer Development Committee 11/21/2008 Thomas Otto Niederer and Thomas Otto Niederer 27.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 5962/151 subdivision of Block 61, Lot 3 into two tracts, Lots Dennis A. Niederer and Dennis L. Niederer 3.01 and 3.02

Block 61, Lot 3.02 6/22/2010 Thomas Otto & Wendy Thomas Otto & Wendy 91.190 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 6060/394 subject to agricultural easement Niederer and Dennis A. & Niederer Cindy L. Niederer

2/20/2009 Thomas Otto & Wendy State of New Jersey 91.190 $1,312,545.00 Mercer County Deed 5987/725 grants State of New Jersey development easement Niederer and Dennis A. & Agricultural and all non-agricultural development rights and credits Cindy L. Niederer Development Committee

11/21/2008 Thomas Otto Niederer and Thomas Otto Niederer 27.000 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 5962/151 subdivision of Block 61, Lot 3 into two tracts, Lots Dennis A. Niederer and Dennis L. Niederer 3.01 and 3.02

Block 61, Lot 3 10/3/1975 Round Valley, Inc. Thomas Otto Niederer 119.130 $160,000.00 Mercer County Deed 2001/530 and Dennis A. Niederer

7/3/1975 Don & Sue J. Shuman Round Valley, Inc. 119.130 $55,000.67 Mercer County Deed 1994/891

10/2/1970 Charles Geller and Beatrice Don Shuman 119.130 $116,400.00 Mercer County Deed 1866/484 S. Groves

11/30/1944 John L. Kuser, Jr. and Olivia Charles Geller and 139.276 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 885/167 7 tracts of land, incl. Lots 1-5 and 7 which comprise E. Kuser Beatrice S. Groves Block 61, Lot 3

5/2/1941 Howard M. Hunter and John L. Kuser, Jr. and 139 est. $1.00 Mercer County Deed 819/567 1/3 interest in 44 tracts of land, incl. Tracts 6, 7, 11, Andrew P. & Vivian R. Walter G. Kuser 20, 21 and 38 (Lot 2) which comprise Block 61, Lot 3 Basco

4/30/1941 John L. Kuser, Jr. and Howard M. Hunter and 139 est. $4,500.00 Mercer County Deed 820/173 1/3 interest in 56 tracts of land, incl. six tracts which Walter G. Kuser, executors Andrew P. Basco comprise Block 61, Lot 3 of the estate of John L. Kuser 5/13/1930 John L. Kuser John L. Kuser, Jr. and 139 est. $1.00 Mercer County Deed 666/103 two 1/3 interests in 62 tracts of land, incl. Tracts 7, 8, Walter G. Kuser 14, 25, 26 and 54 which comprise Block 61, Lot 3

Tracts 7 and 8 fro 4/8/1927 Schuyler C. Van Cleef & John L. Kuser 12.120 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 604/547 two tracts of land (8.62 and 3.5 acres) wife 6/27/1923 Peter F. Daly, executor of Schuyler C. Van Cleef no data $2,300.00 Mercer County Deed 515/311 four tracts of land, incl. two as described above the estate of James H. Van Cleef 4/9/1902 Samuel T. Atchley (sheriff) John M. Hoppock and 12.100 $404.82 Mercer County Deed 255/131 two tracts of land as described above; land seized James H. Van Cleef from Obadiah Wiley

6/20/1900 Obadiah Wiley Alice E. Pancoast 12.100 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 237/433 two tracts of land as described above; Obadiah Wiley inherits as brother and heir of William Wiley; no deed found transferring title from Alice E. Pancoast back to Obadiah Wiley (Alice Pancoast is daughter of Obadiah Wiley) 9/28/1892 Mary E. & Obadiah Wiley William H. Wiley 12.100 $450.00 Mercer County Deed 184/308 two tracts of land as described above

3/18/1881 John Harbourt Mary E. Wiley 12.100 $350.00 Mercer County Deed 128/400 two tracts of land as described above

3/18/1881 Obadiah & Mary E. Wiley John Harbourt 12.100 $350.00 Mercer County Deed 128/401 two tracts of land as described above

5/23/1872 William H. & Amanda Obadiah Wiley 12.100 $352.00 Mercer County Deed 90/65 two tracts of land as described above Wolverton 4/13/1869 Elizabeth Chicester William H. Wolverton deed not located (Chidester)

Page B-4 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

APPENDIX B.5. BLOCK 60, LOT 54 - CHAIN OF TITLE (SNOOK PROPERTY)

Transfer Date Grantor Grantee Acreage Sale Price Reference Notes Block 60, Lot 54 7/25/2007 William L. & Rita A. Peters William L. Peters no data $1.00 Mercer County Deed 5709/147

1/3/1975 Walter E. & Minnie Peters William L. & Rita A. Peters 6.154 $20,000.00 Mercer County Deed 1957/190

9/15/1965 John L. Kuser, Jr. and Walter E. Peters 6.154 illegible Mercer County Deed 1750/131 Olivia E. Kuser 5/2/1941 Howard M. Hunter and John L. Kuser, Jr. and no data $1.00 Mercer County Deed 819/567 1/3 interest in 44 tracts of land, incl. Block 60, Lot 54 Andrew P. & Vivian R. Walter G. Kuser Basco 4/30/1941 John L. Kuser, Jr. and Howard M. Hunter and no data $4,500.00 Mecrer County Deed 820/173 1/3 interest in 56 tracts of land, incl. Block 60, Lot 54 Walter G. Kuser Andrew P. Basco (executors of the estate of John L. Kuser) 5/13/1930 John L. Kuser John L. Kuser, Jr. and no data $1.00 Mercer County Deed 666/103 two 1/3 interests in 62 tracts of land; Block 60, Lot 54 is Walter G. Kuser included within Tract 25

Tracts 25, 26 and 27 from Mercer County Deed 666/103 (Block 60, Lot 54 is included within Tract 25, which also includes a part of Block 60, Lot 28) 4/16/1913 Edward G. & Mary E. John L. Kuser 86.500 $2,500.00 Mercer County Deed 360/580 two tracts of land (Tract 1 of 56.5 acres; Tract 2 of 30 Trimmer acres) 12/18/1911 Elwood P. Robbins Edward G. Trimmer 86.500 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 344/173 two tracts as described above

5/22/1886 First National Bank of Elwood P. Robbins 86.500 $2,600.00 Mercer County Deed 148/597 three tracts, incl. two as described above Trenton 3/15/1881 Wilson H. Snook First National Bank of 86.500 $1,600.00 Mercer County Deed 127/567 three tracts, incl. two as described above Trenton 3/20/1860 Elias Farley and Wiiliam Wilson H. Snook 86.500 $5,600.00 Mercer County Deed 51/72 three tracts, incl. two as described above Davis (assignors of Mahlon Wambaugh and Horace A. Wambaugh) 9/30/1859 Mahlon Wambaugh & wife Elias Farley and William 86.500 n/a n/a deed of assignment for sale of all of Mahlon and Horace A. Wambaugh Davis Wambaugh's property; three tracts, incl. two as & wife described above; subject to two mortgages (one for $560; the other for $1,000)

Tract 25 (Block 60, Lot 54 is included within Tract 25, which also includes a part of Block 60, Lot 28) 5/4/1853 Susanna Addis Mahlon Wambaugh no data no data Mercer County Deed Z/235 Deed Book Z not located; Mahlon Wambaugh apparently combines Tracts 25, 26 and 27 into a single property between 1847 and 1853 1/22/1833 Thomas J. & Getty Addis Susanna Addis 56.500 $900.00 Hunterdon County Deed 53/561

3/6/1832 Joseph R. Phillips Thomas J. Addis 56.500 $1,150.00 Hunterdon County Deed 52/431 (administrator for estate of Joseph Phillips) 3/6/1832 Sarah Phillips Joseph R. Phillips no data $383.33 Hunterdon County Deed 52/433 Sarah Phillips grants her husband Joseph R. Phillips a quitclaim deed 5/2/1818 John & Mary Phillips Joseph Phillips 58.070 $2,000.00 Hunterdon County Deed 28/534

12/31/1799 Benjamin & Sarah Temple John Chambers 70.000 $266.66 Hunterdon County Mortgage 2/417 John Chambers lives in Trenton; the Temple property is bounded by Barnett Christopher, Job Phillips and John Knowles; a portion of Tract 25 was part of property owned by Benjamin Temple in the late 18th century (Temple's property also formed part of Block 60, Lot 28 and Block 61, Lot 3.01)

Page B-5 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC.

APPENDIX B.6. BLOCK 60, LOT 28 - CHAIN OF TITLE

Transfer Date Grantor Grantee Acreage Sale Price Reference Notes

Block 60, Lot 28 2/15/2013 Olivia E. & W. Timothy State of New Jersey 129.166 $675,700.00 Mercer County Deed 6165/963 excepting right-of-way for Pleasant Valley Road and Chruch Kuser (executors of the Department of Road and 0.019 acres to Block 61, Lot 3 estate of John E. Kuser) Environmental Protection and County of Mercer

3/4/1971 John Erdmann Kuser, John Erdmann Kuser 131.230 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 1876/744 Michael Dunn, Kuser and New Jersey National Bank and John Erdmann Kuser and Michael Dunn Kuser (executors of the will of Olivia E. Kuser and John L. Kuser, Jr.)

9/11/1970 Olivia E. Kuser John Erdmann Kuser no data n/a Mercer County Will 70/1400 premises known as "Honey Hollow"

5/13/1930 John L. Kuser John L. Kuser, Jr. and no data $1.00 Mercer County Deed 666/103 two 1/3 interests to each grantee in 62 tracts of land; Block Walter G. Kuser 60, Lot 28 encompasses seven tracts or groups of tracts, two of which also contain parts of Block 61, Lot 3

Tract 9 from Mercer County Deed 666/103 3/13/1926 Edward G. & Mary K. John L. Kuser 4.240 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 579/242 Trimmer 3/21/1916 Henry A. & Jennie E. Edward G. Trimmer 4.250 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 392/354 Phillips 10/14/1890 Tunis G. Phillips Henry A. Phillips no data no data Mercer County Deed 173/526

Tracts 14 and 15 from Mercer County Deed 666/103 (Tract 14 is part of Block 61, Lot 3; Tract 15 is part of Block 60, Lot 28) 1/24/1916 J. Warren Fleming John L. Kuser 12.250 $650.00 Mercer County Deed 395/303 two tracts of land, incl. Tract 14 of 12.25 acres; seized from (sheriff) Stanislaw & Johanna Wisnewski

2/20/1915 George & Mary R. Stanislaw & Johanna 12.250 $1,800.00 Mercer County Deed 377/265 two tracts of land, incl. Tract 1 of 12.25 acres Atwood and James C. & Wisnewski Margaret Atwood 11/10/1883 Joseph Atwood George Atwood and James 12.250 $600.00 Mercer County Deed 139/82 two tracts of land, incl. Tract 1 of 12.25 acres C. Atwood

1/10/1861 Charles & Eliza Ann Joseph Atwood 12.250 $825.00 Mercer County Deed 66/230 no deed found for Charles & Eliza Ann Wiley as grantees Wiley

Tracts 20 and 21 from Mercer County Deed 666/103 6/25/1912 L. Leavitt & Leila M. John L. Kuser 54.590 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 351/230 two tracts (one of 52.35 acres; the other of 2.24 acres) Brewer 10/22/1883 Smith T. Brewer L. Leavitt Brewer 54.590 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 139/105 two tracts as described above 1/6/1876 Peter & Rebecca Smith T. Brewer 54.590 $3,665.00 Mercer County Deed 110/223 two tracts as described above Swesay 3/22/1870 Smith T. & Mary E. Peter Swayze (Swesay) 54.590 $3,500.00 Mercer County Deed 77/513 two tracts as described above Bruere (Brewer) and Francini P. Bruere (Brewer) 3/25/1865 Isaac & Emeline Huff George F. Hart, Smith T. 54.590 $4,000.00 Mercer County Deed 61/435 two tracts as described above; subject to dower right of Brewer and Francini P. Wilson Chambers Brewer

Tract 20 from Mercer County Deed 666/103 12/13/1860 Elijah H. & Mary Hunt Isaac Hoff 52.350 $3,500.00 Mercer County Deed 48/380 first tract as described above

2/15/1859 Wilson H. & Rebecca Elijah H. Hunt 52.350 $3,300.00 Mercer County Deed 43/129 Tract 20 is split into two parcels prior to this (referred to here Snook as 20A and 20B)

Tract 20A 4/29/1848 William T. & Mary A. Wilson H. Snook 32.350 $700.00 Mercer County Deed 39/61 Stout

Tract 20B 3/28/1857 Elisha F. & Eliza Ann Wilson H. Snook 20.000 $1,225.00 Mercer County Deed 39/64 Harbourt

Tract 21 from Mercer County Deed 666/103 2/22/1864 George Woolsey Isaac Hoff 2.240 $50.25 Mercer County Deed 56/437 second tract as described above

1/22/1859 William & Mahala Wilson M. Chambers 2.240 $35.00 Mercer County Deed 43/76 Hepburn

Tracts 25, 26 and 27 from Mercer County Deed 666/103 (Tracts 25 and 26 are part of Block 61, Lot 3; Tract 27 is part of Block 60, Lot 28) 4/16/1913 Edward G. & Mary E. John L. Kuser 86.500 $2,500.00 Mercer County Deed 360/580 two tracts of land (Tract 1 of 56.5 acres; Tract 2 of 30 acres) Trimmer 12/18/1911 Elwood P. Robbins Edward G. Trimmer 86.500 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 344/173 two tracts as described above

Page B-6 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

$33(1',;% &217 %/2&./27&+$,12)7,7/(

7UDQVIHU'DWH *UDQWRU *UDQWHH $FUHDJH 6DOH3ULFH 5HIHUHQFH 1RWHV 9/30/1859 Mahlon Wambaugh & Elias Farley and William 86.500 n/a n/a deed of assignment for sale of all of Mahlon Wambaugh's wife and Horace A. Davis property; three tracts, incl. two as described above; subject Wambaugh & wife to two mortgages (one for $560; the other for $1,000)

7UDFW 3/16/1847 Alfred Holcomb & wife Mahlon Wambaugh no data no data Mercer County Deed Z/239 Mercer County Deed Book Z not located; Mahlon Wambaugh apparently combines Tracts 25, 26 and 27 into a single property between 1847 and 1853 7UDFWIURP0HUFHU&RXQW\'HHG 1/27/1910 Philip Freudenmacher John L. Kuser and Anthony 44+ $925.00 Mercer County Deed 322/418 44 acres and 25 perches; sheriff's deed subject to mortgage (sheriff) R. Kuser given by Elisha P. & Ann Harbourt (5/2/1865); deed of assignment from John Kuser to Anthony Kuser for 1/2 interest in the property

7UDFWVDQGIURP0HUFHU&RXQW\'HHG 7UDFWLVSDUWRI%ORFN/RW7UDFWLVSDUWRI%ORFN/RW 9/18/1913 Sarah V. Golden and John L. Kuser 25.650 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 360/583 two tracts of land (Tract 1 is 14.85 acres; Tract 2 is 10.80 Theodore G. Durling acres) (executors of Joseph H. Golden's estate) 6/30/190? Elias W. & Beulah B. Sarah V. Golden and 25.650 $1.00 Mercer County Deed 316/291 two tracts of land as described above Scott Theodore D. Durling (executors of the Joseph H. Golden's estate) 3/28/1891 Obadiah Wiley & wife Elias W. Scott 25.650 $1,000.00 Mercer County Deed 316/289 two tracts of land as described above

4/6/1887 Hiram R. Withington Obadiah Wiley 25.650 $1,000.00 Mercer County Deed 154/142 two tracts of land as described above; seized from Joseph (sheriff) Scott; Scott mortgaged the premises to Joseph H. Golden on 3/25/1881 5/12/1862 Timothy Scott Joseph Scott no data n/a Mercer County Will C/679 Timothy Scott leaves all his real estate to his son, Joseph Scott 11/15/1838 Elijah & Rhoda Chidester Timothy Scott 25.650 $730.00 Hunterdon County Deed 70/362 two tracts of land as described above

1/26/1835 Absalom & Eliza Ann Elijah Chidester 25.650 $1,000.00 Hunterdon County Deed 59/212 two tracts of land as described above Moore

7UDFW 5/20/1830 Cornelius Moore Absalom Moore 14.850 illegible Hunterdon County Deed Tract 1 as described above (14.85 acres) (administrator of Nathan Moore's estate)

7UDFWVDQGIURP0HUFHU&RXQW\'HHG 11/1/1912 Clarinda A.A.A. Dallas et John L. Kuser 11+ no data Mercer County Deed 358/170 four tracts of land (Tract 59 is 2 acres, 2 rods and 5 perches; al. Tract 60 is 8 acres; Tract 61 is 0.25 acres; Tract 62 is 0.79 acres) 2/19/1890 Sarah Elizabeth & Edward H. Phillips 11+ $700.00 Mercer County Deed 171/218 four tracts of land as described above Joseph H. Hudson

3/20/1884 George & Anna Hudson Sarah Elizabeth Hudson 27+ $1,600.00 Mercer County Deed 139/419 five tracts of land (four as described above and a fifth tract, Tract 42 named as the seventh tract in Mercer County Deed 666/103, of 16 acres; all members of the Hudson family are described as residents of Ocean Grove

7UDFW 12/1/1858 Minna Hill George Hudson 2+ no data Mercer County Deed 47/122 2 acres, 2 rods and 5 perches

7UDFW 5/31/1860 Elias Cook George Hudson 8.000 no data Mercer County Deed 47/120

7UDFW 3/15/1871 William Lawyer for David George Hudson 0.250 no data (Mercer County Deed 666/103) Griffith

7UDFW 4/11/1871 George M. Hudson George Hudson 0.790 no data Mercer County Deed 121/352

7UDFWVHYHQWKWUDFWIURP0HUFHU&RXQW\'HHG 3/25/1879 Jonathan & T.H. Smith George Hudson 16.000 no data Mercer County Deed 122/405

Page B-7

Appendix C

FARMSTEADS ALONG HONEY HOLLOW ROAD AGRICULTURAL ASSETS AND PRODUCTION, 1850, 1860 AND 1870

APPENDIX C. FARMSTEADS ALONG HONEY HOLLOW ROAD ‐‐ AGRICULTURAL ASSETS AND PRODUCTION, 1850, 1860 AND 1870 $ Value Farming Bushels Bushels Bushels $ Value Bushels $ Value $ Value All Improved Unimproved $ Value of Implements Milch Other $ Value Bushels Bushels Indian Bushels Pounds Bushels Peas & Irish Orchard Pounds Tons Clover Pounds Bushels Animals Farm Name Acres Acres Farm & Machinery Horses Cows Cattle Sheep Swine Livestock Wheat Rye Corn Oats Wool Buckwheat Beans Potatoes Products Butter Hay Seed Flax Flax Seed Slaughtered Production FEDERAL CENSUS OF NEW JERSEY 1850 ‐ AGRICULTURAL SCHEDULES Wilson Snook 18 15 1,000 70 1 2 2 18 204 35 165 120 12 60 150 5 60 Joseph Scott 16 10 1,500 75 1 2 2 13 7 170 25 5 150 150 20 40 25 175 2 100 5 56 Peter Stout 50 34 2,000 75 2 3 1 14 12 220 45 8 100 300 20 30 20 165 2 35 Horace A. Wambaugh 56 4 2,500 80 3 4 3 14 225 53 140 500 30 40 150 440 3 5 100

FEDERAL CENSUS OF NEW JERSEY 1860 ‐ AGRICULTURAL SCHEDULES Joseph Scott 18 9 1,500 50 1 3 11 165 30 100 212 300 1 95 Wilson Snook 88 2 5,600 440 4 6 3 15 798

FEDERAL CENSUS OF NEW JERSEY 1870 ‐ AGRICULTURAL SCHEDULES Joseph Atwood 12.5 1,200 100 1 3 1 2 225 20 50 10 20 5 300 3 250 456 George Hudson 5680075111 19517 15 50 15 50 100 50 296 Joseph Scott 16 11 1,500 100 1 2 1 2 250 25 100 150 20 20 200 2 100 397 Peter Sweesey 45 7 3,500 200 2 4 2 2 470 50 200 300 25 30 400 5 150 737 William Woolverton 70 30 4,500 1,000 3 5 1 3 700 200 200 20 20 300 175 555 Wilson Snook 90 5,600 400 3 6 12 3 1,100 80 10 300 500 21 20 600 15 3 146 1,135

Source: U.S. Federal Census of New Jersey, Agricultural Schedules, Hopewell Township, Mercer County.

Appendix D

SLAVEHOLDERS AND NUMBER OF SLAVES IN HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP 1778-1802

HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

APPENDIX D. SLAVEHOLDERS AND NUMBERS OF SLAVES IN HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP, 1778‐1802 Date of Assessment and Numbers of Slaves

Slaveholder Name May 1778 September 1779 January 1780 May 1780 January 1781 July 1785 September 1802 Rubin Armitage 1 1 1 1 1 William Bainbridge 1 1 1 1 Henry Baker 1 1 1111 William Baker 1 William Berrien 1 Andrew Blackwell 1 1 1 Francis Blackwell 1 Jacob Blackwell 1 1 1 1 Capt. Jacob Blackwell 1 1 1 1 John Blackwell, Sr. 1 Stephen Blackwell 1 1 David Boldin 1 William Briant, Sr. 1 1 1111 John Bollen, Sr. 1 1 1 1 1 Jonathan Bunn 1 2 2222 Edmund Burroughs 1 Forster Burroughs 1 1 1111 James Burroughs 1 John Burroughs 2 Stephen Burroughs, Sr. 1 1 1 1 1 John Carpenter 1 1 1 1 1 1 Daniel Christopher 1 1 John Christopher 1 1 1 1 William Collins 1 1 1 1 Benjamin Cornell 1 2 2222 William Cornell 1 John Davison 1 1 1 1 1 Isaac Drake 1 Nathan Drake, Jr. 1 Peter Gordon 1 Capt. Ralph Guild 1 1 1111 Miner Gulick 1 Edward Hart 1 1 John Hart, Jr. 1 1111 Joseph & Asher Hart 1 Rev. Oliver Hart 1 Ralph Hart 1 1 1 1 1 Widdow Hart & Son 1 1 1 1 1 Abner Houghton 1 Daniel Howell 1 1 Stephen Humphreys 1 1 1 Edward Hunt, Sr. 1 1 1111 Edward Hunt, Jr. 1 James Hunt, Jr. 1 Jesse Hunt 1 John Hunt, Esq. 1 Capt. John Hunt 1 1111 2 John Price Hunt 1 1 1112 1 Noah Hunt 2 2 2222 3 Richard Hunt 1 1 1 1 1 1 Samuel Hunt, Sr. 1 1 1 1 1 Wilson Hunt, Sr. 3 2 2 2 2 Richard Ketcham 1 Robert Laning 1 Barnt Meshane 1 Amos Moore 1 1 1 1 1 2 Benjamin Moore 1 1 1 1 1 1 Joseph Moore 1 2 Moses Moore 1 Nathaniel Moore 1 1 1 1 1 Samuel Moore, Sr. 1 1 1111 1 William Moore 1 Andrew Morgan 1 Edmond Palmer 1 1 1 1 Major Henry Phillips 1 1 1 1 1

Page D-1 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC.

APPENDIX D (CONT.). SLAVEHOLDERS AND NUMBERS OF SLAVES IN HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP, 1778‐1802 Date of Assessment and Numbers of Slaves

Slaveholder Name May 1778 September 1779 January 1780 May 1780 January 1781 July 1785 September 1802 Palmer Phillips 1 Simeon Phillips 1 1 Moses Quick 1 Daniel Reed 1 Charles Saxton 1 1 1 1 1 Jerrod Saxton, Esq. 1 1 1 1 1 Andrew Smith, Sr. 1 1 1111 2 Timothy Smith 1 Capt. William Smith 1 Robert Stephenson 2 2 2 Benjamin Stout, Jr. 2 David Stout, Sr. 1 Hezekiah Stout 11 John Stout 1 1 1111 Jonathan Stout 1 1112 Joseph Stout 1 1 Nathaniel Stout, Sr. 1 1 1112 Samuel Stout, Esq. (Jr.) 2 1 1 Samuel Stout, Sr. 1 1 1 1 John Temple 1 1 1111 Johnston Titus 1 Joseph Titus 1 1 1 1 1 1 Uriel Titus 1 John Vancleve 11 Benjamin VanKirk 1 Josiah VanKirk 1 William Weart 1 John Welling, Jr. 1 1 1111 John Welling, Sr. 1 James Wilson 1 1 1 1 1 Jeremiah Woolsey, Esq. 1 1 1111 Total # Slaves 52 52 53 49 50 45 45 Total # Assessed Individuals with Slaves 46 47 48 45 46 39 38 Total # Individuals Assessed 403 413 433 425 438 433 517

Source: Hopewell Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Tax Ratable Assessments

Page D-2 Appendix E

AFRICAN-AMERICAN HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD IN HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP 1830-1940

HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE

APPENDIXE.1.AFRICANͲAMERICANHOUSEHOLDSINHOPEWELLTOWNSHIPIN1830 SurnameofHeadof No.ofFreeColored No.ofFreeColored Family Forename MalesinHousehold FemalesinHousehold Notes Baldwin Peter 3 1 Blackwell Frost 4 2 Burchall Brave 1 easternendofBaldpateMountain Burrowes Ishmael 3 4 Callaman Joseph 3 1 Case Amaziah 4 1 Chamberlain Andrew 1 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Chamberlain Francis 3 2 Cook John 1 2 SouthMainStreet,Pennington Guile Francis 2 5 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Hagerman John 2 3 Hansbury Prime 1 1 Hayway Peter 1 6 Hubbard Francis 3 3 Hunt Samuel 2 2 Johnson Charles 2 3 Light Levi 1 1 Oakham Richard 2 Oakham Phillis 2 Pettit Samuel 1 Raddle Andrew 2 2 Risner(Reasoner) Mahlon 3 1 SouthMainStreet,Pennington Roberts Aaron 2 2 Roberts Jane 1 Rowes Robert 1 1 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Schuyler Peter 1 Smith John 1 1 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Smith Fortune 2 3 Stout Henry 1 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Sweeziner Cato 1 1 Vanhorn Francis 1 1 Voorhees Cesar 1 1 Welling Benjamin 4 3 Welling Cato 2 1 PleasantValleyRoad Williams Pero 1 4 Wilson Mary 1

TOTALNUMBEROFINDIVIDUALS 63 62

Source:U.S.FederalCensus,HopewellTownship,HunterdonCounty,NewJersey

Note:Excludes13slavesand132freecoloredpersonslivinginwhitehouseholds

Page E-1 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC.

APPENDIXE.2.AFRICANͲAMERICANHOUSEHOLDSINHOPEWELLTOWNSHIPIN1840 SurnameofHeadof No.ofFreeColored No.ofFreeColored Family Forename MalesinHousehold FemalesinHousehold Notes Austin Benjamin 2 2 Baldwin Peter 3 1 Bertle Benjamin 2 1 Bertles James 1 1 Blackwell Frost 4 2 Blue Moses 2 3 Clarke John 3 1 Coffee Andrew 3 4 Demon? Boney? 1 1 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Hagerman John 1 3 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Hayway Peter 2 3 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Hoagland George 2 3 Hubbard Francis 2 1 Hunt Samuel 1 1 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Jackson Andrew 1 1 Lake Joseph 1 1 McCray William 4 2 McMicken Samuel 1 2 Nevius Anthony 1 Pace? Adron? 1 2 Perrine Peter 1 3 Raddle Andrew 2 3 Reason(Reasoner) Mahlon 1 1 SouthMainStreet,Pennington Redon? Josiah 1 2 Reed Nathan 1 Rowes Robert 1 1 ?SouthMainStreet,Pennington Scudder Patrick 2 2 Smith Benjamin 3 2 Smith Fortune 2 4 Sneezer Nate 1 1 Stores James 1 2 Stout Aaron 1 2 Teneycke Thomas 2 SouthMainStreet,Pennington True Moses 1 2 ?CrusherRoad Welling Benjamin 1 3 Welling Cato 2 1 PleasantValleyRoad Welling Robert 1 1 Welling Stephen 1 3 PleasantValleyRoad White Mahlon 1

TOTALNUMBEROFINDIVIDUALS 64 68

Source:U.S.FederalCensus,HopewellTownship,MercerCounty,NewJersey

Note:Excludes1slaveand121freecoloredpersonslivinginwhitehouseholds Shadednamesalsoappearasheadsoffamiliesin1830census

Page E-2 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE renters) are families vicinity map "J. Cook" Wallen" remaining True" ; 1860 Hollow Hubbard" map "S. (the map "A. map "G. Hageman" Honey ; 1849 map "M.True" map "F. in Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington property ; 1860 ; 1849 Road Road ; 1849 ; 1849 vicinity vicinity d Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Lane Lane 1850 Roa Road Valley their own IN Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Crusher to own mulatto Pleasant Valley South South South South Featherbed Featherbed South South ?Featherbed Lane ? Honey Hollow Rileyville South South Pleasant South Honey Hollow South South other data of Estate Notes 600 500 200 200 250 800 400 150 666 500 500 300 and/or presumed Value Real HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP IN values are in 6 2 7 2 5 6 2 1 2 3 6 4 4 4 2 2 5 4 4 3 6 9 4 1 2 2 7 3 5 4 6 2 2 6 1 3 5 2 3 9 6 No. maps, censuses estate Household from real HOUSEHOLDS NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ PA PA PA PA NY MD MD inferred Born Where providing Jersey Ͳ AMERICAN New locations families AFRICAN the 13 County, E.3. Mercer censuses; italicized 46 Farmer 42 Laborer 25 Laborer 49 Farmer 47 46 Laborer 50 53 Laborer 50 49 Laborer 68 37 Laborer 54 Laborer 37 Laborer 37 31 Farmer 28 Laborer 4530 Laborer 48 Laborer 30 Laborer 64 4872 Laborer Laborer 68 Laborer 44 Laborer 30 Farmer 28 45 70 45 32 59 39 Laborer 3935 Laborer Laborer 59 Laborer 30 (Laborer) 33 Laborer 30 households; APPENDIX 1840 Township, white in and/or living A. Hopewell (Abron) 45 Farmer A. 1830 in Samuel Forename Age Occupation Aaron Thomas Lawrence Peter Thomas Jerry Charles James Aaron Thomas John Peter Augustus Fortune John George Moses Anthony Charles John Henry Samuel William Frances Charles Richard Peter James John Mina Annanias William persons of Schedules, families of colored Head of (?) Richard free (Hoffer?) Charles all Population as heads and Surname Family Census, appear 258 Ridley 535 Dean 536 Martin 438 Hall No. 2 slaves Family also Federal U.S. names Excludes 28 31 Teneycke Thomas 95 105 Kershaw 26 29 Blackwell Samuel 7473 82 Hanson 81 Hill 29 32 Brown 27 30 Reasoner Mahlon 516 555 Welling Stephen 40 Farmer NJ 6 400 117 130 Roberts 418453 450 489 Smith Stout 254 279 Dorris 204 227 Baldwin 558 602 Caliman 488 526 Stout 603 649 Thompson John 103247 114 273 Ely Hageman George 496 534 Cook 408 439 Chelrey 242281 267 Bateham 307 Blackwell627 674 Frost Butler 576 620 Brister 410 441 Suydam 241 266 True 389407240 419 437 Hopper 265 Howard Hubard 624 671 Johnson 512 551 Custus 212 235 Clark 311 339 True 626 673 Harris 470 508 Myers 497 623 670 Brister 234 586 631 Myers 538 579 Palmer No. Dwelling Notes: Source: Shaded

Page E-3 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. Col." Col." Baldwin" Allen, Blackwell, map "A. ; 1860 map "Saml. map "S. w Wellan" map "J. Brown" ; 1875 ; 1875 n n n n n n n n n n n n n ; 1860 map "S. renters) Honey Hollo map "G. Hageman" ; 1860 in are d d Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto 1860 ; e e Pennington Road Roa Roa families Street, Street, Street, Street, St., Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Lan 1860 Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main IN remaining South South South ?Featherbed Lan South South South South South Featherbed South Pleasant Valley Pleasant Valley South South South Pleasant Valley South South (the Personal 40 25 25 50 100 100 150 100 200 200 200 property of Estate Notes HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP Value IN their own of other data Estate 400 400 100 700 500 100 700 700 700 500 to own Value Real and/or HOUSEHOLDS presumed in No. Household Ͳ AMERICAN maps, censuses values are from Jersey NJ 1 NJ 3 NJ 6 NJ 2 NJ 5 NJ 3 NJ 5 Born estate Where AFRICAN New real inferred E.4. County, locations providing APPENDIX Mercer 5 55 Laborer NJ 4 1500 300 70 Laborer NJ 2 25 Laborer2838 Laborer Laborer NJ PA PA 4 2 2 35 Laborer NJ 7 37 Laborer NJ 2 37 24 Laborer46 NJ Laborer 3 PA 2 35 Laborer PA 7 35 Laborer NJ 4 49 32 Hand 70 24 Laborer40 NJ28 Laborer Laborer 3 NJ NJ 2 3 39 Farmer NJ 3 2300 500 48 Laborer40 57 Laborer DE PA 8 38 3 Laborer NJ 3 27 Laborer PA 5 28 Laborer61 NJ Laborer 4 NJ 2 26 Laborer NJ 5 51 Laborer NJ 7 50 Farmer NJ 4 1000 655 30 Laborer NJ 4 59 Laborer NJ 2 40 Laborer NJ 6 38 Laborer NJ 3 45 families italicized Township, the 16 census; Hopewell the 1850 households; in Theodore William Burrows James John Andrew Harriet George Thomas Jasper George Cuffe Benjamin Milford Benjamin Thomas Samuel Isaac Anthony Charles Houston Peter James Randolf Andrew Stephen Abath Wesley Samuel Annanias white Schedules, of in families of Head living of (?Denight) Thomas Population (?Herbert) Henry (?Hulbert) Samuel (Baldwin) Aron (?) (Realy) Daniel as heads persons Surname Family Forename Age Occupation Census, black appear all No. also Family Federal names Excludes 4475 44 75 Smith Smith 30 30 Calaman 26 26 Holms 21 21 Applegate Jacob 27 Laborer NJ 5 200 724 724 Suydam 601 601 Saxon 295142 295 Brown 142 Clark 293 293 Dean 171503 171 503 Randle Roberts 299 299 Dwight 630 630 Herbel 627 627 Healy 172 172 Voorhees 296298175 296 298 Boyer 175 Boyer Brister 132730 132 Dorsett 730 Ely 562 562 Holcomb 726292300 726714 292 Johnson 297 300 Jones 517 714 Moore 297 Nevius 517 Perrin Pidgeon 429 429 Vandoren 174 174 Groden 631 631 Hageman 349 349 Baldin 725 725 Blackwell Noah 30 NJ 5 600 300 173 173 Williamson Susan 36 NJ 4 No. 722 722 Blackwell Samuel 42 Farmer NJ 7 1600 773 494 494 Welling 358 358 Howell 294 294 Hubert 723 723 Allen Dwelling Shaded Notes: Source: U.S.

Page E-4 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE " Col. map "J. Watson, 1875 " Hagaman (1 property); A. of " Road " " " Col. " n Col. " Col. Col. Tavern map "Heirs Ͳ Col. Bear vetera Allen, H. Brister, 1875 ; and Ten Eyck, Blackwell, Brown, Col. War Ͳ Col." Bergen veteran Civil map "Mrs. map "J. map "T. map "S. map "Saml. War Cannon map "P. Civil ; 1875 ; 1875 ; 1875 ; 1875 ; 1875 n (2 properties) Case Ͳ Col." ; 1875 Lane, Minnietown map "E. Pigeon Ͳ Col."; 0 map "J. ; 1875 187 Pennington Pennington d d d d renters) Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington; Pennington Pennington Penningto Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington IN map "L. ; 1875 Roa Roa Roa Roa are d Street, Street, 1875 Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, ; Road/Featherbed d veteran veteran Road, Minnietown Valley Valley Valley Valley Main Main families Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Roa War Civil War Rileyville South South South Pleasant South ?Rileyville South South River ?South South South ?South South South South Pleasant Brickyard Roa Pleasant Pleasant Civil South South remaining HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP of Estate Notes (the IN 75 200 100 200 200 100 200 100 200 150 100 200 100 Value other data Personal property own and/or HOUSEHOLDS of Estate their Value Real to own maps, censuses in No. from Household AFRICAN Ͳ AMERICAN presumed E.5. inferred NJ 6NJ 3000 6 1000 2500 100 NJNJ 6 5NJNJNJ 500 4NJ 4 2NJ 500 5 800 NJ 1000 NJ 2 1000NJ 5 NJ 2 NJ 2 200 6 NJNJ 8 NJ 4 NJ 3 NJ 7 NJ 4 NJNJ 3 NJ 2 NJ 3 6 NJ 3 NJ 7 NJ 9 NJ 4 NJ 4 NJNJ 5 5 NJ 2 8 800 NJ 2 3 NJ 3 DE 4 3000 300 PA 8 DE 2 PA 4 DE 5 Born Where values are Jersey APPENDIX locations estate New real r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r County, providing Mercer censuses; italicized 46 Labore 74 Housekeeper NJ 2 54 Labore 55 Labore 40 Labore 66 Housekeeper PA 4 3526 Housekeeper26 Housekeeper Labore NJ NJ 3 6 32 Labore 42 Labore 50 Labore 55 Labore 50 Labore 53 Labore 29 53 Farmer 42 Farmer 30 Labore 38 Labore 53 Labore 27 Labore 30 Labore 43 Farmer 39 Labore 30 Labore 55 Labore 52 Housekeeper NJ 6 650 42 Labore 35 Labore 40 Labore 38 Labore families 1860 13 Township, the and/or C. Hopewell the 1850 households; in John George Elias Dean Emaline Nancy James John Thomas Annias Samuel Charles Noah Cuffee Charles Robert Berian George John Samuel Randolph Jacob Andrew Charles Ephraim white of Schedules, in families of Head living (?Shawter) Phillip (Reasoner) Wesley g (Reasoner) Andrew Population (Case) Jonathan as heads persons Surname of Family Forename Age Occupation Census, black appear all 318 Cook 320 Williams John 38 Labore 284 Moosely (Mosely) George 310 Hulbert Samuel 40 Labore 246 Sharp 312 Bergen Phillip241 50 Dingman Labore 311 Hageman Lewis David 26 28 Farmer NJ NJ271 4 5240 Spencer Strawter 1500 Levi 500 24 Labore 253 Smith Joseph 48 Labore 209 Applegate 249 Bering 236 Calaman 302 Halbert 289 Moosely (Mosely) Jefferson No. also Family Federal names Excludes 49 50 Pigeon 584 591 Clark 492 497 Risner 442 445 Baldwin 431 432 Brister 441 443449 Ely 721 453429 737 Hoagland Hubbard 430 Hunter Jacob549 Julia 557675 George Kase 687 33 Nevius 545 Labore 48 Housekeeper 33 553 Barbe Samba NJ487427 492513 2 428 Sutphen James Teneick459 519 Vanlue 500 464 Patty Watson Thomas 45 100 Labore Jacob Joseph 25 70 Housekeeper Labore 30 NJ 41 Labore 3 DE 2 900 700 430 431 Downs William 28 Labore 676 688 Williams Stephen 25 Labore 600 610 Jennings 509 515 Arnal No. 601 611 Blackwell 428 429 Jones 541 549455 Blackwell 460 Brown 604 614 Johnston (Johnson) Annias 462 467 Reasner 708 722 Vandoran 465 470 Wellin 674 686 Johnston 684 697 Voorhees 540 548 Blackwell 673 685 Cannon 425 426 Allen Dwelling Source: U.S. Notes: Shaded

Page E-5 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. other data and/or 4" 1880 maps, censuses IN Ͳ Col. from Cannon & interracial family inferred veteran map "B. Blackwell Ͳ Col." map "E. War Jersey locations map "J. Case Ͳ Col." ; 1875 ; 1875 Civil HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP New ; 1875 Road Road Charles Williams Road; italicized incl. County, Valley Valley DISTRICT OF census; Mercer Honey Hollow Pleasant Pleasant Brickyard Road 1870 the in in THE WESTERN Township, IN No. Household Notes families of Hopewell DE 6 Born Where 093), HOUSEHOLDS as heads District appear also maker NJ 2 laborer NJ 2 laborer NJ 4 laborer NJ 6 laborer NJ 4 laborer NJ 3 household names (Enumeration AFRICAN Ͳ AMERICAN 50 Farm 60 Farm 51 Brush E.6. District shaded APPENDIX Western A. 30 Farm households; (Burroughs) 55 Farm John George Jonathan 60 Farm white Schedules, in Head living of (Mosely) Population Family Forenames Age Occupation persons of Surname Census, black all No. Family Federal U.S. Excludes 16 16 Case 36 36 Mosley 10 10 Coleman Samuel 92 92 Gray 157 157 Blackwell B. 129 129 Williamson Amos 117 117 Cannon Ephraim 53 No. Dwelling Notes: Source:

Page E-6 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE s Elli Robert Irishman 60+ Ͳ Col." incl. veteran veteran War War Cannon Civil Civil household ; veteran n n n n n n n n n n n n n n o o map "B. Blackwell Ͳ Col." map "E. War ; 1875 ; 1875 Civil d d Penningto Penningt Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningt Penningto Pennington; Pennington; Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto Penningto 1885 IN Roa Roa Road; Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, veteran veteran Valley Valley Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main War War South South South South Pleasant South Honey Hollow South South South Pleasant South South South South South South South South HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP 3 2 4 2 9 4 2 4 4 3 3 3 1 4 6 2 7 2 2 4 4 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 7 4 3 7 Civil 5 4 3 5 3 1 6 2 Civil 5 2 IN 11 Household Notes HOUSEHOLDS Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ Age No. in 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Ͳ 60 20 20 20 Ͳ 60 20 Ͳ 60 20 20 20 20 20 Ͳ AMERICAN AFRICAN B. E.7. x Harry Charles James Ira Edward Noah David George William Burroughs Robert Joseph Paul Ale Samuel Moore Thomas Edward Theodore Edward Smith Hannah Samuel George John James Joseph Randolph Sarah David Forenames William Lewis John Julia Thomas Benjamin J.H. Hiram Alonzo John Annanias John APPENDIX of Heads of (Mosely) George (Mosely) Jefferson (Cannon) Ephraim (Bergen) y y Families Surnames # # Individual Household 9 9 39 Bergen # 11 11 52 Bergen 14 14 62 Begen 23 23 104 Brister 93 98 446 Fisher 10 10 48 Ferguson 24 24 107 Ridle 25 25 110 Robinson 200 201 962 Blackwell 665 842 3892 Arnold 209 219 997 Baldwin 216 226 1019 Brown 423 543 2548 Blackwell 460 580 2705 Moseley 215 225 1015 Hubbard 207 217 989 Newman 280181149 395 189 156 1830 883 Adams 735 Allen Armstrong 210 220 1000 Cook 412 532 2497 Cannan 214 224 1012 Jennings Charles 20 646 815 3795 Brister 138 144 661 Hoagland 279 394316 1827353 Frances 431230 468 2015 240 Hinson 2185 1080 Hoagland Howard 205326 215 339 981 1543 Blackwell Blackwell 226204605 236 214 737 1066 978 Downes 3451 Ely 326 Ely 441 2057 Harvey 218212579 228 222 709 1027 1005 Jones 342 3347 Mason Moon 356 1635 Oves 545211 672 221 3075 1003 Hagaman Harris 502 626 2866 Pidgeon 658 796 3688 Ridle 220 230 1036 Boyer 206 216 986 Boyer William 20 544 671 3073 Moseley 658 795 3686 Nevius 219 229 1034 Johnson Dwelling

Page E-7 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. inferred locations italicized only); district veteran War Civil n n n n 1885 census (western IN 1880 d Pennington Penningto Penningto Penningto Pennington; Penningto the Roa Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Valley and/or veteran Main Main Main Main Main Main War census HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP South South South South South South ?Pleasant IN 1870 the in 5 5 3 7 8 4 5 3 5 4 6 4 7 Civil 3 2 Household Notes HOUSEHOLDS households of AMERICAN Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 60+ Age No. in 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Ͳ 60 20 20 20 Ͳ 60 20 20 Ͳ 60 as heads appear also Jersey ;KEd͘Ϳ AFRICAN Ͳ A. E.7. New names James Moses Henry James Edward Joseph Spencer Andrew Joseph Wm. Forenames Henry Joseph W. Joseph B. Charles Henry shaded County, APPENDIX of Mercer households; Heads white Township, in Surnames of Families living # Hopewell other data persons and/or State Census, colored # Individual all 218 993 Seruby Jersey censuses Household Excludes 4 4 13 Weart # 27 27 120 Stives 581 711 3354 Salter 136278 142 289 647 1285 True True 223 233224 1049 Salter 234225 1054213 Smith 235 223 1062 1009 Vanliew Watson 275217 390 227 1814 1021 Seruby Smith 208 480 604 2787 Williams 542 669 3063 Wilson 450 570 2673 Tubman Dwelling from maps, Source: New Notes:

Page E-8 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE Jefferson Mosely headed by Hart Smith C. W. household Daniel Jos. other data another headed by headed by with and/or household household dwelling as white in veteran veteran veteran 29 War War War another another veteran veteran recorded Civil Civil Civil from maps, censuses with with household veteran n veteran War War Road/Route War 1895 War Civil Civil children inferred IN dwelling dwelling Civil ; separate Civil in in 29; 29; 29 29 and veteran Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington; Pennington; Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Penningto Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington Pennington; or Valley Road Road War Road Road; locations Road; Bergen Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Street, Road Civil household household Valley Road/Route Road/Route Road/Route Road/Route Road Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Main Minnie italicized South South ?Honey Hollow South ?Valley South South South ?Titusville South South ?Valley South South Titusville; ?Valley South Pleasant ?Valley South South South South HoneyHollow South Honey Hollow South Honey Hollow ?Brickyard HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP only); IN district 2 5 6 separate 6 2 2 2 6 7 4 4 4 4 2 4 Valley 4 9 6 2 3 4 8 3 3 2 4 1 wife 5 3 5 3 3 4 3 6 3 5 2 5 3 8 7 9 4 2 7 2 3 2 5 3 2 3 separate 2 5 7 6 2 Household Notes (western HOUSEHOLDS census 60 Ͳ Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ 60 Ͳ AMERICANS 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 60+ 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Ͳ 60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Ͳ 60 20 20 20 20 20 20 Ͳ 60 20 20 Ͳ 60 20 federal AFRICAN the 1880 in E.8. APPENDIX households of as heads y y P. J. W. Theo John Edw. W.P. Wm. Jos. Augustus Thompson James Andrew Catherine Geo. Noah Jos. Harriet Jos. Paul Geo. John Oliver Thomas Benj. Jas. Jacob Edward Wm. Jas. Aaron Elijah Dalla John Ed Isaac Jane Jos. Wm. Sarah John Charles Stephen Andy Henr Chas. Ann Geo. Geo. Geo. Ephraim Benj. Wm. Henr Sarah Jefferson Dan'l Dick Jonathan Chas. Ira appear also Jersey New of names Heads County, shaded r y Liew Mercer Surnames of Families Forenames Age No. in households; # white Township, in 58 Seruby 326 Frost 150 Wilson 653 Bergen 259 Williams 122 Cannon 268 Pidgeon 506 Smith 658 Luck 681 Carter 347 Cannon 320 Case 313 Mosely 470 Lane 324 Mosely 191 Case 1684 Hart 1449 Harris 1650 Hagerman 1436 Graham 1406 Ely 1399 Boyer 1190 Williamson 1009 Williams 14321238 Watson Weart 2876 Arnold 1417 Blackwell 1016 Brister 1390 Reasner 4265 Pidgeon 1392 Seruby 4382 Van 4414 Warner 1105 Richardson 3113 Truehart 1413 Smith 1396 Smith 14441746 Smith Smith 1056 Nevius 1062 Hoagland 1403 Downs 1421 Walla 12131925 Ridley Rosse 4233 Tubman 17552244 Smith Taylor 3965 Jackson 1075 Hoagland 1419 Mason 13172474 Dickinson Dickinson 2374 Hulsinger 1446 Murr 1408 Jennings 1730 Johnson living Hopewell # Individual persons 32 74 54 25 80 55 13 71 69 73 40 387 336 382 332 324 322 272 240 331 281 670 152 327 241 319 320 259 732 326 118 321 334 402 250 251 153 323 329 136 277 439 403 516 939 254 328 301 568 544 335 325 110 399 1010 1026 1033 1002 State Census, colored all Jersey # Household Excludes 30 64 47 23 70 48 12 60 64 36 99 62 229 356 308 351 304 296 248 294 292 218 303 257 305 333 1442 Allen Sam'l 60+ 2 598 139 299 219 291 237 886 107 898 301 906 258 878 647 298 293 306 366 228 232 140 275 511 295 123 397 366 467 824 491 300 297 307 364 Dwelling Source: New Notes:

Page E-9 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. veteran War Civil 1900; in #18 black other data 1880, schedule #15 #17 #14 in and/or schedule schedule schedule as white #19 map); farm veteran farm farm farm ; ; ; 1903 ; listed War ( maps, censuses 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 veteran 29 schedule Civil Road Road from Road War #79 1900 ; farm IN Civil Creek Valley Valley Station; Road/Route Road/Route Road/Route Road/Route Road/Route Road/Route Road/Route inferred Road/Route Road schedule Titusville; ?Valley ?Valley ?Titusville ?Valley ?Fiddlers Moore's ?Titusville Pleasant ?Valley Pleasant Valley ?Valley ?Valley ?Titusville ?Titusville Valley ?Titusville ?Valley locations or farm farm farm house house house house house house house house house house house house house house house house house House Notes Farm italicized HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP 1885; Rent and/or DISTRICT OF or rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent (mortgage) farm farm (mortgage) farm (mortgage) house (mortgage) farm 1895 of Jersey THE WESTERN New IN in 4 own 3 2 2 3 own (freehold) house 7 own 2 5 2 own 3 3 3 4 4 2 8 2 2 5 1 2 own 3 1 6 5 No. state censuses Household Own County, Jersey HOUSEHOLD Mercer NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ PA PA DE WI DE VA VA VA VA OH WV MD MD Born Where the New in HEADS OF Township, families of Hopewell Ͳ AMERICAN quarry mine (canal) quarry quarry 50), stone stone brickyard quarry stone copper AFRICAN tender District laborer laborer laborer dealer laborer laborer laborer appear as heads E.9. also 29 farm 47 farm 73 farmer 35 laborer 43 laborer 51 junk 47 boss quarry 68 pensioner 65 bridge 65 24 day 62 preacher 35 engineer 62 day 28 sledger 74 36 blaster 54 laborer 34 farm 75 farmer 40 sledger quarry 40 25 day 72 farmer APPENDIX names (Enumeration District shaded Western Frank Thompson 45 farmer Moses George Jacob James Edward John Ann Jefferson Joseph Henry John Theodore Jonathan Charles Stephen Louisa Ephraim William William Benjamin households; white Schedules, Head in of living Family Forename Age Occupation Population of Surname persons No. Census, 30 Williams Charles black all Federal No. Family U.S. Excludes 14 14 Pigeon 30 36 36 Warner 33 33 Tubman 44 44 Cannon 28 28 Case 29 29 Case 43 43 Cannon 34 34 Jackson 45 45 Wilson 31 31 Glenn 197 197 Tucker 142 142 Ridley 262 262 Smith 139 139 True 254 254 Taylor 368 371 Pidgeon 287223 287 223 Seruby Smith 283 283 Mosely 252 252 Brown 224 224 Downs 220 220 Henry 195 195 Williams Andrew 222 222 Hagaman Theodore Dwelling Source: Notes:

Page E-10 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE a other dat and/or map) 9 (1903 d 2 veteran veteran d d maps, censuses 5 Roa War War Roa Roa 190 from Civil Civil Valley IN Creek Road/Route inferred Fiddlers ?Valley ?Titusville Titusville Titusville; Titusville Honey Hollow ?Pleasant Titusville; locations Rent Notes or rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent rent (rent) (freehold) (mortgage) HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP italicized census; in DISTRICT OF No. Household Own federal NJ 2 NJNJ 10 NJNJ 6 4 own 6 NJ 3 (freehold) own VA 3 OH 3 the 1900 Born THE WESTERN Where in IN r r r r r r households laborer NJ 4 farmer DC 2 own farmer NJ 3 farmer MD 5 labore labore labore labore labore of HOUSEHOLDS coachman NJ 1 Jersey farm New as heads Ͳ AMERICAN County, appear 27 26 57 26 78 28 66 37 70 65 29 28 also AFRICAN Mercer names E.10. District), shaded E. J. W. APPENDIX Henry (Western George Johnathan John F. Isaac James Joseph Charles Edward Eddie households; of Township Head white in of Hopewell living Surname Family Forename Age Occupation # persons 72 Johnson 56 Pigeon 37 Wooby 44 Seruby State Census, black all Jersey # Household New Excludes 68 52 35 40 174201 188 Case 210 Perry 121 129 Lancaster George 210 219 Williams 211 220 Williams 129198 138 Williams 207 Williamson Andrew John 36 labore 118 125 Wood 165 177 Brumskin Lafayette Dwelling Source: Notes:

Page E-11 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. maps, ) d from map]) Roa inferred [1903 Valley d Road Road Road Roa locations Scotch Scotch Scotch Pleasant ( Creek Road Road Road) Road) #28 Road) Road) Road) italicized to River Road Fiddlers (River (River ( (Cross (Cross (Cross veteran 1905; 0 schedule Road Road Road Valley Hollow of War Road Road Road Road & Pennington & Pennington Road Road Road 191 farm veteran IN Civil War Road; & Pleasant & Trenton & Trenton & Trenton & Titusville & Titusville & Glenmoore from Honey state census mulatto mulatto; Civil & Pennington & Lambertville & Lambertville & Pennington Woosamonsa Woosamonsa Road Road Jersey Lambertville Honey Hollow Cross Titusville HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP the New or house Titusville house House Notes Farm and/or Jersey DISTRICT OF New census Rent or rent farm rent house rent house Titusville rentrent house house Harbourton Titusville rentrentrentrent houserent house Pennington rent house Harbourton rent house between house Woodsville house Dublin house Pennington rent between house Harbourton rent house Woosamonsa rent house rent house Titusville; rent house Titusville (rent) house Titusville; (rent) house Titusville (freehold) house Titusville (freehold) (freehold) County, federal THE WESTERN Mercer IN the 1900 in in No. Household Own Township, HOUSEHOLD households IL 6 NJ 6 NJNJ 9 2 own NJNJNJ 6NJ 4 own 7 3 VA 3 VAVAVAVA 8 VA 3 VA 4 VA 8 4 6 10 VA 3 VA 1 DC 2 own NC 4 OH 2 MD 5 Born of Where Hopewell HEADS OF 50), as heads y District mill appear quarr Ͳ AMERICAN masonry also stone rubber r r r r r r r r r r r r r r laborer carrier names (Enumeration AFRICAN E.11. District shaded 33 labore 31 labore 62 labore 63 laborer 25 labore 28 labore 30 farm APPENDIX Western S. 36 laborer A H. 50 hod H. 59 labore E. 69 labore E. 40 labore households; B. 35 labore M. 28 labore white Henry Robert 40 labore Riley Johnathan 87 laborer Charles Isaac Jubstile 36 labore Schedules, in living of Family Forename Age Occupation Population of persons Surname Head Census, black other data all 76 Williams Herbert No. Family Federal and/or U.S. Excludes 5 7 Williamson Henry 69 75 Williams 68 74 Case 70 77 Williams Andrew 54 fisherman 67 73 Weart Augustus 36 40 Brumskin Lafayette 32 farmer 96 103 Lancaster George 102 109 Williams Andrew 42 fisherman 218 241 Clark 216 239 Howard Harry 281 310 Conny173 194 Jerry Jones 180 201 Cruse 275 303 Truhart Isaac 103 110 Wood 308 337 Pigeon Johnathan 75 cripple NJ 3 rent house Titusville; No. 311 340 Blackwell Orlando 271 297 Taylor James 45 labore 146 167 Davis 248 272 Hearns Beverly 29 labore 294 323 Seruby Edward 164 185 Austen Jacob Dwelling Source: Notes: censuses

Page E-12 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE veteran War Civil as negro); Williams Williams listed other data family as Charles as Charles Road of and/or house house Valley Road same same in in as white; rest 1915 & Pleasant Crossing (listed IN maps, censuses ; family ; family from Titusville Titusville Lambertville Washington Titusville Titusville Titusville inferred Rent Notes or rent rent rent rent rent rent rent (rent) (rent) (mortgage) HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP locations italicized DISTRICT OF 4 2 2 1 4 2 6 6 own 3 6 census; Household Own in federal THE WESTERN 1910 IN Born No. the Where in HOUSEHOLDS worker NJ worker NJ households of Jersey New 29 laborer NJ 52 farmer OH 56 laborer NJ 3859 laborer laborer NJ NJ 80 laborer WI 66 laborer NJ 39 laborer DC 35 rubber 42 rubber Age Occupation AFRICAN Ͳ AMERICAN County, appear as heads also E.12. Mercer names APPENDIX District), shaded (Western H. W., Sr. W. households; George Edward Jacob John Arthur Township white in Head living Hopewell of Family Forename Census, persons Surname of State negro # all 212 Williams Andrew Jersey Household Excludes # 25 29 Williamson Henry 48 55 Williamson Elijah 41 47 Pratt 197 208 Williams Herbert 198 209 Williams Charles 165 175199 Seruby 125 132 Pigeon 198 211 Furman 198 210 Dillion Dwelling Notes: Source: New

Page E-13 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. maps, from t inferred #5 R. Clarence Williams of B. Wrigh locations schedule family George farm Road incl. of #144 italicized d Station house 1915; 0 in schedule to Trenton; macadam road of household Road 192 farm IN renting Road; & Moore's Road Road Crossing Road; Glenmoore Roa Pennington state census Valley Valley & Flemington Avenue; Hollow Road Church Jersey Woodsville Back or the New HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP House Notes Farm Jersey and/or New DISTRICT OF Rent census or rent farm rent farm Old rent house rent house Search rent house Pleasant rent house Trenton rent house Delaware River rent house Titusville rent house Titusville rent house Honey (freehold) house Pleasant (mortgage) house Washington County, federal Mercer 1910 THE WESTERN in IN the No. in Household Own Township, NJ 1 NJ 4 NJ 3 own NJ 1 NJ 9 NJ 5 NJ 2 NJ 5 VA 5 VA 2 VA 4 HOUSEHOLD MD 5 own Born households Where Hopewell of 0041), HEADS OF as heads District mill mill mill appear quarry Ͳ AMERICAN also rubber rubber mill rubber rubber laborer laborer laborer names (Enumeration AFRICAN E.13. District shaded 37 laborer 61 laborer APPENDIX Western H. 70 E. 55 watchman C. 26 farm laborer households; BeverlyWilliam 38 25 farmer farm Edward Wilson 37 laborer Harrison 39 farm Horace white Schedules, in Head living of Population Family Forename Age Occupation persons of Surname Census, black other data all No. Family Federal and/or Excludes 10 11 Hearn 92 104 Kane 363 389 Hearns No. 222 242 Jordan 122309 134 333 Blackwell Furman Edwin John 50 laborer 178216 193 236 Williamson Wormley Elijah Cladius 28 farm 295 319 Taylor 108 120 Seruby 278 302 Lancester George 315 340 Lawrence Samuel 39 farmer Dwelling Source: U.S. Notes: censuses

Page E-14 HONEY HOLLOW: MYTH AND SUBSTANCE $2,000 $1,000 from maps, inferred veteran $1,000 property value property value WWI $300 value farm; farm; $2,800 locations on on farm; value on live live property italicized live not not $3,000 property value not farm; property 1915; ); does ); does on of value does farm; farm; farm live 1930 on on on IN census not Road; farm live live live property does not state not not Brickyard Road Brickyard Road ( ( farm; lives on farm does does does farm on farm Jersey on Road Road Woosamonsa Crossing; on Road; live live Road; Road; live not ; lives on Titusville; not the New HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP not Titusville Titusville does Ͳ Trenton Pennington does Glenmoore Road Road, Washington ; does and/or Jersey Corner Corner Road; River Road Road; Church New DISTRICT OF census Old Phillips Woodsville Titusville Phillips or County, federal house Harbourton house House Notes Farm THE WESTERN Mercer the 1920 IN or in Rent Own Township, HOUSEHOLD households in OF of No. Hopewell Household HEADS 0093), NJ 8 rent house Harbourton NJ 1 rent house NJ 4 own NJ 2 own house West NJ 5 (rent) house Harbourton Ͳ Trenton NJ 3 rent house River NJ 2 rent house SC 12 own house OH 2 own Born Where District appears as heads Ͳ AMERICAN also mill VA 8 own house Dublin laborer VA 2 rent house names AFRICAN carting VA 5 own house River rubber (Enumeration laborer laborer farm E.14. shaded District APPENDIX Western households; H. 80 white Schedules, in living of Population of persons Surname Head Family Forename Age Occupation Census, negro other data all 35 Guy Charles 45 fruit 199 Williams Andrew 70 laborer No. Family Federal and/or Excludes 74 80 Seruby Edward 55 61 Kane Wilson 51 farm 31 193 498 504 Williams Robert 33 laborer 203 209 Lawrence Samuel 49 farm 199 205 Williamson Elijah 72 407 411 Hearns William 34 laborer 213195 219 Clark 201 Glover Ballard Lizell 54 laborer 37 contractor 287 293 Dillion Arthur 66 laborer 380 386 Blackwell Mary 69 No. Dwelling Source: U.S. Notes: censuses

Page E-15 HUNTER RESEARCH, INC. r Gassle Stephen of data as family other $2,000 house and/or value same ; in estate d 0 $200 real ; Roa d 194 value IN Valley from maps, censuses estate Brickyard Roa Pleasant inferred or House Notes Farm locations HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP or Rent Own italicized Jersey DISTRICT OF New in census; No. Household County, federal THE WESTERN OH 2 own house Born IN Mercer Where the 1930 in Township, HOUSEHOLD school PA 6 own house real households OF of prep Hopewell HEADS 0093), as heads District appear co Ͳ educational Ͳ AMERICAN & scrap also iron man in in AFRICAN names (Enumeration E.15. shaded District APPENDIX Western households; K. 37 kitchen white in Schedules, living of Family Forename Age Occupation Population of persons Surname Head Census, colored all 250 Hopkins Theodore No. 197 Williams Andrew 80 dealer 186 Kane Wilson 56 NJ 3 rent house Family Federal U.S. Excludes No. Dwelling Source: Notes:

Page E-16 Appendix F

RESUMES

RICHARD W. HUNTER President/Principal Archaeologist, Ph.D., RPA

EDUCATION

Ph.D., Geography, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1999. Dissertation Title: Patterns of Mill Siting and Materials Processing: A Historical Geography of Water-Powered Industry in Central New Jersey

M.A., Archaeological Science, University of Bradford, England, 1975

B.A., Archaeology and Geography, University of Birmingham, England, 1973

EXPERIENCE

1986-present President/Principal Archaeologist Hunter Research, Inc., Trenton, NJ

Founder and principal stockholder of firm providing archaeological and historical research, survey, excavation, evaluation, report preparation, historic exhibit development and public outreach services in the Northeastern United States. Specific expertise in historical and industrial archaeology (mills, iron and steel manufacture, pottery manufacture), historical geography, historic landscape analysis, historic interpretive design and public outreach products. Participation in:  Project management, budgeting and scheduling  Proposal preparation and client negotiation  Hiring and supervision of personnel  Supervision of research, fieldwork, analysis and report preparation  Historic exhibit development, popular and academic publications and public presentations

1999-2004 Faculty Member, Certificate in Historic Preservation Office of Continuing Education, Drew University, Madison, NJ

Courses: The Role of Archaeology in Preservation 25 Years of Public Archaeology in New Jersey

1983-1986 Vice-President/Archaeologist Heritage Studies, Inc., Princeton, NJ

Principal in charge of archaeological projects. Responsibilities included:  Survey, excavation, analysis, and reports  Client solicitation, negotiation, and liaison  Project planning, budgeting, and scheduling  Recruitment and supervision of personnel

1981-1983 Principal Archaeologist Cultural Resource Group, Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., East Orange, NJ

Directed historical and industrial archaeological work on major cultural resource surveys and mitigation projects in the Mid-Atlantic region. Primary responsibility for report preparation and editing.

RICHARD W. HUNTER Page 2

1979-1981 Archaeological Consultant, Hopewell, NJ

1978-1981 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Classics and Archaeology, Douglass College, Rutgers University, NJ

1978-1979 Research Editor Arete Publishing Company, Princeton, NJ

Prepared and edited archaeological, anthropological, and geographical encyclopedia entries (Academic American Encyclopedia, 1980).

1974-1977 Archaeological Field Officer Northampton Development Corporation, Northampton, England

Supervised archaeological salvage projects executed prior to development of the medieval town of Northampton (pop. 230,000).

Experience included:  Monitoring of construction activity  Supervision of large scale urban excavations  Processing of stratigraphic data and artifacts  Preparation of publication materials

1969-1970 Research Assistant Department of Planning and Transportation, Greater London Council

SPECIAL SKILLS AND INTERESTS

 water-powered mill sites  canals and urban water powers  iron and steel manufacture  pottery manufacture  historic cartography  scientific methods in archaeology  historic sites interpretation and public outreach

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

“New York’s Urban Archaeology. The Forts Landscape Reconstruction Project: Central Park’s Revolutionary War Forts.” Archaeological Institute of America, New York Society News, Winter 2015:6-8.

Sartori to Sacred Heart: Early Catholic Trenton. Sacred Heart Church [2014] (with Patrick Harshbarger).

“Historical Archaeology in Trenton: A Thirty-Year Retrospective.” In Historical Archaeology of the Delaware Valley, 1600-1850, edited by Richard Veit and David Orr. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee [2013] (with Ian Burrow).

“A Sugar Bowl of William Young & Sons or William Young’s Sons.” Trenton Potteries 13 (1):1-3 [2013].

“Internal Oxidation of Cast Iron Artifacts from an 18th-century Steel Cementation Furnace.” Journal of Archaeological Science XXX, 1-8 [2012] (with Colin Thomas and Robert Gordon).

RICHARD W. HUNTER Page 3

“Steel Away: the Trenton Steel Works and the Struggle for American Manufacturing Independence.” In Footprints of Industry: Papers from the 300th Anniversary Conference at Coalbrookdale, 3-7 June 2009, edited by Paul Belford, Marilyn Palmer and Roger White. BAR British Series 523 [2010] (with Ian Burrow).

“Early Milling and Waterpower.” In Mapping New Jersey: An Evolving Landscape, edited by Maxine N. Lurie and Peter O. Wacker, pp. 170-179. Rutgers University Press [2009].

“On the Eagle’s Wings: Textiles, Trenton, Textiles, and a First Taste of the Industrial Revolution.” New Jersey History 124, Number 1, 57-98 [2009] (with Nadine Sergejeff and Damon Tvaryanas).

“The Historical Geography and Archaeology of the Revolutionary War in New Jersey.” In New Jersey in the American Revolution, edited by Barbara J. Mitnick, pp.165-193. Rutgers University Press [2005] (with Ian C.G. Burrow).

“Lenox Factory Buildings Demolished.” Trenton Potteries 6 (2/3):1-9 [2005].

Fish and Ships: Lamberton, the Port of Trenton. New Jersey Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration [2005] (28-page booklet).

Power to the City: The Trenton Water Power. New Jersey Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration [2005] (24-page booklet).

Rolling Rails by the River: Iron and Steel Fabrication in South Trenton. New Jersey Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration [2005] (24-page booklet).

Quakers, Warriors, and Capitalists: Riverview Cemetery and Trenton’s Dead. New Jersey Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration [2005] (24-page booklet) (with Charles H. Ashton).

“Keeping the Public in Public Archaeology.” In: Historic Preservation Bulletin, pp. 6-9. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Parks and Forestry, Historic Preservation Office [2004].

“A Coxon Waster Dump of the Mid-1860s, Sampled in Trenton, New Jersey.” In: Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter, pp. 241-244. University Press of New England [2003] (with William B. Liebeknecht and Rebecca White).

“The Richards Face – Shades of an Eighteenth-Century American Bellarmine.” In: Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter, pp. 259-261. University Press of New England [2003] (with William B. Liebeknecht).

“The Pottery Decorating Shop of the Mayer Arsenal Pottery Company.” Trenton Potteries 4(2):1- 7 [2003].

“Minutes of the Potters Union (Part 2).” Trenton Potteries 4(1):1-5 [2003].

“Minutes of the Potters Union (Part I).” Trenton Potteries 3(4):1-5 [2002].

“Eighteenth-Century Stoneware Kiln of William Richards Found on the Lamberton Waterfront, Trenton, New Jersey.” In: Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter, pp. 239-243. University Press of New England [2001].

“William Richards’ Stoneware Pottery Discovered!” Trenton Potteries 1(3):1-3 [2000]. Reprinted in Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey 59:71-73 [2004].

“Trenton Re-Makes: Reviving the City by the Falls of the Delaware.” Preservation Perspective XVIII (2): 1, 3-5 [1999]

"Mitigating Effects on an Industrial Pottery." CRM 21(9):25-26 [1998] (with Patricia Madrigal). RICHARD W. HUNTER Page 4

From Teacups to Toilets: A Century of Industrial Pottery in Trenton, Circa 1850 to 1940, Teachers Guide sponsored by the New Jersey Department of Transportation, 1997 (with Patricia Madrigal and Wilson Creative Marketing).

"Pretty Village to Urban Place: 18th Century Trenton and Its Archaeology." New Jersey History, Volume 114, Numbers 3-4, 32-52 [Fall/Winter 1996] (with Ian Burrow).

Hopewell: A Historical Geography. Township of Hopewell [1991] (with Richard L. Porter).

"Contracting Archaeology? Cultural Resource Management in New Jersey, U.S.A." The Field Archaeologist (Journal of the Institute of Field Archaeologists) 12, 194-200 [March 1990] (with Ian Burrow).

"American Steel in the Colonial Period: Trenton's Role in a 'Neglected' Industry." In Canal History and Technology Proceedings IX, 83-118 [1990] (with Richard L. Porter).

"The Demise of Traditional Pottery Manufacture on Sourland Mountain, New Jersey, during the Industrial Revolution." Ch. 13 in Domestic Potters of the Northeastern United States, 1625-1850. Studies in Historical Archaeology, Academic Press [1985].

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS

Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA) [formerly Society of Professional Archeologists] (accredited 1979; certification in field research, collections research, theoretical or archival research) Preservation New Jersey (Board Member, 1994 - 2003) New Jersey State Historic Sites Review Board (Member, 1983 -1993) Society for Historical Archaeology Society for Industrial Archaeology Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology Historical Metallurgical Society Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Professional Archaeologists of New York City Archaeological Society of New Jersey (Life Member; Fellow, 2011)

OTHER AFFILIATIONS

Mercer County Cultural & Heritage Commission (Commissioner, 2011 – present) Trenton Downtown Association (Board Member, 1998 – present; Board Chair, 2007 - 2008) Trenton Museum Society, (Trustee, 2011 – present) Hopewell Township Historic Preservation Commission (Member, 1998 - 2006; Chair 2003 - 2004) Hopewell Valley Historical Society (Trustee, 2014 – present)

ERYN C. BOYCE Architectural Historian/Historian, MS

EDUCATION

M.S., Historic Preservation, University of Pennsylvania, 2015 B.A., History, Hamilton College, 2013

EXPERIENCE

June 2016- Architectural Historian/Historian present Hunter Research, Inc., Trenton, New Jersey

Execution of research in support of historic, historic architectural and archaeological studies including:  review of primary and secondary source materials  title research  genealogical investigation  review of historic cartographic materials  selected contributions to reports

December 2015- Program Associate June 2016 New Jersey Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey . performed Section 106 reviews on above-ground projects. . determined eligibility of resources . studied buildings’ historic contexts . evaluated project effects

December 2015- Intern June 2016 Heritage Consulting, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  conducted background research  compiled written reports  edited grants and strategic plans  assisted principal during stakeholder meetings.

September 2013- Site Assistant/Interpreter June 2016 Fonthill Castle, Doylestown, Pennsylvania  developed, implemented, and evaluated tours, programs and special events  led the planning and execution of annual Old-Fashioned Fourth of July event  assisted with interviewing, training and supervision of volunteers

December 2014- Research Assistant/Teaching Assistant March 2015 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  researched literature on identity  teaching assistant for American Architecture class

May 2014- Property Care Intern August 2014 Historic New England, Boston, Massachusetts  compiled background information Eustis Estate in Milton, MA  wrote conditions assessment report for Eustis Estate

May 2013- Museum Education/Marketing Intern August 2013 Erie Canal Museum, Syracuse, New York  planned, developed and implemented series of eight family programs  designed and implemented marketing campaign for family programs ERYN C. BOYCE Page 2

June 2012- Museum Education Intern August 2012 Strawberry Banke Museum, Portsmouth, New Hampshire  developed lesson plans for summer camp activities  worked at four summer camps and led camp activities

May-Aug 2011 Intern May-Aug 2010 Fonthill Castle, Doylestown, Pennsylvania  gave tours  developed activities for summer camps and birthday parties

SPECIAL SKILLS Proficient with Microsoft Office Suite, Adobe Creative Suite and ArcGIS

EVAN MYDLOWSKI Cartographer, MA

EDUCATION

M.A. Anthropology, Monmouth University, 2016

B.A. Anthropology, Monmouth University, 2013

EXPERIENCE 2015- Cartographer Present Hunter Research, Inc., Trenton, New Jersey

Field Assistant on various archaeological field projects in New Jersey. Participation in:  creation of maps and plans using ArcGIS  production of high quality graphics for inclusion in technical reports  excavation and survey  field recording  laboratory processing of artifacts

2014- Artifact Processor 2013 Monmouth County Parks, Lincroft, New Jersey

Organized and catalogued artifacts recovered during the 1979 Turkey Swamp archaeological field school; analysis of diagnostic artifacts

2014- Lab Technician 2011 Monmouth University Department of History and Anthropology

Processed, catalogued and labeled artifacts.

2014 GIS Geodatabase Worker August Department of History and Anthropology GIS Program, Monmouth University

Edited, manipulated, consolidated and populated a preliminary geodatabase

RESEARCH INTERESTS  Northeastern Prehistory  Historical Archaeology  Artifact Analysis  GIS/3D Modeling  Classical Archaeology  Experimental Archaeology

SKILLS Fluent in Italian