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Šéfredaktor Protektorátní Přítomnosti E Masarykova univerzita Fakulta sociálních studií Šéfredaktor protektorátní Přítomnosti E. Vajtauer před Národním soudem E. Vajtauer, the editor in chief of protectorate „Přítomnost“, on the National court Diplomová práce Bc. Kristýna Maletová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Pavel Večeřa, Ph.D. Brno 2015 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedené v bibliografii. V Brně, dne 23. 12. 2015 …………………… 2 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala především vedoucímu diplomové práce panu PhDr. Pavlu Večeřovi, Ph.D., zejména za jeho trpělivost a cenné rady, kterými mi ochotně pomáhal řešit odborné a organizační problémy této práce. Ke zdárnému dokončení mi pomohla také podpora rodiny a zejména přítele, kteří mi dodávali povzbuzení vždy, když jsem potřebovala. 3 Anotace Diplomová práce „Šéfredaktor protektorátní Přítomnosti E. Vajtauer před Národním soudem“ se zabývá životními osudy Emanuela Vajtauera (*1892 – † ?), jednoho z předních představitelů skupiny tzv. aktivistických novinářů, kteří v době okupace kolaborovali s nacistickým Německem, a pojednává o soudním procesu z dubna roku 1947, jenž proběhl v nově obnoveném Československu v rámci poválečné retribuce, kdy byli před Národní soud postaveni ti, kteří svou činností v období existence protektorátu podporovali a propagovali nacistické hnutí. Autorka v úvodu práce zasazuje téma do historického kontextu, kdy přibližuje okolnosti vzniku Protektorátu Čechy a Morava, vysvětluje tehdejší tiskové poměry a věnuje se problematice kolaborace, aktivismu a následně i poválečného retribučního soudnictví. Stěžejní částí práce je pak komplexnější zachycení Vajtauerova života a činnosti, snaha dopátrat se konkrétních motivů, jež jej vedly k této kolaborační činnosti, a rekonstrukce soudního líčení. Emanuel Vajtauer byl v době nacistické okupace jedním z prominentních aktivistických šéfredaktorů, jenž byl následně Národním soudem uznán vinným ze zločinu proti státu a odsouzen k trestu smrti provazem. Ten však nebyl nikdy vykonán, jelikož Vajtauer s koncem války zmizel neznámo kam, a nikdy nebyl dopaden. Klíčová slova Emanuel Vajtauer, kolaborace, aktivismus, Protektorát Čechy a Morava, retribuční soudnictví, Národní soud, protektorátní žurnalistika, Melantrich, České slovo, Večerní České slovo, Přítomnost, historická práce Annotation This Diploma thesis "E. Vajtauer, the editor in chief of protectorate Přítomnost, on the National court" deals with life stories of Emanuel Vajtauer (*1892 – † ?), who was one of the outstanding representatives of the group of activistic journalists who collaborated with nazi Germany during the occupation. It follows up the judicial process in April 1947, which was the post-war retribution in renewed Czechoslovakia, in which the supporters of nazi organizations were judged on the National court. In the introduction the author locates the topic to the historical context. It describes the circumstances of the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Then it explaines press relations of that time, and deals with the issue of collaboration, activism and post-war retributive justice. The main part of this thesis captures description of Vajtauer’s life and activity. The author tries to ascertain specific motives which led him to the collaborationist activity. and to reconstruct the judicial process. Emanuel Vajtauer was found guilty for crime against the state and sentenced death by hanging. But Vajtauer disappeared to unknown place in the end of the war and he was never apprehended, so the process was never executed. Keywords Emanuel Vajtauer, collaboration, activism, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, retributive juduciary, National court, protectorate journalism, Melantrich, České slovo, Večerní České slovo, Přítomnost, historical work 4 Obsah 1 Úvod ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Téma, cíl a struktura práce ................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Výzkumné otázky ............................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Metody výzkumu ............................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Stav zpracování tématu ................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Pramenná základna a související literatura .................................................................... 13 2 Druhá republika, Protektorát Čechy a Morava ............................................................... 15 2.1 Od Mnichova k 16. březnu 1939 .................................................................................... 15 2.2 České země v éře protektorátu ........................................................................................ 16 2.3 Život v protektorátu a reakce české společnosti na okupaci .......................................... 17 3 Tiskové poměry v protektorátu ......................................................................................... 20 3.1 Postavení médií za 2. světové války ............................................................................... 20 3.2 Česká tištěná média v období protektorátu ..................................................................... 20 3.2.1 Řízení protektorátního tisku a kontrolní mechanismy ............................................. 21 3.2.2 Novináři a novinářské organizace ............................................................................ 24 3.2.3 Legální tisk, ilegální tisk domácího odboje a exilový tisk....................................... 25 3.2.4 Kolaborace a novinářský aktivismus ...................................................................... 26 4 Národní očista a retribuce v poválečném Československu .............................................. 30 4.1 Konec války a restrukturalizace médií .......................................................................... 30 4.1.1 Organizační a strukturní změny v médiích ............................................................. 30 4.1.2 Personální očista v médiích .................................................................................... 31 4.2 Retribuční soudnictví ..................................................................................................... 32 4.2.1 Velký retribuční dekret ........................................................................................... 33 4.2.2 Malý retribuční dekret ............................................................................................ 34 4.2.3 Národní soud ........................................................................................................... 34 4.3 Potrestání kolaborantských novinářů ............................................................................. 35 5 Život a činnost Emanuela Vajtauera do roku 1945 ......................................................... 37 5.1 Dětství, mládí a studium Emanuela Vajtauera ............................................................... 37 5.2 Vajtauer komunistou ...................................................................................................... 38 5.3 Novinář Vajtauer součástí melantrišského koncernu v době před Mnichovem ............ 41 5.4 Období Vajtauerova novinářského aktivismu ............................................................... 43 5 5.4.1 Počátek kolaborace .................................................................................................. 43 5.4.2 Převrat v Melantrichu ............................................................................................. 46 5.4.3 Nesnadná pozice aktivistických novinářů ve společnosti a tzv. chlebíčková aféra 48 5.4.4 Vajtauerův vynucený odchod z Českého slova ....................................................... 49 5.4.5 Strážce Nové Evropy v protektorátním měsíčníku Přítomnost ............................... 51 5.4.6 Konec války a Vajtauerův útěk před spravedlností ................................................. 52 6 Emanuel Vajtauer před Národním soudem ...................................................................... 55 6.1 Vajtauer očima svědků .................................................................................................. 55 6.2 Zahájení hlavního přelíčení ........................................................................................... 56 6.3 Průběh soudního procesu ............................................................................................... 57 6.3.1 Den první (úterý 8. dubna 1947) .............................................................................. 57 6.3.2 Den druhý (středa 9. dubna 1947) ............................................................................ 58 6.3.3 Den třetí (čtvrtek 10. dubna 1947) ........................................................................... 58 6.3.4 Den čtvrtý (pátek 11. dubna 1947) ........................................................................... 59 6.3.5 Den pátý (sobota 12. dubna 1947) ........................................................................... 59 6.3.6 Den šestý (pondělí 14. dubna 1947) ......................................................................... 59 6.3.7 Den sedmý (úterý 15. dubna 1947) .......................................................................... 59 6.3.8 Den osmý (středa 16. dubna
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