Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited 1996, esp.pp.194–96. Lukes, told friendsthatitwasnot. Beneš hadbeenwillingpubliclytoclaimthishad,indeed, beentrue,thoughheknewand aerodrome hadrunwayslongenoughforSovietaeroplanes) andofhowPresidentEdvard Igor Lukeshaswrittenadetailedaccountofthisfabrication(forexample,noCzechoslovak in theirhourofneed,but‘bourgeois’politicianshadturneddowntheSovietofferhelp. The storywasthattheSovietshadtroopsatreadytofl tion oftheMunichAgreementthatdivertedattentionfromMolotov-Ribbentroppact. Communist Partyinthecountrywereaccompaniedbyimpositionofanewmythologiza- central Europebeforethewar. p. 39. Central Europe 07W .Mny&SnLd DOI: © 2007W.S.Maney&SonLtd (eds), Namier’s warningfi inaction inMunich1938andhowmostoftheBritishestablishmenthadignoredLewis THE subjectandlocationoftheconferenceon‘Bohemia1945’recallBritishactionor very existencewilldestroythenightmareofaGerman-MagyarhegemonyEurope.’ a name,Czechoslovakia:‘Bohemiarecreatedshouldneveragainbeoverwhelmed,andbyher new countrywasstilltohaveitshistoricalname,Bohemia,nottheindigestibledumplingof Rajmund Habr for thewholeofEurope free handtocontroltheContinent,that,then, the worldwouldnotunderstandthatwithoutastrong,freeCzechoslovakia,Germanyhad neme (PVVZ,WeShallRemainLoyalPetitionCommittee)makesasimilarpoint:‘in1938 before theUSSR’sentryintowar,byResistancegroupPetic programme forapost-warre-organizedCzechoslovakiaclandestinelypublishedin1941, loyal, wasinsuffi 4 3 2 1 THE LITTLECZECHMAN,ANDGERMANS The SovietliberationofmostCzechoslovakiaandthestrongpoliticalposition Rajmund Habr IgorLukes,‘StalinandCzechoslovakia in1938–39:AnAutopsyofaMyth’,LukesandErikGoldstein LewisB.Namier, Za svobodu.Donovéc CONCLUSORY ESSAY:ACTIVISTS,JEWS, The MunichCrisis,1938.PreludetoWorldWarII Czechoslovakia betweenStalinandHitler.TheDiplomacyofEdvardBeneš inthe1930s University CollegeLondon,SchoolofSlavonicandEastEuropeanStudies , Vol.5,No.2,November2007 h ina (1907–60):‘justairbornehelpfromtheSovietUnion, whichremained cient, sincethetwocountries hadnosharedfrontier.’ h ina, rstpublishedinthe The CaseofBohemia Nadc .’ h 2 eskoslovenské republiky Thatsoundsgrandiose,butisinkeepingwithstrategicthinking h love h 3 k anadnárod.Kapitolyjenc Mildversionsofthestorymaybefoundinliberalwriters like Robert B.Pynsent , sine loco New Statesman , 3rdedn,ed.withprefacebyK.J.Beneš,Prague,1945, [London],1917,p.10. , London,PortlandOR,1999,pp.13–47.SeealsoIgor a freeCzechoslovakiawasthemainstayoffreedom h asové? in 1916—thatis,atatimewhenthe , 2ndedn,Brno,1946,p.93. y intohelptheCzechoslovaks 10.1179/174582107x190906 h 4 ní výborVe Onewouldexpecta , NewYork,Oxford, h rni zu 1 The r sta- Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Stalinist likeBedr Actually moreinkeepingwiththePartylinewasversion inwhichtheCzechoslovakshad Zeman alsobelievesthattheBritishhadnotwanted USSRtohelpCzechoslovakia. could beawakenedfromitsfrighteneddreamingonlyby thestenchoffi devotees wereunabletojoinwithRussiaagainsthitler[ he addswryly:‘Itisastrueitsadthatdemocracyfailedonceagain,itsEuropean Adolf Zeman(1882–1952),approachesthetruth: political right,anotherjournalistandformerwriterofnovelsabouttheCzechoslovakLegions, accept it.ThemiddlepaidforThentheWestenteredlistsandEastwaited.’ humour: ‘East–Westandusinthemiddle.TheEastofferedhelp;Westforbadeto he wasnofriendofSoviet-stylesocialism,butatleastmanifestssomethinghissardonic ful ResistanceauthorKarelFrantišekKoch’s(1890–1981)onesubstantialpost-warwork,for common versionoftheMunichmyth.Oneissurprisedtofi Needless tosay,theprolifi our alliesonlytheSovietUniondidnotbetrayus.’ politruk Fink providesnoargumentforthatlastassertion,butitsuitsthetimeofpublication. crisis’, andtheagreementhadbeenasmuchanattackonSovietsCzechoslovakia; .]ofourcommonpolicywiththeSovietUnionbeforeMunich . the ‘correctorientation[. Roosevelt hadneverrecognizedtheMunichAgreement;infact,agreementaffi remained truetoitspactwithCzechoslovakia(whichistechnicallytrue);thatonlyStalinand come totheaidofCzechoslovaksbecauseitwashonourboundsodoonlyifFrance view thatwouldberepeatedoftenduringandafterthewar:SovietUnionhadnot works abouttheGreatWarCzechoslovakLegionsinRussia,PavelFink(1892–1965),hasa sine anno Central CommitteeoftheCommunistParty(ed.), against fascismandindefenceofCzechoslovakia.’Bareš,‘Stalin’, inCulturalPropagandaSectionofthe Munich in1938,alast-minuteefforttobringtogetheralldemocratic andfreedom-lovingforcesoftheworld Gustav Bareš’slectureofDecember171945:‘Youknowthehuge effortoftheSovietUnionattime polního praporuvSSSRnasove 212 10 9 8 7 6 5 The notionthattheWesthadbeendeterminedtopreventSovietsfromhelpingwasa Zeman, Adolf Zeman, Pavel Fink, Bedr Ibid.,p.222. K.F. Koch, not getto[Prague]CastleuntilafterthegovernmenthadacceptedMunichdecision. late. Anotherversionstatedthathewasapparentlyevendeliberatelydelayedthere,sodid uncertainty. TherewastalkofAleksandrovskiireturningactuallywithapositiveresponse,buttoo Moscow witharequestforhelp.Thewholeofthislastphasediscussionisstilltodayveiledin according toanotherrumourthepresidenthimself,hadsentSovietlegateAleksandrovskii Czechoslovak governmentonwhethertoacceptorrejecttheMunichsentence.Thegovernment, the CzechoslovakquestionwithAllies.Therewererumoursaboutdisagreementin Soviet UnionhadchangeditsattitudetoCzechoslovakiaandthatitwaswillingdiscuss eyes totheEast.IthadjustbeenannouncedfromMoscowthatLitvinovdeclared Ordinary people,havingcompletelylostfaithintheWest,instinctivelyturnedtheirdesperate intheCzechoslovakArmyCorpsUSSR,toreportoneofhismenstating:‘Of , pp.5–24(19). h ich ReicinandJanMareš, C h eskoslovenská Golgota Slovo málidskost Hne C h h h dá bestie.Poznámkyadokumenty ich Reicin(1911–52,executed),atthetimeofwriting(1943)servingasa eskoslovenská Golgota.Historicko-politická reportáž h cZemanneverpublishedanotherbook. tsko-ne , Prague,1946,p.81. , p.305. Sokolovo. Sborníkreportážíoprvnímbojovémvystoupení1.C h mecké fronte Robert B.Pynsent h vroce1943 Stalin. PásmoknarozeninámgeneralissimaStalina , Brno,1945,pp.126,134,235. , Prague,1945.Onewillfi 5 Thejournalistandnovelistchiefl sic , Prague,1947,p.154. nd itinthesurgeonandresource- ] andMussolinithatEurope fty millioncorpses.’ nd thePartylinein h 7 s. samostatného 6 , Onthe 8 sine loco Later, rmed y of y 10 9 ,

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Zeman pointsoutthatHáchatookashismotto‘Sloužím’ (Ichdien)aftertheallegedmotto your enemy;theGermanisalsoourenemy”’. message thatcamefromtheircountrieswas:“Ifyoufi nations cametoouraid:thegreatRussiannationandfraternalYugoslavnation.The commentary inananthologyconcerningthe1945PragueUprising;1938,‘onlytwoSlav example comesfromthePilsenschoolmasterFrankWenig’s(1898–1974)untitledprose Sokolovo andinthemid-tolate 1940swascloselyassociatedwithReicin. sentimentalization, ofwhichthe somewhatinfantilewriterAškenazywasamaster. fought at the gradualThaw,probablyalsoafearthat whereas theconnotationofsecondwasMayDay/LabourDay andtheerotic.Thechangeintitlerefl both mean‘(of)May’;atthetimefi pleased atBeran’schoice,butonecannottellwhetherhehadanythingtodowithit. responded tellingBenešhewouldtry‘tomakethebestofit’.wasatthisstageclearly November 30;onthatdayBenešsentHáchaaletterofcongratulationfromLondon. nated thejudgeEmilHáchatotakeBeneš’splace,andhewasdulyelectedbyparliamenton Agreement andsoontheSecondRepublicAgrarianprimeminister,RudolfBeran,nomi- turned downtheSovietofferofhelp. of ablowforusthanyou.’ frontier, waiting,waiting—nothinghappensandthensuddenlyMunich.Itwasnoless with youandwewerealllongingtofulfi whole RedArmywasonthefrontier,readytohurryyouraid?Afterall,wehadatreaty statement ofaSovietoffi a meticulouslyline-toeingnovelappearsinBohuslavBr help deservedsentimentalization.Aversionfarmilderthanonemightexpectfromsuch May 1945andimposedafterthetake-overofFebruary1948,thisallegedrejectionfraternal leaves mealonehereinthemainroom’. being burgledsaid,‘Lethimstealthingsintheentrancehallandkitchen,aslonghe an insignifi French andSovietshadbeenofonemindin1938:theywerenotgoingtorisktheirnecksfor 63), who,after1948,joinedtheliteraryunderground,writesthatAmericans,British, engender enthusiasmfromthemasses,intelligentCzechhadnoillusions.JanHanc mountains.’ .]Wewerewaitingandtoclimboveryour . .]Iwasonthefrontier.[. . ‘in ’38[. same versionasReicin’sinLudvíkAškenazy’s(1921–86) Czechoslovakia andtheUSSRhadnosharedfrontierattime;soaSovietoffi Železný strop Krásná Tortiza around thetimeofMunichinSovietUnion. (May people,1954):welearnonlythatagreatdealwaswrittenandspokenaboutPrague 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 ReicinandMareš, Bohuslav Br See,forexample,K[arel]J[osef]Beneš, See,forexample, TomášPasák, Jan Hanc JosefKuchynka (ed.), 2ndrev.ednasLudvíkAškenazy, cant nationliketheCzechs.Itwas,hecontinues,asifsomeonewhosefl , Prague,1962,p.191. h 14 , [1952],3rdedn,Prague,1953,p.79. Události Apanslavistversionofthetoposexisted(seeNahodilová’sarticle)andmy h ezovský, , ed.byJanLopatka,Prague,1991, p.203. Sokolovo Lidé vkve 5.–9. kve cer, inventedbyReicin:‘Areyousayingthatdidnotknowthe , p.62.ThelaststatementisalientoFink’sviewcitedabove. h ten 1945.Pr h tnu JUDr. EmilHácha(1938–1945) 13 , 4thedn,boundtogetherwiththesequel, Májové hve rst generallyreferredtothePragueUprisingandSovietliberation, Thetoposappearsgenerallytoinvolveforgettingthat Conclusory Essay kve 11 Ohnivé písmo h h íruc InaccordwiththeSovietophiliaencouragedfrom listrsi vr eal ...]Thereweareonthe . l itstermsineverydetail.[. tnové 16 h BenešleftCzechoslovakiasoonaftertheMunich h ka prooslavy zdy atthetimesoundedalittleStalinist; , Prague,1960,p.10.Thewords 15 12 Thoughthepropagandanodoubthelped Moretypicalis,forexample,thefollowing [1950],3rdrev.edn,1957,p.382,orJanDrda, , Tr ght, wewilljoinyou.TheGermanis h ebechovice podOrebem,1947,p. 153. , Prague,1997,pp.26–27,32–33. h ezovský’s (1912–76) Kve h tnové hve h zdy Železný strop (Maystars,1955): kve májové h tnové Lidé vkve cer givesthe and constitutes [1959],as h (1916– at was at májové h ects 213 tnu 17

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited of KingJohnLuxembourg. all Gestapomen, 1944 thatBenešhadwantedtheCzechs‘immediately[afterendofwar]todriveout Moravia, asitdidinallAlliedstates.Allthearticlesthis Nationalism accompaniedtheendofwarinCzechoslovakia,especiallyBohemiaand men workingonorganizingtheexpulsionofGermans,JanOpoc amongst themosthatedGermansafterSS,securityservicesandjudges.OneofBeneš’s also doesnotrealizethatschoolmasters,inCzecheyesinculcatorsofNazifanaticism,were he wouldclearlybewillingtoservethenewregime;isusedchanges,1918,1938.He that beingagoodGermanpatriotinMay1945mightnotbeconsideredvirtue,eventhough patriot, ashehadbeenthewholecentury;hislittlefl concerned withnationalism,evenCornwall’s:afterall,hisEwaldMayerisagoodGerman of thekindthatneitherCommunistsnorNationalSocialists didmuchtodiscouragein1945. and endedinPrague. to stateinprintwhathadbecomeapopularmyth:thattheSecondWorldWarbegun country’s presidentwhentheUSSRoccupiedCzechoslovakiain1968,wasoneofearliest meted outtoGermansinCzechoslovakiabetween1945and1946,themanwhowas Army CorpsintheUSSR,manultimatelyresponsibleformilitary-ledatrocities popular frompoliticians’myths.GeneralSvoboda,themaninchargeofCzechoslovak vicarious satisfaction.’ .] akindofbogusand . politicians, andpartlyadrugfromwhichthepopulacederives[. language or‘blood’.‘Itis,’hewrites,‘partlyaninventionofambitiousandunscrupulous sciousness ofnationality’,a‘vicebecauseitconcentratesoncomparativeinessentials’like (extreme) nationalism‘amodeofpersonalgratifi abhorred post-warextremenationalism,Czechespecially,butalsoBritish.Heconsiders humanity.’ imperialism. /Thatistheindependentmedicaldiagnosis /concerningthearteriesofsick Occupation: ‘Thebeastofnationalism,/Deutschland überalles./Thebeastof timentalized (exceptforthelastfewpageswhichcontain politicalpieces)versediaryofthe Kostka Neumann(1875–1947)associatesnationalismwith Naziideologyinhisoversen- force (asagainst[Soviet]patriotism);typically,theex-Decadent veteranCommunist,Stanislav in 1938. as muchafabricationtheRedArmywaitingtocrossmountainsintoCzechoslovakia tion concerningthesourceofPrinceWales’screstandmottowas,likemanytraditions, sarcastic commentonBritishbehaviouratMunich,letalonethathewasawarethetradi- he couldmeanalsouniversityteachers]’. 3–4, 2005,pp.465–533(487). K prvnímuvýroc 214 23 22 21 20 19 18 Wars arebynaturemythopoeicandoneoftheculturalhistorian’stasksistodisentangle Czech Communistsbyvirtueoftheirideologysawnationalismasanegativebourgeois CitedbyTomáš Stane LudvíkSvoboda, ‘Význampražskéhopovstání’,inJarkaJavu SeeJ.V.Polišenský, Zeman, StanislavK. Neumann,‘Diagnosa’,in Victor Gollancz, 19 23 C h Neumann’scyclecontains,however,plentyofneo-Revivalist nationalisttopoi, h eskoslovenská Golgota í slavnéhopovstánípražskéholiduve dnech5.–9.kve Ordner Our ThreatenedValues 22 Britain andCzechoslovakia.AStudyinContacts 20 h

k andAdrianvonArburg,‘Organizované divokéodsuny?’,Pt3, Thatnotionbecamepartofnationalmythologyandstillsurvives. , Henleinites,grammar-schoolandotherteachers[ , p.288. 18 Itis,however,notverylikelythatheintendedasa Robert B.Pynsent Zamor , London,1946,pp.83,39. h ená léta.Básne 21 ThewiseBritishpublisher,VictorGollancz, cation’ anddefi h aw isthatheappearsunabletorealize 1939–1944 h tna 1945 r rková (ed.), Central Europe , Prague,1966,pp.17–18. , Prague,1946,p.46. , Prague,1946,pp.100–01(101). nes itas‘anyunduecon- Pražská kve h enský, wroteonApril4 aretovaryingdegrees h profesor tnová revoluce1945. Soudobé de h i auc h h itelé jiny , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited pigs arenotapatchonshort-snoutedCzechpigs. For thisauthor,inanovelabouttheresettlingofSudetenland,evenlong-snoutedGerman place intheProtectorate.Hedoesindeedlaunchinto Emanuel Rádl’sbookontheracist sperses ahistoryofCzechmedievalandearlymodernnationalist literaturewitheventstaking nationalist Russian linguistandculturalhistorianexiledinAmerica, RomanJakobson’s,fi the Czechs’ancientenemythatNahodilovámentions particularly inconnexionwiththe its powerandbeauty.’ rising tothestarsinitsglory;hewasbe,wantedbere-builder,reneweroffame, of Pragueinhismemoirs,written1948–49:‘Andnow[EdvardBeneš]sawagainthiscity Pražák (1880–1956),alludessentimentallytoherallegedprophecyaboutthefuturegreatness The narratorofJosefŠkvorecký’s(born1924) uniforms suddenlyreappearintheUprisingthatresemblesthem. Army totheBlaníkKnights,andforSedlmayerováitisapre-warCzechoslovakwhose Jaroslav Zatloukal(1905–58),aformerprisoneroftheGestapowhocomparesRed appears aptfortheUprisingandLiberationtoo,example,somewhatvapidpoet, mentions theBlaníkKnightslegendinhisarticle;outsidewriters,legend’spopularity a burstofancientnationalisminhis1995Uprisingnovel, however, somenotionofancientCzechness.EventhecynicalPavelKohout(born1928)has particularly Pragueculture,whichsheseesdestroyedbytheUprisingrabble),suggesting, co-founder ofthePr topos inliteratureabout1945consistsrecallingtheprehistoricalLibuše(Libussa), the sameprophecy. novelist, OlgaBarényiová(aftermid-1942,Barényi;bythe1970svon1910–?),cites Uprising, 1958, p.257. p. 162. all theworld.ItissomethingthatwemustlovealmostmorethanMummyandDaddy.’ of allmummies;thelectureends:‘OurCzechcountry,Kac Kac brought uptohard-linemisoteutonism, old-fashioned nationalismaboundsinawidevarietyofwriters.Innovelaboutchildbeing but fi fun ofsuchold-fashionednationalism,asembodiedinthebourgeoisieKostelec(=Náchod), the metropoliswherefame,inspiritofoldlegend,wouldtouchstars.’ resembling thesarcophagusofaninferiorandthereforeextinctnation,butalastingsymbol rose PragueCastle,notdisfi for murderers),andquotesthesameprophecyinasentimentaltownscape:‘Inpellucidair 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 Just asconventionalforold-fashionednationalismwasthe conceptionoftheGermansas Jaroslav Zatloukal, Pavel Kohout, Olga Barényi, Albert Pražák, ReminiscencesoftheHussitesareyetmorefrequent,buttheybelongelsewhereinthisessay. Anna Sedlmayerová, Anna Sedlmayerová, h enka’s fatherlectureheronthemother-country( nds theextremenationalismencouragedbypoliticiansshameful.Noneless, Prager Totentanz Moudrost starýchC Prager Totentanz.EinRomanausden TagenderPragerRevolution1945 Hve Politika arevoluce.Pame h 28 zdná hodinavrahu C h h BothwritersareexpressingaloveforPrague(inBarényiová’scase emyslid dynasty. as válkouokutý Pr Kac h ekroc h enka (Praguedansemacabre,1958),theonceCzech,after1945German, 27 h Inherchaotic,buthorripilantnovelaboutthechaoticPrague ený práh h gured fromthis anglebytheoccupiers’[Germans’]fl , Prague,1947,p.37. echu r (ThewisdomoftheOldCzechs,1943).Jakobsoninter- r , Brno,1946,p.69;Sedlmayerová, [1949],2ndedn,Prague,1955,p.136. , Prague,1995,p.56. Conclusory Essay h ti , ed.byMilošZelenkaandStanislavKokoška,Prague,2004, 26 Theoffi Kac h enka Zbabe cial leaderofthePragueUprising,Albert (1947), AnnaSedlmayerová(1912–95)has h 25 lci Probablythemostfrequentnationalist (Cowards,1958)makescompassionate vlast Hve ) astheeternalmummy( h h zdná hodinavrahu enka, isthemostbeautifulin Kac 30 h enka , p.168. , Munich-Lochhausen, r (Agoodtime ercely Czech ercely 29 Bezdíc maminka a, not ag, 215 h ek 24 )

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited glorifi in Germanneo-Romanticism(Jung,Spengler,Heidegger),quiteapartfromthepopular ticism (heblamesFichteandSchellingformysticizingtheGermannation),particularly Jakobson wouldhaveit.NothinginHabr offi necessity thatCzechscastrateanyGermanstheyencounteroratleastwhoseekhigh omits onalloccasionstomentionthatmanyofthoseworkseithercondoneorpropagatethe with OldCzechliteratureisthatwhileaccountingformajorandminornationalistworks,he number ofworksthanRádl.Whatstrikesthereaderwhohasatleastapassingacquaintance nature oftheCzechattitudetoGermanssinceMiddleAges,butquotesafargreater detail. Hardly original,Habr foreshadowing ofthepoliticswartimeProtectorateBohemiaandMoravia.Rádl’s His on theGermannationalcharacter,andinparticularanhereditaryproclivitytoviolence. at thesametime,heregardsSpenglerasaNaziideologist.InRádl’s restore Nietzschetohisproperplace,condemntheNazis’misappropriationofman; time forRádl’s suggests hehasreadJakobsonandexcelsthelatterinmisoteutonicfrenzy.He,too,no of powerandhisessayonMasarykNietzsche.Astitleimplies,Habr want todoRádldownandsopraisesthesameauthor’ssmallbookonNaziassumption does notaccept,aswelearnfromNahodilová’sarticle.Habr heritage ofviolence—somethingtheearlytwenty-fi of theThirdReichmeans,hehopes,atlastobliterationHolyRomanImperial the inevitabilityofNazitheoryandpractice;hisconclusionisthatextentdefeat by tracingthefl he writesofa1900anonymouspamphlet, tic JahnhadproposedthatBohemiaandMoraviabesurrendered byAustriatoPrussia,when the Czechswasnotnew. did notacceptthiswouldhavetoleavethecountry.Inother words,Hitler’splantoannihilate Tannenberg hadwrittenthattheCzechsweredestinedfor germanizationandthatthosewho in Russia.Similarlyhis Czechs wouldreceivevouchersfromPrussiaand exchangethemforlivingquarters be splitupbetweenSaxonyandBavaria,Moravia AustrianSilesiabegiventoPrussia; 216 31 34 33 32 The journalistandteacherofpoliticalscienceKarelHoch(1884–1962)alsoblamesNazism ce inBohemia.ThemedievalCzechsdonotputthemselvesacrossassuchvictims as Karel Hoch, Ibid.,pp.86–87. Ibid.,pp.23–24. Habr Pangermanismus philosophy] hadonlyonehistoricmission,theexterminationofCzechnation. gallows ropesandunderthelethalvetoofconcentrationcamps;inProtectorateit[Rádl’s application, notsomuchundertheGermanwhipasdirectlyrifl friends’ was,practicallyspeaking,currentintheso-called‘Protectorate’,whereitfounditsbest ‘philosophy ofpeace’betweentheCzechsandGermanswhowere‘twooldneighbours,often ersoftheGermanmyth(Klages,Rosenberg),butalsoin‘Germancharacter’. 34 h LikeHabr ina, Nadc Pangermanismus uctuating poweroftheHolyRomanEmpireheendeavourstodemonstrate h Válka C love h ina and,indeed,K.F.Koch,HochisanadmirerofNietzsche. Hochisnot h k anadnárod (1946)is,however,farmoresoberaworkthanJakobson’sorHabr h ina maintainsthatNazismhaditsfoundationspartlyinGermanRoman- h echu 33 r Hochmentionsboththeseworks,butexaminesthem in greater sNe Großdeutschland, dieArbeitdesXX.Jahrhunderts , Prague,1946,pp.153–54. , p.78. h mci (TheCzechs’warwiththeGermans,1928),butdoesnot Robert B.Pynsent h ina’s Groß-Deutschland Nadc h love rst-century writer,RadkaDenemarková h k anadnárod h ina omitsthefactthatRoman- , thathadsuggestedBohemia ( Übermensch Válka e-barrels, under e-barrels, 31 (1911),Richard Habr h ina wishesto and h ina seesa Übervolk h 32 ina’s;

) Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited made theCzechs‘ historically theGermanshadexertedconsiderablepressureonCzechs,butthatthis these twoexperimentsalsoenrichedGermanexperience.’Moraveccontinuesbystatingthat Bohemia andtheCounter-ReformationdidsametoCzechness.Ithink,however,that two experiments:theHussitessucceededinextirpatingGermannessfromKingdomof more thanhelives,butstillwasrightwhensaidthatwehavebeenenrichedby Válka governments, EmanuelMoravec(1893–1945,suicide),moreorlessrejectsimplicitlyRádl’s was tobecomeaNaziandbyfarthemostpowerfulmemberoflasttwoProtectorate he wasstillaCzechoslovaknationalistandlectureratthemilitaryacademy,manwho himself tobeaconvincedbelieverintheheritabilityofwhathasbeenlearned: entirely certainthatGermanhereditaryviolencehasbeenextirpated,buthecannotfi hate, curseFate’. ‘digging themselvesevermoredeeplyintotheirmoralisolation;theyareashamedand then, beawareofthefactthatGermans’‘mentalbalanceisseriouslyupset’,theyare is fallingintothemiserablemorassofitspsychologicalisolationfromworld’.Onemust, Defeat in1945appearsatthemomenttobe‘anew,fatefulstepwithwhichGermannation did whatitcouldtoensuretheGermansboremarkof‘moralandpoliticalinferiority’. disease wereevidentintheGermannationbefore1914’,andafter1918restofworld defeat in1918mightbeintensifi Hoch alsofearslesttheGermans’pathologicalsenseofinferioritythathadbeenintensifi reduces thedurationofCzech-GermanhostilityfromJakobson’s1,000to500years. years inGermanconcentrationcampsandprisonsforhisactivitiestheResistance,atleast Czechs’ age-oldenemy.ThenovelistK.J.Beneš(1896–1969),whospentthreeandahalf one ofthesearticles,fromNovember1940,hewritesironically: less thanamonthbeforetheendofwarandhisexecution tookplaceelevendayslater.In leader-like articlesduringthewarandburiedtheminhis garden;theGestapoarrestedhim for theestablishment 38 37 36 35 There werepeoplewhotriedandfailedtodenytheconceptionofGermansas Emanuel Moravec, K.J.Beneš, Ibid.,pp.272–73. Ibid.,p.109. ideas exists,onemustreckonwiththefactthat was thusavehicleforthehereditary.Ifheritabilityofcertaininstinctsandperhapsalsomoral impressionable years,almostallGermanyoungpeoplewerepermeatedbyNazipropaganda,which if allotherinfl moral characteristics,stillamatterfordebate,andthereforepracticallyoflittlesignifi Anyway, besidetheeffectoftraditionthereisquestioninfl avoided greaterScyllaswhentheGermanCharybdisswallowedabit ofus.Butafterall,nosincere, Battle oftheWhiteMountain,germanizationwasnotthreatening usmostofall.Perhapswe What hasbeenbeen.PerhapsduringthereignofStWenceslas, orbeforeandafterthe refute Palacký’scontentionthatourhistoryhadalwaysbeenadefensive fi the dangerthatourGermanneighboursareengineering.There peopleamongstustodaywho For theforeseeablefuturefateofournationisdeterminedby thequestionwhetherweresist , andcomestoasomewhatenigmaticconclusion:‘OurProfessorRádloftentheorizes Ohnivé písmo 36 uences weresuccessfullyremoved)because,particularlyintheirdangerously

a toughnationthatneverindulgedinadventures Obrana státu Naše doba , p.126. [1935],5thedn,Prague,1937,pp. 144–45. ed by1945:‘Thereisnodoubtthatsymptomsofmental (Our time),EmilSobota(1892–1945),continuedtowrite Conclusory Essay it willcontinuetooperateinGermany ’. 38 uence oftheheritability Thepre-warleader-writer ght againstGermanness. . 35 cance (even cance 37 nd itin When ed by 217 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited occupiers’. characteristic’ ofthewarwas‘patriotism,faith,andheroicfi by thelowerclasses,forexamplewelearnfromJosefŠtefánek(1919–72)thatan‘essential Particularly inwritingaftertheCommunisttake-over,age-oldenemyhadbeendefeated these wordsactuallyintendtostirthefi tossed aboutbyaliencurrents.’ an obtusepassivitythat,outoflaziness,allowsitselftobecarriedalongand,unresisting, linked withculturalandthusintellectualeconomicstagnation.Andtheoppositeofthis, German threat:‘stubbornresistanceandahopelessstrugglewiththefi ences; therealthreatstoCzechindividualityhadalwayslainintwoextremereactions which hadgenerallybeensolvedbyculturalassimilationandtheadaptationofalieninfl Chotek (1881–1967)hasamorecomplexview:therehadalwaysbeen‘CzechQuestion’, an over-quotedpairoflinesfromtheso-calledWenceslas chorale,aprayeraddressedto Prague, 1947,p.49. C the fi decisive battle.’ strong, skilfulandintellectuallyalertalwaysscaredtheTeutons,soitwillbenowin tion, tobelievethattheCzechshadsurvivedbyvalour:‘Czechwarriors,politicallyaware, Veselý-Štainer (1906–93)citesanundergroundmanifestothatapplaudsthefi other thanNazi-sympathizers,repeated No onecouldarguewiththelastsentence. of theGermansas‘ancientinveterateenemiesCzechoslovakpeople’, been theirenemies;itbecamemoreorless our descendentstoperish”.’ and extermination.NotfornothingdidourprinceWenceslas pray,“Donotallowusor battling withtheGermansCzechnationhasoften beenindangerofhumiliation publicly, sincesuchbrutalitymadeforpukkarevolutionary chaos:‘Duringits1,000years’ brutality, atleastintheeyesofthosepoliticianswhoeitherignoreditornevermentioned tation onit,andthisisalsopropaganda,foritmoreorlessjustifi (1877–1960), manhandleshistorydifferently,putsahyperbolicversionofthevictiminterpre- informative ofintellectuals’reactionstotheProtectorate, liberal novelistC interested sinceancienttimesonlyinaggressionandhegemony’. the Antichrist,1945),of‘thatnationonothersideCzechfrontierthathasbeen 218 h 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 eská literaturapoválce During andimmediatelyafterthewar,whatevertheirpoliticalpersuasion,Czechwriters, VáclavVacek, ‘Pražsképovstání’,inJavu Štefánek, Karel Veselý-Štainer, C QuotedinReicinandMareš, Emil Sobota, KarelChotek, ‘Oc rst attemptataStalinist‘academic’workonwhatliterature andcriticismshouldbelike,JosefŠtefánek, nation’s existentialquestion. honestly pretendthatinthefutureareallysubstantialdefenceagainstGermannesswillnotbeour well-advised man,aftertheexperienceoflastcenturyandparticularlyfewyears,would h estmír Jer 44 TheCommunistlord-mayorofPragueduringtheUprising,VáclavVacek C h h ábek, eská literaturapoválce 43 Glossy 1939–1944 h AswasthecasewithLudvíkSvoboda’swordsaboutinveterateenemy, estmír Jer V zajetíAntikristove , Prague,1949,p.28. h eském lidu’,inJavu Cestou národníhoodboje.Bojovývývoj domácíhoodbojovéhohnutívletech1938–1945 h ábek (1893–1981)writesinwhatisprobablythewardiarymost 39 45 , Prague,1946,p.58. Sokolovo Infact,StWenceslasdidnotpraythus.Vacekisquoting , p.37. 42 TheCouncilofThree(R3,Radatr h , Olomouc,1945,p.25.Jer Robert B.Pynsent r , p.17. rková (ed.), ghting spirit,exploitclichésforthesakeofpropaganda. r rková (ed.), ad nauseam de rigueur Pražská kve Pražská kve theassertionthatGermanshadalways . Forexample,LudvíkSvobodaspeaks h tnová revoluce1945 h h ábek wasoneofthewritersoutlawedin tnová revoluce1945 V zajetíAntikristove ghtofourpeopleagainstthe 41 TheethnographerKarel es contemporaryCzech erce, ruthlessenemy, h , pp.90–92(91). í) Resistanceleader , pp.48–50(49). rst extremereac- h (Inthrallto 40 andthe u- , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited slightly differentversionbasedmoreevidentlyonthe negotiations withGermans,foronemust‘reckontheirguile’. Veselý-Štainer sentamessagetoanotherResistancegroupadvisingthembecarefulinall appeared tohavebecomepalpablereality.Evenwhenthewarwasclearlyaboutend second, theNaziswerefondofconcept‘Nordiccunning’.Onceagainmythopoeic sixteenth century.IntheNaziperiod,fi trast betweenGermandeceitandBohemianhonourthatwasperiodicallyrepeatedintothe legend), andby1314thefi tive, treacherousGermanhasformedatoposinCzechliteraturesince1306(theverseJudas the Germanvocabulary,’writesZeman. age-old continuousenmitybetweenCzechsandGermans. have quotedsofar,theSecondWorldWarappearsessentiallytoconstituteaclimaxan well-worn conventionofassociatingtheUprisingwithHussiteWars.InallwritersI twelfth-century poem;whetherheknowsitornot,Vacekis,then,contributingtothe Wenceslas, actuallyfromoneofthestanzasaddedinfi similarly toHabr The notionofinheritedmoraltraitsishereagain.UnderNazism,writesKoch,somewhat lively cycleofsatiricalverse, in DrdaorBranald)andGermanmendacityconstitutesa themeofPetrKr Habr Lazaretní vlak civilization fromSlavbarbarism’inwhatwasthemostwidelyreadofUprisingnovels, lieutenant museonthefactthatWehrmachthadbeenwagingwar‘tosaveEuropean the SecondWorldWarsimilarly.BranaldpointsthatoutwhenhehasafanaticalGerman comprehended theGreatWar.Onotherhand,Naziswereofteninclinedtosee also comportswithhowBethmann-HollwegorEdvardBenešhad,atleastintermittently, anything elsethatfi portrayal ofthewaraspartancientstrugglebetweenGermansandSlavs.Apartfrom Vyhnání, odsunvkontextuc in GertraudeZandandJir the imposingrobeofcunning’. least thattheGermantendencytolie,robanddestroywould notbeexpungedbydefeat.In hereditary naturallyledtotheviewthatNaziswouldremain Nazisafterthewaroratvery 51 50 49 48 47 46 In waronesidewillinevitablycriticizetheotherforitsdevioustricks,andsly,decep- The apparentlydominantviewamongstnon-Communists thattheGermans’viceswere For moreexamplesinCzechverse,seeJanWiendl,‘ObrazNe Koch, Habr Zeman, Veselý-Štainer, Adolf Branald, instincts wasmendacious,hard,aggressive,unscrupulous. ‘blond beast’thatoncefreelyroamedtheTeutonicforestsinaccordancewithneedsofhis of theThirdReichshouldknow.Andlying,ifendjustifi Deceit isavirtueastheferociousconquerorofoldTeutonicmythknewandeverygoodGerman h ina states: h ina, Slovo málidskost C h Nadc eskoslovenská Golgota (Thehospitaltrain,1950). h h love Lazaretní vlak ina, ‘thegermans[ Cesta národníhoodboje h k anadnárod ts neatlywiththepanslavismStalinhadencouragedduringwar;it h h í Holý(eds), eské literatury , p.160. rst vernacularchroniclerhaddevisedarhymeembodyingthe con- , Prague,1950,p.25. D , p.38. h , p.316. ábel frajtrem 51

, Brno,2004,pp.58–75(62–64). Belles-lettres Transfer. Vertreibung,AussiedlungimKontextdertschechischenLiteratur. , p.287. sic Conclusory Essay ], thenaddedlyingtotheirvirtues,dressedupin rst,Hitlerwasnotknownforkeepinghiswordand, 47 49

(Lance-corporalDevil). Attemptingtobemoresophisticatedthanthat, teemwithlying,trickyGermans(forexample, 50 esthemeansisblessed.Afterall, h Drang nachOsten mce vc fteenth centurytotheoriginal 46 Occasionallyonewillfi h eské poeziivletech1945–1946’, 48 ‘Loyaltywasneverin h ic h myth,thatis,a ka’s (1884–1949) n a nd 219 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the conclusiontohiscycle,Kr philosophy iswar,theCzechnationalmustbevigilanceanddefence.’ German ideasurvivesinthosewhohadbeenbroughtupwithitand:‘Ifthehistorical victory. TheCzechnationshouldkeepapermanentcloseeyeonGermany,fortheGreater worshippers whobelievethattheFührerwillhaveasecondcomingandleadGermansto remains the‘mostpopularmovement’inGermanyandthatHitlerculthadproduced had betteradviserssothatvictorycomeafterall;heinformshisreaderNazism Körner’s nunbelieves.SincetheendofwarNazishavebeenwishingthatHitlerhad Habr went onaroundhimwasthefaultofhisbadadvisers.’ everything hadgoneaccordinghiswishes,itwould’veneverbrokenout.Everythingthat idealist; hedidn’twantthewar;afterall,provedthattoo,atbeginningandlater,if Grabmüller: ‘whateveryouthink,gentlemen,AdolfHitlermeantwell.wasan brutality. other hand,thisnovelasawhole breaks therulesofearlierperiod,particularlyrulesilence onCzech elements inthisnovelarecharacteristic ofthe1970sNormalizationreturnto1940sand1950stopoi. Onthe Zánik samotyBerhof well-educated K.J.Benešisplayingon.FortheSSnuninVladimírKörner’s(born1939) excused inmedievalromancesandofotherleadersrebelslater,thatiswhatthe shattered.’ If peoplebecomefrightenedonceitrisesagain,thenervesofthosewhoseewillbe together. Unfortunatelythatnationdidnotdie.Andeveryoneknowsitwillpullitself the ideaoftheirdefeat,humiliationanddejection.Peopleeitherdieorpullthemselves in herthoughts,believesthesame:‘Itisimpossibleforustocontinuedrugourselveswith zeleném svahu central, givenhisuseofthenovel’smetaphoricaltitleprecisely inthiscontext.Thequestion will decidewhetherthathatredobtain.Thatappears banal,butwearemeanttofi most ofthenovelpositivelyencouragesreadertohate Germans,hedoessuggestthatTime the Germanpastandfutureinanewway,actuallysomewhat forced,clumsyway.Although fuse hisown,conventional,viewswiththePartylineon Germans.Heattemptstomythicize confessed andthosewhohavenot.Inhis and earlymodern Czech death.Whetherheknewitornot,Drdawasreturningtoaconventionofmedieval something grotesqueattendsanyGermandeath,butgloriousandheroicevery Jan Drda’s(1915–70)short-storycollection portrayals ofthatevil.OneremarksstraightawayinthemostpopularallUprisingworks, after day—/stillawolfwillnotturnintolamb’. declaring thattheideaofre-educatingthemisillusory,for‘Teachhimtobleat,practiseday mountains somemonthsaftertheendofwar,SecondWorldWarwillneverend. 1946, colophon1947),p.101. 220 56 55 54 53 52 The conceptionofinnatelydangerousGermansleadstoallmannermetaphorical Habr Vladimír Körner, K.J.Beneš, Anna Sedlmayerová, Petr Kr h ina saysmuchthesameasK.J.BenešsuggestedwithhisGrabmüller,wellwhat h ina, h 53 ic h K.J.BenešdescribesGermans’post-warfaithinHitlerthroughtheNazifarmer ka, ‘Jsouzde!’,in Nadc (Thehouseonthegreenhillside,1947),orpossiblymaincharacter,Renata, Ohnivé písmo h love h k anadnárod Zánik samotyBerhof (TheendoftheremotefarmBeerhof[ exempla Du r m nazelenémsvahu , pp.80–81. —thedifferentiationbetweendeathsofthosewhohave D h h , pp.20–21,100,102. ábel frajtrem.Druhéválkysve ic h ka writesoftheGermans’‘age-oldrancour’andcontinuesby , reprintedinKörner, Robert B.Pynsent , Havlíc Ohnivé písmo Ne h h má barikáda ku r v Brod,1947,p.153. h 54 tové struc 52 Thuswerethedeedsofevilmonarchs Podzimní novely Sedlmayerová’snarratorin (Letters offi (Themutebarricade,1946),that sic h ný pr ], 1973),upintheborderland h ehled veršem , Prague,1983,p.168.Such re), K.J.Beneštriesto , Prague,(title-page 56 Du r nd it nd m na 55

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited reception. 1941, pp.5–14(11).TheGermans allegedthatLažnovskýhadbeenpoisonedbysmørbrødataPrague Castle of himmadeitimpossibletohavehumanemotionsaboutorforthem. any compassionwiththewretcheddefeatedGermans.Theirtryingtoknockhumanityout drivers andexecutioners.’Anotherresultofthiswoundisthatheincapablefeeling name oftheiraberrantsuperiorityandmight,hadproudlypromotedthemselvestoslave- too deeplywoundedforhimtobeableseparatethecountrysidefromthosewho,in pastoral songofitsMayawakening?Hismindwastooembittered,theverycorehisbeing dignity. Howcouldheseebeautyinthiscountryside?bemovedbythe and naturalrights,indeedhadendeavouredtodestroyinhimanyconsciousnessofhuman could nothelphimself:formorethanthreeyearsthiscountrysidehaddeprivedhimofallcivil German countryside,inhospitableandwilfullyhostileeveninitshumiliation,Antonín Thus GermanNaturecannotbeattractivetotheCzechheroAntonín:‘Butthiswas in 1945(thenovel’ssetting)andsoconventionalmisoteutonismmaystillexistthewriter. only thePartyknewhowtostepoverfrontierofTime.Socialismis,however,notthere speech atthefi remember thatK.J.BenešwasoneofthetinynumberCzechwritersallowedtodelivera writing ofTime( of whetherCzechswillhateGermansis,hewrites,waitingtobeanswered;thisisthefi the war-timeResistance: professor ofbiologyJanBe Czech martyrcomplex’thatT.G.Masarykwrotesofi The SecondWorldWarsawaheydayforthatelementinCzechnationalismknownas‘the politico-religious faith. was asraremanifestingcompassionforJudasIscariotorPontiusPilate.Itamatterof the 1940sandfi word), KarelLažnovský(1906–41),afellow-journaliston Sudeten GermanvillageofDubnice:‘eventherailwaymanŠimác that withSedlmayerová’s(nodoubtidealizing)statementonthenewsettlersofformally this village.’ the weightofdowncasteyesandtaciturnhumiliationremaininginhabitants grandson hadbeenexecutedandwhomortallyhatedallNazis,joinedtherestinfeeling race’ wouldnowbegintheirmarchacrossafrontierofTime. is abarrier,but‘allpeopleofgoodwillandfi and hismartyr’sdeathistheofahero.’ Judaeomasonic fraternitywhoarecapableofanything. KarelLažnovskýfelllikeawarrior by aninsidiousviolentactofakindthatstrikinglybrings tomindthehandiworkof mail), FrantišekJosefProkop(1901–73),writes:‘Karel Lažnovskýwasseparatedfromlife essays bythereasonablyintelligent,largelyself-educated journaliston writing ofanotherasamartyr.Inhisintroductionto volumeofposthumouslypublished Czech question,1895).Masarykwouldhavebeenatleastdisturbedtoseeapro-Nazi 60 59 58 57 Hence alsothefrequencyofterm‘martyr’forCzechvictimsGermans. Fr.J.Prokop,untitledintroductionto Karel Lažnovský, Sedlmayerová, Ibid.,pp.34, 44. K.J.Beneš, 59 Solelyonthebasisof Ohnivé písmo rst congressoftheCzechoslovakUnionWritersin1949)wasawarethat Pr ohnivé písmo h ekroc rst halfofthe1950s,however,manifestingcompassionforGermans h ený práh , pp.127,384. h lehrádek’s (1896–1965)wordsinhisessayonCzechscholars and

, p.144. c h asu ), thewritingonwallthatisasyetindecipherable.Time Conclusory Essay belles-lettres rm faithinManandthefutureofhuman 60 andhistoricalorpoliticalbookspublishedin ButMasarykwouldhavebeenangryatthe Na rozcestíve rmly againstin C h eské slovo h ku 57 r h . Zliterárnípozu AgoodCommunist(we ek, whoseson-in-lawand and 58 Onemightcompare Lidové listy C C h h eské slovo eská otázka r stalosti (People’s (Czech , Prague, (The ery 221 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited fallen armedfi ‘hecatombs ofexecutedpeopleandthemassmartyrs’‘tensthousandsdead,not drawer. Hyperboleandmelodramaconstituteweaponstorallybelievers.SoSobotawritesof that istruealsoforsuchasEmilSobota,writingatinboxinthegardenratherthan may beso,buttheessentialfunctionofmartyrmythwasactuallypropagandistic—and survived ornot,asmartyrs that, heasserts,waslovedasneverbeforebecauseoftheGermanthreattoannihilateit. strengthened theCzechs’willtoresist,‘bringasacrifi alism thatledtoconceptslike‘thenationalCalvary’orcrucifi Ležáky. Theexecuted,Czechsinconcentrationcamps.’ 1947), oneofthecharactersdeclares:‘Weareredeeminganewfreedombysuffering.Lidice, C Golgotha. were beingledtoexecution,itwasaWayoftheCrossandplaceexecution vision offreedomlikebiblical[ the veiloflovemortalsweatfromfacesmantobecrucifi prison andboreinhumaninsultsinordertogetinsideand,atleastforamoment,wipewith to deathnowvisitedbytheirwomenareChristsinPražák:‘They[thewomen]waitedthe or Christ-like;Zatloukal’sSlávkaHorskáisamartyr,forexample,andthemencondemned heroism; hewritessarcastically: sort, althoughhehadindulgedinsomehimself;chiefl 2000, pp.71–86;forataxonomy of thisliterature,seeMarieUhlír (97). ve 5.–9. kve Brno, 1992,pp.59–63;seealsoJir Shoah’, inRobertB.Pynsent(ed.), introduction toit,seeDerekPaton,‘ThePoliticizationofMassMurder. ImmediateCzechReactionstothe murdered. ThisspecialissuedoesnottreatCzechconcentration-camp andprisonliterature.Forasubstantial 1945 (99). 222 h h 66 65 64 63 62 67 61 echami, azanínovýden’(DeathwaspassingaboveBohemiaandbehindhernewday, zen In theviewofanhistoriantodaythis‘self-pitying[ Pražák, Jir Josef Kuchynka,‘Utrpení a šte Zatloukal, Sobota, Václav Kural, Jan Be , pp.12–17(16).LidiceandLežákyweretwovillagesrazedto thegroundin1942,theirmenfolk h just linebeforehistory[ Our nationisaccustomedtothefactthatanyonewholeadsitmostsafelyinaccordancewithits modern timesthegreatleadersofnation,T.G.MasarykandDrEdvardBenešwerepersecuted. Jan Jesenius,executedonOldTownSquare[1621],AmosKomenský[Comenius],andin historical fi The elementofmartyrdomhasalwaysplayedagreatroleinthehistoryournation.Ourgreatest foreign broadcasts;prisonwasnothingtothem—lettheGermansimprisonwholenation. one andnotsaidfromwhomtheyhadreceivedit.Althoughitwasforbidden,peoplelistenedto ter, son,father,motherhadbeenimprisonedforreadingananti-Germanpamphlet,received The enthusiasmforsufferingasaresultofresistingtheGermans.Peopleboastedthattheirdaugh- skou akoncentrác h í Medula[=JosefKuchynka],‘ŠlasmrtnadC h ten 1945 h lehrádek, ‘C 64 Politika arevoluce Glossy JosefKuchynka(1906–78)writesofconcentration-campinmates,whetherthey gures wereoftennationalmartyrs.AmongstCzechscholarsonethinksofJohnHuss,Dr C ghters, butmartyrs’. h , pp.41–42(41);ibid.,p.42. as válkouokutý Vlastenci protiokupaci.Ústr , pp.17,115. h h eská ve nickou tematikou(1945–1948)’,in SylvaBartu , p.81. sic h da ac 65 ], easilybecomesavictimofourage-oldenemies. , p.47;AlbertPražák,‘Ženyudržovatelkynade andinhismini-dramaforschools,setMay1944,‘Šlasmrtnad h í Holý(ed.), h h eský odboj’,inJavu stí národavpoesii’,inKuchynka(ed.), The PhoneyPeace.PowerandCulture inCentralEurope1945–49 sic 63 —aliteraryscholar’showler]StVeronicas.’Whenthey ThosewhowereexecutedbytheGermansmartyrs Robert B.Pynsent h ední vedeníodbojedomácího1940–1943 Holokaust vc h echami, azanínovýden’,inKuchynka(ed.), r rková (ed.), h eské, slovenskéapolskéliteratur y, however,heabhorssentimentalmock bolestínský ce tothealtarofnation’,anation 66 h ová, ‘Typologiedokumentárníliteratury s Pražákloathessentimentalityofthis Pražská kve r šková (ed.), ]’ aspectofwar-timenation- xion ofthenation’actually h 5.–9. kve je’ [1945],inKuchynka(ed.), h tnová revoluce1945 , Prague,1997,p.196. 61 K c ed forthesakeofour h eské literatur h ten 1945 h e , Prague,2007. , pp.98–103 h e 1945–1948 , pp.95–97 5.–9. kve , London, 67 62 That h ten , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Fuc the Communists‘succeeded’inestablishingfi Emanuela Vajtauera against theman,butisnotunscholarly: Bor one, howeverwildhisend-of-studies dissertationwas)Ihavefromarecentstudythathashalf-hidden bias he receiveda‘doctorate’attheend ofhisundergraduatestudies(notthathewasnotbrightenough toget martyrdom’. .]farfromanyplay-actingat . had diedthus,hewrites,as‘amatterofcourse[. Party line,butalsothatofthinkingpatriots,byrefutingthenotionmartyrdom.Thosewho death inherconcentration-camp‘block’,FrantišekHalas(1901–49)followstheCommunist In hisprefacetoananthologyoflastlettersfromprisonersawaitingexecutionor,inonecase, ist andtrade-unionagitator,hadspentsometimein prisonthere; Party in1929.Hewasanuisanceandhadanunsuccessful careerinAmericaasajournal- accompanied illegallytoMoscow,remainedafriendof his.Vajtauerwasexpelledfromthe had Trotskyitetendencies,andtheCommunistwriterIvan Olbracht(1882–1952),whomhe Communist Partypast;hewasinthefrombeginning,thoughappearstohave Communists rightupto1989,althoughitisactuallyafairlyoldproverb,Vajtauerbetrayshis and theSovietUnionproper.InLeninquotationhegiveshere,onegreatlyfavouredby Americans enteredthewarandbeforeHitlerlaunchedhisinvasionofSoviet-occupiedPoland its calumniatorsabroad.ThebookIherequotefromwaswrittenandpublishedbeforethe whom Shortmentionsinhisarticle,usesHussandtheHussiteWarstodefendNazismagainst (1892–?; heescapedtheProtectorateinfi but aninferiornation.OneofthefeweducatedandintelligentActivists,EmanuelVajtauer dance withtheNazis’cultofLutherandtheirunwillingnesstorecognizeCzechsasanything ignore it,especiallyintheearlystagesofwar;thereaftertheychangedtheirviewaccor- the SecondWorldWar,pro-Naziwritersandjournalists(knownasActivists)couldnot rule. Indeed,sofi with theHussites,andCommunistPartyencouragedHuss(ite)cultthroughouttheir also inFranceandItaly,identifi was infullswing;theGreatWarsoldiersCzechoslovakLegions,mainlyRussia,but modern period,theHusscultwasreignitedinmid-nineteenthcenturyandby1880s burning ofJohnHussatthestakein1415andwithsubsequentHussiteWars.In barbarian, hewrites,insultswillbeheapedontheleaders oftheNazirevolution,and: in part,aimedatCzechAmericans.JustastheBritish had labelledGeorgeWashingtona American angleofhiswritinghere,which,asthesubtitle ofthebookinformsus,was,atleast scoundrel andanyonewhorefusesitanevengreaterscoundrel’. go tochurch.’Ontheotherhand,anyResistanceworker‘whoexpectsgratitudeisa ing aviewsimilartoHalas’s:‘resistancedoesnothavesaints,justparishionerswhofaithfully a Resistancehero,butnotCommunist,wroteinhisbookfrom1946,coincidentallyexpress- of educatedCzechswasconvinced,unfairly,thatheavillain.Amanwhocertainly the offi 70 69 68 The post-warcultmythologyofresistanceandmartyrdomofferedeasyparallelswiththe InformationonVajtauer’slifeanddoings, includingthemanipulationhebecameinvolvedintoensure K.F.Koch, FrantišekHalas(ed.), h ík (theattempttocreateafemalecounterpartinMarieKuder cial stateherototheveryendofCommunistregime;becausehisstatusmass 68 Heroeswerepreferabletomartyrs,heroesactive,martyrspassive.Intheend, Slovo málidskost , ŠenovuOstravy,2002. rm aplacedidtheHussiteshaveinCzech nationalistmythologythat,during Poslední dopisy , pp.86,88. ed themselves(oratleasttheirleadersandtheintellectualsdid) , Prague,1946,p.5. Conclusory Essay h ivoj C h elovský, rst daysofMay1945,nevertobeseenagain), rmly onlyonehero,theliterarycriticJulius Strážce NovéEvropy.Prapodivnákariéra novinár h 69 íková failed),whoremained 70 hence,however,the 223 h e Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Nations. Inallthepropaganda,hewrites, of to theCzechsaswarriorsandhereherepeatshimselfinorderattackMasaryk’spreaching ing. BeforetheMunichAgreementhehadfrequentlyreferredtoCzechmilitarytradition, — includinghisfuriousattempttopersuadePresidentBenešdefendthecountrybyfi his decisiontosupporttheGermansandProtectoratewasconsistentwithearlierviews demonstrate onthebasisofamplequotationfromhisFirstRepublicarticlesandbooks,that brought ustheNationalRevival.Aftertroubledpresent itwillbeEuropeanNational lel withhisownday:‘AfterthechaosofHussiteperiod, enlightenedRomanCatholicism mythology; heisnotentirelyunwisehere,butthatcould becoincidental:heneedstheparal- Elsewhere, hepresentsaversionofHussiteBohemiaapparentlyinordertospitenational In hisprefacetotheGermantranslationof and partlyafterit, of hisworks,aworkwrittenpartlybeforetheGermanoccupationMarch151939, followers ofHussastypicallyCzechnaivepoliticians: tschechoslowakische Krise1938 not accessibletome.) Tscheche überdasBenesch-Regime Activists frequentlylaunchedintoCzech 224 Humanität .]Is . we neversaytotheworldthatitwasinhumanallowsuchagreat andindustriouspeopletostarve?[. adequate humanunderstandingforthelotofaGermanyenslaved bythe writes: ‘Whydidwe,whoinourowninterestproclaimedsomuch aboutMasarykian 73 72 71 The Activist-in-chief,Moravec,isstillpositiveabouttheHussitetraditioninmost-read EmanuelMoravec,‘VorwortzurdeutschenAusgabe’,in Emanuel Moravec, Emanuel Vajtauer, Humanität blasphemers, highwaymenandassassins? a hereticandperditionable,JohnŽižkabanditAntichristthewholepeoplegodlessrabble, take agreattask.ThatwasduringourHussiteinsurgency.Butbecauseofthat,notHusscalled Once inourhistorywealsoregardedourselvesasthe‘sacrosanctnation’,chosenbyGodtounder- used tosay,‘Onecannotmakeanomelettewithoutbreakingeggs[ to breakdowntheaccustomedorder,ordisorder,onlybyviolenceandruthlessnessand,asLenin eyes oftheircontemporariestheyappeartobebanditsandbarbarians.Insuchperiods,itispossible chosen instrumentofprogressandfulfi It isthelotofallnationsthat,atacertainturning-pointinhistory,theyregardthemselvesas doctrine andthentheybegantothrowintheirlotwithmorallyputridWesterndemocracy. Gothic withtheHussitemovement.InGreatWar,theylapsedintoaprimitiveSlavophile defend thestaleandunviable.InMiddleAges,theywantedtoreformmoribundWestern The Czechpeoplehasneverhadanysensitivitytocurrentaffairs.Theywerealwaysprepared girlish character. after 1919alreadycracked)wasenjoyedonlybyagroupoftheintelligentsiathathadparticularly lemonade ofmoribundpacifi smother theold-soldierlycharacterthatwasinbloodofthispeoplelednowhere.Thesoppy was actuallylivingoffitsgreatmilitarytradition the mottoes‘ thatknowsonlyitsownneedsand overlooksthoseofothersatallmoral?’KarelLažnovský, (thefullestpossiblehumanness)andBeneš’senthusiasmfortheLeagueof Humanität 72 V úlozemour Malé národyvnovéEvrope V úlozemour , Prague,1941,pp.5–26(22). ’ and‘democracy’werefl , Prague,1940(hereafterLažnovský, sm offeredinthefragileglassofLeagueNations(thatwas h h enína enína (C Humanität Robert B.Pynsent (Muggins’turn,1939).InthisworkMoravecseeksto l theirmissionwithfanaticalself-sacrifi 71 h eskoslovenská tragedier.1938) h ofHussitismandrevolutionaryarmies.Allattemptsto . Epištolykamerickýmkrajanu V úlozemour . Forexample,inhis uttering abouteverywhere, h enína Ein Tscheche , Moravecappearstoregardthe Hovory sde Das EndederBenesch-Republik.Die Diktat Když sekácíles,lítajítr , 2ndedn,Prague,1940,p.222. r m , Prague,1941,p.34. ), pp.27–28.(Czechoriginal o esils ...]Whydid . ofVersailles?[. h but theCzechnation ce, andthatinthe jinami Humanität (1940),Lažnovský h 73 ísky , nothave ].’ ght- Ein Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited p. 222. same quotationwasusedinthe battledirectionsoftheR3.SeeVeselý-Štainer, century misoteutonicworkswereatthetime. essentially anti-Germanisattheveryleastdebatable—howeverpopularsomefourteenth- Hussite manifestoesorpamphletswereanti-German,buthisassertionthatthemovementwas in Bohemia,butalsoin,forexample,Dresden.Hochisrightwhenheassertsthatmany matter ofplunderingincursionson‘German’territory—infact,therewereGermanHussites anti-German andBezdíc to adegree,thatofStalinists;itfi an historicalnonsense,thoughthisviewcomportswiththatofpre-warpopularhistoriansand, “strike them,sparenoone!”ThathymnsaddledthewildhorseofourPragueUprising’. vengeance forthem[victimsoftheGermans],adayresoundingwithTaboriteexhortation indicates CzechbloodthirstinessintheUprising:May5‘wasdayofsuddenlyignited sphere onthefi o tétoválce [Czech originaltowhichIhadnoaccess: her novel Václav Vojtíšek(1883–1974)maintainsthatJohnHusswas‘thegreatesthaterofGermans’, Socialism thatrescuestheCzechsoulandsomethingofoldeffi import, whichtheGermanshaveneverbeenabletoforget.’ classic Czechnationalrevolution,theHussiterevolutionmarksourfi ceived theirlasting‘blindhatred’fortheCzechnation,‘Forfromadventofourfi published overacenturyearlier,heclaimsthatitwasinHussitetimestheGermanscon- from alongHussitepolemicalpoem,whosemisoteutonismisnogreaterthanthatofworks the Hussites.’ with thedescendantsofgloriousRussianheroes[ stout Czechwarriors.SoinamarchingsongoftheCzechoslovakArmyCorps:‘Sidebyside prevail in soldiers. when hewritesoftheRedArmyas‘His[God’s]people’,astartlinglyineptlabelforthose revolution, foritdidnotwanttoseparateitselffromWesternplutocracy.’ Church atanyprice,andCzechdemocraticsocialism[Masarykianterminology]wasnosocial mation, fortheHussitesdidnotwanttoseparatethemselvesfromRomanCatholic he makesasimilarpointinmoreprofoundlyideologizedfashion:‘Hussitismwasnorefor- (82). the blockoffl Jarmila Svatá(1903–63),melodramaticallycomparesthe noisy buildingofabarricadeoutside 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 The nationalistHabr Emanuel Moravec, AlbertPražák,‘Podstata 5.kve JosefRoedl, ‘Zima1945’,inRoedl, JanMareš, ‘Sme ForHoch’sviewonHussitenationalism,see VáclavVojtíšek,‘Novou slávouozdobená’,inJavu Habr Emanuel Moravec, h 80 ina, (1941)], Prague,1942,p.112. Pražákemploysalaterforgedadditiontothebattlehymndescribeatmo- belles-lettres Pe Nadc h t dnu 79 ats thatformsthesettingofnovelwith‘oldhymnHussite JosefRoedl(?–?)echoesthe‘warriorsofGod’Taboritebattlehymn rst daysofthePragueUprising,andthereby,onepresumesunintentionally, h love h r r Praha’,inReicinandMareš,

h (Five days,1959)theformerAvant-gardeactress,thenfeministnovelist, k anadnárod Tatsachen undIrrtümer.DerWeginsneueEuropa.DieTschechender gegenwärtigeKrieg O c isthatadoptedbyMoravecin h ina distortshistorymorethanthesetwoActivists.Afterquotingalittle h h eský zítr ek writesinhisarticlethatsuchmisoteutonismwasactuallylargelya , p.80. h h tna’ [1946],inKuchynka(ed.), ek tted inneatlywithnationalmythology. HochhastheHussites , Prague,1943,p.22. Roc Conclusory Essay De h h ní doby.Napamátkulet1938–1945 je abludy.Ošír Pangermanismus Sokolovo 78 r Nonetheless,versionofHussitesto rková (ed.), bohatýru h , p.11. ce evropskécesty,ozarostlénárodnípe V úlozemour , pp.238,73,237. r ] /forwardmarchesthegrandsonof 5.–9. kve Pražská kve 76 ThePragueprofessorofhistory h h ten 1945 enína , Prague,1945,unpaginated. h tnová revoluce1945 ciency.’ rst periodofuniversal , thatofatradition , pp.130–32(131).The Cestou národníhoodboje 75 74 Ayearlater, h šince anejvíce , pp.80–83 81 rst, 225 In 77 ,

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the insurgents,butalsospiritofBohemiantroopstakingMilanin1162. warriors, beforethesoundofwhichGermanarmyscatteredatDomažlice’. wagons. from thePragers’unconscious,thatbarricadeswereareincarnationofŽižka’sbarriers (1896–1974) maintainsthatinthePragueUprisingHussitewarriorspiritwasretrieved of theResistance:‘Forward,forward,/ŽižkaandMasarykareleadingus!’ Czech mind.Onefi ated inlegionaryliterature),orsimplyŽižkaastheCzechmilitaryspiritandMasaryk his postasorganizeroftheCzechoslovakLegions(MasarykandŽižkawerefrequentlyassoci- nationalist clichéistoassociateMasarykwithHuss;onecouldimaginethatthisin ing thehonourofŽižkaandMasarykbeforewholeworldhistory.’ encouraged theinsurgentswithwords:‘Soldiersandfellow-fi the Uprisingaltogether,inwhichheinformsusthatPragueradiostationhadatonepoint ized reportageaccountoftheUprisingandhisfi 1940 andthe1980spublishednumerousnovelssetinAfrica,wroteanenthusiasticfi women intheCzechoslovakArmyCorps. same workcontainsacomparisonofthewomenwhofoughtforŽižkaatVítkovwith of thebattlechoraleŽižka’stroops:“Fearnotenemy—heedtheirnumber.”’The .].Havingnoregardforhislife,withdeedshevividlyremindedoneofthewords . ically [. refers tothesamehymn,quotingadifferentpartfromPražák:‘PrivateC (1901–56) demonstrateshowthebourgeoisiearedoing everythingtheycantodesocialize constitutes atractagainsttheBenešiteMinisterofJustice ProkopDrtina,VáclavR of theproletariat.Ina1954novelsetinformerSudetenland, anovelwhichactually In Stalinisttimes,aswastobeexpected,Hussitewarriors becamefi of CzechSocialiststyle: its associationwithpeople’sdemocracy.Vojtíšekwrites,manifestingtheuncertainbeginnings like aHussitechorale.’ pleased him:‘Yourraisedvoice,yourrevolutionaryvoice/rangoutfromthemicrophone gives thenominalleaderofUprising,AlbertPražák,Hussitequalities,whichwouldhave uses thesamequotationasPražák,p.24. 226 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 The beginningsofthenewideologizationHussitisminnationalmythologyisevident MiloslavNohejl, ‘Slavný9.kve ‘Písen L[adislav]M[ikeš]Par ReicinandMareš, Jarmila Svatá, Vojtíšek,‘Novou slávouozdobená’,p.83. Zatloukal, Par people [ in administeringthenewcourseandrulesofpeople’sdemocracy,government vated byCzechworkandthespiritenrichednewvalues,whenitreturnstoitstasks when thePragueOldTowntown-hall[guttedbyGermantank-fi warmer emotionsthantheydidbefore. [when itisthusfunctioning]ourpeoplewillgoaboutinwithevenmorepiousrespectand colnesque], bythepeopleandforpeople,whichtown-hallwasadvocatinginHussitetimes; h ízek, h 86 c Par h eských rebelu A lidpovstal lidu h C ízek, too,seeshistoryrepeatingitselfintheUprising,fi h , Bezdíc as válkouokutý Pe h t dnu nds thesamelinkinananonymouspoemallegedlywrittenbyamember Sokolovo h r r , Prague,1945,pp.43–44. ek explainstheoftenmenacingpolysemyof h . Pr ’, inKuchynka(ed.), ízek, 88

h íbe h , p.69. h zpražskékve A lidpovstal , pp.92,119. h ten’, inKuchynka(ed.), Robert B.Pynsent , Prague,1945,p.85. 89 h tnové revoluce 5.–9. kve 83 L.M.Par ghting unit,oneofthefi h ten 1945 , 2ndedn,Prague,1975,p.33.Here,too,achild 5.–9. kve h ízek (1907–88),someonewhobetween , pp.44–45(45). h ten 1945 lid re during theUprising]isreno- ; hereitmaynotbeatallLin- gtr![ .]Youaredefend- . ghters! [. , pp.86–89(87). fteenth-century versions fteenth-century ndstheHussitespiritin rst proseaccountsof h 85 erný foughthero- MiloslavNohejl 82 Reicinalso 87 Zatloukal ctional- 84 h The ezác h

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited in thewordsofoneDrda’snarrators: more thewarturnedagainstGermany,betteroffworkerswere. Zyklon BinKolín,receivednotonlyhighwages,butalsoincreasedfoodrations,andthe explosives andarmamentsfactories,indeedinchemicalfactoriesliketheproducerof deal lessterrorthanotheroccupiedlands,especiallyPolandorUkraine.Czechworkersin Americans liberatedPilsen.ItwasbecauseofeconomicsthattheProtectoratesufferedagood tanks werestillcomingofftheline,evenafterAlliedbombingofŠkodaWorks,when The workingclassesgenerallyhadabetterwarbecausetheGermansneededthem—Hetzer track wasusableinMoravia,but75percentBohemia. the war.Indicativeofthatisfactatendwar,under50percentrailway occupied territory,andthatistruerofBohemiathanMoraviaforthelastfourmonths months of1944,theProtectoratewas,comparativelyspeaking,apeacefulpartGerman- drich, andimmediatelyafterhisassassination.Onthewhole,however,atleastuntillast virtually thewholeCzechpopulationduring(acting)protectorshipofReinhardHey- Cambridge, 2005,p.18. Teich (ed.), an intellectual. grammar schoolandpassedtheschool-leavingexams.Onedidnot havetothatqualifi about 300,000people—hadbeenregisteredasNazi[ Czechoslovak ministeroftheinteriorestimatedthatone ineverytwenty-fi fi ‘There wasonceatimeofgreatunityintheCzechnation,Hussiteperiod.Whobuilt One ofhischaractersinaccordancewiththenationalistMarxistinterpretationhistory,says: people’s democracyandthuswhytheFebruary1948Communisttake-overwasnecessary. least membersoftheintelligentsia. subject nation.ThewritersIhavequotedwere,naturally,mostlyintellectuals,oratthevery a statementofhallowedself-perceptionbypeoplewhohadbecomeorjustunbecome Protectorate voluntarilybecameGermancitizens. the Sudetenland.Furthermore,accordingtoFrommer, approximately 70,000Czechsinthe are necessarilydiffi citizens whodiedinthewarwas,however,largeasaproportionofpopulation.Statistics (ed.), rm foundationsofthisunity?Theworkingclass.’ 95 94 93 92 91 90 No onecandeterminetheboundariesbetweennationalisteuphoria,melodramaticityand Drda, Václav R Benjamin Frommer, Zdene See Alice Teichova,‘TheProtectorateofBohemiaandMoravia:theeconomicdimension’,inMikuláš Iusethetermintelligentsia asitwasstillusedbyCzechsatthetime,tomeansomeonewhohadbeen fl about JohnŽižka,Hussitetimes,whentherulingclassesofallEuropequiveredbeforeour I solikedippingintoPalacký’shistory[thatis,hisoftheCzechs],mostallwhathewrites to delightandinstructourdescendants. beautiful CzechlandandreadthepagesofHistoryourtimesthatwillbewrittensometime be abletorisefromsixfootunderin,say,100years,justforaweek,lookaroundthismost .].Ishouldwishnothingmorethanto . how hedealtwiththerulingclassesinHussitestyle[. ButhowbeautifulitwillbewhensomenewPalackýwritesforusaboutourKlementGottwald: ails. AndaboutGeorgeofPode Národní shromážde h Krásná Tortiza k Fierlinger,‘Prvnívládarepubliky plnilakošickýprogram’[October301945],inVáclavOsvald h Bohemia inHistory ezác h , Bitva cult, because‘Czechoslovak’includesmembersoftheWehrmachtfrom h ní zahajuje , 3rdedn,Prague,1955,p.282. , p.24. National Cleansing.Retributionagainst NaziCollaboratorsinPostwarCzechoslovakia , Cambridge,1998,pp.267–305(276, 280,283). , Prague,1946,pp.43–63(54). h brady’s reigninBohemia. 92 Proportionatelyspeaking,thisgrouphadtheworstwar. Conclusory Essay 91 90 95 Oneseeshowfarthisassociationcango Bryant,however,informsusthat‘the sic ] citizensintheoccupiedBohemian 94 ThenumberofCzechoslovak 93 Terrordidaffect ve “Czechs”— cation tobe(come) 227 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Rhein and whiletheElberemained lands beforeliberation’. baptizing Jews. a Czechpriest,prayingforanimprisonedsuperior,seditiousremarks duringreligiousstudiesclasses,and listed with‘crimes’ cally, sothat Mnichov but generallyspeaking,from1941onwardsonlyGermanformswerepermitted:insteadof sometimes evenaslate1941,onewillfi cerning thespellingoftoponymsinReich,includingGeneralgouvernement.Initially, (German fi Teichova intheessayIhavequoted.Themostvisiblegermanizingconsistedbilingual The mechanismsofthegermanizationProtectorateeconomyaredescribedindetailby known; Frommercites‘atleast766’SudetenSocialDemocrats, Sudeten GermansservingintheWehrmacht;fi Czechs, between36,000and55,000GentileCzechs(4,000inair-raids),7,000Gipsies,200,000 Frommer givesthefollowingfi York, 1950,pp.163–95(165). (70). tance workersexecutedorotherwisekilled,200,000inconcentrationcamps). post-war Czechoslovakgovernmentestimatewas245,000(7,000inair-raids,38,000Resis- Czech wardeadas160,000; concentration campsorwereotherwisemurdered,two-thirdsofwhomCzechs. the Germans,afi Moravec’s eldestofthreesons,forexample,servedintheWaffen-SSonEasternFront. voluntarily adoptedGermancitizenship,ortheirchildren,couldbeconscripted.Emanuel inmates (andeightProtectorateGermanpriests). than thatdied.Onemightaddthirty-oneSudetenGermanCatholicpriestswereDachau See Pernes, not mentionitorexplainhowMoravec’s eldestsoncouldbeintheSSorhisyoungestHitlerjugend. Glossy of agrandparent(orbecause[s]he hadaGermanname),asmeansofintensifyinggermanization.See Sobota, in theSudetenlandandhadGermancitizenshipthrustuponthem. the Germansneededlabourforce;Czechswerenotconscripted,unlesstheyhadbeenleft of BohemiaandMoravia’,p.284. statistics duringtheProtectorate.Seeespeciallypp.161,177–78and52,54,56,69–71,74. Bryant isconcernedwithwhatitmeanstobeor‘act’CzechGermanandsowritesusefullyoncitizenship 228 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 The projectedannihilationoftheCzechnationwasdelayedtillHitler’sfi See Bedr Frommer, IhavenootherdirectevidenceforMoravec’shavingassumed GermancitizenshipandJir ItcouldhappenintheProtectoratethat theGermanssuddenlydecidedthatachildwasGermanbecause R.Betts,‘Czechoslovakia’,inBetts(ed.), Wenig,untitledcommentaryinKuchynka (ed.), JosefSmrkovský,‘Pražsképovstání1945’,inJavu Chad Bryant, , pp.168–70. . TheNazis’favouriteshorthandnameforfi forMunich, rst) street-nameplatesandshopsigns.Inprint,themostobviouswasrulecon- Až nadnozrady.EmanuelMoravec h ich Hoffmann, National Cleansing Berlín Prague inBlack.NaziRuleandCzechNationalism gure whichconcurswithTeichova’sfi passim became München 96 pp. 379–434.Amongstthecrimesaretellingchildrentoattend thefuneralof A kdovászabije In1946,anauthoritativeCommunistpoliticiangavethenumberof Berlin 97 , p.25. Labe Wenigwritesin1947that250,000Czechsweremurderedby withtheadjective gures fortheProtectorateandSudetenland:77,000Jewish andthelocativeendingaltered( becauseitssourcelayinBohemia,theRhine( Robert B.Pynsent ... , Prague,1997. nd theCzechforminparenthesesafterGerman, Životautrpeníkne Central andSouthEastEurope1945–1948 r 5.–9. kve rková (ed.), 101 rst Czechoslovakia, thentheProtectorate, münchenský.

gures foranti-NaziSudetenländernot h ten 1945 h gure forCzechoslovakswhodiedin žstva vkoncentrac Pražská kve , CambridgeMA,London,2007,p.4. , p.156;Teichova,‘TheProtectorate Therulewasappliedpedanti- 100 v Berlíne butcertainlymanymore h tnová revoluce1945 h ních táborech 102 nal victorybecause h became Czechswhohad 99 Morerecently, , London,New Rýn , Pr h í Pernesdoes h , pp.70–72 erov, 1946, v Berlinu ) became 98 The 103 )

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Germans whocertainlyhadnodesiretodisparagethecountryor its people. ‘Die Tschechei’wasusedcolloquiallyinGerman,eastandwest,into thelate1960sevenbyeducatedyoung mein festerEntschluß,dieTschecheizubesetzen.’See,forexample, Zeman, of thefactthathiscountrywasatmomentbeingoccupied, Hitler greetedhimwiththewords:‘Esist German translationofLažnovský’s dam, Berlin,Vienna,1943,p.23. UllrichwasaNaziexpertontheCzechs.Hewrotepreface tothe Moravia labelled‘Tschechien’will befoundinOskarUllrich, by example, mattersliketheuseofword German hadbecomeacompulsorysubjectatschool: manipulating theschoolsystem.Heexplains,forexample,whyitwasvitalCzechsthat was will havetobebilingual. communicate withaFrenchman,Finn,anHungarianandPortuguese.Allsmallnations A CzechmustbecapableofspeakingliteraryCzech,butalsocorrectGermansothathecan nationalists apparentlyusedtheform gerichthof correctness, thelinguisticsovietizationdiscussedbyShortinhisarticle. of politicalcorrectnessmadeiteasierforpost-LiberationCzechtoacceptanew “Tschechien”’. A smallarearemainedinthemiddlewithfi The GermanregionsofBohemiaandMoraviawerethesamecolourasGermanyitself. course, alreadypartofGermany,sothatBohemiawassurroundedbyGermanyonthreesides. (1930, confi power. In1930BerlinthemaincharacterofFrantišekZavr English-speakers tosay‘Czechia’fortheCzechRepublic)afewyearsbeforeHitlerassumed hunch-backed aunt;thetwoRevolutionaryGuards(RG) decidetheywillrapetheyoung German atthecentreofnovelisbeingmarchedoff fromhomewithhermotherand ironic andsimultaneouslyemotiveinstanceoftheemployment ofthisexcuse.Theyoung beauty, JaroslavDurych’s(1886–1962) Czech todealwiththeexpulsionthatIhavecomeacross,hymnspiritualandphysical murdered indetentionorduringtheexpulsionprocess.Theonlypieceoffi families andsoforth,‘shotwhiletryingtoescape’,wastakenoverbytheCzechsforGermans národní správce 107 106 105 104 Some aspectsoftheimpactProtectoraterulesarefarmoresinister.TheGerman Ibid.,p.63. Moravec, František Zavr WhenthePresidentofSecondRepublic,Hácha,entered Hitler’s offi vedoucí that. TheBohemianLandsareourhome,buttheGreaterGermanReichisstate. .]theGermanlanguagemeansevenmorethan . .]Tous[. . frontiers ofBohemiaandMoravia.[. speak. SolearnGermaninorderthattheCzechs’goodreputationcanspreadwaybeyond communicate withoneanother,willbeGerman,whichtheintelligentsiaofhalfEuropealready .]itiscleartoallofusthatthechieflanguage,languageinwhichEuropeannations . world. [. opportunities inallfi Every CzechwhodesirestoexcelinthefuturemustacquireGermanlanguagesothatwork die Tschechei , people’scourt,becomesin1945 [leadingperson]exceptinestablishedwordslike scated bypolice)comesacrossamap‘ofthefutureGermany.Austriawas,of O c (nationalmanager).Furthermoretheexplanationforbrutalmurdersentto h 105 eský zítr h , el, 104 Moravecbecamethechiefimplementerofgermanizationbymeans Fortinbras andthisnameremainsanathematoCzechsday.Infact,German elds areopentothemnotonlyintheReich,butalsoEuropeandwhole h ek , p.54. 107 , 4th‘post-confi Intheend,rulesimplementedbyMoravec(including,for Hovor sde Conclusory Essay Tschechien h Boží duha jinami scation’ edn,Prague,1931,p.207.AmapofBohemiaand lidový soud . vu r dce (whichCzechsapproveof,andmanystillwant ve orsixcitiesandtheignominiousname (God’srainbow,1969),presentsaprofoundly [leader,Führer],whichshouldbereplaced , andthearyanizer( Der GrosseIrrwegderTschechen h el’s (1885–1947)novel strojvu ce onMarch15,1939, ignorant r C dce h eskoslovenská Golgota [engine-driver]),rules Treuhänder ne literaturein , Prague,Amster- 106 )

Fortinbras becomes , p.361. Volks- 229

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the wholecoreofStane in RovenskopodTroskamithathassomefeaturescommonwithAškenazy’sstory.Iquote The meticulousandprolifi escape andwouldkillothersifonedidnotthemorpreventfromtryingtoescape. beloved Sovietswerealwayskindandgenerous;fourthly,Germanstryingto collaborators barefoot;secondly,kindnessgetsonenowherewithGermans;thirdly,our the Sovietoffi commandant obeys,withtheresultthatatleastoneGermanescapes,andthiskills mostly German,fi to wearbootsorshoes(barefootGermanmenandwomendoingslavelabourisatoposof, Aškenazy intendsasanexcuse.TheSovietoffi wounded orsick.TheCzechcommandanthadspentfi ment campcommandantforill-treatinghiscivilianandarmyprisoners,manyofwhomwere short story‘Polibek’(Thekiss)in ist literatureattemptedtojustifyorwhitewashCzechbrutalityisexemplifi period andthenwasnotrepublisheduntilaftertheChanges.ThenaivetywithwhichStalin- Czechs allegedlydidnotdosuchthings,itcouldappearuntilthereform-Communist been shotwhiletryingtoescape.Durychhadcompletedhisnovelinthemid-1950s,butsince her rapesbygazingintomother’sdimmingeyes.TheRGreportthatthetwowomenhad woman andsoshoothermotheraunt;theyoungretainscomposureduring intelektuálština gentsia; oncethatceasedtheStalinistsledattacksofsame natureagainstintellectuals(and Protectorate authorities,ledbyMoravec,organizedconcerted pressattacksontheintelli- Uprising, duringandafteritfunctionedverymuchlike the SA. pith helmets),althoughoffi graphs andinBarényiová’snovelstheRGfrequentlywore SSuniformswithAfrika-Korps The RG,whomaywellhaveconstitutedthese‘revolutionary fi school: in RovenskoonMay101945.Theywereallfrisked,butthensomethinghappenedbythe German womenandsoldierprisoners,manyofthemnolongerincompleteuniforms,arrived marauders ordeath-squads)and‘partisans’,someofwhomspokeRussian.Acolumn Soviet soldiersandabandof‘revolutionary’fi Stane 230 108 Socialism hadcompletecontinuitywithNazisminadifferent sphereoflifeaswell.The Tomáš Stane h retaliation forallthehorrorsGermanshadperpetratedinRussia andinthiscountry’. armed menrepliedthat‘itwasnotrelevant;theywereGermans and thishadbeenveryminoras spilt bloodwithamotorizedfi the schoolandburiedinacommongrave.Thiswasfollowedby ‘washingtheroad’cleanof watched ‘fromadistance’theexecutionof365people.Theircorpsesweretakentofi statement on‘revolutionaryjustice’.Accordingtoeyewitnessaccountsthelocalinhabitantssimply national committee[localcouncil]‘intendedtostopthemassshooting’,butwasoverruledbya allegedly triedto‘scatter’,theorderwasgivenshootwholecolumn.Thechairmanof German. Thesituationwaseasilyresolved.Whenafewmenselectedforretaliatoryexecution politruk Allegedly, oneoftheprisonersattemptedtoescapeandinprocesshadshotaRussianpartisan k, Poválec deadanditwassaidthatatthesametimesomeseniorSovietoffi h né ‘excesy’ ). TheCzechCommunists had littletroublewiththepre-warpoliticalélite; cer. Inotherwords,fi h k, Poválec ction, butalsoafrequentsubjectofphotographsfromtheperiod).The ), pp.173–74. h né ‘excesy’vc h k’s accountbecauseitistypical.Themurderersinvolvedherewere c historianoftheexpulsion,TomášStane cially setupmoreorlessasmilitaryunitsatthebeginningof re hose.Whenaskedwhat sortofpeoplehadbeenexecuted,the Májové hve h eských zemíchvroce1945ajejichvyšetr Robert B.Pynsent rst, itwassensiblethatCzechshadkeptGermansand h zdy cer ordersthattheGermaninterneesbeallowed ghters (moreoftenthannotsynonymouswith . ASovietoffi ve yearsinSachsenhausen,which cer reprimandsaCzechintern- ghters’ (inpublishedphoto- cerwaskilledbyanother h ování h k, describesanincident , Prague,2005(hereafter ed byAškenazy’s eld behind 108 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited on h odaogtorpol sdseae...’Jer . soon. Themoodamongstourpeopleisdesperate. trop isjubilantandpromisingthatthesigningofpactwithSovietswilltakeplace the successoftheirdiplomacyandwreckingAnglo-Russiandiscussions.Ribben- could notbelievemyeyeswhenIreadthenewsinpaper.TheGermansarecrowingover summarize Czechreactionstothepact: or destroyingleft-wingpublicationsandnewspapercuttings.HereWeissisattemptingto until theGestapoarresthim,presumablyatChotek’sbehest.Tomášekhasbeenbusyhiding journalist, Chotek,andamiddle-classold-fashionedpatriot,Tomášek,whoisratherfeeble and hisfriendsfromthe slipshod novelthatpitchesaCommunist-ledResistancecellagainstanActivistjournalist diplomatic relations.InJanWeiss’s(1892–1972) omit itcompletely,eventhoughHochespeciallyspendssometimeonGerman-Soviet Czech(oslovak) publicopinionafterthewar.ThehistoricalworksofFink,ZemanandHoch the Molotov-Ribbentroppact—whichdidbecomeaproblemformanipulatorsof they couldnotexerciseanypoliticalauthorityafterthewar. were Auschwitzinmates),orotherwisekilled,simplysubornedtosuchadegreethat camps, asweretherelationsofprominentexiles(severalmembersPresidentBeneš’sfamily large numberswhoremainedintheProtectoratewereimprisonedorsenttoconcentration reactions prettyaccurately.C Whatever onemightsayabouttheconstructionofthisdialogue,itappearstosumupCzech a Communist-ledregimein a liberatedCzechoslovakia. revolutionize GermanyandtherestofcentralEurope.At thisstageBenešwouldnotconsider Beneš wasconvincedthattheaimofpactlayinStalin’s hopethatitwouldhelphim broke out,themajorityofResistancegroupshadbegun toholdanti-Sovietviews.Soon the Russianswasnotlost.Onwhole,however,especially whentheRusso-Finnishwar to contendwithboththeGermanandSovietdictatorship, thoughevenhereallfaithin began topublisharticlesassertingthatthefi Beneš asalackeyofimperialism.Bycontrast,theunderground periodical hand, afterthepactundergroundCommunistParty changed tacticsandbegantalkingof continued tocountontheSovietUnionasanallyagainst Hitlerinthefuture.Onother school libraries. Stalin, Dimitrov,Krupskaia,Molotov,TrotskyandotherSovietshavetobewithdrawnfrom 1940, whenheseesnewrulesandregulationsforlibrariesnoticesthattheworksofLenin, 111 110 109 It wouldbefacetioustomaintainthatsomethingofthiscontinuitywasforeshadowedby Kural, Jer Jan Weiss, ‘Well,we’llseewhichsidepulledafastone!’ done that.Itlookedliketreason.’ bathroom, Iwassoupset—andourgeyserdemolishedNotheSovietsshouldn’thave ‘Russia—shouldn’thavedoneit!WhenIreaditinthepaperforgottoturngasout that itwasacunningtrickofgeniusontheFührer’sparttocoverhisbacklikethat!’ ‘Whyshouldn’tit?Unfortunatelyitwill!Bothsidesaredoingwelloutofit.Wehavetoadmit You don’tbelievethisgloriouspactwilllasttotheendofwar,doyou?’ ‘That’sit,butthey’restillarrestingoldCommunists andsendingthemtoconcentrationcamps! when we’veraisedourglasseswiththeSovietstoeternalfriendship?’ ‘But whatIdon’tunderstand,’saidChotek,astonished,‘iswhyyouhideallthisprintedmatter h ábek, Vlastenci protiokupaci V zajetíAntikristove Volání opomoc 110 KuralinformsusthatPresidentBeneš,thoughhavingno timeforthepact, haute bourgeoisie , Prague,1946,pp.43–44. h , pp.44,46,62. , pp.47–48,66. h estmír Jer Conclusory Essay h ábek isalittlemoreinformative,thoughfarbriefer:‘I , oneclimaxconsistsofaconversationbetweenthe ght forCzechoslovakfreedomwouldnowhave 109 Volání opomoc 111 h ábek cheersupalittleonApril7 (Callingforhelp,1946),a V boj (Intobattle) 231 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the sameperiodSovietssent700,000tonstoUnitedKingdom. of CommunistnationalmythologyforthewholeSocialistperiod.Bettspointsoutthatover tons ofcorntoCzechoslovakiahelppreventstarvation.Thisgiftwasremainpart ganda washelpedwhen,afterthe1947drought,SovietUnionsentaltogether600,000 popular ayearafterthewar,andMunichAgreementwasbynomeansforgotten.Propa- we shalleverbeabletoprovewithdata.Ontheotherhand,CommunistPartywasstill for theliberation,quicklyturnedanti-Soviet,afargreaterproportionofpopulationthan war thatpro-Sovietstanceremainedfi immediately, insomegradually,changedintopro-Sovietsentiment.Forafewweeksafterthe existed, butafterHitler’sinvasionoftheSovietUnionthatdiminished,andinsome the betrayalofMunich.Inearlystageswarconsiderablepro-Britishsentiment will bethechiefadvocatesofCzechoslovakcause, but intheirowninterest. long enoughfortheWesttoinvade.Healreadyseesthat whenpeacecomes,theSoviets from theUSSRthanthatitwillgiveWehrmachtagood trouncing,keepitoccupiedfor Czechoslovakia’s importancetothemwasbutslight.No Czechcan,hewrites,expectmore ened atalluntiltheinvasionofPoland;in1938West hadcometothedecisionthat angrily thatalliancewiththeWesthadproveduselessand thattheWesthadnotfeltthreat- but forhimithasstartedbeforewarbrokeout.Inthe ‘leader’forAugust1944,hewrites clear-sightedly developedthatprophecybyDecember1941, whenhewrites: whole area;eventhehiddenWolfsgivesomethingoftheirmeagresupplies. 3,500 Sovietprisonersaresostarved,weak,thatfoodhastobecollectedfortheminthe British escapedPOWsarewalkingaboutfreely,hopingtobeablejointhepartisans,but He reports,however,thatthelocalsarefuriousaboutfacttowardsendofwar Soviets, heneverlovesthemandcontinuestocallonlytheWesternAllies‘naši’(ourboys). is describedbyReicinandMareš).EvenwhenWolfbeginningin1944toadmirethe Jew, torturedandkilled;thecourageousdeathofhisbrotherKurtatBattleSokolovo others asasuspectedpartisanbyCossackunitoftheGermanarmy,wasdiscoveredtobe time ofdeportationsfromOlomouc(thoughalmostattheveryend,Ottoisroundedupwith parents andsisterindug-outs,loftsorshedsbysomebrave,veryordinaryMoraviansfromthe time inthediaryofJewishteenagerOttoWolf(1927–45),whowashiddenwithhis but atsometimein1944beginlisteningtoMoscow.Thechangecomesaboutthesame family portrayedinSedlmayerová’s 1944, bywhichtimeitwasclearthattheywerelikelytobeliberatedtheRedArmy.The to raiseCzechspirits. early asJuly1940,however,rumoursofcomingGerman-Sovietconfl numbers willingtojoinResistancegroupsaswellanincreaseinmasspassiveresistance.As leaning. TheentryoftheSovietUnionintowar,Kuralinformsus,ledtoanincreasein change frompro-Britishtopro-Sovietsentimentisasevidentinliberalsittheleft- p. 316. 232 115 114 113 112 None theless,pro-WesternfeelingwasnotdeepamongstCzechs,whodidforgive The developmentofattitudestoWestandEastisparticularly clearinSobota’swardiary, Sobota, Kural, Betts,‘Czechoslovakia’, p.183. Deník OttyWolfa1942–1945 Vlastenci protiokupaci Glossy , pp.78–80. 113 Therealchangeseemstohavecomeformostpeople,however,in , pp.150,202,77. , ed.byMargitaKárná,Miroslav Kárný andLudvíkVáclavek,Prague,1997, Kac Robert B.Pynsent rm amongstintellectuals,butmany,howevergrateful h enka havealwayslistenedtobroadcastsfromLondon, ict hadalreadybegun 112 Duringthewar 114

115 Hehas Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited of whatshouldorwouldhavetohappenafterthewarthaninSobota.Jer an order.Hereweseealiberalcomingtotermswithradicalsocialrevolution. Sobota doesnotjudgetheprobableoutcome,butrecognizesSoviets’righttoimposesuch article. angering him: until hisentryforJuly11942,whenthereprisalsassassinationofHeydrichare broadcast byGeorgeVI.Jer to Britain,and(underMay24)isparticularlyimpressedbytheBritishresolveexpressedina day heexpressesreliefthatChurchillhadtakenoverfromChamberlain,andnowwarms This passageisparticularlysignifi of centralEuropeand,inadditiontothat,theneworderwillhaveastrongPanslavelement. The Soviets,heimaginesinJune1943,willtakethedecisionsforalleasternandalargepart unlike thestiffLondoners.’ the Muscoviteswithwhomtheycameintodailycontact werekindandconsideratetothem, by itsgrandeurasaworld-classmetropolis.Theyweresoon athomethereifonlybecauseall which, inspiteofalltherestrictionswarimposedon everyday life,greatlyimpressedthem government-in-exile circlesandmovetoMoscow:‘Both becameveryfondofMoscow, Ostrýt family.TheyescapetoEnglandatthebeginningof thewar,butsoontireofbourgeois clumsily encapsulatestherelocationofCzechsympathies fromLondontoMoscowinthe ironic thistime,‘WillJohnBullatleastwakeupfromhislethargytime?’. the GermanshaveinvadedBelgiumandNetherlands,heasks,perhapssardonicratherthan to usdistantobservers,manifestverylittleactivityorinitiative.’Later,underMay11,when selves. TheywillsavetheDanesandNorwegiansfromBritish,who,atleastsoitappears [the Germans]weresavingusfrom“internaldisintegration”,somethingtheysowedthem- reproaches theBritishfordoingnothing.UnderApril91940,hedeclaresironically:‘They ber 81942wefi ‘In contrasttotheBritish,Russiansarefi practising Christian.UnderJune241942,hisgrowthofwarmthfortheSovietsisobvious: 121 120 119 118 117 116 In Jer K.J.Beneš, Ibid.,pp.215, 222. Ibid.,pp.215–16.Bezdíc Jer Ibid.,pp.142–43. Ibid.,pp.89–90. considered anti-socialandanunreasonable,troublesomecomponentofthenewsociety. .] willbe . those reformsitregardsasimportant.Butthen,anyonewhoisagainstthese[. that neworderaswillbeatallpossiblethetime,andthisestaterealizemaximumof If theSUisco-builderofaneworder,thatmeansfourthestatewillrealizeasmuch ruthlessly atfalseWesternsentimentality. salvation willcomefromthere,andnotonlysalvation,butalsoarevengethatstrikehard Czechs beingmurdered(150 diedyesterday) departfromlifefacingtheEast.Theysensethat of lifetherepresentativesWesternculturesuperciliouslyshruggedtheirshoulders./Even Russia thatwasuntilrecentlyexcludedfromthedrawing-roomsofcivilizationandatwhoseway If anew,betterworldcomesoutofthiscrazywar,itwillbeprimarilytothecreditRussia— h ábek, h ábek thedevelopmenthasatleastinitiallylessincommonwithResistanceview V zajetíAntikristove Ohnivé písmo nd: ‘TheAnglo-SaxonsaretalkingandtheRussiansfi h , pp.228–29. ek dealswiththequasi-religious period topos,‘salvationfromtheeast’,inhis h h 121 ábek maintainsagenerallypro-Westernstance,atleastinwriting, , pp.67,70. cant becausefromthediarywegatherthatJer Conclusory Essay 119 ghting trulyheroically.’Similarly,underSeptem- ghting.’ 118 120 Onthesame h 116 ábek chiefl K.J.Beneš

h ábek isa 233 117 y

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited suffering ofournationinsomethebookspublished!Many Czechfi eration andprudencewasdemandedinthepaltrymatter ofslippinginbetweenthelines and apparentunculturedness,onedoubtshehadreadmuch ofit:‘Howmuchthinking,delib- this loudlyinits1941manifesto: 16 1939,thedayafterGermanshadoccupiedrumprepublic.ThePVVZpronounced Hitler hadpromisedthem‘culturalautonomy’whentheProtectoratewasdeclaredonMarch to thenation-statelessnesstheyhadknownjustovertwentyyearsearlierunderHabsburgs. they hadthepsychologicalsecurityoftheirownnationstate.TheProtectoratereturnedthem who had,sotospeak,regardliteratureasthedonoroftheirpresentnationalcharacteruntil ture stillhadastatusinthemajorityofindividuals’lifethatwasperhapsnaturalnation immediately afterthewarmeantalife-lineformiddleclasses,thoughinthosedayslitera- music werequiteliterallyalife-line.Ipresumethatthewriterswhodiscussthisduringand thought remained.’ being, wewouldbeabletosustain ourlifeinthemsimilarlytoduringtheGreatWar.Ourautonomy of theatre andmusictheillusionexistedthatifwewithdrewinto these,thedeepestrootsofournational is beingreadandhowgreatthedemandforbooksis.’ been suchafavourableperiodforthepressandliteratureastoday.Youknowwellhowmuch Moravec recordsthesameboom,butisdeliberatelylyingaboutpress:‘Therehasnever the war,Par In fact,theSecondWorldWarsawageneralculturalboom.Jer Republic Establishment,likeKarelC bers thatthemajorityofCommunistwritersandcloselyassociatedwithFirst paintings, music,theyallexpressadistantworldfarremoved fromtoday.’ .],theyavoidthepresent.Books, . for therearenonewbooksandasfartheydoexist[. few newworkswereappearing(March211944):‘Iread booksthatbearwitnesstothepast, Jer inspires counter-pressureandtheNazigaleisfanningafi .]Pressure . with thedemandforneweditionsofgreatliteraryworksand[new]books.[. 16 1940:‘NeverhavesomanyCzechbooksappearedasnow.Printerscanhardlykeepup bookshops arefull;ticketsforplaysandoperasnormallysoldout.’And,underNovember 1939): ‘Asinthelastwar,sonowtoopeoplearereturningtobooksandtheatre.The 234 125 124 123 122 h For thoseleftintheProtectorate,itappearsthatCzechculture,particularliteratureand Jer Moravec, Jer ábek isfarlesssanguineaboutthestateofliterature,buthehardlyaccurateinstatinghow Za svobodu.Donovéc we canthusbestfulfi account inordersuperfi uigteFrtRpbi.[ .]weshallconcentratemoreon . during theFirstRepublic.[. culture —butourapproachtotheofindividualEuropeannationswillbemorecriticalthan of ourhistoryand,indeed,thelasttwentyyearsindependencegiveusaplaceinEuropean .] Thetradition . cultural valueswherethenationfounditselfmostandconsolidatedmost.[. The secondtime,afterthefallofCzechoslovakFirstRepublic,itwasaconcentrationon tireless culturalworkersandactivistswasatruelightinthedarknessthatreturnedlifetonation. The fi For thesecondtimehistoryisconvincingusthat h h ábek, ábek, rst time,afterthelossofBohemianindependence,inperiodRevival,work V zajetíAntikristove V zajetíAntikristove h ízek pointsoutthataliteraryResistanceofsortsexisted, though,givenhisstyle O c h eský zítr Glossy h h lournationalmission. eskoslovenské republiky ek , p.83. cially tocultivateindividuality,autochthonyandprovincialism,butbecause , p.426. h h , pp.278–79. , pp.58,113. h Robert B.Pynsent apek, werenotpublishedafter1941,inafewcases1940), , pp.110–11.CompareSobota:beforeHeydrich‘wehadour 122 the lifeofnationismostfi rmly anchoredinculture 124 Lateroninthewar(andoneremem- re eveninheartsthatseemedcold.’ our ownculturalactivity h ábek writes(December21 ction-writers andpoets 125 Immediatelyafter —onno . 123

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited literature. InnationalmythologytheBaroquewasaperiodof‘decay’ and‘germanization’. was theonlyBaroqueworkpatriotsrecognizedinaperiodthey maintainedwasdevoidofhighCzech refers toFelixKadlinský’sadaptationofvonSpee’slongpoem.During theNationalRevival,thisadaptation had ‘madelifeamongtheplanetshisspiritualmothercountry’, Mácha that,inthenarrowconfi intellectual differencebetweenVajtauerandMoravec. The formerwritesoftheRomantic to demonstrateKrammer’sdepravity. did nottryatall.’ managed tocopeandsaidwhattheywantedsay—werelucky.Somefailedsome [before theFebruaryConstitutionandwhenPraguewentCzechpolitically?].’ of PragueUniversityintoCzech-andGerman-speakinginstitutions?],fi tions ofcultureaspossible,toreturnculturallyfi were censored,periodicalsmerged,closeddown;wemeanttohaveasfewmanifesta- but, asoften,unconvincingonaccountofhismelodramaticity:‘Soonnewspapersandbooks Nothing positiveshouldbesaidabouttheProtectorate.PražákisvirtuallyasnegativePolan, hatred, confessor, .]heroofallheroes!Messenger . The mostadoredtribune!Aninvulnerablechampion![. Czech bookhadbeen‘Amasshero.Grownoutofthemostbeautifuldesiresallpeople. made avitalcontributiontothesurvivalofCzechspiritduringwar.ForKonrád literature VáclavC the CommunistKarelKonrád(1889–1971)andpoliticallyinfl depriving thosewhoworkedforthemofintellectualrelaxation.Furthermore, Activists andtheirGermanmastershadsolauded;theGermansnotbeeninterestedin of leader,hererevolutionarybearernewideas.Inhis C moment initsdestiny,actuallyCzechculturemanifestedplentyofcharacter’. .]. Inthemosthorrifi . .]artandallcultureareinessenceheroic[. . happier inallourpain.[. no othermothercountrythanourpoets,nothingmorenoble,encouraging, based onHostovský. Püchler, alatterdayDecadent,who takesajobintheMinistryofForeignAffairs normally getanywhereandwritesrottenbooks.Moraltracts!’ with theso-calledmissionofwriter!Ifawriterthinkshehassomemission,doesnot Egon Hostovský[1908–73],whodefected)condemnthenotionofwriterasleader:‘Tohell 1959) Br h 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 erný maintainsthenineteenth-centuryviewthatartist,writer,hasandwillhaverole The ActivistshadpraisedafewCzechwritersfromthe past.Inthismatteroneseesthe Vajtauer, Bohuslav Br Václav C KarelKonrád,‘Nejve Pražák, B.P.[BohumilPolan],‘Zachráne Par shops ofeverythingreallypracticalonwhichtousethemightywelteruselessmoney. self-seeking opportunism,whichcertainlyprofi did notalwaysinspireenthusiasminus,becauseforustheywerebecominghorriblytaintedby the entrancestotheatresandconcert-halls.Justasthesethingsdidnotworry[theGermans],sothey the boominbookandartmarketsdidnotworrythemanymorethanmillingcrowdsbefore h ízek, h ezovský hasaJewishwriter,Krammer(aviciouscaricatureofthediplomatnovelist Politika arevoluce h A lidpovstal erný, ‘Pozdrav mrtvým . . .’, .’, . erný, ‘Pozdravmrtvým. Malé národyvnovéEvrope h ezovský, 126 h Trutznachtigall erný (1905–87)consideredthatCzechculture,particularlyliterature,had BohumilPolan(1887–1971)ismorecynicalabouttheboom,which , p.108. h tšímu hrdinovi’,inKuchynka(ed.), Železný strop , p.64. h nes ofBohemia,Mácha(liketheSymbolist OtokarBr ’. ná duše’,inKuchynka(ed.), h , 2ndedn(seenote11),p.384.R 129 , p.45. C Conclusory Essay Kritický me h erný writesthat‘inthosesixyearsofservitudewehad h ted extraordinarilyfromthecompletelackin síc h ník rst to1914,then1882[beforethedivision , 6,1945,1,pp.9–15(10). 5.–9. kve 5.–9. kve h ten 1945 h ezác 131 h 132 uential scholarofRomance ten 1945 Thisstatementisintended h Železný strop ’s Jewishfactory-owningpoet, , pp.24–26(24). whichmaybetrueifby , pp.114–16(115). Bitva 130 , isprobablyalso 128 nally to1861 (Ironceiling, Inthisessay, 127 Bycontrast Trutznachtigall h ezina) 235 c

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited space, whichasharedbloodrelationshipfertilizes’. nomenon. For1,000yearstheGermansandCzechshavebeenlivinginsamespiritual .]becauseeverycultureisaspatialphe- . was theawakenerofCzechculture,andthat[. had anamicable,humanrelationship.LetusnotbeashamedofthefactthatGermanculture Jews, 1870]).InthetimesofMáchaandNeruda,writesMoravec,‘CzechGermanartists praised byActivistsprimarilyforhisextensivepamphlet, written inGermanbeforeCzech(andsohadapparentlythePoeticRealistJanNeruda,usually planets hemeanttheafterlife.Thelatter,however,appreciatesMáchaonlybecausehad by theRoyalBohemianLearnedSociety(Královská c result ofthatwasanacademicstudy‘dispelledtherumour’ thathewasaJew,published Lesser Town,1878]’, works ‘hewasagreaterCzechthanNerudain and Orientalliterature,utterstheprovocativeviewthatwithhistranslationsofgreat century writer,JaroslavVrchlický,asapoetandtranslator,largelyfromRomance,English a DutchJewishfamily).InthesameparagraphVajtaueralsopraisesanotherlatenineteen- berg Laws(itwasnotgenerallyknownthenthatZeyer’sfatherultimatelydescendedfrom mother wasaconvertedJewandsoZeyeralsoJewishaccordingtoJewstheNurem- celebrating Zeyerfordifferentreasons—andthatlastedpracticallythewholewar.Zeyer’s smallness [ medieval epics—allpartoftheCzechs’adoptionEuropean-ness‘tocompensateforCzech Vajtauer expressesadmirationforJuliusZeyer,particularlyhisadaptationsofEuropean in adifferentlanguage.ItdoesnotmatterthatNerudawasfundamentallymisoteutonic. mia hadalwaysbeenpartoftheGermanEmpire,Czechcultureculture,but anything hecouldinordertoemphasizetheso-calledStWenceslastradition,wherebyBohe- works’. matter, hisplaysceasedtobeperformedandtheabyssofoblivionwasmeantcloseover was notapure-bloodedAryan.Becauseofthat,withoutanyone’shavinginvestigatedthe Czech élite.Inthiscase,‘AtthebeginningaslanderspreadinProtectoratethatVrchlický thirtieth anniversaryofthepoet’sdeath,heattackssquabblingandcalumnyamongst rational, perhapsevenliberal,thanProtectorateintellectuals;inapiececelebrationofthe branded theirliterature.MoravecalsoexploitsVrchlickýtotrymakehimselflookmore point outthatVrchlickýdrewtheCzechsawayfromGermanculturalinfl zc utrlso ...]couldnotforgivehimthat’. . Czech culturalsnob[. un piece inhisvituperativememoirs clearly undertheinfl wrote hispiecewithitsmockeryofthecriticF.X.Šalda’s two-facedattackonVrchlický verdirbt denCharakter,sonderlich wennmankeinenhat”.’ .]: “Der UmgangmitDeutschen . with theGermanshasledhim.A sentenceofNietzsche’soccurstome[. .]he[Moravec] hasagaindemonstratedtowhatdeepmoraldecaycollaboration . lips ofthelivingaresealed.[. 236 136 135 134 133 137 dctdMrvcwie ht‘rhik e sbc oGra utr ...].Andthe . educated Moravecwritesthat‘VrchlickýledusbacktoGermanculture[. Karel Doskoc Ibid.,pp.253–54.Jer Moravec, Vajtauer, Moravec, 136 AtthesametimeMoravecsupportedaninvestigationinto Vrchlický’sorigins.The malost Malé národyvnovéEvrope O c O c h h h eský zítr eský zítr il, ]’. Thathasacertainironytoit.First,Czechpatriotswereatthesametime Pu r vod JaroslavaVrchlického uence ofhisemployeeandprotégéFrantišekZavr h h h ábek commentsonMoravec’spiece that‘Vrchlickýcannotdefendhimselfandthe 134 ek ek , p.257. , p.216. aworkgenerallyconsideredtobequintessentially‘Czech’.The h Za živapohr , pp.45–46. Robert B.Pynsent , Prague,1944. h ben Povídky malostranské (Buriedalive,1942),inwhich,likeMoravec, V zajetíAntikristove 133 135 Moravecwouldcontinuallyexploit h Czechliteraryhistoriesconsistently eská spolec Pro strachžidovský [StoriesfromthePrague h h , p.223. nost nauk). h el, whoincludeda [For fearofthe uence thathad 137 Moravec Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited uc man’ wasRélink.Zavr Jewish journalists’. to theProtectorateregimebycallingT.G.Masaryka‘mediocrepolitician,supported to havemeexpelledfromapublicpremisesasJew.’ of them.Ishallneedthemtomorrow,sinceamseeingthelittlemanwhosentforpolice against thelittlefoolswhoconfusemyaquilinenosewithaJewishnose.SofarIhavesixteen were, welearnlater,repercussions:‘Ihavebeengatheringbirthcertifi Protectorate thanEmanuelMoravec,commonlyknownastheCzechQuisling. he writesofVrchlický’sbeingtrouncedbysmall-mindedCzechintellectuals. a demagogueorator: himself abelieverinthethousand-yearReich,andhisuseoffi exile StateCouncil,FrantišekUhlír been agoodfriendtohimandhadintroducedItaly,theonlycountryZavr edition of1944)tothepopularJewishCzechwriterJaroslavMaria(1870–1942),whohad no onecouldtouchhim,hedevotesachapterofhismemoirs(stillintactinthethird,expanded more signifi another link.Zavr without conscienceorstrengthof character’. .]amanwithoutheart, . greatest quisling,mosthideousmonster thathadeverappearedinourhistory[. novels, her placeofbirthtorecuperate.TheyallhaveZavr ‘F. X.Šalda’,pp.27–31. that viewin‘Faust’,pp.24–25,and,likeMoravec,attacksŠalda fortwo-facedcriticismofVrchlickýin Great War: p. 18.Uhlír of expressionisgrantedonlytoJudasesandTartuffes.’ drawer”. Hewascorrect.Honourable,truthfulthoughtshavetobelockedaway.Freedom .]forwriting“forthe . on thisasfollows:‘OnceMoravecabusedCzechwritersinthepress[. 1989), andthatwas,apparently,inventingthephrase‘towritefordrawer’.Jer Maria wasmurderedinAuschwitz. bird. /No,IamnotaJew.Don’tbestupid,Sir!Noteveryone’snosecansnub.’ Rélink: ‘Ihavealargenoselikeaneagleorvulture/whentheydiveheadlongafterblack- suicide) putitaboutthatZavr antisemitic essays,andleadingCzechcaricaturistKarelRélink(1880–1945, The writerofwould-becomictalesaboutlifeintheAustrianarmy,authorincompetent 143 142 141 140 139 138 h itelu Moravec madeonelastingcontributiontoCzechculture(lasting,thatis,atleastup See,forexample,Koch, Jer Ibid.,p.20. Ibid.,p.102. Ibid.,p.94. František Zavr r Jewish fi .]ourstruggle[ . inveterate, relentlessenemiesagainstus.[. We ReichandEuropeanNazisarenotatallsurprisedthatinourownnationwehaveagangof about thedevelopmentofworld.Italsoconcernsmorrow oftheCzechnationthatwe m aprofesoru h ábek, Hora Venušina h ’s titleremindsusofthatavolume ofpoemsandessayseditedbyProkopVavr Z temnaporobyksluncisvobody nance andBolshevikreactionissomethingmorethanamerepersonal confl V zajetíAntikristove cant andbarelycomprehensible,unlesshewassuchaprotégéofMoravec’sthat r m pr h el, ‘Vrchlický’,in h h el hasinallhisnovelsascenewhichthemaincharacterreturnstoor 141 ednesený dne24.kve Indeed, (MonsVeneris,1928),theNietzscheanherohasaJewishgrandmother. h el wasnotactuallyanantisemite,evenifhepaysspinelesslipservice Slovo málidskost h , p.279. h Hora Venušina h el wasaJew.Zavr , whohadbeeninGreatBritainduringthewar,writesofhimas ‘the Za živapohr h tna 1945vkine (1921). Conclusory Essay , p.151.Theschoolmaster,M.P.,anddeputychairmanofthe Z porobykesvobode h ben. Vlastníživotopis itselfisfundamentallyaphilo-Semiticnovel.Far h KosmosvMoravskéOstrave h el’s fi h el’s ownplaceofbirth.Inthefi rst reactionisanepigramaddressedto h 140 142 . ProjevposlanceFrantiškaUhlír náš boj Idonotknowwhether‘thelittle NoCzechwasmorehatedinthe , Prague,1942,pp.19–23.Herepeats , thatis, rst-personpluralisthatof h cates todefendmyself , MoravskáOstrava,1945, unser Kampf 138 ict ofviews 143 h ábek remarks Thereisyet h h Hedeclares ] against ínek afterthe e kostravským rst of these h 139 el loved. There 237 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited The popularexiledsatiricaldramatists-cum-revueartistes,Jir behind hiscontumeliousranting. contents ofMoravec’sspeechesandarticles,thepoker-facedideologicaloptimism that hehasgiventheCzechsfl from hisheadtodenote,amongotherthings,thathehas‘acharacterbornforleadership’and cheering crowdsappearingwhereverMoravecgoes,asaresultofwhichrainbowemerges politicians, andMussolini,Franco,Hitler)ishardlyinspired.Nonetheless,ideaof 1942, fi Werich (1905–80),broadcasttwodialoguesintheAmericanOffi Moravec whichJer have consideredthefollowingonpropagandaandcomparedittoutteredby winded, butitwasnotnecessarilyvacuous.Lookingbackonpre-wardays,Jer For Zemantherewasnota‘morereactionary,anti-socialandimmoralman’thanMoravec. nationalist extremism,butalsoforeshadowstherhetoric surroundingtheearly1950s of thosewhohidthemordidnotdivulgethey were, Moravec’srhetoricisthatof that Resistancegroupshadhimintheirsights.Writing oftheassassinsHeydrichand the wretched,mortallysickHácha. also ‘Hácha’smouthpiece’,whichisanonsensethatrefl of imagination’. and thecontentofarticlemanifested‘vacuousthinking,alackfi others hadnotnoticedthathewassucha‘sterilespirit’;hisstyle‘prolix,unwitty,clumsy’ October 131943,hereadsaleaderbyMoravecfromMarch1938andisamazedthat Stanislav Yester,for had enjoyedinthepre-MunichRepublic,whenhewrote,normallyunderpseudonym Golgota was superfi and activitiesasministeristobe foundinJir projektu 238 149 148 147 146 145 144 When onereadsMoravec’sviewsonGermanexecutions ofCzechs,onecaneasilyimagine Jer Vacek,‘Pražsképovstání’,p.48. V[oskovec]+W[erich], Zeman, Moravec, Moravec, secure theCzechfutureforawholefurthermillennium. nation forafull1,000yearsasmembersoftheEmpire,andnowgoalourpresentworkisto followers ofAdolfHitlergreatlycareabout.SofartheCzechnationhaslivedamidstGerman During the[Great]warand,fi into theexactopposite. straightforward truth.Propagandaforsomethingthatisnotwellfoundedsoonfailsandchanges which hasbeenprecededbygoodeducationandisapropagandaofevident,just word already brokenout.Wildpropagandawasoftenintendedtoreplace and thatitistoolatetotryconvinceasoldierorworkeroftheimportancewarhas so-called h ábek, , p.218. r rst publishedinbook-form1946.ThesatireonMoravec(andotherProtectorate (1941–1945)’, cial andnotconscientious,hewas withouttalentandheknewagreatdeal.’ example C V zajetíAntikristove h patriotic education O c eskoslovenská Golgota Obrana státu h eský zítr . Thatisamistake.Experienceteachesusthatthepropagandadoesbest 148 WhatMoravecwroteintheFirstRepublicwas,indeed,normallylong- h ábek justlymocks: Soudobé de h Lidové noviny ek , p.59.Aneruditeandperspicacious accountofMoravec’sownpropaganda , p.5. 149 Balada oMoravcovi.Nápisynahrobech [ .].Itturnedoutheretoothatyoucanhavemuchofagoodthing . [. h , p.266.Bycontrast,ofthepre-warMoravecZemanwrites:‘Although he h jiny nally, afterthewarmiracleswereexpectedfrom owing milkandhoney,doesworkasaburlesqueversionofthe , p.112. , IX,2002,3–4,pp.412–28(421–26). 146 Vaceklabelshimthe‘ministeroffascistpropaganda’,but (People’snews),apaperoftheintellectualélite.On 147 Robert B.Pynsent Jer h í Brabec,‘Protektorátníkultura pod tlakemkolaborantských h ábek considersthepopularityandrespectMoravec 144 , Prague, ects Communistdemonizationof h í Voskovec(1905–81)andJan sine anno systematic education ce ofWarInformationin propaganda [1946],pp.9–10. rm judgementand andfrom h C andthe ábek might h eskoslovenská 145

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited servants. after theassassinationofHeydrichwereattended,undercompulsion,byworkersandcivil The hugemassralliesMoravecaddressedinvarioustownsoftheProtectorate(twoPrague) Or: example, 7,000traitorsperishsothatsevenmillionpeoplecancontinuetheircontentedlives.’ that shouldbestruckdownatfi show-trials: ‘thepersonwhohasbetrayedhisnationisnoordinaryenemy,butawildanimal by meansofshamX-rayingforTB),cametotheconclusion that45percentofCzechswere In fact,Germanrace-scientistsoninvestigatingthepopulation oftheProtectorate(frequently unconvincingly thathewasnotraitor: tion. The rallieswereintendedtodemonstratethatordinarypeoplecondemnedtheassassina- commit suicide,executedinJune1942)sentabombtheposttoMoravec. slovak Armyoffi As earlyasinthewinterof1939–40smallgroup(theThreeKings)ledbyCzecho- constructing hisownResistancenetwork,‘ButthiswastoomuchevenfortheGestapo’. Štainer’s groupmanagedtoorganizethatmessagesgottheGestapoMoravecwas London. OnMoravec’srallyinBrnoJer the killingofHeydrichandblameseverythingonEdvardBenešhisJewishgangin atentátník ple, theyformasupplementtotheformergardenerActivistAntonínBouchal’s(?–?) 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 Moravec wassoonfullyawareofwhatmostCzechsthoughthim,andheargued Moravec, See,despite itsslightsentimentality,Kural, Ibid.,p.211. Jer Ibid.,p.113. Veselý-Štainer, Moravec, the Reichandthatthisbelongingisnotonlyhistorical,butalsoracial. family ofnationsandtribes.Itisthusnottreasonformetosaythat theCzechpeoplebelongsto of living,itsraceandsocialstructuretheCzechnationisamember oftheGermanic-Roman The Czechnationhashadandnothingincommonwiththeeastern world.Byvirtueofitsway rest toaccompanyhim. remained silent.Moravechimselfbegansingingangrily,buthewastryinginvaintopersuadethe up ‘Kdedomovmu Moravec fi From 5to8p.m.therailwaywascloseddownsothatworkerscouldnotleavecity.When desiccated orisrottingafterthebadwinterwehavehad. .]likegoodgardenerswehavetocutoffanythingonthenationaltreethathasbecome . nation. [. have broughtintothehealthyCzechbodyandthatcouldactuallythreatenlifeofwhole though itinvolvesourblood,forisessentiallycorruptbloodthattheworstdiseasescould grit ourteethandsilentlywishthatthistimetheReichconductspurgingthoroughly,even accomplices havepaidwiththeirlivesforignoringthelawsofourlandandReich.Wemust We readinthepresseverydaythatsoandmanyincorrigiblemadmen,criminalstheir 155 h ábek, 153 (Beneštheassassin,1943),abookwhereinauthorsupportsMoravec’slineon Photographsoftheseralliesbecamepartthepropagandaapparatus.Forexam- V zajetíAntikristove Tatsachen undIrrtümer O c nished his speech,whichconsistedinemptyabuseofPresidentBeneš,thebandstruck h eský zítr cer JosefMašín(1896,arrestedbyGestapoMay1941,tortured,attemptedto Cestou národníhoodboje r h j’ [Czechnationalanthem:Whereismyhome].Thecrowdsonthesquare ek , pp.188,189. 154 h , p.209. , p.93. rstsight.Itisentirelyrightandinthenationalinterest,if,for Conclusory Essay , p.41. h ábek writes: Vlastenci protiokupaci 150 , p.216. 156 151 Veselý- Beneš 239 152

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited himself lookshardlyavillain,justlittleslow: than anythingelse),Fišar,asanuprightmancomparedwithMoravec,thoughMoravec with theGermans(whodidcausesomeone’sdeath,indirectly,andoutofcowardicerather Czechs weregermanizable. racially unimpeachable,andHeydrichhimselfdecidedthatbetween4060percentof Germans’. murdered bythepoliticaloppositionthat//wantednotconciliation,butwarwith and thattheCzechsshouldmakefi mour Czech, butthinkJewish.’ protect usfromthedeathBritainthreatenswithandgrave-diggerswhospeak Moravec eventurnsthesaintintoProtectorate’sguardianangel:‘DukeWenceslasshall following inEnglish): an acrobat, Hácha asastatesmanwillhavemuchincommonwithStWenceslasCzechhistory.’ result: ‘TheProtectoratewasnotourruin,butlasthope.FromthispointofviewDr fun withhim.In ‘a formercoloneloftheCzechoslovakArmyandnowaGermanlackey’. not inblindsubordinationandservitude and seekasettlementwiththeGermanempire.Thisis,however,possibleonlyinco-operation, line startswithStWenceslas: German aggression,hesupportedsomeco-operationwiththeThirdReich:‘Aclearpolitical Wenceslas traditionisconcerned.IntheFirstRepublic,forallhiswarningsaboutpotential Kr 1998, pp.207–35(213). 240 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 h en andEvaBroklová(eds), Usually, however,Moravecappearstohavebeensoloathedthatwritersdidnotsuch Kr Sobota, Jerábek, Moravec, Moravec, Moravec, Moravec, JanRataj,‘ObrazNe h sorry. he dothesame.TheministerdidnotnoticeFišar’sirony,wishedhim ahealthylifeandsaidhewas he toldhimfelttiredandjustuptobeginningputhismemoirs inorder.Herecommended conversation withtheminister,fortheyhadknowneachotherfrom thepre-Munich i ...]essaysfortherevived . his [. The ministerMoravechimselfhadaskedhimwhetherhewould notliketocontinuewriting offi the samebastard.//YesterdayStanislavYester,/todayEmanMoravec,yesterdayaCzech // Septemberinthirty-eight,/fortyJanuary[=1942?].It’strueithastwonames,butis / IfhewasYester[day’s]yesterday,todayisnottoday’s[inCzech=wasn’tbornyesterday]. tongue] tongue,/entirelybald-headed.//Thechameleonisacreaturewhichchangescolour. The chameleonisareptile,/hideousandgreedy,saurianwithnimble[ times demand./Forsafety’ssake,thedayaftertomorrowwe’llhangthemboth. enína h ic cer, /todayaGermansquire.//YesterdayStán h ka, , heagainstatesthattheCzechsmustcometoanagreementwithGermans, 159 D Glossy 163 V zajetíAntikristove h ábel frajtrem Later,theadvocacyoftraditionisfull-blown;hesacrifi O c Tatsachen undIrrtümer V úlozemour Obrana státu andKr h eský zítr , p.55. Lidé vkve h ic h h , pp.33–34. h ek mce aNe h , p.188. ka achameleon(IcannotrendertheYester: enína , p.266. 161 h tnu Obraz Ne h 157 , p.8. , p.187. Jer MoravecactuallyonlyslightlychangedhismindasfartheSt if theCzechnationwantstopreserveitself,itmustacceptChristianity Br h h , p.110. mecka vprotektorátníspolec Pr ábek expressesthenormalCzechviewsuccinctly:Moravecis h h ezovský portraystheweak-spined,unimportantcollaborator ítomnost h mcu Robert B.Pynsent .’ r , RakouskaaNe 158 [Thepresent].AlfrédFišardeclined.Hehadafriendly rst move,belikeWenceslas,for‘StWenceslaswas Intheintroductiontofi h a, todayEman[bothhypocorisms],/justasthe h mecka vc h nosti avc h eské spolec h eskoslovenském odboji’,inJan h ješte nosti 19.a20.století rst editionof h mrštný r [saurian]puninthe ces EmilHáchaasa 162 164 Sobotacallshim : also‘glib’of Pr h ítomnost , Prague, V úloze , 160

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited retribution courthadfi condemned allmembersoffourProtectorategovernments,eventhoughthepre-1948 history masterin serves toemphasizetheextentofMoravec’streachery. but atthesametimepairingofMoravecandFrankas,forexample,Sobotahaddone, Germans hadfoundaradiotransmitternearby.Drdaismakingfunofcowardlycollaborators, Nazi andCzech-hater,whohadoncerunabookshopinCarlsbad)toMoravecafterthe to K.H.Frank(theStateSecretaryoftheProtectoratethroughout,atleastsince1935a Protectorate schooling’. by heartandcursingMoravec,theKuratoriumhumiliatingservitudeimposed of theHitlerjugend.HisheroAntonín’swiferememberstheirsons‘learningGermanpoems mládeže (Boardforthe[obligatory]serviceofyouth)thatheestablishedasaCzechversion ization ofschoolingandtoMoravec’spetcreation,theKuratoriumpro(povinnou)službu council schools,hadceasedduringtheProtectorate.K.J.Benešreferstothis,german- the factthathistoryteaching,exceptforteachingaboutBohemiainEmpire/Reich to thedevastationofCzechgrammarschoolsthatMoravecwaslargelyresponsibleforand For aStalinistlikeBr Sobota hasawholeessayonhiminhis considerably shorterthantheother,sothatreader infersaresemblancetoGoebbels. come toActivistantisemitism.C lorry brokedownandheshothimself. fi We mayonlyguessatwhatwasactuallygoingoninhis mind.Butwedoknowthatonthe a waythatitwillnotsufferhardship,havefutureandceasetoexist.’ the PraguegovernmentthatintendstoleadCzechnationoutofthisterriblewarinsuch a talkbroadcastonDecember11944,hemenacinglybeggedtheCzechs:‘Leavepoliticsto compromise withtheCzechs,butstillappearstobeunawareofjusthowloathedhewas.In re-try them. approach hasnotchangedafewdaysbeforetheUprising.OnApril271945hewrote: the thirdProtectorategovernmentwereintheirheartsBeneš’smen. in thesequel,Moravechadgonetoofarhiscollaboration,whereasothermembersof None theless,asheinformsGestapomanwhowillbecomemoreimportantacharacter rst dayoftheUprisinghewasinaGermanlorryonhiswaytomake broadcastwhenthe 170 169 168 167 166 165 Of theActivistsImentiononlybriefl Quotedin ibid.,pp.103–04. Quotedby StanislavKokoška, K.J.Beneš, Drda, See Frommer, Br moving towardsafi such conditionswillitswordhavethenecessaryauthorityinallplaceswhereeverythingis For thatitneedscalmintheterritorygovernsandforwhichisresponsible.Onlyunder situation isatthisverytimechangingbythehour.Thegovernmenthasliterallytobeonguard. .]Thegeneral . and wouldcost200,000or300,000Czechlives,thatmakeanysense?[. a daysoonerorlater.LetussaythatCzechuprisingwouldshortenthiswarbytwothreedays If theReichisonwaytodefeat,asitsenemiessuppose,itnomatterwhetherthisfallcomes h ezovský, Ne h má barikáda Lidé vkve Ohnivé písmo National Cleansing Ne h h má barikáda ezovský, thelinkwithpre-Munich nalpoliticaldecision. , pp.24–25;Sobota, h tnu nally beenlenienttowardsthem. 168 , pp.39,54. , p.244. Bythelastmonthsofwar,Moravecistryingtocomea Praha vkve , wantsthehorrifi , pp.280–93,forthelengthstowhichPartywaswillinggo to h elovský makesmuchofthefactthatVajtauerhadone leg Conclusory Essay h Glossy 170 Glossy tnu 1945.Historiejednohopovstání y themajorVajtauerandminorBouchalbeforeI , p.123. . Vajtauer,hewrites,hadbeenanenthusiastof edothermasterstowriteexpressingloyalty 167 Drdamayalsobeobliquelyreferring 166 Pr h Anothercollaborator,Drda’s ítomnost , Prague,2005,p.70. tarnishesFišaranyway. 165 TheCommunists 169

His 241 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited not toomuchriskwasattachedtoit’. has longgrownoutofrebeldom,andanywayhehadonlyeverbeenarebelwhenwhere to jointheGermans,possiblyforaslongafewcenturies.Vajtauerhadbeenrebel,but‘he a Judaeo-Germanprovince,andthatnowheiswritingtheonlyfutureforCzechs the majorityofnationalwealthinnewstate,thatCzechoslovakiacouldeasilybecome Nazi. SobotapointsoutthatVajtauerhadwrittenin1919ofthedangerGermansacquiring the mind,neverofheart,whetherthatenthusiasmwasCommunist,liberalintellectual,or quotations fromAlbertoVojte Beneš asmuchanyotherActivist.Hewasnotaloneinusingevidenceagainsthim Beneš andthedegenerateFirstRepublicconsistsofActivistclichés.Bouchalappearstoloathe Nazi ideologicallexicon. porated command ofhistoricprogressdoesnotallowit,’and:‘Any included ingreathistoriccollectives,butthattheywanttobeindependentevenwhenthe that MoravecdoesnotemploythetermFate—conceptFate,orDestiny, Vajtauer’s employmentofFateherecontrastswithLažnovský’sorMoravec’shistory,not reveals somethingofFascistthanatophiliainonehisonslaughtsonCzechsmallness: psyche: fearforthenation.’ .] Thosewhohaveburiedtheirheadsrepresentthefundamentalmotifofour . extract them.[. supposed blowofMunichsomestillhavetheirheadsburiedinthesandanddonotdare of aMoravecorBouchalthattheMunichAgreementhadbeendisaster:‘Since (justifi That lastsentencedemonstrateshowbanalVajtauercanbe.HemockstheCzechsforbeing ‘father ofthecountry’,thatis,toCharlesIV. the GoodSoldierŠvejk,andeverythingitstoodforamongstcontemporaryCzechs. In the1920s Fric Bouchal couldwrite:‘fi an explorerandhispoliticsapproachedanarchism. 1919, butBenešhadwithdrawnhimfromhispost.Hewas abotanist,worldexpertoncacti, lives andtheperiodinwhichitachievesmaturity.ForournationwholeisReich.’ having tostoppublishingit.Fric Fric 242 173 172 171 176 175 174 Bouchal appears,unlikeVajtauer,tohavehadlittleimpact.Muchofwhathesaysabout Ibid.,pp.31, 32. Ibid.,p.11. Vajtauer, Vajtauer, Ibid.,p.174. Sobota, h h , whoyearsagosaidtosomedelegation,pointingatapicture ofBeneš:“ changedtacticsandusedonlystreet-vendors,policeattacks onthesevendorsledtohis intrigue. very oftenimprovedonlywhenagapwasleftbyanother’sdeath,orthatmade into earth-boundratsandshortsightedrascalswhokilledallheroism.Afterall,anindividual’slot but alsoastrongnation.Thesmallnessofhiscountryanditsconstrictedconditionsturnedmany The Czechhadneverbeenabletopermithimselfthatindifferencelifecharacterizesyouth, ably) concernedaboutthefutureoftheirnation,andhereherefusestoadoptview

is notdeterminedbychoice.ItassignedtoitFate.accordingwhere Glossy 174 Malé národyvnovéEvrope Malé národyvnovéEvrope Oc h , pp.12–17. ista had soonbeenbannedbythepolicefromshopsandkiosks andwhen nally, thenationbelievedwordsofscholarandtravellerA.V. 175 h ‘Thetragedyofsmallnations,’hewrites,‘isnotthattheyare ch Fric h h h hadbeensentbytheforeignministrytoSouthAmerica in , p.9. , p.31;Moravec, Robert B.Pynsent h 171 ’s (1882–1944)anti-Benešperiodical HeydrichhadlabelledVajtauerthe‘heir’toCzech 172 LikeMoravec,Vajtauerdespisedthefi O c h Oc eský zítr h ista didnothaveavastreadership,but h ek

whole inwhichitmaybeincor- , p.139. Oc h ista

Gentlemen, look was vitalinthe (Lustration). 173 Vajtauer gure of 176

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited importance. of thelight-bulb‘theCzechEdison’,whosepatentsJacobiaversthattheywereno slovak legionariesinFrance,andsecond,becauseFric of hisgenerosityinsupportinglegionarywarinvalidsandthewidowsorphansCzecho- that SmíchovskýhelpedJacobi write hisbooksismoreconvincing:Jir ordered hisaccidentaldeath;awarder gavehimafatalblowonthehead(ibid.,pp.192–94).Brabec’s view Czechoslovak secretpolice,butwhen theCommunistPartywasinturmoilatbeginningof 1950s,it took twoyearsbecauseheactedasawitnessinsomanyearliertrials. Inprison,hebeganworkingforthe which wascommutedtolifeimprisonmentbecauseofvarious confi It tooktwoyearsafterthewarbeforeSmíchovskýhadhispeople’s courttrial;hereceivedadeathsentence, using hismaterialforbothbooks(MilanNakonec Jir us thattheformerCzechFascist,ahomosexualoccultistwithdoctorates inlaws,philosophyandtheology, 1939–1945’, gymnastics movementandoftheBoyScouts,withonlyafewtouches ofantisemitism.Nakonec .scourgeoftheCzechs,Prague,1942),anaccountFreemasoninfi . . at hisskull,thatistheskullofcriminalwhowilltakenationintototalruin Drumont’s against himasaJew-lover.Inthelastpartofhisanonymousreview(1888)Edouard his involvementintheHilsner/PolnátrialwhichwasoneofsourcesActivistinvective simultaneously misoteutonic.Onewillfi over theGermanvariety.Often,in,say,PalackýorNeruda,oldtypeofantisemitismwas impossible totellhowfartheCzechNazivarietybuildsontradition,whiletaking particularly from1848onwards(medievalandearlymodernanti-Judaismisirrelevant).It ously inCzechandGerman,alsomentionsFric bannführer WalterJacobi(1909–47,executed),whosebooksappearedmoreorlesssimultane- believable ofthisbookthanhisreasonablywellwrittenfi he quotesFric sider BolshevismthenaturaldevelopmentandJewsaparticularlyintelligentnation.’Andthen .]hewentovertothehumanistdemocraticfrontandbegancon- . from [Prague]Castle[. system, whichheendeavouredtodisablewithvariousrevelationsuntilfi ‘At onetime,immediatelyafterthewar,Fric Masarykians orNationalSocialistswithcommunism;thesentencemakeslittlepoliticallogic: hiding ofJews.AmongstthosehehidwasthewriterJir after theoccupation,andanotherGermanwoman,anaristocrat,Fric is thatduringthewar,inleaguewitharichGermanwomanwhorefusedtospeak usable forreprintingawould-becomicanecdoteaboutJew.Theironyofthewholematter twentieth-century propaganda.Ontheotherhand,MasarykbelievesthatJewishQuestion on thewholemovementdirectionthathewants.’Thatforeshadowsmainthemeof time, the‘foremostnihilistsandleadersofcosmopolitanrevolutionareJews.TheJewimposes for itis‘theworkingclasseswhosuffermostundertheweightofJewishcapital’.Atsame himself foraweekinsynagogue. 180 179 178 177 h í ArvédSmíchovský(1897–1951),whohadworkedasanSDagent duringthewar,hadaccusedJacobiof A broadseamofpolitical,andeconomic,antisemitismrunsthroughCzechliterature, Michal Mareš, Ibid.,pp.44,46.ItremainsdoubtfulthatthisSSoffi Walter Jacobi, Antonín Bouchal, Revolver Revue La Francejuive 178 h onaJewwhohadtrickedthepriestwasbaptizinghimandthencleansed HedistortsFric ‘Zeme Ze vzpomínekanarchisty,reportéraa válec Beneš atentátník h zaslíbená’ , 50,2002,pp.273–302(296). , Masarykseesthe‘JewishQuestion’aspartofsocialquestion, , Prague,1943,p.34. h ’s politicalleaningsconsiderablybyassociatingpresumably , Prague,1943,p.164. 179 Conclusory Essay SoforJacobi,Fric nd antisemitismeveninMasaryksomeyearsbefore h wasadecidedopponentoftheBeneš-Masaryk h ný, cerwrotehistwobooks,thoughitisslightlymore h h Novodobý c ného zloc , forentirelydifferentreasons.Hewrites rst, h hadcalledaPragueJewishimprover h Golem h í Weil(1900–59). h isreprehensibleasaJew-lover,but ince h eský hermetismus , Prague,1999,pp.233–38. dential documentshepossessed.It ... h í Brabec,‘Antisemitskáliteratura GeißelderTschechen ltration oftheSokolnationalist h nally, underpressure wasorganizingthe , Prague,1995,p.248). 180 .”’

177 Obersturm- (TheGolem h ný informs 243 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited is toimplementwhattheintellectualpoisongasofracism hasprepared.’ brutality economic opponents, advocates legalstepstolimitJewishactivity: could besolvedbycompleteassimilation,thatthiswoulderadicate‘Jewishcorruption’.He ity vilifi .Brutalityisglorifi . .]thesmellofbloodispassingthroughworld. . its hold[. their soilisneeded’;‘millionsofinnocentpeoplewillperishifthisracistmadnessmaintains .].Theirracemustbeinferior,fortheircountry, . ity willbeprovedbyGermanprofessors[. to allstatesandnationsthatneighbourGermany.Whenthetimecomes,theirracialinferior- scholarship’. eleventh centurywithmurderandfi were ‘theVikingpirates,thoseblondrobbersthatharriedpeoplefromtheeighthto from HoustonStewartChamberlainandothers:‘themostnoblefl of race‘science’.Hehasfunwithassessingthedefi French andGerman,ofracetheory(hedoesmentionLinnaeus,butwithoutcomment), miscegenation isharmless,racialhygienenonsense,andcriticallyanalysesthemainworks, the world,explainshowJewryevenbeforediasporawasraciallymixed,why accepts racialism,butnotracism.HewritesofEuropeasthemostraciallymixedcontinentin the notionofrace,divisionEuropeansintotwodifferentraces,thatis,onwhole Iltis’s (1882–1952) responded withdignifi legislation waspresent.FollowingHitler’sassumptionofpowerinGermany,intellectuals tell usisthatamongstreformingpoliticalthinkersinlate1880sBohemia,theideaofrace sis laidonthe‘socialquestion’andsoforthcertainlysuggestsaMasarykian.Whatitdoes Naturally, onecannotbeatallsurethatthiswasactuallywrittenbyMasaryk,buttheempha- Germans, eugenics.LikeIltis,theleadingeugenicistVladislav Ru year previously,acollectionthatconsideredracetheory aswellthescienceabusedby that allnationsareraciallymixed.Ru eventually performwhateugenicscould;hefavourssterilization, forreproductionisnolonger racial hygieneandGermanracelegislation.Ontheother hand,hebelievesthatracelawswill O. T.times.SeeStanislavSchulhof, insisted thatJewswereofmixed raceanddidnotconstituteanation.‘Miscegenation’hadbeenevident in in T.G.Masaryk, 244 183 182 181 Iltis approvesofthecollectionessayspublishedby AcademyofArtsandSciencesa Hugo Iltis, [Anon.], ‘C Iltis, When aninsignifi and ourownmorality. whose speedyfulfi self-defence oftheAryanrace,whoserealizationappearsatmomentstilltobeunfulfi commensurate with weaponry mustbestopped,andthatbythelaw.TheJewsputupwithcertainlegalrestrictions is proofthatthebattlefi conditions andiftheminorityneverthelesswins(atleastinmaterialpoliticalfi ed. Rasa — thatisthepathracismleadsmankindalong , pp.95,99–100,101. From antisemitismtoracismBrutalism 182 h Rasa ve asová otázkaveFrancii.Ležípr Iltis’sprophecieswerefulfi Z boju Rasa ve [...] cant minorityfi lment, however,dependstoagreatdegreeontheprogressofintelligentsia r h orukopisy.Textyzlet1886–1888 de

ed warnings. Amongstthebest-knownofresponseswasHugo h their racialcharacteristicsandcustoms.Thatisarequirementofthejust toanunbridledfreeforall,contempthumanityandthevictoryofanimal avpolitice 181 eld isuneven,thattheminoritynotaversetoguile.Thisinequalityof h de h avpolitice Jsou židéSemityanárodem? , Prague,1935,pp.34,65.Theassimilationist Czech-Jewishmovement ghts foritslifewithahugemajorityunderotherwiseidentical Robert B.Pynsent re’, and‘racismtriedtointroduceVikingmethodsinto h ed námi104.vydáníknihyLaFrancejuiveodEd.Drumonta,’ (Raceinscholarshipandpolitics,1935).Iltisaccepts r lled; theGermantreatment oftheJewsis‘awarning žic h ka writesinfavourofeugenics,butagainst , Prague,2004,pp.429–53(448–49). nition ofGermanic,asheunderstandsit — ’. ‘Thepoisongasofchemicalsfactories , 2ndedn,Prague,1908. tothebrutaldeprecationofpoliticaland r žic ower oftheGermanicrace’ h ka (1870–1934)maintains 183

elds), there elds), ed, human- llable, Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited whatsoever, forhisapproachisanthropological. not beenabletocontributeculturallyoreconomicallythestate;hepassesnojudgement Jir it hastodayneverexistedamongsttheSlavcommonpeople[ convention ofwritersdiscussingantisemitismandtheCzechs:‘Racehatredinmeaning Czech (andgeneralSlav)nationalismaltogether,containsastatementthatwasbecoming are another, Czechoslovakia intotwogroups,BohemianandMoravianareonethoseeastofMoravia followers ofGobineau,thoughitsrootsdonotlieinrace-theory. antisemitism ismorallywrong;Matiegka(1862–1941)mentionsitasanaberrationusedby nation.’ eugenic goal informed thereisnodoubtthattheGermanso-calledracelawswillfi nally havethesameresultasthis a privatematter;thestateneedstoregulateit,foreconomicaswellsocialreasons:‘ origin’. also pointsoutthat12percentofNobelPrizeshadgoneto‘menJewishorhalf-Jewish (37). pp. 61–74(61–62). pp. 75–88(88). Rovnocennost evropskýchplemenacestykjejichušlecht’ování contribution tohumanculture;itisanoffencehumanismforoneracerepressanother. Jewish, Arab,Mongolian,and,say,extinctAmericanraces,hadmadeanequallyvaluable alien toCzechculture: a socialquestion,alwayshaditsrootsintension’,butantisemitism,hemaintains,was Krejc Czech politiciansoftheright.TheuncommonlycourageousCommunistjournalistJan Communists, rebelledagainsttheantisemitismthathadbeguntospreadopenlyamongst their considerablecontributiontothe‘culturalprogressofnationsthathostthem’. Jews’ abilitytoadaptthecustomsofcountriestheyliveinasfarreligionallowsitand frequently) socialantagonism.’ (ritual murder),theinfl (antisemitism), itwasusuallyinstigatedbyexternalinfl 191 190 189 188 187 186 185 184 h í Horák’s(1884–1975)essay,incidentally,oneofthemostenlightenedappraisals As theGermanthreatincreased,soCzechintelligentsia,chiefl Jir Ru Matiegka, ‘Rovnocennost evropskýchplemenpostránceduševní’,p.70. J[indr J[indr Ibid.,pp.129–30. KarelChotek,‘Rasaakultura’,inWeigner, Vladislav Ru oetcoiis ...]Thegreatmajorityof[Czechwriters]triedtodestroy thisalien[ . domestic origins.[. Anti-Jewish materialwasalways[ that itwasnotamatterofdefendingsomeaccusedJew,but ofthenation’smoralhealth. fi .]NoteventheHilsnerAffaircouldbreakthisfi . movement ofanysize.[. Since thetimesofitsAwakeningtherehasbeennoplaceinCzechnationforananti-Jewish h ghter Masarykwashelpedbythefi h í (1903–41,executed)followedMasarykinstatingthatthe‘Jewishquestionisessentially r í Horák,‘Rasovéproblémyalidové podáníslovanské’,inWeigner, žic 189 184 h h h ich] Matiegka,‘Dnešnístavznalosti evropskýchplemen’,inWeigner, ich] Matiegka,‘Rovnocennostevropskýchplemenpostránceduševní’, inWeigner, ka, ‘Zlepšenístavunárodaplemennou hygienouc Ru Chotekdeniestheusefulnessofconceptrace. . Thelongerwetaketointroducelaws,theshalllagbehindGerman r de facto žic r žic h ka maintainssensiblythatnotjusttheNordicrace,butallraces,including h ka, ‘Zlepšenístavunárodaplemennouhygienouc , Ostjuden ammatory propagandaof“bettereducated”peopleor(more ; thelattergrouphasbeendisadvantagedbyisolationandthus 191

sic nest forcesinthenation,majorityofwhich comprehended ] importedtousfromabroadandverylittlesuchmaterialhas Conclusory Essay Rovnocennost 186 , Prague,1934(hereafterWeigner, Thewholevolumetakesforgrantedthat h i eugenikou?’,pp.84–85. uences, thatis,forexample,superstition , pp.121–34(121–22). h i eugenikou?’,inKarelWeigner(ed.), 185 HealsodividestheJewsof Rovnocennost lid ne tradition,forthegreat 187 ] andifitevererupted Matiegkaadmiresthe y, however,theleft, Rovnocennost , pp.136–46(145). Rovnocennost Rovnocennost cizácký , pp.33–45 For the 188 ] He 245 190 ), ,

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited 1938, p.3. concentration camps).Jer Communists beforetheStalinistwaveofantisemitismbegan.Jer on FerdinandPeroutka(1895–1978),theeditorof its eyes’.Finally,Jer instruments of‘reaction’,andoneshould‘nevermakecompromiseswithit,butratherspitin confi will notsolvetheproblemofantisemitism,butonlyanewworldorder.TheGermansare political asylum.Intheend,heclaims,Peroutkahasrevealedhimselftobeanantisemite.War Jer state allowedintothecountry‘strange-lookingJewsfromeast’,andwiththishewas, unwritten rulethattheJewsshouldremain‘inconspicuous’.Thiswouldbebrokenif The Jewshadgotonwith‘ournation’( the Czechswhohithertohadbeen‘moreorlessimmunetoinfectionofantisemitism’. ‘reasonable’ limits(percentages)inpublicorbusinesslife,lestantisemitismshouldariseamongst He quotesPeroutka’svirtuallysuggestingaquotasystem,iftheJewseverwentovercertain antisemitism werenowwritingambiguously,iftheycouldnotavoidmentioningit. popular/folk [ ian whennotahaironanyone’sheadisbeingharmed’.Kalandramistruststhenotionof 1938). SincethepublishingwasalsopaidforbyJer pacifi who donotdaretotacklethequestion;‘itis,’Kalandrawrites,‘pleasantandcheapbea worker’ Jer executed), whospentthewarinconcentrationcamps,wroteprefaceto‘metal- Another Marxist,expelledfromtheCommunistPartyin1936,ZávišKalandra(1902–50, sought toeliminateJewish-runlawfi doctors’ associationbannedJewsfromworkinginhospitals, andthelawyers’association patriotic physicaltrainingorganizationonceagainexpelled JewishmembersandtheCzech civil servantsweresometimesdismissed,forced intoearlyretirement.TheSokol (Strana národníjednoty)didnotacceptJews,butneither diditacceptnon-Czechs;Jewish (racial tarily restricttheirnumbersbeforetheSecondRepublic set aboutintroducingaquotasystem expert, VáclavRežný(1906–?)suggeststhattheJewsreading lawormedicineshouldvolun- to fi extreme right,TANK(Tvorbaanárodníkultura,Artand nationalculture),originallysetup themselves. struggle, asaninstrumentofthebourgeoisietodivertworkers’attentionfromrealenemy, on thelevelofpolitical‘reaction’.Workersneedtoseeantisemitismaspartclass preface beginswithajustifi ordinary metal-worker,thereaderwillsuspectthatKalandrawrotewholeessay.The 246 194 193 192 h Peroutka’s attempttocompromisefi Bryant, Z[áviš] Kalandra,‘Úvodem’,inFerdinandJer LudvíkKlecanda [=JanKrejc ábek maintains,advisingJewishCzechoslovaksnottoallowtheirco-believersaskfor ght thedegeneratewilesofSurrealism.Inhis‘Židovskáotázka’1938,insurance to concealthepositivecontributionJewshadmadehumanity. poison andtoleadtheCzechnationacriticaljudgementofJewishQuestiondidnottry scating Jewishpropertysolelytofi st inpeacetime,whenwarisnotimpending;itnobleandpleasanttobeahumanitar- numerus clausus Prague inBlack h 193 ábek’s brief Kalandra’sargumentlooksforwardtotheimmediatepost-warof lidový h ] antisemitismandmaintainsthattheebbfl ábek callsonalldemocratstohelpthepersecutedJewsofGermany. ). IntheSecondRepublic,governmentPartyofNational Unity , p.25. Antisemitismus ade h ábek statesthateventhosejournalistswhohadoncecondemned ed attackontheagileproponentsofhumanitarianismandpacifi h í], Židovská otázka Robert B.Pynsent rms. nance theirarmamentsindustry.Allantisemitesare nds aparallelinonesmallgroupofthenotquite sic h h 194 lnická tr ábek, kovode ), Peroutkabelieves,becausetherehadbeenan , Prague, ThePartyofNationalUnity’s‘Principles h h ída ábek, andsincethestyleisnotthatofan Pr sine anno (Antisemitismandtheworkingclass, h h ítomnost lník, Antisemitismus ade [1939],pp.10,52. (whoalsospent1939–45in h 192 ábek’s essaystartsasanattack ow ofantisemitismdepends h lnická tr h ída , Prague, sm Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited ‘strong individual’. of ‘demoliberalism’and,asfrequentlyinpost-MunichMoravec,onthenotion disintegration ofallculture.’ philosophy, pansexualistpsychoanalysisandphysicalmoralrelativism,Jewsfermentthe of SocialDemocracyandCommunismasenthusiasticrepresentativesmaterialist Židozednár 1943 theGermanssenthimtoDachauasaprisonerofhonour.Inprolix,repetitious,inept that brokeoutonthenewsGermanshadoccupiedrumpstateinMarch1939.In had beenamajorideologueoftheFascistVlajkamovementandwasinvolvedinpogroms in theCommunistmovement,secretpolice(common motifinCzechGreatWar Community (Národníobecfašistická,NOF). there appearstobeaboutRélink.RélinkhadoncebeenchiefsecretaryoftheNationalFascist and Marxists’contemptforChristdoesmakearecurrentmotif,howeverlittleChristian catures. Thetitleofthebookbarelymatchescontentarticles,althoughJews’ because ofthehalf-dozenwould-bearticlesasfairlycompetentlydrawnviciouscari- židomarxisty Cultural Policy’( and decency’. .]theunchangingprinciplesofChristianmoralityobtaininbusiness:honour . is ridiculous;[. state shouldhavenofear,for‘ToassertthatJewsadifferentmorality,worse businessmen, particularlythoseinforeigntrade,sincethecountrydependedonthem.The Freemasonry, (1901–46, executed)publishedalongworkontheJewishnatureofespeciallyCzechoslovak the publicationofCzechFascistantisemiticworks.Thedrop-outmedicalstudentJanRys latter livesin‘BoverlyHill’‘LosAngelos’. have alsolearnedthattheDukeof‘Conaufht’andDouglasFairbanksareMasons on achamber-potinscribed‘Slavs’. days isevidentintheopeningcartoon,whereanOrthodox JewreadingtheTalmudissitting fašismus service ofJewishmessianism.’ .]atraitortohisnationinthe . masons. Asonemightexpect,‘AGentileFreemasonis[. from Rys(seenote179). spolec incited NerotopersecutetheChristians. risible, forexample,whenRysclaimsthat‘reliablehistorians’havewrittentheJews world’. ThestereotypicalJewishvicesareallhere,butsometimesthehyperboleisespecially 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 From thesameyear,thoughpublishedatauthor’sownexpense,Rélink’s Karel Rélink, Tomáš Pasák, Ibid.,pp.328, 348. Ibid.,p.70. Ibid.,p.15. Jan Rys, JacobiorSmíchovskýappearstohavederivedthetitleofJacobi’sbookonCzechoslovakFreemasonry VáclavRežný,‘Židovskáotázka’,in CitedinJanGebhartandKuklík, h enském akulturnímživote ), p.197. h ství Židozednár (TheevolutionoftheJudaeomarxist)wasprobablymoredangerous,notasmuch weencounternotonlyprimitiveantisemitism,butalsoattacksonthepoison Židozednár 196 Vývin židomarxisty.S20ticelostrannými imenšímiilustracemiatextem ThesameyearasKalandra/Jer C Zásady kulturnípolitiky h eský fašismus1922–1945akolaborace 1938–1945 198 h ství –metlasve RysattemptstodemonstrateajointworldconspiracyofJewsandFree- h h ství , Prague,Litomyšl,2004,p.188. 195 — NonethelessRežnýinsiststhatstateshouldprotectJewish 199 metlasve h ta Insuchwriting‘messianism’denotes‘desiretorulethe , Prague,1938,pp.7,8. 203 Conclusory Essay OthercartoonsportrayJewishmoneybags’involvement Druhá republika1938–1939.Svárdemokracieatotalityvpolitickém, h ) includedthestatement:‘Asspiritualoriginators ta 200 (Judaeomasonry—scourgeoftheworld). Palc Bythetimeonereachesalmostend,will 201 202 h ivé otázky

SomethingoftheCzechnationalismthose h ábek andRežný’sessaysappearedsaw , Prague,1938,pp.11–21(16–17). , Prague,1999(hereafterPasák, , Prague,1938,p.4. 197 Vývin C Rys h 247 eský Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited executed), thebroadcasterandjournalist,‘chiefof headquarters’ oftheCzechFascists’ Judaeomarxists andRealists. around thecountry(itfi Second WorldWar.HemakesthegrotesqueclaimthatHašek’sŠvejknovelwashawked Masaryk’s RealistParty,apartycriticizedforitslargeJewishmembershipevenafterthe the creatorofŠvejk,JaroslavHašek,asaJudaeobolshevik.Thesecondmostfrequenttargetis the mostfrequenttargetisJudaeobolshevism;indeed,fi them publishedpreviously,oneinaBerlinantisemiticpaper,otherstheCzechFascistpress, trial, andonetothe1840Damascusblood-libelBeilistrial.Inarticles,mostof and anotherreferstothe‘jewifi a linkbetweentheCommunistParty,Freemasonry,LeagueofNationsandTalmud antisemitism), Freemasonry,theCommunistpress,anti-Fascistagitation;onecartoonmakes an unbeliever’swomanmaybeused’ ‘A JewisnotcommittingadulteryifheviolatesaChristianwoman,evenmarried,for running brothelswithGentileprostitutes,andinthisconnexionhequotesaTalmudteaching: counter toearlierantisemiticwritingaswellreality),butfrequentlyearntheirlivingby bars, andotherbrothels’.RélinkclaimsthatJewishwomenareneverprostitutes(whichruns Naturally, JewsareresponsibleforatradeinGentileprostitutes‘fortheir“ and trial,seeJanCebe’sdetailed‘Vladimír Krychtálek—osudneslavne benefi cited Masarykmotto,‘democracyisdiscussion’,mysteriouslyassociatedwiththeJews’ political cynicism,sometimesacrasscrowingovermass murder.AloisKr including Krychtálek’s,butintheOccupationtheirtreatment involvessometimessinister employs theubiquitouscentralEuropeannotionofJews’stinkinggarlicandonions. articles of nothing oftheprimeministerBeran: Fascist regime.Nonetheless,leadingActivistKrychtálek(1903–47,executed)willhave its government’santi-Jewishpolicy,andaltogetherpresenteditselfassomethingclosetoa and Rélink’sbooksappearedin1938,duringortherun-uptoSecondRepublicwith jingles heplacesundermanyofthecartoonsareprimitivelyunrhythmicalandunfunny.Rys et al., doubt thatRélinkistheauthor. Humanität 248 209 208 207 206 205 204 To varyingdegreesKarelRélink’sthemesarerepeated inActivistantisemiticwriting, Vladimír Krychtálek, Ibid.,pp.37, 63. Ibid.,pp.64, 66. Ibid.,pp.31,32,69. Ibid.,pp.33,47and71,53. Ibid.,p.6.InthisarticleRélinkisinthethirdperson,butbrashstylesuchthat readerhaslittle their ill-gottenpropertyandgoingabroadwiththemoney. sides, hedidpreparetoannouncehisstandpointontheJews,whoinmeantimewereselling newspaper waspermittedtopublishasinglelineagainsttheJews.Then,underpressurefromall Jewish question.Firstofall,heplaceddraconianrestrictionsoncensorshipaccordingtowhichno People whoknewBeran’sJewishbackgroundwereverycuriousabouthowhewouldsolvethe Ztracení vdavu.Osudynovinár tingfromtheSlump.Mentionsofwords‘Jewishconspiracy’comeapoorthird. andJudaeobolshevismareinspiredbytheTalmud Vývin židomarxisty Bolševici, Benešamy rst appearedinfasciclesdistributedbycolporteurs)undertheaegisof 204 manifestamanofverylittlebrain;hisinvectiveisderived;the h TheRealists,liketheCommunists,are‘Jew-lovers’;Masarykian u r ve20.století cation’ oftheSokolmovement.SeveralrefertoHilsner Robert B.Pynsent 207 , Prague,1941,p.154.Foranaccount ofKrychtálek’sactivities (seemydiscussionofRichterbelow).Rélinkalso , Prague,2005,pp.97–143. 209 rst piecestartswithanattackon h slavnéhonovinár Shulkhan Arukh h massage e’, inŠte h íž (1911–47, ; 205 ” parlours, h theoften pán Filípek 208 The 206

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited criticized inhisfunctionasamaster:somewantedhimto spell his OrthodoxschoolmasterJakubWolfencounterdiffi The problemcameearlierthantheOccupationasaresult ofZionism.EgonHostovskýhas politických pr spelling rules adherent ofareligion’betterthanmanyCzechpublicists today. indicated thatNerudarecognizedtheJewasa‘memberofnationandbynomeansjustan the factthatNerudahadspelled‘Jew’( must ‘calltheJewsanation’. always beregardedasa‘raciallyalienelement,representativesofraces’andthatone Fascist studentassociationinBrno,VladimírTeyrovský(1898–1980),writesthatJewsmust concerned, itwascompletelyunknowntothem.’ anyway, Jewsareincapableofrulingthemselves,for:‘Asfarastheconceptnationis Babylon wereallJews;itwasintheirinterestthatPalestinebeunitedwithand, the JewsBabyloniancaptivitywasnorealcaptivity,sincebankersandmerchantsin destroy Europeanculture.TherailwayemployeeEmiliánPer Marxist-Leninist-Trotskyites simplyexemplifi nation. ThatJewsarefoulplutocratsand(especiallyaftertheinvasionofUSSR) regard JewsasanationsothattheycanbelabelledalienparasitesontheGerman/Czech common inCzechliterature,too,fromthelateRevivalonwards)andracistimperativeto sistency isthenotionthatJewshavenosenseofnationality(perhapsderivedfromHerder,but seditious qualitytendstobedemonstratedinother,oftenAncient,societies.Anotherincon- quintessentially seditiousandsimultaneouslypillarsoftheFirstRepublicEstablishment.Their mythology andpolitics.Thecoreexampleofthisisthefusiontwonotions,thatJewsare Jewry thatarisefromtheActivists’dutytofusepan-EuropeanantisemitictopoiwithNazi junk journalism.Inwar-timeantisemiticworksonewillfi work isasawholeclevererthaneventhefewslightlysophisticatedpiecesIusefromthis other Activists,butomitforthetimebeingHanušRichter(?–?)becausehismajorantisemitic vism, Svatopluk Guardandfrequentspeakerattheill-attendedralliesofLeagueagainstBolshe- audience responses,seePeterRichardPinard,‘AloisKr zednár Jews totheŁódz serve listenersaswould-berationalbackgroundmaterialtothefi never mentionedinthosetalksforthatwouldwrecktheirshamimpartiality.Kr (December 4,thoughghettonot‘opened’foranotherfewmonths).Thedeportationsare was publishedbeforetheradio-talk serieswasover,sourgentdidtheauthoritiesconsiderthispropaganda. them as these talksand,togetherwithfourarticlesfromthepressandhisownintroduction,published 214 213 212 211 210 I looknowattheideologicalpointsmadebyKr FrantišekŠulc, ‘BylJanNerudataky“zrádcem”?’,inKr VladimírTeyrovský, ‘DoEvropyproste Emilián Per For Kr Pasák, h 210 ích?”’, inJaroslavaMilotová(ed.), organizedaseriesofwirelesstalksforOctoberandNovember1941whichwereto Co víteoŽidech? h h C íž’s otherbroadcastingactivitiesandtheplacethisserieshadinthese activities—andforsome ednášek C h eský fašismus h žid ina, ‘VycházímezPalestiny’,inAlois Kr meant‘Jew’and a h ghetto(October161941)andthefi eského rozhlasu, , p.363. (WhatdoyouknowaboutJews,1941). 213 Prague, 1944,pp.9–14(13). Inhisnastydiatribe,FrantišekŠulc(?–?)makesmuchof Žid Terezínské dokumenty2005 Conclusory Essay h (Ancient)Israelite.NazisandActivistsalwaysused nepatr žid ) withcapital h í’, inKr es thevarietyofseditioustrickstheyemployto h íž acyklusrozhlasovýchrelací“CovíteoŽidech h íž (ed.), 212 h íž (ed.), h h íž (ed.), Thezoologistandformerleaderofthe íž’s authorsinconnexionwiththoseof cliswt t H a oeie ...] . culties withit:‘Hewassometimes[. Co víteoŽidech?Podlestejnojmenného cyklu Ž nd inconsistenciesabouttheevilof rst deportationstoTheresienstadt Co víteoŽidech? , Prague,2005,pp.193–245.Thebook inhis Co víteoŽidech? h žid ina (1900–72)writesthatfor 214 211 InthethencurrentCzech Pro strachžidovský withabig rst deportation ofPrague

, pp.21–26(24,25). , pp.56–60(56). Ž andwhenhe h íž assembled , forthat 249 Ž . Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited did so,thosewhonotconsiderJewryanationcomplained.’ other partsoftheworldthatithasdraggedintowar.’ war onitsconscienceanditmustthereforereckonwithretributionfromEuropeallthe Nazi jargon: people’s court)statesthesameasMoravecandLažnovský inagarish,clumsyprofusionof of theLeagueagainstBolshevism,HugoTuskány(1887–?, sentencedtolifeimprisonmentby The co-founderofthetinypro-NaziNationalRadicalParty (1937)andcommitteemember War wasawarofcompetitionbetweenBritishandGermanindustrialism[ There wasnoplaceforcompassion,sincetheJewswereresponsiblemostevil. Jew-ridden: that is,in1941,facingtheAlliesforsakeofhumanity,allthreemajorare of politicalantisemitisminCzech,Lažnovskýexplainshowright-mindedGermanywasnow, Rusko’ (WhySovietRussiafailed),probablythemostconsistentstatementofNazibrand patriots: Šulc alignshimwiththeActivistsbyemployinglabelsnormallygiventhemCzech of theMosaicconfession.’NerudahadbeenatrueCzechandinhisappealtolisteners erstwhile statetriedtoturntheiralienandraciallydistinctgroupintomereinnocentadherents measures thatlaymeneasilyfailedtonotice,intentionalbywhichtheJewsin selves: ‘Writingtheword all tooawareoftheextremeright’suse war.’ Jews wereonBritain’sside.Then,too,thepreparedUnitedStates’entryinto certain age. because offashionableahistoricalpoliticalcorrectness.Itsendsshivers downthespinesofsomeCzechsa initial letterhastakenoveragain,probablybothbecauseofcopy-editors’ lackofculturalknowledgeand 250 219 218 217 216 215 Moravec subservientlyacceptsaversionoftheNazilineonpreviouswar:‘TheGreat Šulc,‘Byl Jan Nerudataky“zrádcem”?’,pp.56,58. Egon Hostovský, KarelLažnovský, ‘Proc Moravec, Moravec, so thattheycanachievetheworldrulelongforafterbest sonsofthevariousnationshave Only theJewsarecauseofwarintowhichtheycastdemocracies ledbyMasonicslaves baseness? counter-revolution againstsocialism .];actually,the . in AmericaandBritain.[. altogether, fortheysacrifi capitalist regimes—withBritishandAmericanJudaeodemocracy viks socialists whomtheyexecutedas‘deviants’fromtheworldproletarianrevolution, In spiteofalltheircampaignsagainstthecapitalistworldandinmillionsRussian anti-Jewish fi and yetaslongagothathewasabletoutterthebeautifullymanlyconfessionofanimplacable compassion! Certainly,Nerudawasneithera‘traitortothenation’nor‘hirelingofGermans’ searching expressionsofsympathywiththeJews,whosejustfatestillawakensafeelingmisplaced Inscribe thisanti-Jewishcreedofthedeceasedgeniusonyourhearts,allyouwhoarestill 217 FollowingHitler,healsoblamesthemforthecurrentwar:‘Thisbalefulracehasthis andtheirCommunistInternational 219 O c Tatsachen undIrrtümer h ghter. eský zítr Du 216 r h m bezpána ek h selhalosove , p.197. Žid ced theRussiannationinorder topreserveJewishplutocraticpower withalower-caseinitialletterwasoneofthoseinconspicuous , pp.22–23. [1937],4thedn,Prague,1994,p.78.SincetheChanges,capital ...]IsitpossibletoprovideamorestrikingproofofJewish . . [. h tské Rusko’,inLažnovský, Robert B.Pynsent have intheendjoinedupwithtwolastandmosttypical Ž Judaeobolsheviks haveperpetratedthemostrepugnant . ŠulcblamestheconfusiononJewsthem- . Bythattheybetrayedsocialism Na rozcestíve 218 Inhis‘Proc 215 Hostovskýused h ku r , pp.97–169(139–40). sic h selhalosove ]. Inthatwarthe Judaeobolshe- ž ; hewas h tské Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited of Europe,whichtheReichhadtriedtoputastopbyinvadinganddefeatingFrance. using ‘shark’tomean‘vampire’,hestatesthatJewsandcapitalistshad‘suckedout’thewhole marrow oftheFrenchbeing‘suckedout’byJewishandnativecapitalists,then uses uptheveryvital(haematic)essenceofnations’.Alittlelaterinessayhewrites because intheirpursuitofmillions,thousandsit[thepursuit]goessofarthat that heconsiders‘capitalismandJudaeoaristocraticplutocratismdisastersfornationsprecisely on thepoliticalimportanceofbloodinhis‘Proc Lažnovský fi Once againwenoticeoldantisemiticclichés(fi Jews. German invasionofRussiameanstheliberationthose peasantsfromservitudetothe Krychtálek writesofBolshevismastheJewishenslaving of theRussianpeasant provenance. Bohemian Lands.Thus,accordingtoKrychtálek,thenotion ofcollectivizationwasJewish universal import,toblameJewsforworld-widedestruction,notjustdestructioninthe writing andsothepro-GermanActivistshad,generally,tomaketheirantisemitismof typically Jewishinventionforbringingaboutthedecomposition ofanAryannationorstate. omre ...]Indeed,thetworaces,antagonisticinGermanyandAustria[ . commerce. [. the bankinginstitutionsofcountry[Bohemia],andmostforeigndomestic the GreatWar.Wemayreadin1910,forexample,thatGermans‘sharedwithHebrews and thattosuchadegreeJewishCzech-hatredwaswrittenaboutasfactabroadbefore ally, throughoutthenationalmovementJewswereassociatedwithenemy,Germans, been expressedbyCzechwriterssincetheverybeginningoftwentiethcentury.Gener- century andaggressiveantisemitism,evensuggestionsoftheneedto‘exterminate’Jewshad democracy orrevolutionarysocialisminCzechliteraturesincetheendofnineteenth The arrogantraceofvampires,oversatedwithgold,hadnodoubtsaboutitsinvincibility.’ of crazedhatredforthelandthatwastobringsalvationandliberationfromJewishslavery./ in short,theyparalysedthewholelifeofnationssubjugatedtoJudahbymeansapsychosis literature, thewireless,schools,parliaments,churchesandcartels,fi The JewshadalsowhippedupthemisoteutonismofGermany’senemies:‘Thepress,fi course, didnoteducatethepeople[ writes Lažnovský:‘Marxistsocialistpartieshavebeen mostly occupiedbyJews,who,of have acommonhatredfortheBohemians’. one peopleinBohemia.Theyspeakthesamelanguage,patronizeschools,and 225 224 223 222 221 220 Jews aretobeblamedforanythingdestructive.Theyhadbeenassociatedwithsocial Krychtálek, Lažnovský, ‘Proc Krychtálek, WillS.Monroe, KarelLažnovský, ‘Proc HugoTuskány,‘Tatoválkavpravémsve truth andstrengthignitedtheAryanfi been workingonatrapthatwouldswallowuptheReichoflight,fromwhichraysknowledge, with thecorruptionofMasoniclodgesandwholedarkpowerMolochmammonhas they havemobilizedallthecorruptforcesofdemocracy slaughtered eachother.ForthisconspiracywithwhichtheJewswanttodestroyGreaterGermany, 225 BecauseoftheJewishnessCommunism,Europeneeds socialismofanotherkind, rstemploysthevampire/bloodsuckerclichéincourseoflengthypassage 223 Bolševici, Benešamy Bolševici, Benešamy Lažnovskýregardsthenotionofclassconfl h selhalosove Bohemia andtheC h padlaFrancie’,inLažnovský, h tské Rusko’,pp.123,149–50. , p.65. , p.60. h echs lid Conclusory Essay reinthelandsofEurope. , BostonMA,1910,p.181. ] torecognizetheexploitativenatureofJewishrace h tle’, inKr 222 ThatwastheconventioninCzechantisemitic h h íž (ed.), padlaFrancie’(WhyFrancefell).Hewrites nance, gold,vampires,press)warmedup. Na rozcestíve — Co víteoŽidech? [ .]since1933Jewishgold,together . [. h ku ict astypicallydestructive,a r , pp.17–96(40,49,58). nance andstock-exchanges; , pp.61–65(61,63). — andsothe sic ], form lm, 221 251 220 224

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Jews andagainsttheAnglo-Jewishplutocracy’sdominationofaquarterworld.’ .]cansucceedonlyifitisarevolutionagainstthe . ./AsocialistrevolutioninEurope[. . . them byforceofspiritandarms’. nation’, butbeforetheJewshadbeenabletocompletetheirwork,‘the that theRepublichadbeen‘oneofmainstaysinconstructionJewishworlddomi- to boycotttheBerlinOlympicGames. joint forcesoftheFreemasons,JewryandSokolhad startedacountry-widecampaign power-political developmentofJewsintheCzech[ the Czechs,whichactuallyexpressedworldJewry’s‘gratitudetoSokolforitshelpin At theSokoljamboreeof1938,JewishathletesfromPalestinehadbroughtgreetingsto the Germanbanningoforganizationastodisseminate politicallycorrectviewsontheFirst demonstrate JewishandFreemasoninfl less fanaticalJews.’ abounded inimagination.ThesecharacteristicsofStalinmadehimakindredspirittheno the seminary)hehasbeenafanaticalsupporterofsocialrevolutionandexcessively propagandists adore:‘ThemostimportantthingaboutStalinisthefactthatfromhisyouth(in ing call, ‘Jewsoftheworld,unite’. After all,whenMarxwrote,‘Workersoftheworldunite’,thatwassameas‘Zionist’ British Empireconstitutes,then,thefi were duetohisJewishmistress. Beneš andAnthonyEdentobeelected;anypoliticalerrorsCarolIIofRomaniacommitted Activists immeasurable.TheJewish-runCominternwasresponsibleforallowingbothEdvard exile. been intheserviceofJewsandhadceasedconcealingthatfactonlywhentheywentinto tion tohisassemblyoftirades,Kr slovakia becomesamongstActivistssomethingakintotheWeimarRepublic.InIntroduc- made upmainlyofJews’. of thenation;hewritesresponsibility‘Benešandwholesocietyaroundhim, blame theJewsforassassinationofHeydrichandthreatthatbroughttoexistence Rusko’, pp.130,148–49. he wasinleaguewiththeJews. get alongwiththeGermans,toavoidMunich,becauseofhisloveforJews,andinLondon used intheconstructionofCzechoslovakiathathelpedensurecountry’sjudaization. when Jewshadfi 252 235 234 233 232 231 230 229 228 227 226 The FirstRepublichadalsobeenatthemercyofJews.Toaconsiderabledegree,Czecho- Jacobi, Jacobi, ‘ Vladimír Chmelar Alois Kr Bouchal, See,forexample,Krychtálek, Lažnovský, ‘Proc Krychtálek, Lažnovský, ‘Proc Lažnovský, ‘Proc — 232 andLažnovský’sassertionofthatreeksthenotion‘guiltybyassociation’ AnadmirerofAlfredRosenbergandHenryFord,VladimírChmelar Golem h Zeme íž, ‘Úvod’,inKr Beneš atentátník Bolševici, Benešamy h zaslíbená .,pp.95,72. . . nanced theactivitiesofMasarykandBeneš;Jewsabroadhadbeenmortar h h h selhalosove selhalosove padlaFrancie’,p.34. h 229 , ‘Zghettadoparlamentu’,inKr LikeT.G.Masaryk,BenešwasaJew-lover;hadnotwantedto ’, p.122. h , p.5. 231 íž (ed.), h h tské Rusko’,p.117. tské Rusko’,p.117. Bolševici, Benešamy 230 227 228 , pp.78,18. Co víteoŽidech? h ItstandstoreasonthatBouchalshouldmoreorlessdirectly TheJewishinfl StalinbehavedandthoughtlikeaJew,whichisnotsurpris- 233 íž assertsthatthosewhohadgovernedCzechoslovakia ForJacobiithadallstartedearly,duringtheGreatWar, Robert B.Pynsent rst attemptatworldrule,andtheUSSRsecond. uence onSokolasmuchinordertogivereasonsfor 235 Infact,Jacobiappearstobeusingarguments , pp.5–7(5). h íž (ed.), , pp.16,21,77;Lažnovský,‘Proc uence onworldpoliticsisaccordingtothe sic ] republic’.In1935,Jacobiwrites,the Co víteoŽidech? , pp.38–44(44). New Age h (?–?),maintains h selhalosove hadcrushed 226 The h tské 234

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the Jew,wehavetothinkofgold.’ Svoboda (1897–1956):‘Ifwespeakofgold,havetothinktheJew,andif That statementhasitsbasisintheanti-Jewishclichéused,forexample,byjournalistAlois least rescuedthe[Czechs’]nationalexistenceanditsAryancharacter’. but acentralEuropeanbranchofPalestineledbyJew-lover’,andtheOccupation‘hadat ideology. who hadbeenchiefSokol( been astronglyantisemiticorganization,thoughthedeath,stillinoffi fully hidJews,although,atleastsincetheendofnineteenthcentury,Sokolhad Republic. TheSokolcontinuedundergroundasaneffi Masaryk andBeneš. was, Nejedlýrails,‘sacrosanct’,andthat‘couldnotbeotherwise’underthe‘Judaeomasonic’ owned byJews;anything‘thathadtheodourofbeingJews’inFirstRepublic the workers,someofwhomwerecommittingsuicideindespair,becausecapitalwas Slump onJewishCzechs:noonehadtouchedanyofthe‘sleeping’capitalinordertohelp against Bolshevism,VilémNejedlý(1905–?),blamesthesufferingenduredduring levelled againstCzechoslovakbroadcastsfromLondon.ThelaterpresssecretaryoftheLeague had persuadedtheCzechsthattheywerelastbastionofhumanrightsincentralEurope’. Jews, whohaddictatedthepoliticsandcommandeered“Czechpublicopinion”;worldJewry little differently:theCzechnationhadbeen‘aneconomicvassaltoCzech,FrenchandBritish the FirstRepublic: judaization oftheSokolwassimplytypicalcosmopolitanJews’generalundermining appeal totheprejudices,howeverminor,ofaudience, andtoconvincetheaudienceby local confi business departmentsofthedeathcampsonecannotknow, buttheywerecertainlyawareof profi Czechoslovakia. reference toG.E.R.Gedye’s changes evenbeforethe 2002, pp.146,156–57.Infact,OttoWolf’sfamilywereintheSokol, forexample;theFirstRepublicsaw 241 240 239 238 237 236 The othernationistheBritishandŠulc’sattack,likeBouchal’smostActivists’, The Activists’employmentofclichésservedthenormal purposes ofideologicalclichés:to AloisSvoboda, ‘Zlatojezáporemživota’,inKr Moravec,‘VorwortzurdeutschenAusgabe’(seenote73),pp.17–18. Itispossiblethatwehaveherea Bouchal, VilémNejedlý,‘Židéanezame Šulc,‘BylJanNerudataky“zrádcem”?’,p.57. SeeClaireE.Nolte, ts Germansderived fromJewishgoldconfi deluded succeeded inthemostscoundrellymannerarousinginterestofnationtheyhadthus whom theywereliving!Intheinterestsoftheirentirelyselfi of thissophisticatedswindletheywereenfeeblingthepoliticalmaturitynationsamongst soul, allthemoreeasilytoachievetriumphoftheirindestructible‘nationalism’,whilebymeans abuse, soothingusinnarcoticinternationalismorderallthemoreeasilytocrushournational In whatamonstrous,fatefulhalf-sleeptheJewskeptournationinthosetwentyyears’democratic another nation,toleadthemastray,downthewrongtrack. have managedattherightmomenttoexploitintheirowninterestpatrioticsentimentsof 236 scations,andsowasthereadership. FrantišekŠulcwasoneofthemostcynicalActivistsand,nodoubt,forhim — Beneš atentátník whichbelieveditwasfi 238 starosta The SokolintheCzechLandsto1914.TrainingforNation Afterall,asBouchalasserts,forJewstheFirstRepublicwas‘nothing , p.40. wasremovedbydeath,sotheActivistsdidhavesomeevidence. Fallen Bastions starosta h stnanost’, inKr ghting forhigherideals.TodaywearewitnessinghowtheJews 241 ) since1905,ledtosomeliberalizationofthemovement’s Conclusory Essay HowmuchanordinarygrubbyActivistknewaboutthe (London,1939),adenunciation oftheGermantreatment h h íž (ed.), íž (ed.), scated intheProtectorateandthen Co víteoŽidech? Co víteoŽidech? cient Resistancegroupingandsuccess- sh goals[egoisticJewstopos]they 237 , pp.77–78(77). , pp.27–32(31). ce in1932,oftheman , Basingstoke,NewYork, 239 Moravecputsita 253 240

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited to astateofunboundedfury.’ interests and,entirelyartifi instincts ofthenation:‘JewishcapitalistinterestshitchedthemselvestoAnglo-Frenchstrategic according toMoravec,deliberatelypervertedCzechpoliticsinorderdestroythehealthy teenth century)fromKarelHavlíc clichés (forCzechstheclichéinvolvedseditionofnationratherthanstateinnine- repetition ofwhatwasintendedtoappearbeastatementfolkwisdom.Seditionfi had become‘theorgansofanew historyofEurope’(p.89). vital” hadaconstructivebloodrhythm’ (p.111);thankstoGermanandItalian‘élanvital’,Germany andItaly a newageofmankind’(p.57),but,withoutattributingtheideato himpropagates‘élanvital’:‘German“élan Francie’, Lažnovskýdislikes‘theJewBergson’for‘thinkingonly of “creativeevolution”insteadbuilding education: this byAloisGalus(?–?)constitutesaminordemonstrationofmostActivists’incomplete invented sexology,forexample,inEmanuelRádlsometimebeforethewar).Astatementon moral sedition(againnotnew;onewillfi mocking theJews:theirseditiondoesnotworkinProtectorate.TheJewsalsoindulge fairly denselypopulatedareaofthecity.Whilespeakingseditionheis,then,sarcastically uttered thesewordsattheHeydrichiadrallyinBrno,whereexecutionstookplacea chivalry, a‘worldwithoutheartorlove,worldwhere couragewasreplacedbycunning, were subjugatinganddecomposingtheAryanrace’,for theirworldwaswithoutnobilityor Sokol. cliché ofanti-Jewishwriting.JacobialsowritestheJews’bringing‘decomposition’to That Jewsareadiseasethemselves,orspreadatleastpoisonwells,isalsoanold Jew appeared,thehostnationsoonerorlaterbegan to die.’ the parasiticalnatureofthattoxinfromAloisFrait(?–?): ‘whereverthateternalparasitethe they say,todeprivethemselvesofthehandswhoseworkneedsomuch.’ that theGermansjustsendcondemnedmentodoforcedlabour.Theywouldbemad, sneaking aboutPraguesayingthattheexecutionsannouncedinpressdonottakeplace, had beensenttoburythebodiesinLidice):‘ThereareactuallysomeJewishrumour-mongers in PragueJune1942continuedpursuingsedition(thisisjustafterJewsfromTheresienstadt feeling isalwayssuperiortoreason.MoravecalsosuggeststhattheJewswhowerestillliving political inclinations,‘feelings’ Czechoslovakia, havingalienatedthepoliticiansfrompeopleandpeople’snatural Republic politicaléliteisintheendalsointendedtoportrayJewsashavingundermined by alienforces.TheassociationofJewswithFreemasonryandtheFirst ence thattheintenseanti-Germansentimentstheyharbourareunnatural,imposedonthem 254 247 246 245 244 243 242 AloisFrait, ‘Protokolysionskýchmudrcu Lažnovský, ‘Proc Jacobi, Alois Galus,‘Židovskáotázkaajejír Ibid.,p.146. Moravec, on whoseruinsspreadstheplagueofmaterialismandJewishspiritualanarchismnihilism. down, denyanddragintothemudallthosevaluesidealsthatweresacredtoChristian to mentiononlythemostprominent,usesophisticatedinterpretationandcriticismbreak Heine, Marx,Lombroso,Freund[ 245 Lažnovskýwritesthat‘theJewswereanalientoxininthe organism.’ Golem O c h eský zítr .,p.93. . . h selhalosove h ek , p.23. cially, andcunningly,escalatedCzechhatredoftheGermannation h tské Rusko’,pp.167–68. 242 — Thefutileintentionofthissentenceistopersuadetheaudi- h ek andPalackýonwards.Especiallyafter1933,theJewshad, h werememberthatforActivists,especiallyMoravec, sic ešení’, inKr Robert B.Pynsent ], Weiniger[ r ’, inKr nd angryrecriminationsagainsttheJewsforhaving h h íž (ed.), íž (ed.), sic ], Bergson,Reinach,MeyersonandEinstein, Co víteoŽidech? Co víteoŽidech? 247 , pp.86–91(87).In‘Proc ForMoravec,the‘Jews , pp.33–37(33). 246 Welearnof 243 Moravec 244 ts these h padla Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited as thefateofJewsandPoles.’ of howtopreservetheCzechnationfromafatethatcould tomorrowveryeasilybethesame of BohemiaandMoraviahasnowbeengivencompletefreedom, alsointhechoiceofmeans, his countrymenthattheymightalsosufferthefateof Jews, andthePoles:‘thegovernment appointment ofKurtDaluegeasHeydrich’sreplacement asReichsprotektorwithathreatto [ Christian-Aryan culture’,fortheirnatureisofa‘creepingnightanimalthatcompletelykills wisdom byshiftiness,andcharactercalculationruthlessness’.Theyhad‘sullied agents ofcapitalismhavebeenrenderedpowerlessinGermany’. Germany proper,for‘BecausetheJewshavebeenexcluded fromtheGermannation, According toMoravec,theCzechswilllearnenjoy thebenefi driving forceofcapitalismandthedisintegrativeelementsocialism.’ The NewEuropeis,inMoravec’sview,‘unitedafi Activists: with thatpompoussurquedryattendsthewritingespeciallyofslightlybettereducated of theJewavoidingphysicalwork,especiallyonland.Tuskánytakessameline,but physical work.’ continue wreakinghavoc,buthemustbetaughtaproperlesson,forcedintotough,hard deportations: ‘Itis,then,notenoughtotake,confi (1910–?) expressesamoreopendesireforviolence,isblatantlylendingsupportto rational reasonfortheirbeingdeported,aassociatedwiththediseasetopos: earlier, say,inthetheosophistanimal-loverPavlaMoudrá). Question’ thattheyputforward(notonewillnotfi erate art’altogether.WheretheActivistsdifferobviouslyisinsolutionsto‘Jewish and particularlyGermanperiodclichés,forexample,JewsascreatorsofSurrealism‘degen- Jews asgoodatavoidingfi not havetoseeklongfi we see,Moravecisnotevencapableofsuchcaricatureasthesewer-mindedRélink.Onedoes 254 253 252 251 250 249 248 sic Vajtauer demandstheseparationofJewsfromrestsociety,providesawould-be Moravec, Moravec, Tuskány,‘Tato válkavpravémsve Oldr Moravec, Vajtauer, Moravec, ] sickepochsandiscapableoftearinglargechunksonlyoutahalf-deadorganism’. to fl earn theirbreadbythesweatofbrowsinclosedsettlementswheretheywillnolongerbeable infectious disease.OurtownsandvillageswillalsobepurgedtheJewsconstrainedto the Jews.TodaytheyareremovedfromlivesofAryannations,isolatedascarriersasinister and aregratefultoProvidencethatitpermittedthembeparticipantsinthefi The nationsofEuropehavesimplyseenthroughthescoundrellygameenemyworld however, hasanotheraspect.Itintendstoprotecthumanityfromdegeneration. opportunity tosetuptheirownnationalcommunitysomewhereoutsideEurope./Racialhygiene, European nationswishtobuildEuropeasacommunityofAryanandgivetheJews Europe andthatthequestionofapure,healthyracehasbecameanidealpracticalpolitics.The it isnowonderthatrevulsionatthenotionofmiscegenationaroseamongsthealthynations h eece andruingullible‘Goyim’. ich Duchác Malé národyvnovéEvrope O c Tatsachen undIrrtümer Tatsachen undIrrtümer Tatsachen undIrrtümer h 251 eský zítr h Eventhatappealstotheaudience’sknowledgeofantisemiticstereotype , ‘Užnašipr h ek , p.136. nd theotherstaple clichés ofanti-JewishwritinginCzechliterature, ghting, orbeingincapableofit,Jewshavingaculturelies, h edkové varovali . . .’, inKr .’, . edkové varovali. , p.25. , pp.73. , pp.26,27. h h 254 , p.61. tle’, p.64. 252 Conclusory Essay h scate theJew’smoneyandallowhimto íž (ed.), nd callsforexterminationalongtime ght againstJewry,thatis,the Co víteoŽidech? 253 Moravecwelcomesthe ts alreadyenjoyedby nal reckoningwith , pp.50–55(55). 249 250 Oldr h ich Duchác 248 255 As h

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited nian TalmudandaveryshortselectionofquotationsfromPartIVthe introduction towhatconstitutesareasonablylongselectionofquotationsfromtheBabylo- in aGentilemirror,1942),dedicatedtoEmanuelMoravec.Richterhasbriefvituperative on Jewryinhis ‘decent Czech’shouldknowtheTalmudorthatallGentiles shouldlearnabouttheJews: a modelfortheregulationsandpracticeofShoah. Hencehisstatementthatevery punishments onJewishandGentilelaw-breakers ruthless towardsGentiles,fromtimetowantingtheir annihilationandinfl the whole,however,Richteriskeenonprojecting Jewsashavingracelaws,ofbeing Rélink), andotherpassagesindicatingthatagoodJewshouldavoidnon-Jewsaltogether;on non-Jews arenothumanbeings,thoughonemayrapeorotherwisesleepwiththem(compare of ing inthecornersofCzechliteraturesince1840s),andthustolendweightnotion invented sexologyandpsychoanalysistosupportsexualantisemitism(thathadbeenlurk- opposite ofChristianity.Theinfrequentpro-Islamicor pro-Arab implicationsorstatements major aimofthis‘edition’istodemonstratethatJudaism isareligionfoundedonhatred,the the ground,andhispenispenetratesher.’ someone withanerectpenisfallsfromaroofandlandsonhissister-in-law,whoislying Jewry oftenconcernsthesetwofunctions.Igiveonesimpleexample:‘Itisnotrapewhen sion thatalargepartoftheTalmudisdevotedtoexcretionandcopulation.Hisridiculing and toridiculeJewishsacredbookstheJewsthemselves.Hecontrivesgiveimpres- strate thattheJewsarebytheirownlawsanti-Christian,anti-Arab,anti-Gentilealtogether, (and sometimesinvention?)isfoundedonthedesiretoconfi opinionated pedantandself-righteousexecutionerofJewishculture.Hismethodselection translation. suddenly encountertheanachronism‘tomatoes’ assessment ofGoldschmidtorhisimprovementsonGoldschmidt,especiallywhenwe few ofwhichhepointsoutGoldschmidt’sallegeddistortions.WedonottrustRichter’s selection ofquotationsRichterhasirregularone-sentencetohalf-pagecommentaries,ina has oftendeliberatelyhiddentheoriginalmeaningsinhistranslation;courseof from LazarusGoldschmidt’s1935Germantranslation.Heclaims,however,thatGoldschmidt publisher’s blurb,welearnthatRichterisanOrientalist;ontheotherhand,hehastranslated not thespiritofTalmudliveson.Thebibliographyandnotesaredisordered.On non-Jewish (forexample,Hitler)andJewishwritersfromwhichwearetodecidewhetheror that isfollowedbyanequallyvituperativeconclusionandthenaseriesofquotationsfrom as theyareoverthreeyearsandonedayold, ing averyfrequentlyrepeatedstatementthatitispermissibletocopulatewithwomenaslong publicly violatingher. ibid., p.302.Thetranslationofthe Hebrewas‘tomato’isnotonlyRichter’sorGoldschmidt’s. 1942, p.86.Theyappearagain,morecomfortably,inthesixteenth-century 256 258 257 256 255 Very occasionallyHanušRichterusesthepasttensewhencharacterizingorcommenting Ibid.,pp.229, 375. Ononeoccasion itisamatterspecifi Ibid.,p.74.Alesspithy variantofthisruleoccursonp.159,wherethemanhastopay womanfor ‘ Rassenschande rajských jablíc 255 Thecorrectionsandcommentariesevokeaweasellymanplayingatscholar,an h ek Talmud aŠulchanaruchvnežidovskémzrcadle . Ontheotherhand,hecontinuallychoosespassagesinwhichitissaidthat ’, HanušRichter(ed.andtrans.), callyofGentilegirls,ibid.,p.175. Robert B.Pynsent 256 Richter’sconcentrationonsexualmatters,includ- 257 Talmud aŠulchanaruchvnežidovskémzrcadle servestoremindhisreaderthatJewshad — — moreorlessasiftheJewshadprovided presumablyaversionoftheGerman’s (TheTalmudand rm racial prejudice,todemon- Schulkhan arukh Shulkhan arukh icting barbaric Shulkhan arukh as rajské jablko , Prague, 258 a ; ,

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited women] could easilybecometrammelledinhernet’,butsometimes itdoesnot,forexample:‘[Jewish looks harmless,asinthefollowingcase:‘Turnyoureyesaway fromanattractivewoman.You racial, ideologyofNazism. are exploitativeemployersandloansharks,conventionswhichsuitthesocial,notonly Democracy isaJewishinvention. including systematicmassmurder,ismoreinsidiousthanthesupporthefi tures ofJewsassexuallydepraved(primarilypaedophiles) orinsatiable. preoccupation withthesexualsuggestspersonalinvolvement. Idonotmeanthestockpic- not soundliketheresultofpersonalexperience,but,atleasttoliterarycritic,Richter’s the Sabbath.Garlichelpssexualintercourse.’ garlic ontheeveofSabbath.Sexualintercoursebelongstocelebrationandjoys .] Thereforeonemusteatanabundanceof . plies spermandparalyseswormsintheguts.[. ple, hedoesnotmention to lieinhisportrayalofbeautifulJewishwomenregarded as laws ofheredity,theTalmudisimpressedonbrainevenreformedJew’. .]Inaccordancewiththe . upbringing andbloodthirstinessofJews,theirrisibleconceit[. reading Richter’sversionoftheTalmudweshouldlearn‘whencecomesdepraved simply supportNazipolicyandremindthereaderthatMoslemCzechswerepro-Nazi. him onwhomthehourofvictorysmiles.’ army asmuchyoucan)andnotonlywhenothersneedyou.Attheend,attachyourselfto but lastsothatyouareamongstthefi opportunism; theparenthesisisRichter’scomment:‘Whenyougointowar,donotfi behind-the-lines postings,didnotfi cliché thathadbeenparticularlyfrequentsincetheGreatWar,Jewsmanagetogetcushy are thereforeequallyguiltyandasinfectedpersonsmustbecutout[semusíodr usurers? TheTalmud!Ofcoursemany,indeedvery‘Aryans’werenodifferent!Infection!They those whobehavelikeJews:‘ Gentile, forheisnotyourbrother’,RichterpracticallysuggeststheannihilationofJewryand no mercy. repayment ofwhataGentileowesyouiscompletelysatisfied, takeeverything,don’tmissanything.Show money, butthesayinggoes:takefl in parenthesesonanarticleoftheTalmud:‘Youshouldtakeoxifyoudonotreceiveyour everything heownsiswithoutexceptionthepropertyofJew’,orhisitalicizedcomment teach: garliccontainsfi uses apassagetoimplyitandletthereaderrealizethatsmellisTalmudic:‘Therabbis 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 Generally, Richtershowshisimaginationinquotationratherthancommentary.Forexam- Forexample, bestiality,ibid.,pp.75,217,orrapingGentilespermissible,p.201. Ibid.,p.158. Ibid.,pp.268, 161. Ibid.,p.184. CompareLažnovskýonJewsandliberation,‘Proc Forexample, ibid.,pp.59,121,175,343. Ibid.,pp.50–51. Ibid.,p.162. Ibid.,p.378. Forexample,ibid.,pp.218,258,377. )’ by makinglove,andthatmeans,loveimmoderately, weakentheiropponentsso 265 InalengthycommentonJosephbenJehuda’s‘Itispermittedtostealfrom ve qualities!Itfi foetor Judaicus 263 Do yourememberthedistraintscarriedoutbyJewishlawyersand ThesupportRichterfi 264 ght inwars;thatiscombinedwiththeclichéofJewish Conclusory Essay RabbiEliezerisquotedasstating:‘TheChristianand rst toreturn.PerformyourSabbathduty(shirkinthe lls one,warmsoneandbrightensone’sface;itmulti- orhaveJewssmellingofonionsandgarlic;hesimply our, butalsothebran.( 262 Hefi 261 Richterfi nds supportfortheconventionsthatJews nds for Nazipracticalantisemitism, h selhalosove nds supportforoneantisemitic femmes fatales That is:sothatyourclaimfor h 267 tské Rusko’,p.121. h Thepersonalappears íznout]! nds foroldclichés. . Sometimesthis ’ 266 Thatdoes 260

259 rst, 257 By Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited shall understandthehistoryofworlddifferently. were orareusingtheircharmsintheserviceofJewry.Heclaimsthatwhenwereadit ‘The JewishWomanandHistory’,wherehewillprovideportraitsofallwomenwho kind, shouldsurviveornot?! men! HowmanywomenlikeherhavedecidedwhetheragivenAryannation,indeedthewholeofman- beautiful femininity,ofthecleverwoman.HowmanyEsthersinhistoryhavedecidedfateAryan infected herwithitsimpurity”’,orhiscomment:‘[TheBookofEstheris] that theycansubsequentlydestroythem German titleofthetranslation Moravec’s Jew Bergson’. in alittleattackonHenriBergson,whoappearstheeditionofhisposthumousessaysas‘the de personal experience,itcertainlysuggestsobsession. is awordnolongerused,thatthecorrectterm‘totalregime’. which isa‘higherformofgovernmentthandemocracy’;later,hestatesthat‘dictatorship’ totalitarian politicsthattakesoverhistoryinsteadofreactingtoit,thedictatorship, Nazism andtheSovietsocialism.Second,tofurthercauseof‘chronocracy’,thatisa Molotov-Ribbentrop pactintheformofacelebrationsocialreformsFascism, by nameinthebook;Germanversion,heis,butonly nation,’ writesChmelar and notjustasphilo-Semites.‘Since[Masaryk]hadatrulyhistoricinfl decadent Frenchandthoseegoisticfools,theBritish. ‘depression’ causedbytheMunichAgreement,thatisCzechrelianceonsexually and forty)tohelphimimposeintheProtectorateorderbeactivethusdissipate philosophy, whichheexpectsthe‘young’(bymeans,menbetweentwenty-four name occurs,notevenHitler’s.Lažnovskýisattemptingtoputacrosshis‘own’political name occursfrequentlyinLažnovský’sbook,Roosevelt’sonce,butnootherpolitician’s from NorthAmericanJewswhenhewentonatourof America’. Zionism atthebeginningofcenturybroughtabout celebratorywelcomehereceived assumed duringtheritual-murdertrialofHilsnerand Dreyfusaffairandhissympathywith in theBohemianLands.ElsewhereJacobiwritesthat‘philo-Semitic attitudethat[Masaryk] considered theassimilationistCzech-Jewishmovement solutiontothe‘JewishQuestion’ that hehadaddedtotheprogrammeofhisRealistParty asentencestatingthattheparty back toMasaryk’sinfl president; othermenwiththesamecommonsurnameretainCzechspelling. contemporaneous Germanpro-regimewritingsthatspellingisclearlyreservedonlyforthe propagandistic titleofthetranslation,Benešisrenderedbydisparaging‘Benesch’.In explaining how‘Hrad’(theCastle)wasusedinCzechpoliticalwriting.Here,astheinept 258 273 272 271 270 269 268 h jinami Jewry isnotaorthethemeofeveryActivistbook.KarelLažnovský’s(1906–41) In otherActivistsMasarykandmoreespeciallyBenešarecloselyassociatedwiththeJews, Jacobi, Chmelar See,forexample, [Eduard( Lažnovský, Lažnovský, Ibid.,pp.215,80,109. (Conversationswithhistory,1940),forexample,containsthewordJewonlyonce: ‘Zeme h , ‘Zghettadoparlamentu’,p.43. Ein Tscheche Ein Tscheche 269 h zaslíbená’ Possiblythatisbecausethebookhasonlytwoaims.First,toglorify uence onJewishundergraduatesbeforetheGreatWarandtofact h , pp.29,23–24. , ‘thisnationbecameapsychologicalallyoftheJews.’ , p.32.ThistranslationhasaprefacebyOskarUllrich.For‘Benesch’ seealsothe , pp.37,52. ’ Twoparagraphslaterhepromisesthatwillpublishabookcalled sic )] Benesch,butBohuslavV.Beneš inJacobi, Robert B.Pynsent . “WhentheserpentinEdencopulatedwithEve,it V úlozemour h enína 268 . Ifallthisdoesnotstemfromsome

in atranslator’sparenthesis 270 273 Benešisnotmentioned Golem WhereJacobigivesan uence ontheCzech .,p.8. . . proof ofthepower 272 Jacobipoints 271 Masaryk’s Hovory s Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Pražák; theeditorscensoreditout.See‘Odbouchnutíver of thecriticVladimírMacura,IdiscussedBouchal’sbookandmade thiscomparisonbetweenBouchaland composed theearlynineteenth-century‘medieval’manuscriptsthat certainlywereforged. Associating JewswiththeRealistswasalsoatoposof(largelyFascist) interwarwritingdenyingthatHanka he wassendingthemtocertaindeath. would takeintheassassinsofHeydrichparachutedintoProtectorate,butthatBenešknew Moravec writesthatitwastheJewsaroundBenešwhopresumedordinaryCzechpeople evidently didmuchfortheever-increasingpopularityofBenešathomeinProtectorate. exile andfriendofBritainor,later,Britain,AmericatheUSSR.Thesecampaigns facts, butbecausetheyfounditusefulfortheircampaignsagainstBenešasthepresident-in- The ActivistsmademoreofBenešthanMasarykandtheJews,notonaccounthistorical comfort.’ out anysortofbaseness,sacrifi déluge, saysBenešandJewsrepeatitafterhim.Thesemonstersaredeterminedtocarry how manyCzechssurvivedthewar;‘theyjustrabble-rousefromadistance’;‘Aprèsnousle history: historically moreorlessaccurateaccount,whateverhisreasons,Bouchalscurrilouslyperverts was betrayed’. Realists’, simultaneouslygivingtheRealistsJudaspiecesofsilver,forwhichCzechnation On theRealistPartyBouchalwrites,‘theRealistsslappedJews’backandJews Semitic parentsofthe“ministerjustice”JaroStránský.’ the propagandaexpert[Hubert]Ripka)inBeneš’snewémigrécamp,ortodiscovertwo of Jewishwivesandgirlfriends( need forathoroughscholarofracialmattersnorgenealogisttorevealthatwholesuite ‘Of courseBenešandhisJewshavenotgonetothefront to dieforBritain,buttheysentthere policy inexile. War, soBenešwasdependingonhelpfromworldJewryinthiswar,andguidinghis that, theexampleofViennapress,whichwasdominatedbySemites,discomfi was farfromanantisemite,IstillhadacriticalviewoftheJewseconomicallyand,apart was anorthodoxRealist.Ihadnumerousobjections.ThepartyveryJewish.Though .]. ButthatdidnotmeanI . Uprising: ‘IbecameamemberofMasaryk’sRealistParty[. émigrés words: ‘ 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 Ibid.,p.159. Ibid.,p.156. Jacobi, Ibid.,pp.144, 145. Moravec, Pražák, Bouchal, the Czechpigeons’,turnedouttobealltooaccurate. University. Jewspushedthroughthisappointmentandtheirwords,‘Nowwe’veputacatamong his activitieswereareward,anexpressionofgratitudeforhavingbeengivenchairatthe badly byexcusinganddefendingeventhemostrepulsiveJewishcrimes.Itwasnosecretthat regard fortheneedsandinterestsofhisownnation,defendedJewscompromisedhimself Right atthebeginningofhispubliclife,Masarykwasarenownedphilo-Semitewho,without .’ 280 For BohemiaandMoravia 277 InthesamecontextMoraveccontemnsCzechservicemen amongstBritishtroops: ‘Zeme Politika arevoluce AccordingtoJacobi,justasMasarykhadsecuredJewishfavourbeforetheGreat Beneš atentátník O c 274 h 278 h

eský zítr zaslíbená’ Thatforeshadowsthepost-warwordsofnominalleaderPrague Jacobiismoreprecisethanotherassailants,butsarcastic:‘Therewillbeno h ek , pp.142–43. , p.128. , p.23.InanarticleIwroteinresponsetoarequestforpiece remembrance , p.25. viz [. . .], .], . [. ce, aslongitdoesnothurttheirpockets,infringe . thewivesoffi Conclusory Essay 276 as in1918,theirGolemiscalled/BenešandtheCzech BenešandhisJews,hewrites,couldnotcareless h ejného (ne)pr nance expert[Eduard]Outrataand 279 ‘ Zeme h ítele’, h zaslíbená Tvar , 18,2005,pp.16–17. ’ endswiththe ted me.’ ted 259 275

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited every Czechcrippleabroadtheycouldlaytheirhandson.’ long-relinquished notions,superstitionsandprejudicespossiblylastinthemodernworld?’ all spiritualandmoralprogressthatwantstosqueezehumanityintoastraitjacketof but ontheotherhand,thereissomethingencouragingaboutit:canasystemthatnegates medieval arrangementspeaksvolumes.OneisashamedwhenonemeetsaJewonthestreet, had toweartheStarofDavid;whilehefi Jer by nature.’ of blood,butcanbedeterminedbycharactertraits Bouchal statesmoreorlessthesame:‘Afterall, by theGermanmilitary,andsoforth. Germany properforforcedlabour,theshuttingdownofschoolbuildingssotheycanbeused mention theJews;hewritesoffarmerslosingtheirhousesandland,workersbeingsentto When heelsewhereliststhewaysinwhichCzechsareenduringpersecution,doesnot existed before’.Sobotaalsoreportsantisemitismamongst assimilatedJewishCzechs,whodid On theotherhand,theirbrutaltreatmentawakenedsympathies fortheJews‘thathadnot some peoplewereshockedhowmuchpropertytheJews hadtobestolenbytheGermans. because theyimaginedtheirprofi and afewbusinessmen,hadbehavedbadly,wantedthe aryanizationoftheirprofessions Occupation istobefoundinEmilSobota.IntheSecond Republicsomedoctorsandlawyers, poraneous portrayalofGentileCzechs’attitudestoJews during theSecondRepublicand vermin hadbeenvegetatingandreleasedforcesthathithertohidinginthedark.’ summarizes theirbehaviourasfollows:‘March15rolledawaytheboulderunderwhichthis anyone theydidnotlikeJews,andmanyofwhomsenttheirchildrentoGermanschools.He physically bytheantisemiticstreetviolenceofCzechFascists,whowerealsoliabletolabel Jews waspartofgeneralGermaninfamy,though,asJer Czech-on-the-street. Onthewhole,itappearsthatforCzechGentilespersecutionof in hisrampagingagainstownnationheisworsethanalltheTalmudJewsputtogether.’ the-wool racist:‘ThesecondpresidentDrEdvardBenešistheprototypeof“whiteJew”; our lands,now[October1938]begandangerouslytoincrease.’ of germanizationandthereforeantisemitism,whichneverthelessdidnothavedeeprootsin course, inourlandstheJewswerenotwithoutguilt,fortheyalwaysawillinginstrument a suggestionthatantisemitismwasnotessentiallyCzechcharacteristic.Zemanwrites:‘Of tinuation thereof.Thatisadubitableconclusionhistorically.Itnormallygoestogetherwith German inspirationandthusunderstandingOccupationantisemitismmoreorlessasacon- manifestations ofantisemitism,largelyintheAgrarianpress,duringSecondRepublicto enemy oftheCzechnation’aremild. 260 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 h It isunlikelythattheActivists’propagationofNaziantisemitismhadmuchimpacton Zeman, Ibid.,pp.126–27. Ibid.,p.164. Jer Moravec, Bouchal, Chmelar Moravec, ábek rarelymentionstheJewsinhiswardiary.Hedoesmentionedictwherebythey h ábek, h 283 C V zajetíAntikristove , ‘Zghettadoparlamentu’,p.44. h Beneš atentátník O c O c eskoslovenská Golgota InaNazi-runsocietyMoravec’slabelsforBeneš,‘nationalmurderer’or‘arch- h h eský zítr eský zítr h h ek ek , p.141. , p.181. , p.25. h , pp.39–40. , p.251. ts wouldgrow,aswehaveseen,andduringtheOccupation Robert B.Pynsent 284 287 ItissomethingofaconventiontoattributeCzech nds thisappalling,heseesinitasignofhope:‘This . InhisbehaviourBenešwasalwaysatypicalJew Jewishness doesnotalwayshavetobeonlyamatter h ábek writes,itwasgreatlyhelped 281 288 Chmelar Themostcomplexcontem- h writesasadyed-in- 285 282 286

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited open. AndinitstrackswalkedthePolishandHungarian jackals.’ results oftheMunichAgreement,Jer view refl including babies,crushedtogetherinacompound,almostmakesherweep. put one’scountrybeforeson.ShedoesnotlikeJews,butthesightofrain-soaked labelled theidealCzechmother.Inend,thisperfectmotherispersuadedthatonemust the ActivistChotek,basedtosomedegreeonLažnovský,hasamother,whoisexpressly portrayal ofCzechcompassionwiththeJewsin Sobota couldappeartoberegardingeconomicantisemitismasnormal.JanWeiss’sbrief see asocial(ist)society;ontheotherhand,byomittingrichGentilesfromprediction, beastly’. this antisemitismcouldalwayshaveasocial[socio-economic]basis,neverracial.’ not happen,amoreviolentantisemitismcouldariseherethantherehadeverbeen,evenif here longbeforeGermanNationalSocialismcame,willhavedisappearedforever.Ifthatdoes without regardforwhothegravediggerhadbeen,antisemitismofsortthatexisted within theframeworkofgeneralsocialjustice,ifoldinequalitiesreallyremainburied, over. ‘ThatwillalldependonhowthecompensationofJewsishandled.Ifittakesplace Germans, hemaintains,butisnotatallsurethatitwillincreaseagainoncethewar they hadnothingincommon.Czechantisemitismdiminishedsincethearrivalof not likebeingputinthesamebasketasnon-assimilatedJews,withwhomtheyconsidered ally non-human.Bezdíc engender theliteraryandjournalistictoposthatGermanswerenotsimplyinhuman,butactu- fi many recordsofAuschwitz-Birkenauandothercampswerepublishedbetween1945the any morethanamongstWesternEuropeansuntilthe1950s,orevenearly1960s,however Occupation asaperiodof‘animalterror’ the ‘devastation’wroughtby‘Germanbeasts’andMiloslav Nohejl(1896–1974)describesthe with victoriousCzechsintheUprising,Germans‘have trulyanimalhorrorintheirfaces’, gorilla-like German’schest.ThelongNordicskulliscracking onthefl ‘Martínek isablacksmith.Youcantellthat.Withintwenty secondsheiskneelingonthe describes theGermansaltogetheras‘repugnant,mangyrats’. wild animals’,andelsewheretheytalkoftheSSas‘blackrats’,asoldierquote In ReicinandMareš,duringtheirhymntoJanMasaryk’sfather,theGermansare‘two-legged ‘The identifi Masaryk, graduallyadoptsbestialimageryastheendapproaches. Czech society.’Healsodemonstrateshowapoliticianabroad,theforeignministerJan .]thelanguage,politicalandlegalculture,psychologyof . months offreedom,[. nal closingoftheIronCurtainin1948.GermanbrutalitytowardsJewsandGentileshelped 295 294 293 292 291 290 289 Generally speaking,theactualinhumanityofShoahdidnotsinkinamongstCzechs Miloslav Nohejl, Veselý-Štainer, Jer Reicinand Mareš, Rataj,‘Obraz Ne Weiss, Sobota, h ábek, 295 ects themoodofResistanceandBenešinLondonthatendwarmust Volání opomoc InDrdathepowerfulCzechworkingclasseasilyovercomes theGermanbrute: Glossy V zajetíAntikristove cation ofGermanswithbeastsinfl , pp.96–98. Cesta národníhoodboje h mce aNe Holýma rukama Sokolovo , pp.338–39. h ek devotessometimetothis,andRatajindicatestheconsequence: h h mecka vprotektorátníspolec , pp.80,43,79. , pp.25–26. , Prague,1946,pp.31,37. , p.121. Conclusory Essay h ábek writes:‘SotheGermanbeastofprey’swaywas 294 andtheGermansas‘bestiallystupidstupidly uenced, at theendofwarandinfi Volání opomoc h nosti avc h eskoslovenském odboji’,p.228. probablyepitomizesthenorm: 292 291 Concerningtheimmediate Igiveonlyafewexamples. 293 Veselý-Štainerwritesof oor-boards.’ Faced oor-boards.’ 290 289 That 261 rst Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited a diseasedsexuality.’ perversion andunheard-of(butmasterly,ofcourse)sadisticcriminality,whichhaditsbasisin and acapturedsniperis‘greatcowardlybeast.’ meat, ratherthannottobeableaffordrifl bun orchocolatesandintheircountryeveryonewouldeatdrybread,gowithoutbutter .]aGermanboywouldratherspendhispocket-moneyonknifeinsteadofchoux . war. [. marbles ortip-cat.Fromthebeginningtheyhavegunsandswordstheirgreatestjoyis onwards theyplaynothingbutsoldiers.Itisunheardofforthemtoblindman’sbuff,he, knives, letalonehadscraps:‘allGermansknowhowtofi child’s-eye view,whereitisasifnoCzechboyshadevercollectedtinsoldiers,wantedpen- ‘two Germanies’.Nonetheless,Jer hands ofsadists’expressesthesameviewonbasis soonhackneyedconsiderationof characteristics ofthiscruelrace.’ can’t helpthefactthattheywerebornofGermanwombs.Thatinheritedterrible author alsoimaginesallthismightbeamatterofheredity:‘IalmostfeelthattheGermans century man’,and,likeKlenová,Habr violent sadism,acrueltyincomprehensibletothereason,incredibleheartoftwentieth- with whomNahodilovácomparesher.Habr adopted notaformofNazi,butCzechracism,ashasthefashionableDenemarková, of Teutonicity,butalsowiththeactualdeedsHitler’sGermans,thoughKlenováhasherself large roleisplayedbycoldcruelty,perpetratedalongway behindthefronts,savagerycarried also women,childrenandoldpeople’.InaGermanwar, hewrites,‘aquiteextraordinarily also hadabrutalityinthem‘thatcouldnotwaittoravage thedefenceless,notonlymen,but Hoch’s viewGermansasawholedemonstratedvalour, buthundredsofthousandsthem up tobe.’ not theeyesofachild—hewaslittleanimal,ferociousandstupid,justastheybroughthim invading RedArmy:‘Hehasrebellious,nasty,somehowunchild-likeeyes.No,theywere gentle SovietsoldieradoptashissonaGermanboyhehadfoundfi nezabíjej! (born 1957)devotesanarrativepoem toasadisticGermanpaedophilewhokillsyounggirlinher ously.’ laughter ontheirlipsandemotionineyes,burningwithhatredlovesimultane- Proud andmodest,manlychild-likeintheirplayfulness,lovinglifedespisingdeath, Bohemia, people,peopleofadifferentkind,kindthiscountryhadnotknownbefore. in contrast,Sovietsoldiers:‘bleedingandpunishing,werefi Death, hyenasgulpingbloodandwiththemfl marching towardstheheartofcountry,ironskeletonswithbloodiedclaws,fi order tomakeanideologicalpoint.First,hedescribestheGermans:‘Deathandhatredwere 262 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 The contentoftheKlenovánovelshediscussescomportswithcontemporaneousnotions Jer Habr Sedlmayerová, Sedlmayerová, Aškenazy, Br Drda, h h ezovský, ábek, 297 h , Prague,2005,pp.65–67. ina, EvenGermanchildrenarebrutesorbroughtuptobebrutes.Aškenazyhasagood, Ne 298 h V zajetíAntikristove má barikáda Nadc WeencountersomethingsimilarinSedlmayerová,whoisherepresentinga Kve Lidé vkve h h tnové hve love Du Kac h r k anadnárod h m nazelenémsvahu enka 301 , pp.62,57,63. h tnu ‘ThenationofGoetheandSchillerplacedunrestrictedpowerintothe h zdy , p.18. , pp.189–90. , p.20. h , pp.40,208. , pp.11,59.Nahodilová’sDenemarková isnotalone.SvatavaAntošová 300 ThatagainremindsusofNahodilová’sarticle. , p.203. Robert B.Pynsent h ábek considerstheGermansa‘depravedpeople’. h ina believesthiscrueltyhassexualmotives:‘allthat h ocks ofvulturesspittingironandfi es.’ ina writesofthewar-timeGermans’‘cruelty 296 299 Br ThroughhercharacterRenatathesame h ezovský takesthebrutetoposfurtherin ght becausefromtoddlerhood ghting throughtotheheartof ring acap-pistolatthe re’ andthen, gures of gures Ješte 302 h In me h

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited of theNaziregimean‘inhumankillersystem’,forthey are unproblematic. speaking informant).HereIamnotconcernedwithstatements likePresidentBeneš’slabelling not knowwhetherorJirglknewtheCzechproverb (heknowsCzechorhadaCzech- belles-lettres east Germanexperiencesoftheexpulsions;west experienceswereregisteredin Die Unvollendeten winter of1945,bySovietswascommon,asweshallsee). Fromanhistoricalpointofview, atrocity did,indeed,takeplace,andtherapingofGerman interneesbyCzechsand,uptothe witnesses thebeatingtodeathwithironbarsofGermansinChomutovstadium(this youngest ofthewomenissenttoalabourcampthatbecomesrapeatnight.Shealso ties theyhave,amongstothers,ofmakingsomewhereoutsideBohemiatheirhome.The generations ofwomenexpelledtotheSovietzoneoccupationinGermanyanddiffi (The incomplete,2003),takesplaceinandaroundChomutov.Jirgl’snovelconcernsthree the actionsetinBohemiaofReinhardJirgl’s(born1953)powerfulnovel historian PavelJosefŠafar to theviewthatGermansarenothuman. Czech proverb,‘Therearepeopleeverywhere,butinChomutovGermans’. to expressthem,thelateEnlightenmentscholarJosefDobrovskýrespondedbyquoting gratifi war hadamongstthesepeopleamonstrousextramotive,foritpromisedthemabundant inhuman proclivitieswithinthem,atthebottomoftheirbasenature,andanyapproaching their workwithsuchpleasurethattheywereevidentlyinelement.Thushadthese .]Thosewhoperpetratedit,carriedout . manner asaregularcomponentofwarfare.[. out calmly,afterdueconsideration,notsuddenly,butslowly,continuallyandinaplanned nothing newinGermany[ Rutha wasarrestedforthesexualabuseofboys;this‘typicallyGermanperversionanyway It was,writesZeman,adisasterforHenleinwhen,in1937,hisforeign-affairsspecialist fi association iswellfounded: homosexuals beingsenttoprisonorconcentrationcamps.Habr lines associatedwithhomosexuality;oneassumesthatCzechwritersdidnotyetknowabout Lidic, 1942–1947 prozodická bohemika Wehrmacht’. rst uprisingtheformercampinmatesencounterinBr 307 306 305 304 303 This notionhasanextensivepedigreeinCzechculture.WhentheRevivalphilologistand EdvardBeneš,speechinLidiceonJune101945,Josef Hladký(ed.), .’[1827], in Dobrovský, . JosefDobrovský,‘Geschichteder slawischenSpracheundLiteratur. Zeman, Habr Hoch, unheard-of sadism. cannot bemadeformen,ledtheGermanstobroadestrangeofperversity:pederasty; psychological disorders.Thelossoforincapacityforahealthyeroticdisposition,bywhichman the homosexualabnormalityofNaziheroesand,course,alsomanifesteditselfinnumerous as therewasinNaziGermany.TheNazis’animaltreatmentofwomensecond-classgrewout ity. AndperhapssinceAncientRomantimestherehadnotbeenasmuchhomosexualityinEurope The glorifi cation.’ h ina, Pangermanismus (andoffi C h Nadc eskoslovenská Golgota cation ofNazi‘comradeship’andmanly‘loyalty’oftenonlydisguisedsexualabnormal- 303 305 , Hranice,1947,pp.5–18(11). h Inkeepingwiththeprejudicesoftimesadismisopenlyorbetween AllthewritingaboutGermans’innatebrutalityandsexualperversionbelongs love , ed.byMiroslavHer constitutesamajorexampleoftheappearance works concerning h k anadnárod cial statistics)soonaftertheirauthorsarrived in aWesternzone.Ido 304 , pp.12–13. h ík claimedthatSlavsdidnothavenationalprejudicesorthemeans sic , p.58. , p.34. ] andwasrampantparticularlyintheHitlerjugend h man, Prague,1974,pp.167–193 (172). Conclusory Essay h ezovský’s Lidé vkve Lidice. Kpátémuvýroc h ina isconvincedthatthe h 307 tnu Die Unvollendeten 306 Thefollowing , andmuchof Notably,the h í vyhlazení Literární a cul- 263

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited ground. I turned to the comrades: “[. . .] TheyareGermans.Andwehumanbeings.”’ .] . ground. Iturnedtothecomrades:“[. portrayal offourGermansbeingshotis,however,problematic:‘Fouranimalssanktothe The messageofSedlmayerová’s Körner’s beings, onewillbedisabusedsoonenough(thatappearsalsotopartofthemessage half-way: ‘theworlddespisesthem[Germans]asanationofbasesemi-humanbeings.’ (1878–1951), joinedinthecommonplaceabroadcastfromOctober1945,butalsogoes matter oflookingafterawoundedGermanchild.PresidentBeneš’selderbrother,Vojta party-members. .]?’, bywhichheappearstomeanjustNazi . done withsuchamassofnon-humanbeings[. .] whatistobe . us. Vivisectorswhomadeguinea-pigsofthemajoritytheirownnation.[. the war,inBavaria)that‘Imeetthemeverydayonstreet.Iknowthey’relivingamong of thelower-case‘g/ imprisonment bytheGestapoin1941,ViennaandBrno, whenexplaininghisemployment fürer (noneed,onesupposes,torepeatthe‘h’ofhitler).Koch referstohisownthreemonths’ has germans,germany,hitler,himmler,meinkampf,even ss,andalwaysmisspellsFühreras dictators. ever had,andnowheisbeginningtofeartheweaponthatwillallegedlyannihilateanyfuture if theyhadbeenanimals;heseesculturetohavedevelopedmeansofkillingfurtherthanit animals.’ HispointisthatbecausetheGermansarehumantheirdeedsmadefarworsethan makes acharacteristiccommentonthefashionoflabellingGermansanimals:‘Wethusinsult is storedupinpeople.’Second,weencounter,differentinterlocutors:‘[Hlavác “We’re notGerman,”herepeatedhimself,butthatisentirelycertain,forsomuchhatred .]. . we?” “Weretheypeople?”“We’renotGermans,”thetobacconist[Pejšak]saidproudly[. we’repeopleafterall,aren’t .] . commonplace inpost-warwriting.First,weencounter:‘“[. ‘became theorthographicnorm’ 80) suddenlyopenlypoliticalpoems.Rataj’sclaimthat that thelower-caseinitialconsonant human. Bezdíc is, hewritesalittlelater,mere‘militarymachine’. never behumanbeings.’ their innatehatredandvengefulness;thatis,theywillbeforever,foreverGermans message: ‘Theywilllieandsettraps;theygrowbecomestrong;nourish erová’s novel—certainlythereaderwasmeanttotakehiswordsinearnest,given behaviour], gratefultoHlavác people,” saidtheelderlygentleman[themanager],unabletostopmakinganexcuse[fortheir simple smile:“Yes.ExcepttheGermanssaid, two interlocutors:‘“Wecouldn’tdoanythingelse,Hlavác the difference[betweenus],manager, 264 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 308 Writing ‘german’insteadof‘German’alsoexpressesthenotionthatnationwasnon- Rataj,‘Obraz Ne Koch, VojtaBeneš, ‘BýtdobrýmC Branald, Drda, K.J.Beneš, Sedlmayerová, ReicinandMareš, 314 Ne Adelheid Slovo málidskost h Lazaretní vlak má barikáda h Ohnivé písmo ek looksatthephenomenonwithspecialreferencetoVladimír Holan’s(1905– 310 Du ). ACommunist,whoturnsoutlatertobecorrupt,declaresinSedlmay- h InDrdathepositionisclear:‘Ahumanbeing.NotaFritz.’andGerman r mce aNe m nazelenémsvahu Sokolovo n , pp.48,51. ’: , pp.17,43,131. , p.232. 309 , p.125. h K.J.Beneš’sGermanCommunist,Heberlein,states(thisisafter mecka vprotektorátníspolec , p.148.The‘we’denotesSovietcitizens. h echoslovákem’, inKuchynka(ed.), h [ .].“Bad,butstillpeople,”answeredHlavác . [. Du 315 r isunfounded.KochatleastasconsistentHolan;he m nazelenémsvahu , p.159. Robert B.Pynsent We people we Germans .’ Andthefi h 311 nosti avc isthatifonetreatsGermansashuman Branaldappearstobequestioningthis h .” Isee,Hlavác . They[theGermans]areafterall 5.–9. kve nal resolutioncomesinthesame h eskoslovenském odboji’,p.228. h ten 1945 h , pp.140–43(141). , Iseenow.That’s h .’ 312 h Itwasa 313 ] gavea Koch 308

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited 1943. OdbojovéskupinyFlóraa Justícia’, and ZlaticaZudová-Lešková,‘C with theCzechsandSlovaks.Documents, 1906–1951 pp. 39–40;JanRychlík,Thomas D.MarzikandMiroslavBielik(eds), p. 135;JožkaPejskar, and thenceforthregardedhimashisfriend. rest ofhislife.In1929hetendedR.W.Seton-Watsonwhenfellsickwithrheumaticfever, surrounded withanarboretumofsome130species,andasaresultremainedindebtforthe was anardentMasarykianfromthestart;meanwhilehebuilthisownsanatorium,which of thenewBratislavaUniversityin1919,wherehebecameprofessorsurgery1933; schoolmaster advocatespellingGerman/ K. J.BenešindirectlygivestheCommunistPartylinebyhavinganoilyformercollaborator is forAustria( [Waffen-]SS) wasnamed,retaintheirinitialcapitalletters.Oneunexpectedlargeletter started, butafterwhomtheFascistHlinkaGuard(equivalentofSA,onoccasionsalso Mussolini andtheSlovaknationalistpriest,AndrejHlinka,whodiedbeforewar for mostofherlife),thoughtheshopwasrunbyCzech-born Slovakboxingchampion wife, néeVieraHellmuthová,workedfortheBBCCzechoslovak serviceatBushHouse bookshop ownedbythefi members werelargelyCzechslivinginBratislava,Justitia. TheheadquartersofJustitiawasa up inthesummerof1941.Hewasalsoactiveanother group,andfoundedathirdwhose was theonlymemberofONinSlovakianottobearrested whenitsmemberswererounded Czechoslovak army-ledResistancegroupObrananároda(Defenceofthenation,ON);Koch 1939 hewasdismissedfromtheuniversityforbeingaCzechandsoonbeganworkingin were ‘solved’.Koch, mindedness thatarosefromattemptingtolevelouteverythinginlifenowthebigquestions František Kochfought(oftenliterally)againsttotalitarianismanditsconcomitantstatepetty- device. intelligent poetlikeHolanandafi not usethelower-caseform,Communistornot,andonefi 320 319 318 317 316 During thewarand,withinrealmsofpossibility,afterit,railwayman’ssonKarel Koch, IderivemyknowledgeofKoch’slifemainlyfrom Beneš, Ibid.,p.162. Koch, bearing arms. in theBiblecommandmentthatonemustnotkillone’sneighbourandtheyhadscruplesabout fi that wasnoteventrue.Frommycelltheyledouttobebeheadedafatherandson(now,forthe needles behindtheirfi in Germany.DuringthewarGoethe’snationassumedrighttofl Before thislastwar,duringtheNaziregime,lawallowedaccusedtopleadnotguiltyeven Chaplin’s Nazism anditsworldrule. they donotcomprehendtheirguilt.GermanyandAustriahavereachedtheendofdream forgive themfornothavingasenseofhumour,butonecannotpassoverinsilencethefactthat territory inhabitedbygermans—anditisstillnotpossibletowritegermanwithabigG.Onecan rst time,Icanspell itwithabigletter,whenIsaytheywereGermans)becausediscovered Slovo málidskost Slovo málidskost Ohnivé písmo The GreatDictator Rakousko 316 Poslední pocta.Památníknazemr 319 , p.399. nger-nails andnailsintotheirheadsjustsothattheywouldadmitsomething havingbeentrainedatPragueandVienna,joinedthemedicalfaculty , p.87. , p.37. ), sinceKochdoesnotthinkmuchofthe‘fi rst wifeofthehigh-society diplomatJánPauliny-Tóth(hissecond h 317 eskoslovenský demokratickýodboj naSlovenskuodleta1941dodecembra , whichridiculedthefürerwastakenmorethancoldlyinall ghter ofamanlikeKochshouldstooptosuchpetty Historie avojenství Conclusory Essay Ne , 2vols,PragueandMartin,1996, vol.1,p.38,vol.291; h 320 mec h elé c LaterhealsotendedAndrejHlinka.InMarch withalittle‘g/ h eskoslovenské exulantyvletech1948–1984 Slovenský biografi cký slovník , 4,1995,pp.50–78,esp.68–76. R. W.Seton-WatsonandHisRelations nds itstrangethatacomplex, n og accusedpeople,todrive ’. 318 rstvictim’myth: Infact,mostwritersdid , III, K-L , Martin,1989, , Zurich,1985, 265 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited (p.74): headquarters; ItakethedescriptionofitfromZudová-Lešková’sground-breakingarticle Oldr appeal toresistance,hismostcourageouswar-timebook was of hatred,blood-lustandself-seekingpoliticalopportunism. Thoughitcontainsnodirect Koch’s isaphilosophyofloveinsocietywhichhesees duringandafterthewarasociety to resisttheGermans: contemporaneous medicaljournals,eventhoughitcontainedthefollowingappealtoCzechs a omyly Canada, wherehediedin1981. released in1964(onparole).In1968,attheageofseventy-eight,heleftCzechoslovakiafor on June20hewassentencedtodeath,asentencelatercommutedlifeimprisonment,and January 81951,notlongaftertheCommunistPartytake-over,hewasarrestedforsedition, of afolkheroandbriefl surgeon tofi to 1944,hehelpedJewishCzechsandSlovaksescapecentralEuropein1944actedas the waranddistributedinProtectorate)ashavingbeenpublishedbyJustitia.Especiallyup Daredevil thathewas,Kochadvertisedhisbooks(thatpublishedatownexpenseduring still largelyacceptedeugenicsasameansofperfecting man, the politicalabuseofeugenics.Herewerememberthat theCzechandSlovakintelligentsia constitute agentlywrittentiradeagainsteugenics,inparticular, albeitlargelyimplicitly,against (Cripples withoutaworldandcripples, 1941), thelasttwochaptersofwhich shortly afterreleasefromGestapo custody. power, 1931)bythecantankerous self-appointedleaderofCzechoccultists,KarelWeinfurter, who died Magie vlásce.Tajemstvílidskélásky ajejíokultnísíly Avant-garde writerVladimírRaffel’s that onewillfi 266 322 321 Koch’s mostwidelyreadbookwasavademecumforGPs, Thateugenicsasanideahad becomemoreorlessamatterofcoursemaybedemonstratedbythefact K.F.Koch, h to importandsellEnglish-languagenewspapers,whichcameinfromSwitzerland. .].Ontopofthat,theJustitiashopwasonlyoneinBratislavatohavealicence . Steiner’s shop[. the bookshopalsofulfi had dozensofmembersinBratislava,CentralandEasternSlovakia.Itmustbeemphasizedherethat .]bythebeginningof1943group . seals ofnotariespublicfromalmostthewholeSlovakia.[. passage andrefuge.Withinashorttime,twomembersofJustitiawhowereengraversproducedthe escapees andvictimsofpersecutionfromallregionsSlovakia,forwhom[Justitia]arranged almost allAryanpersonaldocumentsforJewishSlovakcitizens,butalsoCzechandFrench beginning of1943alsoweapons.Theshopstore-roomhousedaprintingpressusedtoproduce necessary forthefi ate. Itwasherethattheyweresortedandevaluated.Undergroundprintedmatteraswellmoneys but mostofallasacollectionpointformessagesandnewsfromoverSlovakiatheProtector- The JustitiabookshopservedtheResistancegroupthattookitsnamenotonlyforsecretmeetings, announcement. swallowing pills;unhappiness,faint-heartednessaboutyourselvesisthesameasdraftingyourdeath invader, thestrongerresistancemustbe.Believinginahappyendingismoreimportantthan strength toresist[ Never giveintosickness,justasyouneverwantanyenemy.Firmtrustyourown ich Seiler—whohadalsoworkedinpublishingupto1941.Itwasaremarkable (DrAnonymous.Ourmiraclesandmistakes,1942),reviewedasrun-of-the-millin ghters intheSlovakNationalUprising.Byendofwar,hewassomething nd itsacceptanceor,indeed,praise notonlyin,forexample,themodernizingdoctorand Lékar 321 h Anonymus.Našezázrakyaomyly nancing ofResistanceactivitieswerealsocollectedhere,andprobablyfromthe odboje y servedasdeputychairmanoftheBratislavanationalcommittee.On lled itsoffi ] isthebestweaponagainstaninvader,andmoreintransigent cial missionverywell,inBratislavawassecondonlytoZigmund Elektrické povídky Robert B.Pynsent (Magicinlove.Thesecretofhuman loveanditsoccult (Electrictales,1927),butalsoin unlikelyworkslike , 3rdedn,Bratislava,1944,p.145. Mrzáci bezsve 322 Lékar althoughafterthewar h Anonymus.Našezázraky h ta asve h t bezmrzáku r

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited In short,KochhasnotimeforNazimedicine.Europebecomealovelessplace President Benešdescribestheperiodas‘animmenseworld moralandpoliticalcrisis’, term ‘moralcrisis’hadbecomesomewhatmechanical,acommonplace ofthe1930sand1940s. latter isAškenazy’staleaboutGipsyeducation(from Communists wroteofitjustasNaziorSlovakFascistinhumanity.Atellingexamplethe into economiccrisis;Europepassedfrom moralcrisis.’ Depression: ‘BothcontinentsofculturedandcivilizedAryans fellintodeepcrisis.America European moralcrisiscontinuesafterthewar.TheActivist LažnovskýwritesoftheGreat mottled leavesonausuallymonochromeplant,theyneverdreamofcallingitdegeneration. it isdiggingoutthelastresortinobfuscatoryterminology’;whenbotanistssuddenlyfi ‘It isalltoooftenanerrortospeakofdegenerationorcorruption,andwhenitnot of theindividual. whereas otherswouldsaythatattheveryleaststerilization,likeeuthanasia,infringesrights to sterilizeallphysicallyandmentallydisabledclaimthatthegrandgesturehasanobleaim, of ‘racialhygiene’shouldcertainlynotbeworninmakingsuchdecisions.Thosewhowant of individualhumanbeings,certainlynotinthecasephysicallydisabled,spectacles the righttoforcehealthonanyone.Eveniftherewereargumentsforsterilizationincases the righttodemanditsmembersarehealthy,Kochbelieves,butitisdoubtfulthatanyonehas shromážde basis ofthesameapproach,castrationphysicallyinferior.’ medical prescriptionaplenaryindulgenceforsinsofself-indulgence,sotheyadvocate,onthe that thefoolishmajoritysupportseugenics:‘Justasofhealthypeopleseesina the ‘generalsterilizationofallphysicallyinferiorhumanbeings’suggests.Kochunderstands precaution whatsoever’,letalone‘anyoperationontheperson’sbody’,whichnotionof Koch maintains,‘impermissible,andharmfulpathosthatcannotsupportorjustifyanysocial Gollancz sawthemoralcrisismoreinWest,andconsidered thatthiscrisiswasgivingthe they wear,thatisbyinvasivesocialism. who advocateeugenictreatmentofthephysicallydisabledarepervertedby‘socialglasses’ disability wasforhimoftenlargelyamatteroftreatingthepsychedisabled.Those ment, congenitalorasaresultoftrauma,justgreatdisabilityapody;treatingphysical abandoned untiltenyearsafterthefallofregime. Gipsy women,inSlovakiaandMoravianSilesia,thepolicywasnotcompletely had anysterilizationcampaign.Infact,theCommunistsdidrunsuchacampaign,sterilizing role inthetale.Aškenazyhastoadmitthatpre-warandwartimeSlovakshadnotactually written anarticleadvocatingthesterilizationofallGipsiesin1934,playsamoreorlesscentral in allowingformerSlovakFasciststoworkforthenewregime.AKošicegendarme,whohad intended todemonstratetheCommunists’successineducatingGipsiesandtheirgenerosity p. 373. 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 Koch wasadyed-in-the-woolhumanitarian:heamongstthefi Edvard Beneš,‘Poselstvípresidenta republiky dr.EdvardaBenešekProzatimnímunárodnímu Lažnovský, ‘Proc See,forexample, ibid.,pp.121,142,269; Ibid.,pp.186, 344. Seeibid.,pp.358–59. Ibid.,pp.351,356. K.F.Koch, h ní’ [1945],inOsvald(ed.) Mrzáci bezsve 325 h selhalosove Kochisalsoconcernedaboutthewideuseofconceptdegeneration: h ta asve h tské Rusko’,p.155. Národní shromážde h t bezmrzáku Conclusory Essay Slovo málidskost 323 r . Pohleddoživotate Tospeakoftheheritabilitydisabilitiesis, h ní zahajuje Sto ohn , p.230. , pp.18–33(20). h h u lesne r [Ahundredfi h vadnéhoc 324 rst toconsiderdisfi Anyhumansocietyhas 328 h love Inotherwordsthe h res,1952]),atale ka , Bratislava,1941, 327 329 andthe while gure- 267 nd 326

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited much suchironyinthis,hisUprisingnovel: Branald appearstoagreewithhisearthyBalousratherthanKolda,thoughthereisnot motives. extreme leftandtheright‘acommonopportunity’,thoughtheyhaddifferent conspiratorial bourgeoisFišar’swords: ‘thepeople[ used tolisteningorreadingsuchasMoravecLažnovský: During thewar,however,followingpathoswasnodoubtrefreshing,especiallyforthose phrase.’ under-molecatcher’s. about thenewuseofterm which theytookupMasarykandBeneš’sterm‘people’sdemocracy’,expressesmisgivings Communists afterthewar.HegoesfurtherthanShort’sTaušinsuspectingfervourwith a modelwithpossibilities),KochdoesnotappeartohavehadanytrustintheCzechoslovak as wellinCzechoslovakiatoholdStalinsomeaweandregardhiseconomicpolicy working class(itwasnormalamongstthegeneralpublicattimeinUnitedKingdom just onesegmentoflife,takenoutitspoliticalcontext. Certainly, theStalinistcriticJanPetrmichlwassuspiciousofnovel—becauseitshowed .]thebrainsofuniversityprofessors’. . suspect thathehadinadequatelysurveyed[. weighs 1,500grams,precisely100gramsmorethanthatofaday-labourerthesameage.I Matiegka. Thelatterhaddrawnupstatisticstoprovethat‘thebrainofauniversityprofessor humankind, ithardlysurprisesusthatheissuspiciousofphysicalanthropologistslikeJindr Given hisoft-statedbeliefthateveryindividualisuniqueandpotentiallyequallyvaluableto 1961, p.86. 268 335 334 333 332 331 330 Though anadmirerofStalin’sachievementasawar-leaderandindeedfathertothe Koch, Branald, Koch, Koch, Koch, Gollancz, the mob. .]. Notinfrequentlydemocracyhastofi . the narrowterm‘themob’[. understand Lincoln’swordsbetter,thatthebroadterm‘thepeople’ shouldnotbeconfusedwith not standupatallinthiscountryandmustberefutedenergetically. Ibelievethatitisnecessaryto ‘the people’means,althoughitalwaysdrewonthepeopleforart, literatureandphilosophy,does that isproclaimed.Thedeliberateassertiontheintelligentsiadoes notwanttounderstandwhat cannot webethesourceofanypower?Anegativeanswerisatleast theundertoneineverything the expression‘people’sdemocratic’,arewenotpeople?MayonlylikeAnd But Ibegofyou,whoisthis life.’ steel offaithhasjustbeenbeingtempered.Nowit’llbestronger.Everyone’llbelieveinabetter Balous,’ saidKoldastoppinginhistracksandhedeclaredfi value ofhumanlife’sgonedownandeverysinglehuman’sinquality.’‘That’snottrue, ‘trust hasgonetothedogs.Nothingbutwindowdressing.Corroded,worm-eatenmaterial.The itself, whosevaluehasfallentothepaltrylevelofagambler’schip. The priceofeverythinghasrisentodizzyingheightsexceptthatthemostpreciousthing,life ceased, thatallwonderatthemiracleoflife,deferencetowardsmajestyhasvanished. decay. Andinthepitintowhichitfelllowestpointliesfactthatallrespectforlifehas No generationbeforeourshaseverfallenfromsuchaheightofmaturitytoprofoundmoral Železný strop 330 Slovo málidskost Slovo málidskost Mrzáci bezsve Mrzáci bezsve OnecouldsaythatKochissimplyusingastockinterpretationofthetimes. Lazaretní vlak 335 Our ThreatenedValues , p.315. h ta asve h ta asve , p.219.Br , p.40. , p.75.SeeJanPetrmichl, h t bezmrzáku h t bezmrzáku lid , pp.7,22. lid h [people]?WewhostillhavealittleGreekanddonotunderstand ezovský reassertsthePartylineto which Kochrefersintheweak-spined (again,seeBezdíc Robert B.Pynsent r , p.24. r , p.40.Onehasnodoubtone’sbrainislighterthan lid Patnáct letc ] doesnotexist.Whatisthepeople? Justanempty h ek): rmly, ‘you’vegotthingswrong.The h eské literatury1945–1960 334

332 ght againsttheappetite of , 2ndedn,Prague, 333 Later, h ich 331

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited pe reform’ thatdeniedMPsanyindependenceand in of themanifestoafterliberation,mayaccountforBranald’s recurrentsentimentalizationofit was composedbeforeOperationBarbarossa);theemploymentofithere,givenpopularity in 1941(whentheCommunistswerestilltheoreticallyonGermany’sside,formanifesto war-time conveyanceswillbedeclarednullandvoid); farming willbelargelyco-operative scrutiny. Thehousingmarketandplanningwillbeunder localgovernmentcontrol(all any futureGermanaggression.Somebankswillbenationalized andtherestsubjecttopublic should besignedassoonafterthewarpossiblethatwill guardallcentralEuropeagainst set up.Thatwillinvolvethedepoliticizationofcivil service.AcentralEuropeanpact taken bythepartyleaders.Afterwaraproperlyfunctioning parliamentarysystemmustbe parliament thatwasameretalking-shopandrubber-stamping body,foralldecisionswere oNtr ...],tobeinghuman’. . to Nature[. the mobdeceivesus,deprivesusoffreedom,magicdesireforlostfreedomluresback or returntosubmissionNatureiftheyhaveescapedtheinfl choice’, thatis,‘liberatethemselvesfromthejokeofNatureandsubmittowillmob of Czechoslovakia; themobaschiefforceagainstlove/humanityconstitutesoneofthemes Nazism hadbeenamobpoliticsandthedangeristhatnewtakingover cracy was‘incompleteandinmanyrespectsjustformal’, democracy hadfailedandWesterndemocraciesbeenself-centred.FirstRepublicdemo- entirely different.TheResistance’sstartingpointwasthesameasNazis’:Czechoslovak programme inpost-warBritain,althoughtheaspectsofpoliticallifeitwantedtocorrectwere terms, butsoughttoavoidanythinglikeaone-partystate.ItlookedremarkablyAttlee’s 1941 Resistance(PVVZ)programmeforthenewrepublicwasdrawnupinmorepolitical ment ofanythingliketheJudaeo-Christianteachinglovingone’sneighbourasoneself.The only thesameparty-politickingasbefore,politicalegotisms,butalsoabandon- that wouldbeinkeepingwiththewillofpeople[ political leadersbereinstated.Thegovernment‘wouldhelpcreatenewformations In thepost-warrepublicoldpoliticalpartiesshouldnotberenewed,norformer bile onallthosewhohadservedthenationhonourably,includingT.G.MasarykandBeneš. a periodof‘shame’inwhichallthosewhowere‘cowardlyandvenal’pouredtheirpoisonous Resistance, andanglophilia,wordslikethefollowing: could addtoKoch’sothercrimes, 338 337 336 h tka Koch wouldlikeanewrepublic,betterrepublicthanthepre-warbutseesnot Slovo málidskost Ibid.,p.56. Koch, Lazaretní vlak Za svobodu get socialist slogansarehandedtothemob,liketastychocolates,anditisnowonderthatmanyofthem member ofthemobbecomesgrave,bowshisheadandfaceshowsgratifi the mob,whichdoesnotthinkaboutit,butwhenaleaderexpressesitwithdueemphasis,every you, thepeople,’!Nothingbutaformula,somethingstraightforwardanddelicacyforsoulof Oh, howmuchsuccesswasachievedinthepastsimplybyphrase‘Allpowercomesonlyfrom systemtogetherwiththecreationofpowerfulcommittees responsibletonooneanda

dyspepsia byeatingthem. Slovo málidskost , pp.30,44. . Thepoliticalpartieshadfailedpartlybecauseofan‘unfortunate electoral . In1946heseestheCzechoslovaks’choicetoconsistof‘eternalhuman , pp.54–55. 337 336 viz. Conclusory Essay Theauthoritiesofpost-February1948Czechoslovakia owningasanatorium,membershipofthe‘bourgeois’ de facto lid turnedtheminto‘partyoffi 338 ]’. Sothatmenacingphraseisready andtheSecondRepublichadbeen uneo h o.[ .]When . uence ofthemob.[. cation. Andthatishow cials’; the 269 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited rather thanWestern. founded onreciprocityofculture,agreaterknowledgeothercentralEuropeancultures, leave. ApartfromthecentralEuropeanpact,newCzechoslovakculturalinterestsshouldbe for womenwillbeintroduced,andallhavearighttopaidpregnancynursing Czech largelandowners:allestateswillbeputunderpubliccontrol.Strictlyequalpay to rectifytheerrorsofFirstRepublicreform,whichhad and willnotbeassociatedwithanyparticularpoliticalparty;thereasecondlandreform revolutionary spirit’oftheResistancethathadfoughtthroughout thewar. ‘anyone today(1947)whowantstobreakthenationalfront downwouldbeactingagainstthe of theResistancewanteda‘nationalfront’ratherthanoldpoliticalparties.Headdsthat ‘the closestpossibleco-operationwithRussia’.Veselý-Štaineralsocorrectlystatesthatmost cultured nationsoftheworld’andthiswillgotogetherwithsecuringnation’sfutureby commandments’ was‘Buildinganationalculturethatwillholditsownagainstthemost submits abriefwar-timepamphletinwhichitis,forexample,statedthatoneofPVVZ’s‘ten Continent hadlargelyfailed. reform, butnothoroughgoingsocialreform.Itwasbecauseofthatdemocracyonthe the manifesto’sstartingpoint,thatendofGreatWarhadbroughtpolitical/territorial ests ratherthantheState’s.EmilSobotaisalsokeenforreformstoobviatethat.Heagreeswith whereby individualpoliticiansandcivilservantscouldalltooeasilyservetheirpersonalinter- PVVZ stanceonthelegalandgovernmentorganization ofthenewrepublic: the namesgiventoPragueUprising.)Veselý-Štainer furthercitesaslightlydifferent Party; ‘revolution’wasstillregardedasaMasarykianconcept, aswillbecomeclearbelowfrom ‘revolutionary’ hereisbynomeansnecessarilyassociated withSocialismortheCommunist ture’, unlikeGerman. role inCzechlifeandliterature.Therich,capitalistsoraristocrats,were‘alientocul- expect toinheritanysubstantialproperty,andtherich,hemaintains,hadplayedaminimal left andright,Sobotadislikeslarge-scalecapitalism.Czechintellectualscouldnormallynot also concurswiththe Sobota isstilltrammelledintheRevivalistmyththatCzechsarenaturaldemocrats. that westillbelievedinapeople’sdemocratic[ sume, toMasaryk’suseoftheterm,that‘ourerror,andourfault,waswehadnotrealized mythology —thatMasarykdidmuchtoencourage.In1940,Sobotawrites,alluding,Ipre- had beenformorethanacenturyverymuchpartofCzechnationalself-perception, to thinkthatfullcollectivizationwouldbebetter. complete socialequalityandinthatfarmsshouldatleastbeco-operatives,thoughheappears 270 343 342 341 340 339 Like MasarykhimselfandsubsequentlythemajorityofFirstRepublicintellectualson Veselý-Štainer reportstheprogrammeofPVVZratherdifferentlyfrom Veselý-Štainer, Ibid.,pp.53, 116,89. Ibid.,p.64. Sobota, Ibid.,pp.61, 66–67,73,93,95,101,105–06,111. allowed privateproperty,butprofi the righttoworkandcommunalenjoymentofnatural resources.Thepeoplewillbe We wishtobuildaCzechoslovakRepublicwherecivilrightsarerestored andexpandedtoinclude Glossy , pp.103,108. Cestou národníhoodboje 339 Za svobodu 341 ThemanifestoisalsoconcernedlestFirstRepubliccorruptionreturn, SobotaassociatesthiswithCzech 340 manifestointhatthepost-warrepublicshouldbebasedon teeringpropertyspeculationwillberestricted. Robert B.Pynsent , pp.131,127. lidove 342 h demokratickou

Volkstümlichkeit de facto ] era’.Asonewouldexpect, createdanewclassof ( 343 Za svobodu lidovost (Theconcept ), which . He Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited of stateadministration.’ .]Ourpeopleisreadyforthisform . what iscalledinthiscountry“people’s”democracy.[. plan ofsettingup‘nationalcommittees’,whichwill‘representrealprogress,arealization Scotia, 1941,p.15. towards theendofwarwhile hewasstillinLondon. understand whyhespeaksof‘people’s democracy’insuchaguardedmanner;hehadhimselfused theterm manifesto, K.J.Benešnotes:‘Indeed, things, butmustseekadignifi like toprovethatsocialismneednotlookthemob’senvyofselectwhoownmore when onereadsKoch’sportrayalofthesocialismhehopesforatendwar:‘Ishould members ofthe(Catholic)People’sPartyconsideredthemselvessocialistbeforewar, One doesnotforgetthatmostofthelargerCzechpartiesotherthanAgrariansand physically lessable.’ with theweaker,talentedunder-averageand,fi oppressed classes,andpoliticaldemocracywillbeinconstantdanger.’ not fulfi with hisabilitiesanddecentlytomaintainhimselffamily.Aslongasthisconditionis organised societyitmustbemadepossibleforeverymembertoexpresshimselfinaccordance mental waraimsoffi the “socialsecurity”ofeverymembernationandinwhichheseesonefunda- .]stressonwhatAnthonyEdenhascalled . .] Ilay[. . among individualswithineachnation.[. tee politicaldemocracyintheeconomicandsocialrelationsamong[=between]nations, Beneš’s viewsabroad.Igivejustoneexample:‘itwillnotbepossiblepermanentlytoguaran- expressed intheirmanifestoorthedocumentsVeselý-ŠtainerprintsconcurwithPresident here asmuchpronouncinghishopeforthefuture.AllviewsofPVVZ,whether svobodu all banks,andinsurancecompanies,aswellofkeyindustries(thatlastissuggestedin By theopeningofprovisionalNationalAssembly,heistalkingnationalization of theCommunist-inspiredKošiceProgrammeapprovedbygovernmentonApril51945. before BenešappearedtoberadicalizedbyhisCzechoslovak-SovietTreatyandacceptance and void;hisaudiencenodoubtagreedthattotake menacing differences.Forexample,notallwartimedeeds ofconveyancewillbemadenull clearer thanthePresident’satopening.Onother hand, thisspeechalsomanifestssome linger’s speechshortlyaftertheopeningofprovisionalNationalAssemblymakesthat Czechoslovakia isanticipatedinit nationalization oflargeenterprisesandallbankswillhelp privateenterprise. that medium-sizedandsmallindustrialenterpriseswill notbenationalizedandthatthe prevent requisitioning,forexample,Jewishproperty. Ontheotherhand,hepromises 349 348 347 346 345 344 Fierlinger, ‘Prvnívládarepublikyplnilakošickýprogram’,pp.61,68. K.J.Beneš, ‘Vznik,úc Beneš, ‘Poselstvípresidentarepubliky’,inOsvald(ed.), Edvard Beneš, Koch, Ibid.,p.48. to assumeanewmoralitywherebyitbecomestheexecutorofcitizenry’swill. restricted bythepartyapparatus.Thecivilservicewillbesimplifi Thelegislature,electedbythepeopleinaccordancewithfreeelectoralprocedures,maynotbe , too).HeisalsofullybehindtheResistance’sandCommunists’bynowfulfi lled, societywillnotceasetobeunderminedbythedissatisfactionofsocially Mrzáci bezsve Czechoslovakia’s StruggleforFreedom 345 ghtingdemocracy[=democraticcombatantnations].Inanorderlyand h ta asve Inaccordancewithhiscustom,heisimpugningtheNazimentality h 347 el avýznamprogramu Inhisintroductiontothe1945publicationofPVVZ h t bezmrzáku ed, equitablesocialbalance andcalmco-existenceofthestrong [the manifesto] Conclusory Essay r , p.335. today’s formofthepeople’s, za svobodu , reprintedfromthe to asurprisingdegreeofcompleteness Za svobodu Národní shromážde ’, in za svobodu ed andmodernized;itwillhave ’s sensibleadviceonthatwould nally, ofthehealthywith Dalhousie Review h [sic] , pp.9–24(22). ní zahajuje 346 democratic republicof Thatwaswritten 344 349 Onepresumes , p.24.Idonot , Halifax,Nova Za svobodu .’ 348 Fier- lled 271 Za

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the NewEuropeisbeingborn. ‘positive ideologicalwork’(Nazism).AndforLažnovskýtheJewsarerefuseoutofwhich its waythroughtothenewCzechview’.Inafootnoteheexplainsthatviewis new creativityofaera.’Furthermore,‘Theyounggenerationhasasitsfi that is, much healthyaboutthenewsoldieraspresidentMasaryk.’ .]hassaidso . Noone[. .] . man hasgivenusalsoanewsoldierwithtasksandduties.[. man, whohasspokenanddemandedtobeheardineveryfi Masaryk’s addressestotheCzechoslovakArmy:‘Theageofdemocracyhasgivenusanew The thenpatriotEmanuelMoravecgoestotownwithitinthePrefacehiseditionof of Europecancreateamorefavourablehistoricclimateforsuchgrowthpeople’s[ Gottwald’s infamous1949wordswhichIshallquoteshortly:‘Onlyasocioeconomicreform ogy tomonasticritual( fulfi is, end ofBeneš’sattemptataSocialistRealistnovel, the fellow-travellerFierlingerisconsciouslypullingwooloverpublic’seyes.At of Communistritualwriting.Forexample,‘workersthat are areal[ the Czechoslovakpeople’sdemocracythatword,not theconcept,becomesaningredient concept withsuchfrequencyinhisapodicticassessments ofwhatmakesappositeliteraturein for anewmankindistodayworldstruggle’;andeven ‘thestruggleofthenewmanfora in thebuildingofournewlife’;‘wehavemindgrowth ofthenewman’;‘Thestruggle Third Republic.Inhisintroductionto and that‘weneedawholemightyfl building ofabettermorrowforourcountry,andintheupbringingnew,socialistman’, Gottwald, informsthewritersthattheirchieftasklies‘inactive,creativeparticipationin fi take-over employingtheconceptappearstoremain desires, theirloveandhatred,becomesocialistawakeners!’ .] Becomeengineersofthesoulsourpeople,spokesmentheir . militant, enthusingart.[. changing institutions,butwewillandmustalsocreate .]wearenotonly . realize thatinthiscountryawholenewsocialmoralityisbeingbuiltand[. the provisionalNationalAssemblyheallotsworkingclasstheirmoralduty:‘Theymust Lažnovský enjoysusingit.In‘Proc for newinstitutions’wereneeded.Moravec, When hewasappointedtotheradicalizedProtectorategovernment inJanuary1942,hesawthat‘newpeople foundations on thebasisofthissynthesisitispossibletobuildanewsocietyandstatepureCzechnational Masarykian, westernEuropeantraditionwiththemodernconceptionofasocialistsociety,itshowshow, spisovatelu 272 rst congressofthenewUnionCzechoslovakWriters,president,Klement 354 353 352 351 350

The newpeople’sdemocraticrepublicimaginedmen.employmentofthisanal- UntitledletterasprefacetoOldr Beneš,‘Poselství panapresidenta’,p.29. K.J.Beneš, ‘Vznik,úc Lažnovský, ‘Proc EmanuelMoravec,‘Pr we assume,onthevergeofjoiningCommunistParty—inhiseyesitisonlyparty llingtheprogrammeResistancehadproposed. völkisch r 4.–6.br .’ 352 PresidentBenešalsotakesuptheconceptwheninhisspeechatopeningof ] culture,sothatthehistoricnature(eternity)ofnationscanbeensuredby h ezna 1949 h padlaFrancie’,pp.95–96;Lažnovský, ‘Proc h h homo novus , Prague,1949,pp.5–6(6). edmluva’, in el avýznamprogramu h ich KryštofekandJanNoha(eds), 351 ) hadbeenpopularwhenCzechoslovakiawasfi K.J.Benešthenusesavariantoftheconceptabout Projevy presidentaT.G.Masarykakvojsku ow, awholetempestuousfl h padlaFrancie’,heusesitinamannerthatforeshadows Robert B.Pynsent O c Za svobodu h eský zítr za svobodu h ek Ohnivé písmo , p.8. de rigueur hewritesofthemanifesto:‘ ’, p.23. h a newman selhalosove eld ofhumanactivity.Thisnew . Inhisoft-quoted‘letter’tothe Od slovkc ood-tide ofnew,ideologically , themaincharacter,Antonín, 350 354 DuringtheProtectorate, JosefŠtefánekemploysthe .’ reálným h tské Rusko’,p.169. 353 h , Prague,1929,pp.5–9(5). inu AftertheCommunist r m. Sjezdc ] andpositiveagent rst dutytothink h rst founded. eskoslovenských linking our lidový , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited 35, 36,50,79. or Br forces soonbecameawarethattheydidnotcountamongthe‘new’unless,likeK.J.Beneš Labour’. consumer slavery,appealstothemasses:‘It’snew.It’sblue.Daz’rightup‘New had notmuchpublicsupportduringthewar. each other.’ him andwithitthecertaintythatnewmanworldwouldeasilyrecognize is awakeningtotheCommunistfaith:‘animmenselysweetfeelingofre-birthpouredover ing tothepopularhistorianZdene mian-Moravian Uplands—anunusuallyrebelliousandtoughregion.Afterthewar,accord- (1897–1967) writesoftheimmediatehelpgivenbyallsortsordinarypeopleinBohe- the Resistance, new mankind’. Br humanity andaboutthenewman.’ world ofthefutureclasslesssociety,likespeakingabouttomorrow,bright of Bezde p. 47. centre of[resistance]workwasathomeandthatthegovernment wouldfi president oftherepublicandrestthoseingovernment offi writes thattheResistancewas‘invalidatedandcompletely pushedaside,eventhoughthe were anuisanceinthenotsogradualCommunistacquisition ofauthority.Veselý-Štainer Republic; inthecaseof1945onwards,however,neglectwasplanned:Resistancefi during theGreatWarfeltgenerallyoverlookedbythosewhomadedecisionsinFirst limited degree,thisconstitutesarepetitionofhistory,membersthe‘homeResistance’ and thing butmarginalactivityinthenewsocietybecauseofhis/hersocialoriginsorpoliticalpast) the newandold, former Resistanceworkerstohaveasayinthedevelopmentofnewrepublic. therefore, referencestoRouc gruesome photographsoftheresults ofGermanandCzechbrutality. Uprising withmanydetailsIhave notfoundinthesparseacademicliterature.Itisanunsurpassable sourceof underway, thepassagehasasomewhatunsavourysubtext: but agoodchapatheart’).Giventhatthenovelwaspublishedwhenviolentpurgeswere 360 359 358 357 356 355 h On thewhole,thosewhohadbeeninResistanceorfoughtWesternAllied ezovský, inequallySocialistRealistmode,satirizesthoseheregardsascynicsthefi Zdene Václav Havel, Br Ibid.,p.391. K.J.Beneš, Štefánek, h r a radish,youwillfi are has-beens.Itisawonderhedidnotburstintolaughterwhenitoccurredtohim:ifyouchop .].Andtheyclash.insomefuse:onthesurfaceappearnew,butinside . side [. These twoworlds,theoldandnew,thesetypesofpeople,has-beenlivesideby h edkvic h ezovský, theytookuptheCommunistcause.AccordingtoVáclavHavel,Resistance ezovský, h h k, whomuses:‘Theypreach,moralize,discuss,setoutprogrammes,paintthe k Rouc h ka 356 C (radish,ashamCommunist—termthatmeantbythe1980s‘aPartymember, h Železný strop eská literaturapoválce HemanagestousetworecentCommunistjargontermsinhiscontrastbetween Ohnivé písmo 355 h Prosím struc ka, Partizánské historky K.J.BenešemploystheconceptwithmelodramaticbanalitywhenAntonín Skonc ndoutwhatisredunderthesurfaceandhasremainedwhiteinside. byvší h eno apodepsáno.DramaPražského povstání , p.323. h h , p.377. ne ka willnotappearinthefootnotes. Thebookgivesasoundaccountofthe (has-been,butinthepoliticalsense,someoneexcludedfromany- h . RozhovorsKarlemHvížd’alou, poznámky,dokumenty , pp.22,64,65;seealso,forexample,7,21,23,24,25,32,33, 34, h k Rouc (Partisantales,1946),theResistanceleaderJosefGrn Conclusory Essay 358 IntheWest‘new’wasbecomingassociatedwith h ka, PresidentBenešalonerecognizedtherightof 359 Intheintroductiontohisjollytalesfrom , Pilsen,2003,unpaginated.Hereafter, ce hademphasized thatthe , sine loco nish itswork, and [Prague],2006, 357 360 ghters Toa gure 273 h a Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Resistance fi terminate itsroleasleader,soonitcrossedthefrontier’.Hehadexpectedthat (Ústr 1941 sawthearrestoflargenumbersPVVZ,ONandco-ordinatingbodyÚVOD simply becausetipsymembersofgroupsbraggedorblabbedabouttheirmembershipinpubs. times withthehelpofinformersorCzechundercoveragentsor,Veselý-Štainerrepeats, able degree,sometimesbytheirowndetectiveworkandtheadministrationoftorture,some- Gestapo successfullydisabledCzechResistanceorganizationsandsmallgroupstoaconsider- — afterWarsaw,thelargestmassactofresistanceagainstGermansduringwar.The Czechs didjoinSlovakpartisanunitsbefore,duringandaftertheNationalUprising were particularlywellmanagedthere.ManyResistancegroupssurvivedinPrague,however. amongst thenotsoobviousreasonspartisanswerelessactiveinBohemiaisthatforests the war,partisanswereactivechiefl organization (therewerealsoseveralstrikesinsuchfactories).Untilthelastmonthorsoof tage inmunitionsfactorieswastheworkofindividualsandgroupsthatdidnotbelongtoany during theSecondRepublic,andwereactivethroughoutwar,thoughmostofsabo- repeatedly lostResistancefi PVVZ andONwererepresented.TheparticularlysuccessfulundergroundCommunistParty location oftheirrocket( which providedLondonwithinformationontheGermans’OperationSealionand petrol inNáchodwithexplosivessentfromBritain. tance, forexample,carriedoutthe‘mostdangerousaction’,blowingup100,000litresof ing forsoundideologicalreasonstheemotionallymosteffective ofthestoriesin forming beforetheendofwarweredestroyedby1944; were notatallsuccessful. Kiev, intoMoraviaandpartsofBohemia,usuallywithSovietcommissars,butthesegroups been parachutedinfromBritainortheUSSR. Germans succeededinkilling,butalso‘turning’afairnumberofResistancefi pp. 43–44. Russian frontmovedevercloser. during thatsummerpartisanswerefi too, areCommunistsupporters.Onlythepartisanbrothers OssendorfinBr písmo to becomeaCommunistattheendofwar.Antonín’s twosonsinK.J.Beneš’s Heydrich encountersaformerpupilwhohasbecome partisan, andthishelpspersuadehim the boldschoolmastertherewhohadinschoolexpressed hissupportfortheassassinationof too bourgeoistofi kve 274 366 365 364 363 362 361 h The CzechResistanceremainsbestknownforthesuccessofitsintelligenceactivities, Drda presentsanheroicpartisangroupintheBrdyhills See ibid.,p.49andStanislav Zámec Kokoška, Fordetails, seeVeselý-Štainer, Seeibid., p. 188. Kural, Veselý-Štainer, tnu h spentsomeweeksattheendofwaraspartisansin BohemianForest,andthey, ední vedeníodbojedomácího.CentralLeadershipofDomesticResistance),inwhich and Vlastenci protiokupaci Železný ghterswouldbeincludedinthenewgovernment. Praha vkve Cestou národníhoodboje nd aplaceinthepeople’sdemocraticstate. DrdaandBenešaresupporting

strop h tnu 1945 , whatevertheirpost-warpoliticalinclinations,turnedout tobefar Vergeltungswaffe 366 , p.153.

ghters fromtheircentralorganization.TheCommunistResis- , p.69. Cestou národníhoodboje 365 rst becominganeffectivenuisancetotheGermansas Alsoin1944theSovietssentCzechpartisans,trained h Robert B.Pynsent y inMoravia(andtheBohemian-MoravianUplands); , p.64.Hereturnstothesamematterinafootnoteon174. ník, ) factory.SomeResistanceorganizationsweresetup C h eský odbojanárodnípovstánívkve 363 Manyofthosepartisangroupsthathadbeen , p.166. 362 AftertheassassinationofHeydrich, Krásná Tortiza 361

h tnu 1945 364 atthesametime, , therebydestroy- h ghters whohad ezovský’s Ne , Prague,2006, h má barikáda Ohnivé Lidé v : Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited writers ofadistinctlynationalistfl falsehood, justiceoverinjustice,loveandcompassion violence’. by prisonandnothorrifi Lawrence toencouragethem:‘Ifearednotthepersecutionoftyrant,wasfrightened as sisters,thatis,daughtersofthesamedivineFather.HequoteslegendarywordsSt .]tasks’,andhespeaksofChristianity patriotism . conduct their‘nationallife,national[. huge congregationhadcomenotonlytoseekstrengthandsolace,butalsolearnhow people fromallovertheProtectorate.InsermonStašekstatesthatheisawarethis had allottedtoGermany.Stašek’sAugust1939sermonwasattendedbyaround100,000 remains hadbeentranslatedfromLitome delivered apatrioticsermononthereburialinPragueofnationalpoetMácha,whose the frontierwithReichinitspost-Munichboundaries.Hehadlessthanayearearlier previously wellpublicizedsermonatawaysidecrossnearDomažlice,whichwasnotfarfrom followed thesettingupofProtectorate.ThecanonVyšehrad,BohumilStašek,gavea their jolliness,Grn the bourgeoisaspirationofbecomingrichas‘nationalmanager’.)Inhispartisantales,forall [Falling in,1951];onebaddieisbourgeoisandhalf-Germantheotherattemptstofulfi baddies andtwogoodieswhohadfoughtatthePraguebarricadesinVáclavR ‘completely pushedaside’,asVeselý-Štainerputit.(Onemightcomparethemwiththetwo to supportthePartylineconcerningreasonwhysomanygenuinepartisanshadbeen the OssendorfssuggestssimilarPartyenthusiasm,bysecondnovelconsidereditnecessary Communists ledtheResistanceinwar),butBr the Party’spartisanenthusiasmandSovietwisdomaswasdemanded(thedoctrinethat resistance inhispoem‘Uzpove was presidentofCzechoslovakia and the‘falsehood’wasCommunist,notNazi. coincidence thatanonlyslightly altered versionofthelastquotationwasfrequentlyusedbyHavel whenhe congregation toswearthattheywillneverbetraytheircountry andwilllovetheircountrytill term asitwassoonadoptedbyMoravecandhisilk);atthe endofhissermonhecallsonthe such faithmeanshardwork;hecallsforaCzech‘activism’ (intheoppositemeaningof appeal isthatthecongregationshouldbelieveintheirnation astheybelieveinGod,butthat unimportant interwarlegionarywriterRudolfMedek ‘your nationalpoet’.Stašek’smain but alsoPalacký,FrantišekLadislavRiegerandViktor Dyk, andhelabelstheaesthetically against theChristianCross.’ for thevictoryofNaziarmsthatareturnednotonlyagainstfreedomnationsbutalso is, confessorsofChristianity,praywiththeFührer;blasphemebymeans .].GermanLutherans,that . And thisatheistblasphemouslycalledonGodtohelphisnation[. Habr diate post-warperiodbecauseoftheambivalentstandLutheranChurchinGermany. and hiswifewereactiveintheResistance.Protestantsparticularlyreviledimme- round, sighed:“Inthiscase,bynomeans.”’ ‘“Reverend father,isitabadsin/toprayforthedeathofanyoneatall?”Theparsonlooked 369 368 367 Indeed, aseniorchurchmanledoneofthetwogreatpublicmanifestationsresistancethat Bohumil Stašek, Kr Habr h ina isparticularlyvehementonthat:‘agodlessidolbecameagodhead,anatheistGod. h ic h h ka, ina, D h Nadc ábel frajtrem h love h a iscarefultomakepointofhowCatholicpriestsandoneProtestantpriest h Kázání napoutiusvatéhoVavr k anadnárod , p.42. ed byextremetorture’and‘IbelievedthatTruthwouldprevailover 367 , p.19. Kr h h avour, chiefl ic di vC h ka acknowledgestheCatholicChurch’sroleinsupporting Conclusory Essay h h r h echách r.1941’(Atconfessionin1941Bohemia): ice (Leitmeritz),atownthattheMunichAgreement h 368 inec y thenineteenth-centurynovelistAlois Jirásek,

h ka , Prague,1939,pp.7,9,11.Ipresume thatitisa h ezovský, thoughourfi 369 Stašekotherwisecites rst encounterwith h ezác h ’s Nástup 275 l

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited and affl they die,andthatwillre-establishtheircountryasaChristianmodelofhonour,glory svobode student martyrs,internationalstudents’ day,dedicatedtothememoryofCzechoslovakstudents.’ Britain, herdominions,America, Africa[ of Communistpropagandists, tration camps.Opletalachievedherostatusafterthewarlargely,butnotalwaysathands polytechnics, executedninestudentleadersandsentover11,000undergraduatestoconcen- demonstration, JanOpletal;onNovember17theGermansshutallCzechuniversitiesand demonstration atthefuneralofonetheirfellowswhohadbeenkilledinOctober to takeaharderlineontheCzechswhen,November15,undergraduatesstartedanother smaller onesinotherpartsoftheProtectorate.ThePraguedemonstrationdroveGermans it formsthematterofDrda’sfi place onthetwenty-fi The secondmassdemonstration,alsoinvolvingabout100,000people,thistimePragers,took brought themupwell.Thesortofchildrenwhodidnotbecometraitorsorcollaborators’. was ‘CzechwomenwhointheworsttimesnotonlygaveCzechnationchildren,butalso none thelessoneisremindedofpre-GreatWarfeministnationalistswhenhedeclaresthatit children isexpressedinsuchawaythatweheartheChurchratherthannationalismspeaking; in liberatedCzechoslovakia.HisappealtoCzechwomenbemothersandhavelotsof socialist andreligiousideals,northosewhoshownointerestinthegreatchangestakingplace who hadenjoyedtheKuratorium,northosearenowscepticsandnegateallnatural, have respected;hewantsyoungpeopletoleadarevivalofthenation,notthose government programmeandexpressesaviewofyoungpeoplethattheCommunistswould full-blooded nationalism.HedeclaresherehissupportoftheCommunist-inspiredKošice — inwhichJirásekreappears,andadifferentsetofnationalistwriters;thissermonexhibits end ofthewar.OnAugust121945hereturnedtosamespotdeliveranothersermon sermon; afterprisonandothercampshesoonendedinDachau,whereremainedtillthe and hadtohaveasenseofadventure. activities thatwerepalatabletothem’.Eventhefi they wereviolentordeceitfulbynature,foundinthesemovements asuitableopportunityfor an almostincrediblecourage’,buttherewerealsomany‘adventurers, andotherswho,because men andwomenevenchildrenofalarge-heartednobility, ofaselfl lar problem.AsGollanczwrites,amongsttheResistance inallcountries‘thereweremany reason apartfromthepoliticalreasons.AlloverformerlyoccupiedEurope,therewasasimi- the president. remembered todayexceptinafewcaseswheretheyhavebeendecoratedposthumouslyby 1989 startedthe‘VelvetRevolution’.OthervictimsofGermansarerarelyoffi revolt againstoppressionperhapslargelybecausethestudentdemonstrationofNovember17 a peaceeconomy.OttoWolf’sexperienceofpartisansis telling;heisonlymildlyexcitedby ments whoneededtoconverttheirindustry,agriculture andeverythingelsefromawarinto 276 373 372 371 370 The lackofoffi Gollancz, For Uhlír Bohumil Stašek, Ibid.,pp.20,25. h , p.15. uence. Thecongregationsworethisoath. h , Opletalandthestudentspunished bydeathorconcentrationcampweremartyrs:‘allGreat Our ThreatenedValues cial recognitiongiventhe‘bourgeois’Resistancein1945hadapragmatic Kázání usv.Vavr rst anniversaryofthefoundingCzechoslovakia,October 281939; 372 rst storyin , p.37. butheremainsastrongsymbolicfi h ince vosvobozenémChodsku Robert B.Pynsent sic ] andtheSovietUniondeclared November17,thedayofour 373 Thesequalitieswerenotusuallyusefultogovern- Ne h má barikáda rst grouphadtoemploydeceitandviolence, 370 TheGestapoarrestedStašekafterthis , Prague,1945,pp.25,23,29. . Newsofthisdemonstrationledto gure, arepresentationof ess devotion,andof Z porobyke cially 371

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited at herfeetandkicksintheabdomen. Hübler, ‘You’renothuman;you’reananimal’,thenthrows therestofsuitcase’scontents (Hübler hasayoungsonwithher)downtonail-scissorsandnail-fi take withherfromfl Cross onthelevelofpartisans.HavingbrokenopensuitcaseHüblerhadbeenallowedto pp. 90–98(93). by JulianeWetzel,Munich,1991, p.72. partisans whodiefi Prague menreturningfromthecountry(likeKoldain Branald’s with fl no onewentwiththem.Whentheywereceremoniallyinterred,thewholenationappeared nothing but‘anuninterestingcomedy’. yesterday’ nowcallingfortherecognitionoftheirgloriousheroismduringwar,make little todowithGollancz’sfears.VáclavC managership isgoingandabouttheirheroism. ‘partisans’ aftertheliberationandnowsitaboutinpubstalkinghowtheirnational just gotdowntotheircivilianjobs;healsomentionsthosepeoplewhosuddenlybecame Grn themselves.’ Hora railwaystationtoacamp:‘reallyferocious-lookingpartisans,orwhatevertheycalled ment concerningthosewhoaccompaniedadetachmentofwomeninterneesfromKutná were themostbrutalguardsininternmentcampssheexperienced,andwenotecom- Germans wasofteninglorious.UrsulaHübler,aReichGermanclerk,recountsthatpartisans partisans and‘partisans’asinternmentcampguardsadministratorsoftheexpulsion and searchprocedureattheHybernská(GeorgeofPode and hadstolen33,000crownsfromthepost-offi inhabitants intothecinemaanddeclaredwhoFascistswereamongstthem,forexample, Tršice (nearwherehewashiding)andhad‘goneonaterriblerampage’,herdedthe behaviour. Forexample,hereportsthatonApril71945,about230partisanshadbeenin be abletocomeoutofhiding.Heneitherpraises,norcondemnsoutright their appearancein1945,chiefl corruption andtorturing. leaders ofthenewnationalcommitteestoincreasetheirpowerandsecureaccomplicesin accurate source;norisDrda,whowrites,‘Thewhole countryisarousedbytheheroic many acquirecertifi and aresettingaboutpubliclyfalsifyinghistory.Hehaslittletimeforthesystemwhereby ‘parasites’ whoclaimtheirheroismonthebasisofafewconversationswithgenuinepartisans people. Pražákstatesthatonlyafewhadbeeninvolved 382 381 380 379 378 377 376 375 374 Albert Pražák,‘Pražsképovstánídnepátéhokve Ibid.,p.45. Ursula Hübler, Koch, See,forexample,Mareš, Veselý-Štainer, C Josef Grn h Deník OttyWolfa a hasthesarcasticcommentthat‘partisans’becamenationalmanagers,butrealpartisans h erný, ‘Pozdravmrtvým’,p.12. owers anddecorations.Somedie forideals;othersgrowfatonthem.’ Slovo málidskost h a-Vlk, 380 HerexperienceofayoungCzechRedCrosswomanduringtheregistration Cestou národníhoodboje Meine VertreibungausPrag.Erinnerungen andenPragerAufstand1945undseineFolgen Partizánské historky ghting intheSlovakNationalUprising:‘Whenpartisanswentofftofi , p.340. cates oftheirpartisanactivity p.194. at, theCzechhadtakeneverythingusefuloutofit,frombabyfood 378 Ze vzpomínekanarchisty Kochdescribesanalogouscircumstancesconcerningtheburialof y becausetheirpresenceindicatedthathisfamilywouldsoon , Brno,1946,pp.127–30. Conclusory Essay , pp.247,251. 376 381 Veselý-Štainer,however,writesangrilyofthose h PartisansdidtakepartinthePragueUprising, erný reckonsthatthe‘timidandsoftmenof , p.286. h 375 tna, r.1945’,inKuchynka(ed.), ce. Grn 377 374 —suchcertifi Onpartisansonceliberationhadcome, h a’s viewongenuinepartisansthushas h 382 brady) BarracksputtheCzechRed —notthatIsuggestPražákisan Lazaretní vlak cates wereusedbysome le, theCzechshoutsat

their bandit-like 5.–9. kve 379 Theroleof ) orcountry h ten 1945 ght, , ed. 277 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited lorries withprovisions;doctorsandfi example ofPrague:groupsruralpartisansleavetheforestsandpenetratePrague;townssend alleged informers,forcingpeopletohangthemselves,masskillingsofGermanPOWs. order latertohandheroveraSovietsoldierberapedtorturingandkillingCzech Bohemia andMoraviaaftershortlybeforetheendofwar,fromarrestingawomanin Stane home here.’ individual, butalsoingroups.Atthemomentitseemsthatonlyhatredandegoismareat war: ‘theinstinctofhatredisstrongerintheworldthanlonginglove,notonly times hasspreadlikeweeds.’WearetoassociatethatwithKoch’sgeneralassessmentofthe too: ‘Heconsideredrevengethegreatesterrorofordinaryman,thatinrecent sination ofHeydrich.Koch’sDrAnonymuscommentsonthewartimeatmosphererevenge particular oftherevengeexecutionslargelymiddle-classmenandwomenafterassas- represented acontinuitywiththeGermans’cultureofrevenge:inBohemia,onethinks nothing butconfi Communist policemanHejnacomments,‘That’sthem,allgotmedalsbutthey’reinfact six years,butturnsoutGajda-liketobeadrug-storeownerorsalesman—andthegood Adelheid war, onewillfi works, whenmasspartisanactivityformedpartoftheCommunists’sacredmythology etr ol.Te‘ercto fmryadpt’ ecniusltr i eoig[ .]a . Western world.The‘deprecationofmercyandpity’,he continueslater,‘isbecoming[. adds inparenthesis.Itisthisvindictivenessthatindicates forhimthemoralcrisisfacing provide breadfortheGermans.)TheBritishweretoreceive 2,800caloriesaday,Gollancz Labour governmentsuddenlyrationedbread[ithadnotbeeninthewar]orderto was alittlemoreseverethoughitsoonabandoned[summer1945],justasinBritain,the given thattheyhadtheinmatesofBelsen800aday.(TheAmericanMorgenthauplan Montgomery’s gleeatpermanentfoodcutsforGermans,keepingthem1,000caloriesaday, Their violencewasjustifi eastern Bohemia.AllegedlytheVáclavíkgrouphad4,000–5,000menandanarmouredtrain. Václav Nosek,andindeedFierlingertoinaugurateethniccleaningineasternnorth- group; Ptác ‘partisans’ wereinvolvedintheexpulsion.Stane Adlergebirge namedVáclavíkafterthecode-nameofadistiller,JanPtác along thelinesofNaziandCommunist parties. teaching, theinstrumentalization of theacademyandanonymizingreifi numerous acronymsevenwithin smalldepartmentsindicatesthattheyhavepassivelyacceptedassembly-line in Communist-ledsocieties;the fact thatuniversitieshaveadoptedHR(synonymforcannon-fodder) and were oncerecognizedasformsof militarization,intheWest(forexampleWPBfor‘waste-paper basket’) as infl and acronyms.Inthewar,hewrites,‘Thewholeworldhasfallen sickwithabadattackofabbreviation 5 1945),inKuchynka(ed.), 278 387 386 385 384 383 uenza whichthreatensto abbreviatenotonlyitsjoyinlife,butalsoverylife’(p.67).Abbreviations Revenge, notpunishment,wastheorderofday,andtosomedegreeatleastthat Koch, Forexample,ibid.,pp.250,257,264–65. Stane Vladimír Körner, JanDrda,‘Povstan h k givesaccountsofnumerousbrutalactscommittedbypartisansor‘partisans’in h (1967)wereadofaBenešiteCapt.Brandejs,whoclaimedtohavebeenpartisanfor k, Lékar h Poválec ník allegedlyreceivedordersdirectlyfromGeneralSvoboda,theinteriorminister 387 h Anonymus Afterthewar,spiritofrevengethatGollanczepitomizedinField-marshal nd theoddfakepartisan,mindyou,ofwrongpoliticalparty.InKörner’s h né ‘excesy’ rmed alcoholics’. rmed h Adelheid , povstan , pp.30,352.Kochalsowiselyassociatesthebelligerentspiritwith abbreviations 5.–9. kve ed by‘thewillofthepartisans’ratherthananyStateauthorities. , pp.187–88. , inKörner, h , velikéme h ten 1945 384 Robert B.Pynsent h Podzimní novely sto pražské!’(originallyinthenewspaper ghters startouttohelpPrague’.

Adelheid , pp.78–86(83). issetintheSudetenland—wherepartisans/ h , Prague,1983,pp.9–101(53). k informsusofapartisangroupinthe cation ofhumanbeingsverymuch 383 Eveninmuchlater Práce h ník, wholedthe [Labour]onMay 386 385

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited savage sentencesarenothingbutnakedrevenge’. Quislings, ‘lestyougivethemandHitleraposthumousvictory’,for‘agoodnumberofthese gutter, thatdoesn’tsuccumbtoit’.GollanczdisapprovesofallthehangingsNazisand positive mania:thereishardlyapolitician,newspaper,whetherofthestudyor little secret’,theactualbehaviourofnationduringCommunistregime. manifests an‘obsession’with‘retribution,purifi national self-purifi including acontributortothisspecial issue,VítSmetana. NJ, 2000,pp.293–323(296–97). T. Gross,andTonyJudt(eds), July 1940,theChristianJer who calledforvengeanceonratherthanpunishmentof theGermans.Asearlyinwaras and sofeedpaparazzohistory. reveal allmannerofintimatedetailsaboutpeople’slives, somemoreorlesstrue,false, an institutecannolongerevenpurgeanything,butwill just servepublicprurience,foritwill creating aCzechmemoryinstitutelikethePoles’wasnotalivewhenJudtwriting;such easily havebeenopentosimilarcharges.’ while easingtheconsciencesofmanynon-Germans(andnon-Nazis)whoseactivitiesmight with whichtheAlliespursuedmattercontributedtocynicismofpost-warera plary andjurisprudentialfunctionisbeyonddoubt;buttheselectivityapparenthypocrisy practices beforeandduringthewar’.‘ThatNurembergtrialsservedanimportantexem- of broadermoralandjudicialquestionsthatmightdrawattentiontotheSovietUnion’sown He continuesbynotingthattheSovietsinvolvedintrialswanted‘toavoidanydiscussion .]aselectfew’. . German guiltwas‘distilledintoasetofindictmentsreservedexclusivelyfor[. Nazis involvedinGermanatrocities,constitutedapieceofcleverpoliticalpackaging,wherein by concentratingontryingGermanNazis,notAustrianoranyotherletalonenon- war periodanditscontinuingimpacttoday,TonyJudtwritesthattheNurembergTribunal, Poland, fromtheNetherlandstoRomania’. ity, aclaimthatwasperforcemadeandpedagogicallyenforcedalloverEurope,fromItalyto to beinnocentanationhadhaveresistedanddonesoinitsoverwhelmingmajor- .] . was containedthemythopoeiclogic,‘IfGermanswereguilty,then“we”innocent[. pasts’. Thesecircumstances,Judtargues,ledtothemythologyofnational‘resistance’,wherein Czech brutalitywasbasedontwo‘moralvocabularies,sortsofreasoning,different and continuedforayearaftertheendofwar.ThedistinctionmadebetweenGerman and the‘mass,raciallymotivatedpurges’actsofrevengethatbeganduringUprising distinction’ between‘collectiveviolence’andrevengeperpetratedby‘Germanwarcriminals’ expulsion oftheGermanswouldcometo.Aselsewhere,Czechsmade‘aclearandquick arrive attheviewmostreadersofCzechorGermanliteratureaboutUprising 392 391 390 389 388 It was,however,bynomeansonlytheguiltyorcowards orthepoliticalmanipulators In whatisthemosttrenchantandsagaciousessayIknowconcerningimmediatelypost- Thatisonereason forsomanyprofessionalCzechhistorianscampaigningagainst such aninstitution, Ibid.,p.309. Ibid.,p.298. TonyJudt,‘ThePastisAnotherCountry:MythandMemoryinPostwarEurope’,IstvánDeák,Jan Gollancz, Our ThreatenedValues cation afterthewarandCzechs’useof‘lustration’,whichheconsiders h The PoliticsofRetributioninEurope.WorldWarIIanditsAftermath ábek writes: 392 , pp.7,23,49–50.

Conclusory Essay 389 IfIapplyJudt’sargumentjusttotheCzechs, 390 cation, andpurge’asameansofhiding‘adirty Judtalsomakesusefulcomparisonsbetween 388

391 Theideaof , Princeton 279 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited of stone.’ ‘avengers’, containsthelines:‘Foroneblowwewillgiveathousand/andourheartsbe written duringthewarbyamemberofResistancegroup,poeminwhichresistersare ence betweenguiltyGermansandwhohavebeenledastray.’ London theorizingaboutthedifferencebetweenpunishmentandrevenge,differ- from Britainsayaboutthematter:‘Wealmostgomadwithragewhenwehearthemin Two yearslater,hereportsonhisandcircle’sangeratwhatCzechsbroadcasting Hell. when thebonesofGermandeadcrackle,theywillbeadmittedonlythroughgates declares thattherewillneverbeenoughblowstostrikethefaceofGermanyandanyway of LidiceandLežákyand,similarlytotheanonymouspoetanthologisedbyKuchynka,he Zatloukal writesthatthewholecountryischokingwithdesireforrevengeafterrazing suggests arethemostaptwhenvictorycomes.Iquotepassagealmost burst out.’ the revolutioncame,personalscoreswouldbesettledand thatrobberyanddestructionwould expeditions againstpeoplewhohaddonenothingtodeserve it.Itwasalreadyclearthatwhen were givenfalseinformationbysomeonewithapersonal grudgeandtheunitsledpunitive rampage, willdestroyandplunderproperty.Ithappened morethanoncethatpartisanunits a desireforrevengewouldcome,peoplewhohavehitherto justbeenwaitingwillgoona play outoncethewarended:‘signswerebecomingevident thatwhentheturningpointcame, war, Veselý-ŠtainerandhisResistancefellowswerealltoo awareofhowthisrevengewould the punishmentoftraitorsfor‘thepeople[ resisters telltheLondonCzechstheyshouldbroadcastagreatdealabout‘people’scourts’and reveals thehatredthathadbeenaccruinginnormallycalm,analyticalmen: 280 397 396 395 394 393 Veselý-Štainer, Zatloukal,‘Na pomníknárodníhožalu’and‘Tvár Sobota, [Anon.], ‘Písen Jer died. they willrise,forthelandthatAntichristwantedtostrangleonMarch15[1939],hasnot will ceasebeingmurderwhen,oneday,thepeopleofthiscountryrisefortheirreckoning.And is becomingthemoralimperativeofage.TherearemomentswhenItellmyselfthatmurder Revenge, thatisawordlosingitsringofbasenesstoday.OldTestamentrevenge you aredefeatedandsoyourterritorywillbeannexed. annexed greattractsoflandintheSouthandEastevidentlyalsoNorthWest.But principle orotherlikeself-determination,butbecause,ifyouhadwonthewar,wouldhave some regionsfromtheReich,eveniftheyareGerman[-speaking],notinaccordancewith you willevacuateyourinhabitantsofthoseterritories.Youagreetotheseparation because youaredefeated.Youwillhandovertothevictorsthisorthatterritoryand,ifnecessary, simply becauseyoumustcompensateforwhathaddestroyedorremovedelsewhere,but your factories,railways,academicinstitutions,patents,minesandcattlenot have rebuiltwhatyouhaddestroyed,cangohometorepairyourruins.Youwillsurrender defeated, thebuildingwillhappenfi destroy yourtownsduringthewar,too,butbecauseyouaredefeated.Sincehavebeen France, Britain,Russia,Poland:sonowyouwillbuildthem,notbecauseyouradversariesdid You willbedisarmedtothelastrifl 396 h ábek, IntheJanuary1944‘situationreport’preparedby‘bourgeois’Resistance, 394 397 Glossy V zajetíAntikristove InJanuary1943,SobotaexhibitstheCzechspiritofrevengeinwordsthathe

h , p.128. c Cestou národníhoodboje h eských rebelu h , pp.92,214. r ’, inKuchynka(ed.), e becauseyouaredefeated.YoudestroyedtownsinHolland, rst inthelandsofyourvictoriousadversariesandwhenyou Robert B.Pynsent , pp.124,233. lid h ] wantrevenge’.Duringthelaststagesof Germanie’,in 5.–9. kve 395

h ten 1945 C h as válkouokutý , pp.44–45(44). 393 Apoem,allegedly , pp.44,38. in toto becauseit Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Germans. Thenation’smoralscarsbegantobecomedeeper.’ paths tograbthepropertyofdeportedJewsandnowgratifi fascism wascrownedbyragingavengersandrobberswho,afewyearsearlier,tookvarious people’s revengeasfollowsintheopeningofaposthumouslypublishedbook:‘Victoryover University untilhewasdismissedin1971,FrantišekC dead’ (citedinRouc the lines:‘theTeutonssowedblood,/nowletthemreapblood.Mynation,avengeyour years, (born 1921),theUprisingconstitutesrevengeforpastsixyears,inSvatáseven their oldTeutonneighbourandoppressor,thelawsof blood andrevenge’,buttheCzechs eye foranandatoothtooth,iftheyhadbeen guided bythesamelawsofnatureas have beenunderstandableiftheCzechshadactedinaccordance with‘theoldprinciple,an close torevenge.ThusHabr Habr Rutte’s (1889–1954)poem‘Národenezapomen ‘Death totheGermans!’Onsecondday,May6,itbroadcastonceDecadentMiroslav the broadcastfromPragueradio,whichhadnewlybeenwonbackwithgreatlossofblood: Drda. his eyesare‘terriblewiththeirinsatiablehatred’—hatredisalwayspositiveinpost-war Heydrichiad; intheUprisingBabánekthenshootsdeadfi synonymous withheroism:TheGermanshadshotthesonofDrda’sBabánekduring Uprising andtheexpulsionaboundinrevengemotif.Revengeitselfmaybemoreorless 2nd expandededn,Prague,1947, pp.9–10,photographp.11. febrile desireforrevenge’. Czechoslovak Army,GeneralOldr 8 and9).AttheendofMay,maninchargefi expulsion oftheGermansand,indeed,duringUprising,especiallylasttwodays(May not benormallycountedamongamobcontributedgreatlytothespiritofrevengeduring and thatthethugscancomefromanyclass.C training nowadaysareadvisedthat20percentofanypopulationthugsorpotential caption: ‘Theairwaschargedwithrevenge—weallfeltit.’ shooting deadasquadofsixGermansoldiers—photographattheendstoryhas German partofhisboss’sshop-sign;PavelkajoinstheUprisingandavengesbeatingby Prážské básne enemies’ andthat‘theonlygoodGermanisadeadGerman’. that asfewGermanspossiblecrossthefrontier,forthosewhodogetacrosswillbeour them theirtaskandthat‘wehavetorememberweshouldbeconcernedwithensuring area, whereoneoftheworstmassmurdersdepartingGermanstookplace,thatheenvied 403 402 401 400 399 398 Two ofthewritersIhavebeenlookingatinthisessay writeagainstpost-warrevenge, When theUprisingdidbreakoutinPragueandelsewhere,amongstfi Ibid.,p.26. Par Václav R Drda, Stane František C h ina and,mostexpectedly,Koch,butbothhaveanideaof punishmentthatcomespretty 402 400 h ízek, h andSvatá’sKláraglistensratherliketheeyesofDrda’sBabánek,‘withhatreda R k, h Ne h h Poválec ezác h 1945/1968 A lidpovstal ezác má barikáda h ervinka, h h ’s JanPavelkaisbeatenupbytwoteenageSSwhenhepaintingoverthe , ‘Ne h né ‘excesy’ h , mý’, inFrantišekHrubínandAlois Hodek(eds), Kve C , p.44. h h , p.11;JaromírHor ka). ThejournalistandsubsequentlylecturerinhistoryatPrague eská kulturaaokupace h ten c , p.66. 403 h . 1.Kve h

ina writessomewhatoptimistically,asweshallsee,that it could h h ten c ich Španiel,toldoffi Conclusory Essay h . 2 h ec, , Prague,1997,p.16;Svatá, , Prague,2002,p.5. Kve h h ervinka suggestsamob,butpeoplewhowould ten c h ’ (Mynationdonotforget),whichcontains h . 1 (1946),reprintedinHor cers leadingtroopstothePostoloprty rst divisionofthenewlyre-formed fteen Germans,andatthebarricade h edtheirgreedonthepropertyof ervinka (1923–81),describesthe 401 398 InPar 399 Památník Pražskéhopovstání Thosewhoundergomilitary

Pe Belles-lettres h t dnu h ízek andJaromírHor r , pp.24,65. h ec, concerningthe Pr rst signalswas h ísežné sve [1946], h dectví. 281 h ec Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Übermensch does notdanceaoftriumphoverthemonstrouspathologicalcorpseTeutonic had notactedandwouldactthus,fortheykeeptotheir‘tradition:theCzechpeople irredeemable.’ followed thepathtoitsowndisaster,anddisablethosegermanswhoarehopelessly ment: ‘Nowitisnecessarycompletelytodisarmthewholegermannationthatsoconsciously prudent punishmentandblindrevenge.’Ontheotherhand,hewritesofcollectivepunish- even iftheirheartsappeartotellthemtheyhavetheright,begdistinguishbetween German’s neck,butwecanbegtheminthenameofhumanitynottobehavelikeanimals, the happyendingheshouldheedcommandofhumanityandfl Koch ismorethoughtful:‘WecannotdemandoftheFrenchman,PoleorCzechthatnowat last twodaysoftheUprisingorinitsimmediateaftermath,butthen the re-educationofGermans.Hedoesnotmentionscenesthatoccurredchiefl Revivalists ‘couldnotevendreamof’,butHabr as ‘auniqueprocessforwhichthecenturieshavebeenwaiting’andNational by theNaziinfection’.Onotherhand,hepraisesexpulsionofGerman‘colonists’ the eventsbetweenMay5and9arelabelled‘uprising’ ( all inCzech,ithasasecondtitlepageRussian andEnglish.InCzechRussian František Hrubín’s(1910–71)andAloisHodek’s(?–?) literary anthology(seenote401)is throughout theCommunistperiod.Evenwhattocallit wasaproblem.Althoughthepoet problem atthetimeandremainedaproblem,oftencarefully forgottenordistortedproblem, and someCzechoslovakCommunist,problematicreactions toit.ThePragueUprisingwasa hand, hegivesathorough,soberaccountofitsdevelopment andofimmediateSoviet, no attempttoexplainthealmostimmediatesentimentalization oftheUprising;onother atrocities, bothofwhichaspectsweseerefl this payslittleattentiontoCzechemotionsatthetimeor toexaminingthestoriesofCzech re-mythicization oftheUprising.Thereisonlyoneserioushistoricalaccount,Kokoška’s,but uncertainty thataccompaniesMarek’sill-written,butoccasionallyusefulattemptata So Marek’sstatementistrue,butempty.Iquoteditbecauseactuallyindicatesthe of November171989,thoughthestudentsincurrednodeaths,wasnotanarmedrebellion. Bakunin, constituteanythinglikeabattleforindependence.Whatisstillcalledthe‘massacre’ except forasmallgroupofso-calledradicaldemocratsinspiredbybothsocialistideasand there hadandhasbeennootherbattleinthewholemodernage.InPrague,1848didnot, in Bratislavaatthetime.Jer for freedomandnationalindependencefoughtontheirownterritory’. by thePraguebarricadessixtyyearsagoarecertainlygreatestmilitaryactionofCzechs p. 12. days. concerned aboutthewell-beingofhisson,whoisnotathomeduring‘revolutionary’ a strongimpressionattheendthathedoesnotwanttohearaboutanyrapeandpillage,isonly partisans liberatetheareaofMoraviawhereheisstaying.Thatlogicalenough,butonegains 282 406 405 404 The journalistJindr Jindr Koch, Habr h h ich Marek, ina, Slovo málidskost and Nadc 405 h love Übervolk Atleast,unlikemostCzechwritersofthetime,Kochappearstobelievein Barikáda zkaštanu h k anadnárod h ich Marekcorrectlyassertsthat‘inmodernCzechhistory,thebattles , pp.40,157. becauseitisnotinitscharacter;theCzechpeopleplagued h ábek stopshisaccountoflifeintheProtectoratewhenSovietsand , pp.96–97. r . Pražsképovstánívkve Robert B.Pynsent ected in ected h ina doesnotunderstandthisasrevenge. belles-lettres h tnu 1945ajehoskutec povstání , and,forexample,hemakes / povstanie

he seemstohave 406 ing himselfaround a h ní hrdinové Ontheotherhand, ), butinEnglish , Cheb,2005, y inthe

been 404

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited L. Klimešová,J.Kr 1938–1945 towns Uprising (RožnovApril4,Hodonín11,Brno26,Ostrava30),thoughsome suggests thesame,whileforgettingthatagreatpartofMoraviawasliberatedbeforePrague the events,hasitbothways: includes assessmentsoftheUprisingboth social andnationalrevolution’.Thetitleoftheoffi over of1948.Ontheotherhand,normforMay1945became‘nationalandsocial/ Communist theUprisingwassimplybeginningofarevolutionthatendedwithtake- A ‘revolution’hadtobeevidentlysocialaswellmilitaryor‘national’andatbestfora ‘revolution’ afterMasaryk’slabelfor1918,whereasCommuniststendedtocallit‘uprising’. ‘revolution’. Thatrefl which issocalled. Czech People’,two-thirdsofwhichentryis,however,devotedtothePragueUprising, even haveanentryforthePragueUprising;onehastolookunder‘MayUprisingof The onemoreorlesssubstantialencyclopaediatoappearintheCommunistperioddoesnot means the‘commonpeople’,butwholeepisodehecallsa‘nationaluprising’. shadow thefateoflabels.Drdacallsita‘revolution’,fi uprising ofthepeoplePrague).TwoauthorsinKuchynka’scelebratoryanthologyfore- pražského lidu 1986, p.683. editor ofthe revolution; thePragueUprisingdisappearsinto‘CzechUprising’,whichfutureCzech the Slovaks:SlovakNationalUprisingbecomesbeginningofCzechoslovak as ifanideologicalsolutionhadbeenfound,onethatwouldmaketheCzechsequalto pr eight. Czech PeopleinPrague’andoftwenty-sevencolumnson the‘MayUprising’ittakesuponly work ontheCzechwar,butthistimePragueUprisingiscalled‘Mayof insurgents. ThatiswhatliesbehindBartošek’snewcategory, people’sdemocraticrevolution. May 1945’. Zámec our townsandvillages.Thefi May 7):‘Prague,Pilsen,allBohemiaandMoraviarose[ 411 410 409 408 407 h íruc A fargreaterproblemforthepoliticianswassocial compositionofthePrague Zdene ‘Kve KarelBartošek,‘C FrankWenig,‘Bojemautrpenímksvobode Drda, ‘Povstan h character. democratic revolutionwasantifascistandnational;alltheforcesthattookpartinitformedits against theoccupiersandtheirhelperswasarevolution[ bourgeois democraticrevolution[ The uprising[ ka 411

h , Prague,1988,pp.186–200(for Prague: 194–98). ník’s 2006book(seenote366),‘TheCzechResistance and theNationalUprisingin in thenorthandsouthonlyduringit(forexample,Olomouc,Pr h tnové povstáníc Thislabelisnotquitedeadyet:aversionofitsurvives inthetitleofStanislav , Prague,1965,pp.421–23(423). h k Hun 409 Black BookofCommunism, (ThePragueMayrevolutionof1945.Onthefi h ác h h , povstan h ek, Jir povstání en, V.Kural,L.Lipták,J.Novotný,B.PekárekandA.Štvrtecká, 410 h eské povstáníarevoluce’,inG.Bareš,K.Bartošek,A.Benc Thesametitleappearsinwhatwasintendedtobethestandardreference h h eského lidu’,inJosefR í Kozák,VladislavKroupaandJan Str ects politics,foratthetimenon-Communiststendedtocallit h ] wasnotasocialistrevolution[ , velikéme Pražská kve ercest fi ercest h sto pražské!’,p.79. pr h evrat Conclusory Essay ghting wasinPrague.’ ]. IntheBohemianLands,too,revolution[ Karel Bartošek,cautiouslyphrasesasfollows: h h tnová revoluce1945.Kprvnímuvýroc h íman etal.,

’, inKuchynka(ed.), by politiciansandpoliticalfi Malá c pr h cial commemorativevolume,which evrat h revoluce íbrný, povstaly h eskoslovenská encyklopédie ], norwasitorcouldbe[ 5.–9. kve ] ofanewtype.Thispeople’s C 408 rst anniversaryoftheglorious h eský antifašismusaodboj.Slovníková ghters the‘lid’,bywhichhe Bythemid-1960sitlooked .[ .]Therewasfi . ]. [. h ten 1945 h ík, J.Doležal,O.Janec h erov andZnojmo, gures involvedin , pp.151–60(158). h í slavnéhopovstání , Odboj arevoluce III , I-L,Prague, revoluce 407 ghting in ghting sic Wenig ] a ] 283 h ek, Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Realist short-storycollectionbyMarieMajerová(1882–1967): Something ofthetruthitistobefoundinanunexpectedplace,ahard-lineSocialist 100,000 Germanand600CzechdeathsintheUprising. exaggerates fi want tolaydowntheirlivesforwhattheycalled“belovedcountry”’. attack onRudolfBeranthatin1938itwas‘thelittleCzechmenwhowereas“foolish”to Moravec’s praiseofthe‘littleCzechman’,onotherFink’sstatementinmidstan the Czechsasapettybourgeoisnation,butoneisalsoremindedonhandofEmanuel One isremindedofSmetana’sstatementinhisarticlehere,thattheBritishembassyregarded after thewareventhoughoffi a smokescreenfordeeperpoliticaldisquiet.Figuresthefallentendedtobeexaggerated one soonarrivesattheconclusionthatmuchofSovietpoliticalireROAinvolvementwas insurgency wasover,causedtheCzechsmajorpoliticalproblemswithSoviets,though which hadturnedcoatandfoughtforthePragersagainstGermans—which,after statistics includethedeadfromGeneralVlasov’sRussianLiberationArmy(hereafterROA), not awareofthecapitulationorbecausetheyweredesperateandchosetoignoreit.Some pockets ofSStroopsinpartsPraguewhostartedfi came intoforceonthatday.TheSovietsdidhavemoppinguptodo,forthereweremany German surrender,butalsothecapitulationnegotiatedbyUprisingpoliticalleadersthat liberation ofPrague—whichwasessentiallyfreebyMay8onaccountnotonlytheoffi who fellbetweenMay5and9,butalsothenumbersofSovietsoldiersduring were atthesharpendoffi those whodiedintheUprisingwillatleastdemonstratethatitwaspettybourgeoisie ‘Czech bloodmingledwithRussianasasymbolofeternalfriendship.’ had diedandupto8,000beenwounded;onMay9,400Sovietsoldierskilled. Everyone contributedhismitewithheroicself-sacrifi the Uprisingwehearthat:‘AllstrataofPraguepopulationmadeUprising. anybody couldbe,inchargeoftheUprising;onenumerouspiecesPražákwroteon have beenignoredevenbythechairmanofCzechNationalCouncilthatwas,asfar Deutsche Bücherei,1984according totheDeutscheBibliothek],p.42 He writesof‘ Olga vonBarényi, Barényi, pp. 53–71(53). 284 ‘Podstata 5.kve kve mingled withCzechbloodtosealeternalbrotherhood’inPražák, ‘Pražskékve p. 11;hehas3,000fortheCzech deadinPražák, 415 414 413 412 h Barényi, AlbertPražák,‘Májová revoluce’,inHrubínandHodek(eds), Fink, Marie Majerová,‘Barikádyapr tna r.1945’,p.96,andthattheUprising‘wasverybloody;around about1,000diedeveryday’inPražák, in allhispocketsandahelmetonhead. fi primary-school masterdesignedadefenceplanforthedistrict;milkmanputreelofwire there itwasthelittlemen[ eld telephonesonhisfl Das toteGeleise Hne Prager Totentanz h several thousanddeadandwounded dá bestie gures, butfromaGermanpointofview;herexaggerationisgreaterthanPražák’s: h tna’, p.130;hehasapproximately400Sovietdeathsand‘theblood ofthevaliantRedArmy Nicht wundern,nur , p.171. , Munich,1961,pp.52,181;that risesto‘over100,000’inherfeuilletonselection, oat insteadofchurns,andthehouse-paintercameupwithhand-grenades , p.9.Shehas‘upto100,000’Germans (forMay5to10)inalaternovel,Olga drobný lid ghting.MoststatisticsincludenotonlythenumbersofCzechs cial statisticshadbeenpublishedinMay1946;theyappearto h ... edme Ernst,Ironie.GlossenzurZeit Robert B.Pynsent ] whotookuparms:thecabinet-makerahiddenpistol; h stí’, in 412 Politika arevoluce Cesta blesku ’ CzechsinPražák,‘Pražsképovstánídnepátého ghting again,eitherbecausetheywere ce’; headdstothisthat4,000Pragers [1951],2ndexpandededn,Prague,1952, 415 , p.129. Figurespublishedsince1989more Pame , Pähl, h tník Pražskéhopovstání sine anno h tnové povstáníroku1945’, 414 [1977 accordingtothe 413 Barényiováalso Thestatisticsfor , pp.7–8(8). cial Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited later Soukupgivesthefi 436 RedArmymen. though thatwouldexcludetheRedArmy,writes1,691CzechsdiedinUprising,but fi gents whosepersonaldetails,includingnationality,wereneverestablished.Hehasthesame a fi insurgents headds263non-insurgentCzechskilledbyGermansoldiers.Furthermore,has sion fatalities.Marek’sfi some sortofviolentdeathwascertainlyhigher. Uprising, rangingfrom380to855or953,butheconsidersthatthenumberwhocame various fi was thefuturesecondCommunistpresidentofCzechoslovakia, AntonínZápotocký’s, attempts tomaketheUprisinglooklikeaworkers’revolution. Thebestknownfailedattempt the SovietsandCommunistsinKošicewouldhave liked.Nonethelesstherewere povstání vednech5.–9.kve (also Rouc were Finnish. army; themilitarynurseswhotendedwoundedyoungSSmanGünterGrassinMarienbad Slovak [HlinkaGuard],Ukrainian,HungarianandothertroopsinvolvedinSchörner’s (When wetalkofGermans,includethe20thWaffen-SSdivisionthatwasEstonian, Uprising wasaserioushindrancetotheirbeingablesurrendertheAmericanarmy. since theordinaryGermansoldiersweredesperate,knewthatwarwaslostand armaments theywerefacing,thattheCzechinsurgentsshowedenormouscourage,especially fact, itisevidentthattheUprisingsawfi or lesscorrespondtotheoffi expulsion. Barényiovámayhave diffi would certainlycometoafarhigherfi if oneincludedGermanskilledininternmentandotherwiseduringjustMay, men ( and 1,353walkingwounded.Morethanone-third(460)oftheinsurgentskilledweretrades- tained intheUprisinguptoMarch1946.Herewehave1,961dead,1,575severelywounded armed Czechs.GünterGrass, outside hisMarienbadmilitaryhospital wastheretopreventGermansfromescapingorprotectthem from Soviets dyingintheliberationofPrague. c. and privateenterprises,tothem fi agricultural workersdiedfi petty bourgeoisiecomprisedwelloverhalfthedead(896). Bycontrast,229urbanand29 gure asKokoška fortheROA, gure (omittingtheothercandidates,policemenandexciseoffi 422 421 420 419 418 417 416 20(accordingtoRouc gureIhavenotseenelsewhere:ontopoftheidentifi Fortherawstatisticsonsocialbackground ofthedeadseeJanSoukup,‘Pr For‘Bohemia1945’,Grass’smostpertinent commentisthathedidnotknowwhethertheGIonguard Marek, Stane Kokoška, Hun Derek Sayer, cult todrawanyfi h r emeslníci aživnostníci h h ác k, gures havebeengivenforthedeathsofGermans,soldiersandcivilians,during h ek etal., h Barikáda zkaštanu Poválec ka) has1,694Czechskilled, Praha vkve 421 The CoastsofBohemia.ACzechHistory h Theoffi né ‘excesy’ C h eský antifašismusaodboj gure1,693fortheCzechdead,ibid., p.42. h 416 tnu 1945 rm linebetweentheendofUprisingandbeginning gures arehigherthanKokoška’sforthedeathofCzechs:to1,693dead Thatlastfi h h cial 1946statisticsincludethoseCzechswhodiedfromwoundssus- tna 1945’,inJavu ka , p.197. r Beim HäutenderZwiebel , pp.13–14. ). Byaddingtothemthe365clericalworkersingovernmentoffi ghting. c. , p.258. 30,butonly10combatants),ROA cial 1946fi

c. based herfi 300. gure comesclosetotheCommunist-periodfi 422 Conclusory Essay Wearenotdealingwithasocial(ist)revolution,which obchodníci gurethanKokoška’s.ForaGerman,intheenditwas , p.77. 420 r c. rková (ed.), erce fi erce 1,000(Rouc gures. Sayer,takingtherationalend-dateMay8, Whicheverfi 417 gure ontheestimatesforUprisingandexpul- Thisexaggerationhasbeencorrected.Kokoška , Göttingen,2006,p.186. ghting, andthereisno doubtatall,giventhe 419 (mainlyshopkeepers),onewouldarriveata , PrincetonNJ,Chichester,1998,p.235. Barényiová’sfi Pražská kve h ka, almost1,000)Germans,RedArmy gures one takesasnearesttohistorical ed1,693therewere708deadinsur- h tnová revoluce gure isridiculouslyhigh,but c. cers) thatsuggeststhe 300. 418 , pp.16–45(39).Alittle h Stane ehled boju h k reportsthat gure of429 r Pražského Mitte ces 285

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited unions (ÚRO)hadplayedthedominantroleinUprising. Uprising thattheCommunistandleft-wingSocialDemocratCentralCouncilofTrades- statement toacrowdoffactoryworkersontheoccasionfi whole worldwaswatchingdevelopmentsintheUprising.Par from thebattle-frontinMoravia.Thereisalsonothingtosupportminorlegendthat The Uprising’sonlymilitarysignifi conspiracy —onetheysawprovenbytheinvaluablehelpgiveninsurgentsROA. So theUprisingbecameaprojecttospiteSoviets. eetdKlabtel,“notntl nywthn ...].”’ . repeated Koldabitterly,“Unfortunatelyonlywatching[. .]”“Thewholeworldiswatchingus,” . revolution. Thewholeworldiswatchingus.[. .]Youmustunderstand, Kolda,thatthisisanhistoric . exist inStalinistpropaganda):‘“[. of inhisarticle;theideathatAmericansandBritishhadleftPraguetobleedwilllater helping thePragers(theinsurgentsknewnothingofdemarcationlineSmetanawrites military leadersoftheUprising;hereheisimplicitlycriticizingWesternAlliesfornot Communist ex-partisanKoldaridiculesthistoposinatelephoneconversationwithoneofthe [on hislapel],smilingguiltily.’ stresses rushoutontothepavementsandafatgentlemancovershis[Czechoslovak]tricolour with thebourgeois’:‘AtcrossroadsanSSman.Asifhewereshootingatsparrows.Seam- workers, dockmeninoveralls,youngandold.’Workers’attitudesarecontrasted .]thecomrades’battle-cryrises;dark-blue-uniformedrailway . ‘suddenly, everywhere[. stated duringtheUprisingthat:‘Thewholeworldislookingproudlyatourfi the peopleandinitsoutergarb,[Prague]raisesonhousesfi ‘Cleansed nowofitsGermansigns,returningtogloriousancientCzechnessinthespirit to turnitintoaworkers’affair.HewritesinMay1945concerningchiefl of therevolution.’ of theRepublicandredbannersworkingclass,whobecamefi ‘Our handsmustremainclean.Tomorrowthewholeworld willbewatchingus.’ suicide, inotherwordsthecircumstancesareanalogous tothoseinBranald(itisMay4): accompanying wanttokillagirlwhoreturnshomeafter herwholefamilyhascommitted Martin, thegoodandbraveCzechsocialist,employs toposwhensomeundertakersheis many ofthepersonnelinitwerearmedandwilling to usetheirweapons.Barényiová’s the possibilitythatinsurgentsmighthavetoshootintoastranded Germanhospital-train,since people ( bardment ofPrague,butthatduringtheUprisingwholeworldwastalkingabout whole ofEuropewastalkingaboutthePragueWhitsunStormsandWindischgrätz’sbom- leaders forhavingattemptedtoprotecttheGermanarmyfromfallingintoSovietcaptivity. ambassador ValerianZorinhadarrivedfromKošiceinPrague,hecondemnedtheUprising men manningthemutebarricadebyTrojaBridgeareworkers.NotlongafterSoviet 286 430 429 428 427 426 425 424 423 There appearstobenotruthwhatsoeverintheSovietbeliefthatUprisinghadbeena Barényi, Branald, K.J.Beneš, Par Kokoška, Drda, Drda, ‘Povstan Kokoška, h ízek, lid Ne ) ofPrague,thankstothewireless. h A lidpovstal Lazaretní vlak Prager Totentanz má barikáda Praha vkve Praha vkve Ohnivé písmo h , povstan 424 Indeed,elsewhereDrdacomesclosetomakingitaCommunistuprising: h h , pp.54,56. , p.61. tnu 1945 tnu 1945 , p.139. h , velikéme , p.27. , p.26. , p.5. , p.7. 425 h Inthetitlestoryof sto pražské!’,p.78. cance probablywasthatitdrewsomeGermantroopsaway Robert B.Pynsent 427 K.J.BenešreportsthatPragueRadiohad Ne h má barikáda 429 423 h Thisconversationcentreson JanDrdahadalsoattempted ízek claimsthatin1848the , thevastmajorityof rst three-colouredfl rst anniversaryofthe y factoryworkers: ght.’ rst storm-troops 428 Branald’s 430 Given ags 426

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the nationalshameofMunichcapitulation’. ing withPražákwhenhewritesthat,theUprising,Pragers‘weretryingtoredress His moral,psychologicalreasonsstandmorescrutinythanthat.Kohoutisorlessagree- in ‘Májovárevoluce’,p.8. show theworldthattheycouldfi against theminwhatwouldhavebecomeafortressruins. certain thatSchörner’sarmywantedtodrawtheSovietsintocityandfi ‘capital’ forthemandwouldremainthroughouthistory. Uprising haddemonstratedthattheCzechsamoralbackbone;itbecome servitude andalwaystoridourselvesofitbyarmsassoonwaspossiblehadnotdied.’The we werecapableoffi the Uprisinghadmanifestedthattheystillpossessednationaldignity:‘weshowedworld Uprising forPražák;theCzechsdidnotwanttoreceivefreedom‘fromforeignhands’,and uhamto ol o ...]splitthenationintoproletariansandrest’. . such amethodwouldnot[. had fi memoirs heputsitmoremildly,informsthereaderthathadconsideredCzechs necessary correctionofthecenturies-oldmistakeour fatherswhopreparedsuchterrible .]madetheexpulsionofGermansfromcountry aprerequisiteand . Uprising [. aged theResistanceworkerstoappointhimchairmanof theNationalCouncil):‘ThePrague on itsownterritory;onlywhentheSovietshadconqueredBerlincouldCzechsrebel. Pražák’s viewthattheUprisingcouldnottakeplacebeforeGermanywasmoreorlessdefeated Czechness (Pražákhadalwaysbeenamisoteutonicnationalist, whichmaybe Czechoslovakia, unlessheisthinkingagainofthefi the logicofhisstatementthatUprisinghadfacilitatedexpulsionGermansfrom had expectedliberationwithouthavingtofi it wasaveryCzechbusiness.Actually,inVeselý-Štainer’sopinion,theexhaustedCzechs words acquireasarcasticmeaninginthenovel’sstructure.Thewholeworlddidnotlook: Barényiová’s subsequentportrayalofCzechbehaviourduringandaftertheUprising,Martin’s indeed anychanceofa‘socialwar’,thatis,civilwarbetween‘individualclasses’. Because ithadinvolvedallstrataofsociety,preventedanyparty-politicalquarrelling, the UprisingthatnodoubtcontributedtoSovietdisapprovalofwholeenterprise. to allowtheCzechsrectifysocialmattersthat1918hadfailedrectify. where therewereneither‘ work, fulfi collective, toliveforanewkindofworkfuturegeneration. práce’ (Downtonewwork)thatthebarricadeshadtaughtCzechsocietycreatea Vojte 439 438 437 436 435 434 433 432 431 Pražák,‘Pražské povstánídnepátéhokve Vojte Pražák, Pražák,‘Pražské kve Kohout, Pražák,‘Pražsképovstánídnepátéhokve Ibid. Pražák, ‘Pražskékve Veselý-Štainer, h rst‘toensurenationalindependenceandthengraduallysocializethecountry,thatonly ch Šmíd(1875–1966),whosefathertheGermanshadexecuted,declaresin‘Donové h ch Šmíd, lling the‘centuriesoldCzechnationalandsocialendeavour’toestablishasociety Politika arevoluce Hve h zdná hodinavrahu Básne Cestou národníhoodboje h h h ghting forfreedomandthattheawarenessofadutynottoendureany tnové povstáníroku1945’,p.12.Pražákrepeatstheviewthat Czechs neededto tnové povstáníroku1945’,p.12. zezápisníku , p.44. masters norslaves ght fortheirfreedomanddidnotwanttoreceiveitcheapwithforeignhelp r , p.298. , Prague,1945,unpaginated. Conclusory Essay , p.233. h h tna r.1945’,p.97. tna r.1945’,p.11. ’, resultedfromtheUprising,whichhasthusserved ght. 435 431 Pražáksuggestsamajorpoliticalreasonfor Thatinitselfconstitutedareasonforthe ghting ashavingprovedthevalueof 432 IthadalsosavedPrague,forheis 433 Thatdoesnotsitwellwith 438 InPražák’smindthisnew ght their lastfi 437 439

Thepoetaster what encour- Idonotsee 436 Inhis ght 287 434

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited disasters forthecountrybylettingGermanscolonizelandwithinitsfrontiers.’ with Jewishconcentrationanddeath-campprisonersand, lateinApril,groupsofandsingle also Czech,therewasagrowthinthenumberofmilitary hospitaltrains,butalsotrains the territorywasincreasing,aswerecolumnsofrefugees fromtheeast,mainlyGerman,but last standagainsttheRedArmyinMoraviaandBohemia, thenumberofescapedPOWson war chaosthatbegantomakeitselffeltbyApril.While Schörnerwaspreparingforagreat immediate aftermath,especiallyfromthemid-1960sonwards. theme istheShoah,butwhocontributedtoliterarydemythicizing oftheUprisingandits fun ofinthefi Uprising erupts:‘Wewerethefi has hisAntonínrepeatthisnotionwhenheisstillbilletedintheNazi’sfarmhouseas essay: ‘ThewarbeganinPragueandendedPrague!’Incidentally,thelick-spittleK.J.Beneš Munich AgreementorMarch15inthemannerthatImentionedatbeginningofthis they hadinBudapestandVienna.Svobodaopenshisreportwithamythicizationofthe to liberatePrague,forotherwisetheRedArmywouldhavehadfi Svoboda doesfi secure theirpositionbydeclaringthecityofPragueafi In facttheGestapohadbeenhighlyeffectiveagainstarmy-ledResistanceworkers, Republic linewaslaidoutbyPresidentBenešattheinaugurationofNationalAssembly: with theCommunist-inspiredlocal-governmentnationalcommittees).Theoffi Prague, theNárodnívýbor(NationalCommittee,whichhadnothingwhatsoevertodo Council forsometimeashada‘bourgeois-’andarmy-ledundergroundorganizationin more, theundergroundCommunistcentralcommitteehadbeenpreparingCzechNational 1944; broadcastsfromMoscowandLondonhadlaterfrequentlyurgedrebellion.Further- summer of1939;militaryplanningforsuchanuprisingtookplaceinLondon1943and simple matter.ResistancegroupshadbeenplanninganarmedCzechrebellioneversincethe myth: thattheUprisingwasculminationofCzechResistanceactivities.Thisisno end tothewarandsoforth,butGermansgotnowhere. attempts totalkwithleadingCzechpatriotsaboutestablishinganewgovernment,peaceful Communist leadership. at thebeginningofMarch1945theyhadarrested‘dozensoffi 288 446 445 444 443 442 441 440 The atmospherenecessarytoencourageamassrevoltin Prague wasstimulatedbyend-of- In hisbookontheUprisingStanislavKokoškasuccessfullyknocksheadanother Seeibid., p. 89(Rouc Seeibid., for example,pp.78–80. Ibid.,pp.15–16. See Kokoška, Beneš,‘Poselství presidentarepubliky’,p.22. K.J.Beneš, Pražák,‘Pražskékve partisan movementthatperformeddeedsoftruemartialheroism. and PragueUprisings,themilitarymanifestationofResistancelayprimarilyinextensive revolt ofthebroadestpossiblestratapeople[ terrible persecutionofourintelligentsiaandformermembersthearmyculminatedwith Resistance, trulypopular[ .]reallywasanational . The politicalResistanceintheBohemianLandsandSlovakia[. Ohnivé písmo ction ofArnoštLustig(born1926),amiddle-browwriterwhosedominant nd onemilitaryreasonfortheUprising;ithadeasedtaskofRedArmy Praha vkve h tnové povstáníroku1945’,p.12. h ka hasMay4). 444 h tnu 1945 , p.15. AttheendofAprilandverybeginningMaytherewereGerman lidový rstinline,andnowwearelastatthefront.’ , especiallypp.50,45–46. ], spontaneousand,ideologically,democratic.Itbeganwiththe Robert B.Pynsent lid nPau.Aatfo nte[ .]Slovak . ] inPrague.Apartfromthe[. eld hospital, 445 442 OnMay3theyattemptedto 446 cials’ fromthePrague arusefrequentlymade ght house-to-houseas 441 440 ca Third cial General 443 and Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited RM incommercialtransactions,thatis,whileshopping,wasanactpunishablebylaw. something ofthisatmosphere: RM wasworthlessbutthatthisspelledtheendofwar.Nohejlconvincinglydescribes fact, however,thePragerstooknonoticeofthisstatement,wereconvincednotonlythat provinces wheresuchoverpaintingwasalreadytakingplace. casts doubtonthatandsuggestsrailwaymenhadbroughttheideawiththemfrom any likelyinsurgencyandtointervenevigorouslywhere necessary, fortheGermanscouldnot Schörner; hesubsequentlyissuedanordercommanding histroopstokeepaneyeoutfor Czech PressOffi a degreethattheGestapoarrestedseniormanagementofNationalBank,and were nolongercovered.Queuesformedoutsidethemainbanksandchaosgrewtosuch from thefactthatNationalBankhadceasedhonouringWehrmachtcheques,forthey the rumourthatReichsmarkwasnolongervalidinProtectorate.Thisarose impact onPragers.SomethingelsethathadanemotionalvirtuallyallPragerswas c According toKokoškathearrivalinRoztokyjustoutsidePragueofatrainpackedwith them fromtheeast(sometimesthesetrainshadbeendisabledbyAlliedstrafi concentration-camp prisonerswhohadeitherescapedthecampsortrainstransporting Protectorate MinisterofTransportandTechnology,Jindr and shop-signs.Itwasbelievedthatthiscarriedoutonthetelegraphicordersof began blackingorwhitingoutGermanplace-names,thepartsofnotices,street-signs major impulse,fi The atmosphereinPraguewasgenerallybecomingalmostlight-hearted.May4broughta was thatinPr east andnorth-eastofPraguenodoubtalsoinspiredthePragers.Thefi afternoon theGermanarmy(WehrmachtandSS)arrived; thirty-one(Rouc removed, Czechoslovakfl Allies, whereuponademonstrationtookplaceonthe mainsquare:Germansignswere then onthemorningofMay1arumourstartedthatGermanshadsurrenderedto 1975, p.122. 1945 instigators oftherevolt,wereexecutedfollowing day. Czechs diedinfi . 4,000starvingprisonersfromtheLitome 451 450 449 448 447 Ibid.,pp.106–07. Kokoška, See,forexample, K.Bartošek,J.DoležalandV.Kural,‘Povstání’,inBarešetal., Nohejl, Ibid.,p.104. , pp.411–21(413),andDetlefBrandes, believe whatwashappening. .]Exhaustedwehadbeenwaitingforsuchamomentsomanyyearsthatcouldnot . own eyes[. cases obedientlyalightedfromthetramiftheyhadnothingelsetopaywith.Wesawitwithour ing announcementoftheCzechconductor,threwawaytheirpfennigsandmarkseveninsome .]NowGermansoldierssuddenlycompliedwiththeexcit- . of whattheyhadbeenyearningfor.[. eagerly waitingfortheslightesthintoflong-anaesthetizedfreedom,thiswasatlastfi happened: theystartedrefusingtotakeGermanmoneyinPraguetrams.Justlikethat.Forthose .]Thatis,beforenoonapproached,whensomethinghistoric . It wasaMondaylikeanyother[. Holýma nohama Praha vkve h erov onMay1.Thedaybeforeanationalcommitteehadbeenestablished,and ce (C rst railwaymenandtramworkers,thenshopkeepersordinarycitizens ghting and a furthertwenty-one,selectedbytheGermansaschief h h tnu 1945 TK, thenationalpressagency)issuedastatementthatrefusingtoaccept , pp.7–8. agshungout,GermanandHungariansoldiersdisarmed, butinthe , p.108. 448 Conclusory Essay Die TschechenunterdeutschemProtektorat h r h ice branchofFlossenbürghadaparticularlystrong h ich Kamenický, 450 451 Newsofotherrevoltstothe ThePr rst andmostdisastrous , vol.2,Munich,Vienna, h erov revoltworried Odboj arevoluce1938– ng fromtheair). 449 rst moment h butKokoška ka hasthirty) 447

289 In Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited in presentcircumstancesshowanysignsofweakness. ideologized historiography,andin the armeduprisingshouldstartonMay7;thisdecisionledtoamythicrefraininUprising is sechso’clock);threehourslatertheBartošundergroundmilitarycommitteemetanddecided May 5,whenPragueRadioopenedtheday’s in Kohout’s on therampagelikegroupofRGsaroundserialmurderermarriedwomen,Rypl, start oftheUprising;nordiditcontrolallvariousgroupsinvolvedinit,includingthugs helped bybroadcastingitsordersandmessages.CertainlytheCouncildidnotinstigate fi its authority,whichPragueRadio,onceithadbeenwrestedfromGermanhandsinthefi suburb ofSpor Zeminová wasalsoamongstthem. connected ofthoseleaderswasthepublisherAdolfNeubert,butveteranpoliticianFrán to begagged,andindeedtheCouncilhadCommitteeleadershipdetained.Thebest- chosen toleadtheUprising,andappearedknowlittleornothingaboutCouncil,had fi national heroesbeforetheUprisingwasover.BeforeCouncilcouldfeelsecure,havea Council, quiteeasily,thoughthisdidtakesometimebecauseitsmembershadbecome refl until May7,theSovietswouldhavereallybeenabletoliberatecity;inotherwords,it prematurely. Thisrefrainoftenaroseoutofthebeliefthatif ordinary citizenswereinvolvedinthefi spread toŽeleznýBrod,SemilyandNováPaka,inallofwhicharmedpartisansaswell Jic (‘defending Berlin’)inspiredothertowns,fi erupted. Discussionsonwhoshouldbeitspresidentreached theirconclusiononlyshortly and assomethinglikeawar-cabinethadbeentakingplace fortwoyearsbeforetheUprising enough, fearwasnormallybarelymentionedinUprising literature. and starttheirforcedmarchtowhattheyallimaginedwould beexecutionorworse.Naturally emphasis itlaysonthesepotentialinsurgents’fear—whichdisappearsoncetheyarearrested had thrownintothecellar.Thisreportagenovel, the Germansmarchedthemofftoablockoffl men, theyhadtworifl release herearly,whenshewasseventy-eight yearsold. twenty-year sentence;shespent much ofhertimeconfi surprising phrase,‘Timefl message assoonpossibleandhad thereforewrittenherlittlebookintoogreatahurry,foritwe fi the secondwar,in1945 “ salvation lyinginthehandsofEdvardBeneš.Shewrites,forexample: ‘Afterthefi own expense),inwhichsheferventlysupportstheinstitutionofa people’sdemocracyandseesthecountry’s 290 and afeminist.In1945shepublishedslimvolume, rstbattleoftheUprising(accordingtoRouc rm senseofleadership,the(Czech)NationalCommittee,whobelievedthattheyhadbeen 453 452 Without DrBenešwewouldnothavetherepublic h The Communistsdealtwiththeothermajorproblem,activityofCzechNational Preparations forthesettingupofCzechNationalCouncil asarevolutionarycommittee ín, NovýBydžovonthesameday;May3insurgencyspreadtoRakovník,andthis ected themajorproblemCommunistideologistshadwithUprising. Zeminová (1882–1962)wasaNationalSocialistM.P.from1918to1939andagain19451948, OrdercitedinZámec Hve h ilov, wheretherewasaGermangarrison;inNohejl’sstoryoftheSpor h zdná hodinavrahu ’ (p.8).Zeminováwasevidently keentogetacrossherimplicitlyanti-Communist esatthebeginningandonlytwentyendoftheirattempt,before h ies likewater’(p.4).TheCommunists arrestedherin1949andlatergavea ník, C h eský odbojanárodnípovstání r , orthewretchedmenwhotriedtocreateanuprisingin 453 Robert B.Pynsent belles-lettres IttooktheCouncil,however,nearlytwodaystoassert ghting. Thefi .” If Masarykwerestillalive,hewouldhavesaidthesameafter rst NymburkonMay2,andthenPode

h Masaryk-Osvoboditel ats acoupleofmilesaway,whoseownersthey transmission withthewords‘Jesechshodin’(It ka ninetyCzechslosttheirlivesinthisbattle), , totherefrainthatUprisinghadstarted ned tobedinprison,sothattheauthorities hadto Holýma rukama , p.77. 452 rst signofuprisinginPraguecameon SoonthenewsofdeathHitler (

sine loco Prague insurgentshadwaited , isimportantbecauseofthe rst warMasaryksaidclearly: , sine anno , probablyather h brady, nd the erce h ilov h a

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited states inhisunpublishedmemoirsthatitwasnotVydra,buttheoperasingerVilémZítek. Vydra —thoughJosefSmrkovský(theCommunistseniorvice-presidentoftheCouncil) president. who proposedthattheliteraryhistorianwithoutpartyaffi face. Seehis Smrkovský maintainsthatitwasthepoet,translatorandCommunistjournalistLumírC never arguedagainsttheCommunists. Communist Partylineandthatevenwhenhedisagreedwithitonacertainmatter,had to theCentralCommittee,SmrkovskýwrotethatPražákhadalwaysbeenamenable inexperience andgoodmanners,madehimeasilymanipulablebySmrkovský.Ina1946report misoteutonic andmisohungariannationalist.Thisnationalism,togetherwithhispolitical the ThurnundTaxisestates.Itwasnodoubtalsoimportantthathehadafi Structuralist literarycriticJanMukar before thateruption.ForsometimethemostfavouredcandidatehadbeenCommunist sentence ofonlythreeyears,theCommunistsensured that theCouncilhad‘unanimously’ January 1945totheUprising(anddeputypremier1942–45), RichardBienert,receiveda with nodeathsentencesandthemanwhohadbeenpremier andMinisteroftheInteriorfrom Council: forexample,whentheNationalCourttrialof theProtectorategovernmentended When theyconsidereditpoliticallyexpedient,theCommunistsoccasionallyresurrected out tomeetBenešintheBohemiancountrysideaspresidentofCzechNationalCouncil. maintained thathejustwantedtoreturnacademiclife.Nevertheless,onMay16drove Pražák thechairmanshipofCommittee,herejectedit,clearlydisillusioned,though Slovak andMoravianCommitteesthathadalreadybeenestablished.WhenSmrkovskýoffered was demotedtobecomingtheBohemianProvincialNationalCommittee—match arrived, butfourdaysaftertheNationalFrontgovernmenthadcometoPrague,Council Council wouldbemergedwiththegovernment.InfactonMay14,twodaysbeforeBeneš would remainsountilBenešarrivedbackinPraguefromKošice,whenheexpectedthatthe convinced thattheCouncilwaslegalrepresentativeofCzechoslovakgovernmentand signifi post heinformedhisreadersthatintheirdiscussionstheCouncilhadregardeditparticularly and, mostofall,hiscompletelackpoliticalexperience.Whenhewasrecruitedtothe the moralbackbonehehaddemonstrated,especiallyinpubliclectures,duringOccupation fi an idea,atleastwithasound.The SymbolistBr alist whowasperhapsattempting‘purepoetry’,butevenpurepoetry hastoholdtogether,ifitcannotwith original imagesandrhythm,butnoneforexpressingaconsistentthought inapoem.Hewasverbalsensu- Politika arevoluce Stanislav Kokoška’s‘Sedmdnínavrcholumocianebpoznámky okrajipame (242). and thatwaschiefl Social Democrats’contributiontotheCouncil’srunning:‘Theorganizationwasremarkable aware thathehadbeenlittlemorethanapuppet;indeed,praisestheCommunistsand gurehead, givenhiswidereadership,sociallinkswithmuchoftheCzechEstablishment, 458 457 456 455 454 Pražák,‘Pražské kve Kokoška,‘Sedm dnínavrcholumoci’,p.201. Pražák, Ibid.ForthemembershipofCouncilandaninformedbutlivelybriefaccount theUprising,see ExtractfromSmrkovský’smemoirspresentedasanappendixtoPražák, cant thathewasof‘proletarian’stock. 455 Politika arevoluce Hlavice sloupu AlthoughPražákwasapoliticallyout-of-dateCzechoslovakist,heanideal , pp.191–209(198–99).LumírC y thankstotheworkers’partiesledbyJosefSmrkovský.’ h tnové povstáníroku1945’,p.9. r . Básne , p.102. h , Prague,1938. Conclusory Essay h 457 ovský; anothercandidatehadbeentheactorVáclav InanUprisingarticle,Pražákshowsnosignofbeing h ezina isthestrongestinfl h ivrný’s (1915–2001)verseshowsapoetwithtalentfor 456 Hisfatherhadbeenheadgardenerononeof liation, AlbertPražák,beappointed uence, eveninapoemonLenin’s h Politika arevoluce, ti AlbertaPražáka’,inPražák, ne recordasa 458 Pražákwas pp.242–43 h ivrný 291 454

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Socialists appearedatthedemonstration. Pražák northeCouncilvice-presidentsrepresentingPeople’sPartyandNational condemned theverdictsandsummonedademonstrationinOldTownSquare.Neither to organizetheexpulsionsbeforeanypeaceagreements couldinterfere. expulsion oftheGermans,andadvisedlocalnationalcommittees intheSudetenlandquickly ment withtheGermans.InProvincialCommittee hewascloselyinvolvedwiththe reader inlawsatPragueUniversitybeforethewar.Hehad alsosignedthecapitulationagree- a charmer. years later.Smrkovskýwasanambitiousmanipulator,somethingofabruteand government functionsandwasexpelledfromthePartyinpurgeof1970.Hediedfour the NationalAssembly.WhenAlexanderDubc the CentralCommitteein1966.In1968herejoinedpresidiumandbecamechairmanof to lifeimprisonment.Hewas,however,releasedin1955,rehabilitated1963andrejoined Deputy MinisterofAgriculture,butduringthepurges,in1951,hewasarrestedandsentenced National LandFundanddeputycommandantofthePeople’sMilitia.In1949hebecame was amemberofthepresidiumCentralCommittee,chairmanpoliticallyvital Kotrlý was‘unexpectedly’summonedtojointhediplomatic service. was involvedinsuchmatters,indeedthemostimportant matterformanyCzechpoliticians, had taughtatBratislavaUniversitybeforethewar.During thewarhehadwrittenaplanfor Council, OtokarMachotka,wassimilartoKotrlý’s.Like Pražák,thesociologistMachotka take-over. Thefateofthevice-presidentforNational SocialistsontheCzechNational slovak consul-generalinCanadaandremainedthat countryaftertheCommunist and incurringtheSoviets’negativereaction, Gottwald defendedhim,thoughblamedtheCouncilfortherebycompromisingUprising dealings withtheROAandhissigningcapitulationagreementGermans.Because the Council’sdecisions.Smrkovský’schiefmistakeaccordingtoSovietswashishaving C formally setuponApril29and30(PražáknotnominateduntilMay3),Smrkovský took thepost,butsoonresignedorwasdismissed(June7).InearlydaysofCouncil, latter hadrefusedtobecomechairmanoftheProvincialNationalCommittee,Smrkovský Smrkovský sufferedmorefromSovietindignationattheUprisingthanPražák.When the Council’sagreementwithGermans,hadliberatedPrague.AsaCommunist,Josef the insurgencywaslargelyworking-classandoftenCommunist,whereUSSR,not Uprising wasover.Thiscontributedvitallytotheimmediatemythicizationofhistory,whereby death (1956),hewasawardedtheOrderofT.G.Masaryk(1993). out highStalinism,forhewasconsideredaharmlesspositivist.Almostfortyyearsafterhis a warriorscholar,buthisownworksonCzechandSlovakliteraturewerepublishedthrough- party topunishPražák.Theydidrefusepermitthepublicationofafestschriftforhimas express supportfortheCommunisttake-over.Itwouldhavebeentoocompromising 292 h 462 461 460 459 ivrný withthehelpofÚROhadensuredthatCommunistswouldtakeleadinall The vice-presidentoftheCouncilrepresentingSocialDemocratswasJosefKotrlý,a The politicalobliterationofthepopularNationalCouncilbeganalmostimmediately Kokoška, SeeTomáš Stane Kokoška, Frommer, Praha vkve Praha vkve National Cleansing h k andAdrianvonArburg,‘Organizované divokéodsuny?’,Pt3,p.339. h h tnu 1945 tnu 1945 , pp.285–90. , p.6. , pp.5–6. Robert B.Pynsent 459 TheCouncilwasresurrectedforthelasttimeto 460 SmrkovskýwasgivenseniorPartyfunctions, h ek fellinApril1969,helostallhisPartyand 462 HebecameCzecho- 461 Eventhoughhe Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited were saidtobepursuinganimperialistwar. sible forthecollapseofFirstRepublic,andAllies, withtheexceptionofUSSR, ground ÚRO’smanifestoofMarch1945,thepre-warnon-Communists weremaderespon- the Occupation,eventhoughhismainResistancecontacts werewiththeR3.Inunder- left-wing SocialDemocrat,buthadappliedtojointheunderground CommunistPartyduring they wouldinsist)supportedtheCommunistsinCouncil. Kubáthadoriginallybeena of it,ÚROwasautonomous,thoughthatmeant the organization(orworkers,as in 1970likeSmrkovský,butunlikehimlivedtoseethe falloftheBerlinWall.Onface writer andtranslator;helatersupportedreformCommunism andwasexpelledfromtheParty had aglitteringcareerindeputyministerialpostsuntil1955,whenhebecamefreelance commission ledbyJaromírNechanský,whohadbeenparachuted intotheProtectoratefrom was amajorinfl security servicesandtheRedArmy. of composingthedirectivesforlocalauthoritiestoensureswiftexpulsionwithhelp munist desk-offi Provincial NationalCommitteehe,togetherwiththeexpulsion’s ling onlyGermansundertheageofforty-one,thatis,aformethniceugenics.In the expulsionthatwassenttogovernment-in-exileinLondon;herehesuggestedexpel- own party, against theCommunistsandCommunistintolerantpoliticalexclusivitypleadingforhis in favourofthenationalizationmajorindustries,publishedaslendervolumedirected where hetaughtataminorcollegeuntilhisdeathin1970.InFebruary1946Machotka,still taken duringtheUprising,withhelpofCouncil’spresssecretary,C representative ofÚRO,JosefKubát,whohelpedensureCommunistdominanceindecisions vanished frompubliclife.ThesecretarygeneraloftheCzechNationalCouncilwas vice-chairman oftheProvincialCommitteeuntil1948;hediedin1986,havingcompletely beings.’ sweetness ofCzechsoilandampermeatedbythesentimentsthinkingother little bookhewrites:‘IamaCzechbeing.Manorwoman,Iwasnurturedontheaboriginal ogy theCzechsarespecialinthattheirquintessenceislyricality.Inopeningof could bethesubject]lackednaturalbasisfornationalsentiment’.InMachotka’smythol- amongst allthenationsofworld.He[Marx,thoughgrammaticallyJewishnation example: Marx‘belongedtoanationthatformillenniahadnohomeandlivedscattered extraordinary thatMachotkasometimesdoesemployActivistantisemiticterminology,for thinking Czech’,whoprefersorderlychangetobloodyrevolution.Thereadermightfi radicalism, andhisJudaism-inspiredmessianismhavenoplaceintheworldof‘realistically Activists, heclearlyhassympathywithit;arguesthatMarx’sOrientalimaginationand associated withtheJudaeobolshevismtoposofpre-warconservativesandsubsequently vian GothicandBaroquetheunCzechnessofMarxism.Thoughheavoidslanguage and Masaryk.HeendeavourstodemonstratethespecialCzechnessofBohemianMora- create aCzechnationalmythologythatinhisviewcomportswiththeofPalacký 465 464 463 The Council’svice-presidentforthePeople’sPartywasVilémSchaffer,whoremaineda Kokoška, Otokar Machotka, Stane 464 h k andvonArburg,‘Organizované divokéodsuny?’,Pt3,pp.342,340. Itappearsthat,likePražák,Machotkawasantisemiticaswellmisoteutonic. Socialism c Praha vkve cer forresettlementontheCommittee,MiroslavKreysa,wasgiventask uence onthemilitaryaspectofUprising;Councilhada Socialism c h h eského c tnu 1945 h h , pp.39,11–12,18,43. love eského c h ka h (The Czech’ssocialism),whosechiefaimappearstobe love Conclusory Essay 463 h ka AfterFebruary1948,hemovedtotheUnitedStates, , Prague,1946,pp.11,3. 465 BecauseofhisassociationwiththeR3,Kubát eminence grise h ivrný. Thelatter , theCom- nd it nd 293 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited was workingasaninformerforReicin’snotoriouscounter-intelligenceservice. also becameanAmericanagentandrecentlyithasbeendiscoveredthatatthesametimehe the UprisingtoplacateSoviets,Nechanskýtookupvariousmilitarypoliticalpositions.He Britain. AlthoughamongthoseselectedbytheCommunistsfordismissalfromarmyafter jeho odbojovémuhnutínasklonku 2.sve collective amnesia.’ to describethewartimeyearsinawaythatmadenosenseandcouldonlybeachievedby overture andstartingpointtoadomesticrevolutionthatforcedinhabitantsoftheregion much tosayforit:‘InEasternEuropeawarofnationalliberationfromGermansbecamethe no doubtaidedthemintheenforcementofcollectiveamnesia. of virtuallyallthemoreorlessliberalmeninvolvedinleadershipUprising.This and diedsoonafterwards(1961).Infact,then,theCommunistsridthemselvesin1960s arrested asearlyDecember1948;hewassentencedtolifeimprisonment,amnestiedin1960 appointed commander.KutlvašrwaspensionedoffaftertheCommunisttake-overand Uprising, buthewasinMoraviawhenitstarted,andsothelegionaryKarelKutlvašr Kubát andtheCommunistswantedVeselý-Štainertorunmilitaryoperationsduring became avictimofthePartypower-struggle,wasarrestedandexecutedfortreasonin1951. fi writers likeŠkvoreckýandDurych.Imakenoattempttocoveralltheliterature(Itakeonly it indenialsandexcuseswriterslikeK.J.BenešorAškenazy,sometimesmoreopenly the Uprising,andespeciallyitsimmediateaftermath,broughtwithit.Sometimesonewillfi lettres memoirs publishedaftertheChanges,forexamplethoseofAbbotBr fi Pražák doesnotmentiontheimmediateconsequencesofUprising;elsewhere,one 1939 to1948,apartfromspecialiststudiesontheCzechFascistsandActivists.Inhismemoirs been published,asfarIknow,onordinaryCzechviolenceagainstCzechsfrom Shoah andthe(non-)restitutionofJewishpropertyafterwar,butnoscholarlybookhas of theGermans.Since1989aconsiderableliteraturehasbuiltuponexpulsionand why soveryfewliberalCzechsreactedtoitbydeedor inthepressbeforeendof1945, gestapáctví Experience’, used here.Fromthis book agentinPraguewithoutwhomIcouldnothavelaidmy handsonmuchofthematerialIhave noviny behaviour wasjustsuchashehadbeenfi compared tootherformerlyGerman-occupiedcitieshehad seenand,second,thattheCzechs’ May 9,histwomajorimpressionswere,fi an ideaofwhyitwasthatwhentheBritishSOEoffi abbreviated form. 294 ction, forBezdíc nd theoddexpressionsofhorroratCzechbrutalityinMayandJuneorevenlatersome 469 468 467 466 Judt’s view,however,thatordinarycitizens’voluntaryamnesiawasalsoinvolvedhas SeeVítSmetana, ‘MiseplukovníkaPerkinsevkontextubritsképolitikyvu See, forexample,NorbertHeilikopp, ‘WitnessestoSocialistCulture.TwoVersionsoftheCzech Judt,‘ThePast isAnotherCountry’,p.303. See JanGazdíkandLude , however,GermanandCzech,onewillfi , July72005.IamgratefultoDerekPatonforsendingmethisarticle andforbeingmyself-sacrifi or Central Europe gestapismus h

ek hasmuchontheversehere).Itismainlyin point onwards,myessaycontainsmostofthepaperIdelivered at theconferencein 467 IntheCzechcase‘wartime’includedUprisingandexpulsion , 4,2006,1,pp.43–64. . ThatbredanatmosphereoffearwhichSchallnersuggests explains h k Navara,‘GenerálPíkajenapame h tové války’, Robert B.Pynsent rst, howlittlewardamagethecityhadsuffered ghting awaragainst. Historie avojenství nd indicationsoftheextentbrutalitythat cer HaroldPerkinsarrivedinPragueon h tníku skomunistickýmiagenty’, , 3,2001,pp.692–736. belles-lettres 469 r InCzechtheycalledit c h i C h eskoslovensku apomoci h evnov. thatonewillget 466 468 Hesoon In belles- Lidové cing nd Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Uprising fromSeifert’spoem(seenote406). a Ne Vopar in thebarrelsofSoviettanks’guns;whatis,asfarIknow, fi humiliate persuasion: Barényiová’s fact, andsoonewillfi socialist brothershadcome.Ontheotherhand,abundanceoflilacinMayPraguewasa by writers.Forsomethatembodiedgenuinejoyatliberation,fortheirSlav the smellofdieselemittedbytanks);andthatarrivalisalmostalwayssentimentalized arrival oftheRedArmyinPrague,sightorsmelllilacs(orthatminglingwith literary contextthepoemconstitutesavariantonclichéassociatedpredominantlywith concealing thestenchofrottingfl shambles ofimmediatelypost-warPrague.Flowersoncoffi overinterpretation tosuggestthatthedeadtree-trunksrepresentdeathofidealsor rally felledtrees:asentimentalpoemaboutdeathinthespringofyouth.Itwouldbeimpish those youngPragers,vernalintheiryouth,dyingtogetherwiththeblossomonunnatu- street whentheUprisingislongover.Theimmediatemeaningconsiststhenofapicture point ofthepoemisthatyoungblossomdiesandonlydeadtrunksremainin the springvisionofchestnutblossomthatreaderorreciternearlyforgetscorpses.The [with emptyhands]).Naturally,howeverheroicthemajority oflittle-menfi fear oftheGermansduringOccupation. but chiefl hands’ ( also possiblyservedamnesia,butthatusuallyhasaheroizingfunctionis‘withour/theirbare particularly sickly Uprising. Someofthissentimentalizationleftnomark,forexampleJulieKaulová’s(?–?) Prague), Vopar with thesmellofblood,riverswhichwereshedingreatprison ofEurope’,p.7;inSeifert’s‘Praze’(To declares inhisbriefintroductionthatMayduringtheOccupation, ‘thescentoflilacsandrosesmingles p. 45;Drda,‘Vhodine p. 50;inIvanBlatný’s(1919–90) ‘Kve and smoke),inKuchynka(ed.), Deštivé poledne.Povídky — otherwiseshepayslittleattentiontotheliberation. when Svatáassociateslilacsandchestnutswithred-starredSoviettanksinherUprisingnovel ritual. JaroslavSeifert’s(1901–86) of littlegirlsinthegardenandjollymengoingintocitytofi mad’al perfection ofthepoem,Seifert’swisdominusing formerly undergroundwriterIvoVodsed’álek (born1931)fi grown intopartoftheCzechs’nationalself-defi [horse-]chestnut trees)isbyfarthemostanthologizedofUprisingpoems,indeedhasprobably 472 471 470 Amnesia wasgreatlysupportedbysentimentalization,particularlyinverseconcerningthe Svatá, Ivo Vodsed’álek, DieterSchallner,‘ObrazNe h mecka’, inKr h il (ed.), forthetree. holýma rukama

no y during1947;hefurthersuggeststhatthisfearbecamesimplyacontinuationofthe Pe h

one, 1963),renamed t dnu h Ozve il, p.15;inAntonínSpálenka’s(1908–82) ‘Prahabarikád’(Pragueofthebarricades),Vopar r h , p.155.Forexamplesoflilacs,seeHor h en andBroklová(eds), ny barikád.25básnízrevoluc 471 Revoluce h Felixir života (Arainynoon.Shortstories;Prague 2002),p.236;Br dvanácté’,inKuchynka(ed.), Thepoemtellsofthreefi andoccasionalvariants, nd mentionofitinwriterswhoarefarfromexpressinganysocialist Prager Totentanz (1945),wheretheUprisingbecomeslittlemorethansinging h 5.–9. kve mcu Neslušné sny , Brno,2000,p.96.Marektakesthetitleofhisbookon Prague r aNe h ten 1945’(May1945),Vopar esh, butthereaderdoubtsSeiferthasthoughtofthat.Inits Barikáda zrozkvetlýchkaštanu h ten 1945 h Obraz Ne mecka vletech1945až1947.VzniksoudobéhostereotypuNe Conclusory Essay (Indecentdreams;Prague,1995), pp.89,91–92;ArnoštLustig, h ních dnu , pp.46–47(46);ArnoštLustig, aboundsinlilac.Itappearsmechanical,however, h mcu 470 holé pe ghters atthebarricade,butissodominatedby r r 5.–9. kve , pp.236–52(251). , Prague,1945(hereafterVopar h ec, nition. Inthetwenty-fi h sti kaštan 472 h [barefi Kve ten 1945 Anequallycommoncliché,onethat h h ten c il, p.60;Spálenka’s‘Vu ns originallyservedthepurposeof insteadofthetechnicallycorrect rst anthologyofUprising poems,Josef r h , pp.74–77(76)–herestuffi sts/hands] or .1 (Barricademadeofburgeoning nds itnecessarytoglorifythe , pp.19,33;Drda, ght: somesuperfi h ezovský, Nikoho neponížíš h Lidé vkve il), wheretheeditor prázdnýma rukama rst centurythe r ne ghters indeed ghters h Ne adým’(Scent h h cial vernal (Thou má barikáda tnu ng lilacs ng , p.201.

h shalt mce 295 h il, ,

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited circumstances ofwhicharedescribedinNohejl’s one willfi accord, notjustonethatwasandsincethenhasbeenparticularlyassociatedwiththeUprising, the plightofAbyssiniansfacingMussolini,butsincephraseisaclichéitsown were, theclichéusuallyservespurposeofformalizinghistory.Originallytermechoed bravery beforeGermantroops. hands, butshesooncorrectsthatinalaterwork,whenthebarehandsreferstoPragers’ father notjointheUprisingbecause,hestates,itwouldbeuselesstojustwithhisbare Hve Vinohrady, abattlethattheCzechshadwonjustbefore6p.m.AlargepartofKohout’s half anhourlaterthePraguepolicebegantheirbattleforRadiobuilding,alsoin In factfi Uprising hadstartedprematurely;somewritersstatedthismoreexactly, fact ledtoatoposofliteraryandjournalisticwritingthatIhavementioned,namelythe an armeduprisingshouldtakeplaceafterageneralstrikehadbeendeclaredonMay7;this of whichplaysalargeroleinPar themselves withexcepttheir‘barehands’and‘angryspittle’. had simplyturnedawayordisappearedfromthestreets,fortheynothingtodefend on theGermanarmy’sentryintoPragueMarch151939,ZemanwritesthatmostPragers employing itafterthewarcannotbuthavehadUprisingatbackoftheirminds.So tion’ iscontinuing. to makeacompletelynewbeginning‘withtheirbarehands’,heisindicatingthatthe‘revolu- fi appropriately, ontheOctober28demonstration,Drdaemploys‘withemptyhands’and‘bare Dejvice, apartfromsmallerpocketslikePražac the governmentandarmycentralareasofLesserTown,Castledistrict(Hradc night theinsurgentshadmajorpartofcityundertheircontrol,butGermansheld same eveningtheROAsentitsfi Radio announceditscompositionandroleasthepoliticalleadershipofUprising.That Council haditsfi kve Kuchynka (ed.), Kuchynka’s (?)commentaryon selection ofpoemsabout1938–45,‘Utrpeníašte revoluce vc Hor revolution), inKuchynka(ed.), me 32, 33,41;Par 296 their barehands’, would enterthewaronlywhenvictoriousforcesweretiring,and theSovietswouldtakeallEurope‘with Kuchynka (ed.), ing withtheirbarehands,seeMariePujmanová(1893–1958),‘Kve ngers’. 477 476 475 474 473 h h On theverydaythatUprisingerupted,CommunistsandÚROdecided tnová revoluce sto pražské’,p.79;Branald, Sedlmayerová, K.J.Beneš, Drda, Zeman, ApparentlyitwasemployedbytheSovietstoo.Anoffi h h ec, zdná hodinavrahu Kve ghting brokeoutatnoon onMay5intheVinohradydistrictofcentralPrague,and 475 h Ne h nd itinworksaboutthewar,butdifferentepisodes. ten c WhenK.J.Benešdescribesthefi eské slovesnékultur h C má barikáda h h eskoslovenská Golgota ízek, h , pp.101–02(101);Br . 1 5.–9. kve Ohnivé písmo 5.–9. kve Bolševici, Benešamy , p.23;Svatá, rst meetingwithPražákatitshead,butitwasnotuntil9o’clockthatPrague Kac A lidpovstal h 476 r enka concernsthisbattle.Inthemeantime,at2o’clock,CzechNational h , p.2. h Sedlmayerovámakesanideologicalerrorwhenshehasherheroine’s ten 1945 ten 1945 , p.169,but , p.303. h Lazaretní vlak 5.–9. kve e’ (TheMayrevolutioninCzech literaryculture),inJavu , p.41;Hrubín,‘Pražskýmáj’(ThePragueMay),inVopar , pp.98–103(101);LadislavKhas’s (1905–76),‘C Pe , pp.48–51(49);Drda, h , p.379. t dnu 477 h rst reconnaissancevehicletotheoutskirtsofcity.Bythat , p.29. ezovský, h r h ten 1945 , p.96;Pražák,‘Pražsképovstánídnepátéhokve Du ízek’s book,theZelenáliškaschoolinSpor Robert B.Pynsent r m nazelenémsvahu , pp.50,123,139;Nohejl, Lidé vkve , pp.143–46(144);FrantišekBuriánek (1917–95),‘Kve rst post-wargovernmentandBenešashaving h tnu h Ne ka, particularlytheschool,besieging cial allegedlyinformedKrychtálekthattheUSSR Holýma rukama h , p.134. má barikáda , p.153.Forexamplesoftheinsurgents’fi h tnová revoluce’(TheMayrevolution),in Holýma rukama , p.52and‘Povstan 474 Alsoon1939,but,more , theWilsonStation(now h 473 estná revoluce’(Anhonest h Nonethelessthose stí národavpoesii’,in viz. , pp.3,20,23,24,28, r rková (ed.), h tna r.1945’,p.97; two daysearly. h , povstan h h il, pp.37,41; ilov —the h any) and h , veliké Pražská h tnová ght- Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited outlying suburbs;Svatá’s All nightandintothefollowingmorningPragersbuiltbarricades,fromcitycentreto Main Station),theFacultyofLaws(SSheadquarters)andbarracksinVršoviceKarlín. Council report: internment campforGermans;thefollowingisBranald’s adaptationofaCzechNational he certainlyknewthatimmediatelyaftertheUprising Theresienstadtwasturnedintoan attitude totheJewsisevidenthere.Onotherhand, bythetimehewrotenovel, fate amongstrun-of-the-millGentileCzechs.Iamwary ofsuggestingthatBranald’sown would say‘exploiting’,not‘creating’)ageneralindifference to,oralienationfrom,theJews’ and barelyatallwiththeGhetto,istruetolife.TheGermans hadsucceededincreating(some Little Fortress,wheremanyCzechsandothershadbeentortured todeathorsimplyexecuted, to helpoutthere.ThefactthatheorBranaldisconcerned chiefl Dutch, French,evenBritish)whojoined.Vošáhlíkdetermines togostraightTheresienstadt the camps,someofwhomwerestrongenoughtojoininsurgents,likePOWs(Soviet, Barényiová areexceptions,UprisingnovelsdonotmentioneventheJewishreturneesfrom is inconnexionwithhimthatBranaldfi Dr Vošáhlík,whoappearstoworkwonderswiththewounded.Wheneverythingisoverit ‘ours’. liberation playsonlyatinyrole,thoughatonepointRedArmytanksarereferredtoas the walloffi vlak 8, buttheinsurgentswonitbackat2a.m.onMay9. Masaryk Station,notfarfromWilsonwhichtheGermanscapturedat10a.m.onMay of Pragueat4a.m.onMay9.Oneparticularlyhard-foughtbattletheUprisingwasfor signed eighthoursbefore)thathostilitiesshouldcease.TheRedArmyreachedtheoutskirts tions inPraguehadstartedovertwelvehoursbeforeandthecapitulationofbeen midnight onMay8theCzechNationalCouncilandGermancommandagreed(negotia- into theeveningofMay8.Thefi began leavingPrague,hopingtoreachtheAmericanlines,thoughsomecontinuedfi initiative andthatnoagreementwiththemhadbeenenteredinto.ThateveningtheROA National CouncilbroadcastastatementdeclaringthattheROAwasfi driving Czechscapturedonthewaybeforethemashumanshields.InmorningCzech the countrysideandtanksbeganpractisingatrickfrequentlymentionedinliterature,thatis, residence there).Thenextday(May7),GermanarmouredtroopsmovedintoPraguefrom quarters beganwiththeROA(bythistimeCzechNationalCouncilhadalsotakenup 6 p.m.thefi to comethePragers’aidandby4p.m.fi of Uprising naturally, theheroismofmanyyoungpeopleusingsuchbazookasmakesforacommontheme functioning; aGermantankisdisabledbydisposablebazooka( 478 The defence,lossandregainingofMasarykStationmakesthesubjectBranald’s Branald, , wheretheauthorcaptureswithaneffectivelycoolnarrationGermans’shootingat [Red Cross]delegationfoundin thelargehospital,whichhadnomedicines,agreatnumberof fl Tormented byhungerandcorporalpunishment[ oors orfi 478 Probablythemostmemorablecharacterinthisnovelisgruff,golden-hearted Lazaretní vlak rst negotiations ofthePraguemilitaryinBartolome belles-lettres fty-eight insurgentsand,indeed,somenon-insurgents.AsinSvatá,theSoviet lthy palliassesnexttoeachother,thosesickwithtyphus next totheuninfected.The , p.277. . EarlyinthemorningofMay6,PragueRadiofi Pe h t dnu ghting wasparticularlyfi r centresonthebuildingofabarricadeanditssubsequent Conclusory Essay rst mentionsJews.Normally,thoughŠkvoreckýand rst detachmentsweremovingintothecity;at sic ], so-calledpoliticalcriminalslieontheblack erce onMay7and8,butjustbefore h Panzerfaust jská Streetpolicehead- y withthenotorious rst calledtheROA ghting onitsown ), and,quite Lazaretní ght 297 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited false’. frequently repeatedinUprisingliterature.Svatáwritesambiguouslythattherumours‘proved been encouragedbyrumoursthatAmericantroopswereapproachingPrague,something suggests, thoughinwhatheimaginestobeasatiricalmanner.IndeedthePragueUprisinghad fi and hisfriendshopedforliberationbytheAmericansorBritish(andsomePOWsdo concerns thePragueUprising;itdescribesNáchodversionofthatUprising.Danny one wouldliketothinkthatthesefunctionassmoke-screens.Thenovelonlytangentially infantile joyinjazz(aformofmusicoffi rator Danny’santesomnialmusingsaboutIrena,whomhewouldfainlove,andwithhis from literatureandotherwriting.Thenovelisgrosslyoverladenwiththepost-pubertalnar- published inCzechoslovakiaatleasttomentionaspectsoftheUprisingthathadbeenexcluded friendly mannerandsometimesnotevenwithanydecency.’ towards Jews,however,evenwhenitwasnotamatterofCzechoslovaks,inanythingbut themselves chiefl of theCzechRedCrossandagroupdoctorswereallowedin;theyconcerned .]offi . about thearrivalinTheresienstadtofCzechdoctorslikeVošáhlík:‘OnMay4[. reality hewasinmentioningtheJewsjustpassing.H.G.Adlerhasfollowingtosay support theverisimilitudeofforegoingnarration,butonedoubtsheknewhowcloseto Branald isattemptingdocumentarywritingofasorthereattheendhisnovel,perhapsto frequently perpetratedbytheSSisborneoutphotographs, especiallyinRouc a motifofUprisingliterature;forexample,Par brothers, emasculated,theirnosescutoffandeyesgouged out. narrator Dannytriestofi the satiredirectedat‘bourgeois’patrioticnon-insurgency wouldnothaveworked.The cruelty toSSsoldierstakenprisoneronMay9,killed May10;hadittakenplaceearlier, for havingacceptedtheirhelp.Škvoreckýbreaksanother literarysilenceindescribingCzech in defendingPraguefromtheGermansandtoSoviet condemnationofPragueleaders on stoppingthemdoingso.Škvoreckýisherealluding to thebraveryROAhadshown among theNáchodinsurgentsareattackingVlasov’smenandnon-Communistskeen Psychologie 298 ght theGermanshere),asdidmostmiddle-classPragers,Br 482 481 480 479 Lazaretní vlak Josef Škvorecký, Svatá, H. G.Adler, Ibid.,pp.291–92. Theresienstadt. but withouthelpfromthetransportauthorities,itcannotradicallyimproveterriblesituationin Committee oftheNationalCouncilisworkinghandinwithInternationalRedCross, orderlies andmedicine.ThesituationisevenworseintheJewishghetto.HealthSocial and bloodtransfusions,butthisisnotenough.Thereacatastrophiclackofdoctorsthere of typhusandtyphoid.Westartedimmediatelyseparatingthesickfromwell,givinginjections has onlythirty-six[square]centimetres’fl away. Theworstsightisthecourtyard,wherewretchedmenaresotightlypackedthateach clothes, tightlyfastenedattheneck.Theyarenowrefusingtocareforsickandrunning that theGermanpersonnelwhoaremeanttotendprisonerswearhoodsandoverallsovertheir sick, deliriousanddyingwithoutfoodlyingintheirownfi 481 MorepoliticallydaringthanthatisthetreatmentofROA:Communists , Tübingen,1955,pp.211–12. Pe h t dnu r , p.4. ispoliticallycosy,whichcannotbesaidofŠkvorecký’s y withtheprisonersfrom“LittleFortress”; inmanycases,theybehaved 479 Theresienstadt 1941–1945.DasAntlitz einerZwangsgemeinschaft.Geschichte,Soziologie, Zbabe h lci nd anexcuseforthis crueltywhenheseesthecorpsesoftwoCzech , Prague,1958,p.312. Robert B.Pynsent oor-space. Itisherethattherethehighestpercentage ciallydisapprovedofatthetimepublication),but h ízek describesCzechcorpsesinasimilar lth. Therearesomanylicethere 480 h ezovský fromtimeto 482 Thatsuchbrutalitywas Zbabe h lci , thefi h ka, anditis rst novel cials Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited together withtheshadowsofsmoke-blackenedsoldiers.’ a valuablestampcollectionwashungontree,dowsedinpetrolandburnedalive. cannon-fi Reicin andMareš’saccountoflivingtorchesadifferentnature:‘Sokolovothunderingwith though experiencingsuchsightscouldhaveinspiredsomecrueltyduringtheexpulsion,is only inémigréwriters)byportrayalsof‘livingtorches’.Ofliteraryhistoricalinterest, is epitomizedinliterature(inGermanfromthe1950s,Czechlate1960s,normally German. state. Czechs forbeingtooslowattheirwork.H.G.Adlerwrites: and thentrampleshimtodeath.OtherGermanswerebeaten ortrampledtodeaththereby property. DuringoneoftheregularfriskingsaCzechfi Prag set inTheresienstadt.Thenarrator’ssonfi think ofH.G.Adler,sooncemoreweAdlerwhenreadingMühlberger’sepisodes notes thatthePankrácCzechsdonotusepetrolorparaffi Mühlberger makesalinkwiththedeathofJohnHussandThirtyYears’War.One ing. of thehead.Thereareplentyonlookers,someswearingatGermans,justwatch- they arebleedingwrecksandthenleadthemoutintotheyardshootinback Prague: Weinberg German expelleeJosefMühlberger’s(1903–85)autobiographicalshortstory Probably theearliestliteraryrepresentationofconventionistobefoundinBohemian- was normallyhungupside-downonalamp-post,usuallybybothlegs,sometimesone. comes closetotheconventionalCzechliving-torchmurder,wherein,however,victim Munich, Eßlingen,1960,pp.155–74 (160). cellulose fi wires drivenbehindfi torch murderisnottrue.ApparentlysomeGermans(possiblySS)afterbeingtortured(red-hot view thatonlymembersoftheGestapo(orinformers,NazijudgesorSSmen)sufferedliving- 487 486 485 484 483 Czech brutalitytowardsthedefeatedGermans,whethersoldiersorcivilians,Nazisnot, Josef Mühlberger, Stane Reicinand Mareš, Škvorecký, Par 484 (MozartonthewaytoPrague)leftbyGermanguards intheirplunderingofJews’ from theirsocketsandthenthewhimperingdiedaway. Prague] forever,remainintheworldwhimpering,fryingskull,eyesoozing all aroundhimsothatwecouldwatch,andthecrying—.Thatwillremainingoldencity[of So hangingbythefeet,afi the majority,amongthemchildrenandadolescents,wereimprisoned onlybecausetheywere edly therewereamongstthemsomewhoguiltyofmanythings duringtheOccupation,but Bohemian GermansandReichGermanrefugeesweredeliveredto the‘LittleFortress’.Undoubt- They strungoneofusuphead 483 h ThepointhereisthatCzechviolencewasperpetratedpublicly,notinsecretlikethe ízek, DannybynomeansapprovesoftheCzechs’behaviour.TheybeatSSmenuntil h k, (Gallowsinthevineyard,1951).IttakesplaceyardofPankrácprison re, Sokolovoinfl lm andburntalive.InBystr Poválec A lidpovstal Zbabe h né ‘excesy’ h lci Der GalgenimWeinberg Sokolovo , pp.318–19. , p.119. nger-nails, genitalsbeaten),butwhile stillalive,werewrappedin , pp.197,130,250. ames, inwhichlivingtorches ofgirls,womenandoldladiesfl re underhishead,onlyatamelittlefi , p.87.

down becausetheyhadenoughoftheircustomarytorturing. Conclusory Essay h ice podPernštejnemaGermaninterpreterwhoowned , reprintedinMühlberger, nds a copyofMörike’s 487 nds thebook,tearsitup,hitsboy 485 n inthiscase.AsBranaldledusto Stane re sothatitwentslowly,andwe Der GalgenimWeinberg.Erzählungen h k pointsoutthatthecommon Mozart aufderReisenach Der Galgenim 486 icker That 299 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited rushed forwardandfi we areafterallMasaryk’snation—,humanitists.”ThehumanitistofMasaryk .]and . objected, kneltonthegroundandbeseechedrest:‘“Thesechildrenareinnocent[. the Czechs.’OnlyoneofCzechwomen,whowasatanadvancedstagepregnancy,had been badlyburntinanair-raidtheReich,andthischildwascarryingadollsmilingat being stuffedintoit.Oneofthelastchildren,alittlegirl,hadtobecarried,forherlegs jostling aroundtheair-raidshelterandeagerlywatchingchildren,perhaps300ofthem, numbers: ‘HowlingandbellowingthousandsofCzechs,predominantlyyoungwomen,were into moredetail,forthisisreportage,notfi In thatbunkeroverthere.’ is informed:‘ThisGermanbrood,thekidsfromchildren’shospital,aretobewalledup. and immuringtheminanair-raidshelteronCharlesSquare.ThegoodCommunistMartin making roominahospitalfortheirwoundedonMay9byclearingoutsickGermanchildren of Barényiová’slivingtorchesisanelderlywoman,thesecondasoldier: na pr hard bed’;thesentencewas,however, laterquashed.SeeMichalBauer, as acollaboratorin1946andsentenced totwoyearsinprisonwithhardlabourandthreemonths of it‘ona Nicht wundern,nur arm-bands with‘N’( or expellees’clotheshadswastikaspaintedonthem,butalsotheir suitcases.AllGermanssoonhadtowear swastikas werenormallydaubed(withhousepaintortar)overthe wholeface.NotonlyGermaninternees’ in theCzechcase,collaboratorsincludedprostituteswhohadserviced Germanpunters).InBohemiathe him. InthehowlingmêléeoneofCzechwomen’schildistrampledtodeath. have ataste;heiskeptconsciousaslongpossiblebyhavingwaterorvinegarpouredover then littlelumpsofmeatcutouthisbody,whichCzechsjostletogetholdsotheycan bad asliving-torchmurderisthescenewhereayoungSSmanfi 300 491 490 489 488 Barényiová ishauntedbythesightoflivingtorches,butperhapsmoreCzechinsurgents Barényiová, Barényi, Adler, TheFrench,weremember,paintedswastikason theforeheadsofinformersandcollaborators(and,as h elomu 40.a50.let old lady’ssteel-greyhair,thenherblackblouse,skirtandstockings withliquidfromashinytin. Thismatterisattendedtobyanelegant,delightful-lookingwoman.She gracefullysprinklesthe out. ‘They’ve fi backside!’ ‘Higher,’ bawlsthecrowd.‘Wewanttoseeeverything,notjustherbloomersand embroidery andablueskirtthatisbillowinglikehalf-openumbrella. onlookers’ headshangtwolegsindarnedblackstockings,oldfashionedwhitebloomerswithred For awhile,noone[inthecrowd]canseeanything.Thenropetautensandabove swastikas. just hadtochange‘German’‘Jewish’.TheragsthatGermanswearweredaubedwith .?Theclausesoundsfrighteninglyfamiliar;one . Germans. OnlybecausetheywereGermans. sick withtyphoid,althoughbothRussiansandCzechsurgedtheJewstodoso. sent intothetown[ghetto]tosweepstreetsanddoothermenialjobs,butalsotendthose be saidtothecreditofTheresienstadtJewsthattheyneverassaultedtheseprisoners,whowere administration, butthisadministrationdidnotstopRussiansfromrapingwomenprisoners.Letit systematic murderwasabsent;nowmercilessrevengeatwork.ThecampunderCzech had beenusualinGermanconcentrationcamps.ThesoledifferencelaythefactthatSS-run Theresienstadt 1941–1945 Prager Totentanz 488 Theyhadmiserablerationsandwereill-treated;theynobetteratimeofitthan Prager Totentanz rst gottopreparetheoldwomanwithparaffi .,pp.59–60.Thiswomanwasthewifeofpublisher VladislavCoufal,whowastried . . Ne , Jinoc h mec nally shereceiveda“coupdegrâce”,thatis,kickinthebelly.’ , German)onthem,asJewshadtoweartheStarofDavid. h any, 2003,pp.36–37. , p.262;scenebriefl , pp.225–27. Nicht wundern,nur , pp.214–15. Robert B.Pynsent y mentioned, Barényi, ction, andshemaywell beexaggeratingthe ...

Ntwneig u .)Barényiovágoes . (Not wondering,but. n andpetrol,’thosestandingnearestcall Das toteGeleise Ideologie apame rst hasanearshearedoffand 489 h , p.304;vonBarényi, t ’ . Literaturaainstituce 491 Thefi 490 As rst Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited to benefi blame forsuchepisodesontheworkingclass,thosewho benefi Unlike Barényiová,whoblamesallclasses,butparticularly thebourgeoisie,Lustigputs follows: brutal toGermansasthehadbeenJews.Oneofhisnarratorsremembersit she hadadmiredsuddenlybecomingbarbaric,LustigisdisgustedthattheCzechscanbeas torches andtootherformsofCzechbrutality.WhileBarényiováisappalledseeaculture had the Uprisingin1960s,then most ofthewarinTheresienstadtandAuschwitzhadbegunmentioningdarkside seen intheeyesoffellow-Jewsbeingbeatentodeaththere.ArnoštLustig,whohadspent of theSSmanintocanapé-sizemeatandinhiseyessheseessameexpressionashad nyiová’s FrauBlümelein,whohadspentthewarinTheresienstadt,witnessesconversion is typicalofBarényiová’stendencytomelodrama,butthepointwellenoughmade.Baré- executed bothhissonsandadaughter-in-law,butthenhehasheartattackdies. ‘enemy ofthepeople’andcallsonotherstostringhimup.HetellsthemGermanshad ist’ andherepliesthattheyareMasaryk’snation;someoneinthecrowddeclareshiman beings iftheyallowsuchthingstohappen.Thewomanangrilycallshima‘degeneratecapital- lamp-posts arenothumanbeings,anelderlymanreactsbyaskingwhetherCzechs When awomantriestocalmhersobbingchildbytellingitthatthepeoplehangingon there werehundredsofthembetween May5and9.SeevonBarényi, 493 492 Arnošt Lustig, Ibid.,pp.253–55.Shelater grossly(Iassume)exaggeratesthenumberofsuchlivingtorches, writesthat

is, likeJohnHuss]. pleaded andlaughedagruesome,desperatelaugh.Shortlybeforehedied,startedsinging[that was thoroughlysatisfi Thesecondburning—thistimeitwasaGermansoldierlastedoveranhourandthecrowd ‘Yes,weneedsomethingyoung!’ ‘Shewastoooldforustohaveanyfun!’ ‘That’snotit,’protestedthecrowd.‘She’d haditevenbeforetheroastingbegan!’ Finally,theoldladyisburning.Butallone heardwasonegurglingscream. prematurely.’ there adoctorhere?Ashouldalwaysbeforsuchthings,otherwiseGermansdie ‘Vinegar onherhead,quick,theoldwomanhasstoppedwhimpering,brutefainted.Isn’t conveyor-belts producingthousandsofmillionsroundsammunition aswelltanksand sake ofovertimepay,largerrationsmeatandsugarfathad, duringthewar,workedon obtain acertifi and thelessbraveattachingthemselvestothosebarricadeswhenit wasalloversothattheycould I haveheardthatduringthePragueUprising,whenbrave weredefendingthebarricades ring-dance aroundtheseburntcorpses.Itwashorrifying. lifting theirskirtsandurinatingontheheadsofthesesuspendedGermans. Peoplestarteddoinga .] Isawsomewomen . on lamp-posts,pouredpetrolalloverthemandthensetlighttotheir hair.[. punishing withoutcourthearingjustas,before,theyhadpunishedus.Theyhungthembythelegs Germans hadbeatenus[Jews].Somethingwasbeingsettled,butitnotpleasant.Theywere .]TheybeatGermans,children,women,oldpeoplejustas,before,some . had timetoescape.[. or forcingthemtojump,sometimeswholefamilieswhohadmovedPragueandthennot When Praguehadrisenanditwasallover,[Isawthem]throwingGermansoutofupstairswindows defected soonaftertheWarsawPactintervention),returnsagainandtoliving tmostfromtheOccupation: cate, andthevastmajority,prudent,indifferentcowardlyones,whofor Propast , 1996,pp.74–75. ed. Thesoldierbeggedandcursed,calledoutforhismother;hewept

especially inhisfi Conclusory Essay ction andessaysfromthe1980sonwards(he 493

Nicht wundern,nur ted orhadtheopportunity .,p.42. . . 492 That 301 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited permitted tokeepfi gun-ownership atthetimeofUprising(GermansinBohemia,unlikeCzechs,were above. InhispedestrianjournalisticmannerPar sniper motifcomportswiththecenturies-oldCzechtoposofslyTeutonthatIconsidered a matterofdespairratherthananexpressionthedeterminationtodefeatenemy.The not thatGermansdidfi Writers normallyexploitittoconveythenotionthatGermansnipingwaswanton,arbitrary, German sniper,amotifthatsoonbecomesinseparablefromoftheWerwolf/Wehrwolf. claim thatapsychopathhadestablishedtheCzechinstitutionoflivingtorches. of him.ThisisstillfairlyearlyonintheUprising.Whatnovelactuallydoes,then,to who hadbecomeaparticularlyviolentRG,butRyplgetshimfi name fromBubackbacktoBubák,too.Hehasfi monologue, expressesKohout’sownhaematicandlinguisticnationalism.Hehaschangedhis German Kriminalratrecentlybecomeaborn-againCzech,particularlyinonesentimental human-torch motifin fi According toRouc Prague hadbeensuppliedwithagreatdealofarmsand ammunition, and of theUprising,wereceivesomewhathystericalinformation thatGermanciviliansin In theoffi 302 rst dayoftheUprising.Fromaliteraryhistoricalpointview,Kohout’sexploitation 494 496 495 Another majormotifofliteratureconcernedwiththeUprisingandexpulsionis Soukup, ‘Pr Par ArnoštLustig andFrantišekCinger, pavement. girl dressedinatatteredHitlerjugend[=?BundDeutscherMädel]uniform,lyingbleedingonthe amongst theinjuredGermanwomen,BohumilHrabalfoundhiswife,Pipsinka,asixteen-year-old to makeupforwhattheylackedinrealpatriotism,and[Ihaveheard]thatitwasatthistime .]inorder . [= putbackinplace]thecobbles,andtheybeatkilledanyonespeakingGerman[. the Germanpopulation,beatingthem,allwaytoWenceslasSquare,thenmakingthemtearup for theirwar-timelackofcouragebyyellingrevolutionaryslogansanddrivingtheremnants locomotives andbayonetsfortheNaziwarmachine,and,aftershootingwasover,compensated insurgents] acquiredweaponsandammunitionforthecomingbattle. camps, incinemas,thefunctionroomsofpublichouses,schools andsoforth.Inthisway[the was clearingsuchblocks,andthesniperstheirfamilieswereconcentrated inimprovisedprison try weapons,ammunition,evenhand-grenadesinGermanfl population ofeveryageandsexunderwentfi and Germanschoolgirlswereshooting.Formonthsbeforethe revolutionthewholeGerman invalids withoneorbothlegsmissingwereshooting;twelve-year-old membersoftheHitlerjugend From windows,roofsandbalconiesatfi the familywasthathaddecidedonsuicide. from behindthelockeddoorsofaGermanfl .]Fromtimetothesharpcrackofashotrangout . ing outandclearingatticsrooftops![. of deviousmurderers!Howmanycourageousfi Sniper fi h ízek, cial 1946commemorative volume,inwhatisotherwiseagenerallyfactualaccount re! HowmanygoodCzechspersistedwithoutaninklingofthefactthattheywerevictims A lidpovstal 494 h ehled boju h rearmsintheirhomes;eventhegentleHübler’shusbandhadapistol). ka, theCzechsbeganbeatingtodeathdisarmedGermansoldierson , p.41. r Hve Pražskéhopovstánívednech5.–9. kve h zdná hodinavrahu re atentirelyinnocentcrowdsorthattheirsnipingoftenbecame 3 X18(portrétyapostr Robert B.Pynsent rst sightkindlysixty-year-oldgrandmotherswereshooting; 495 at. Sometimesmorethanone.Dependingonhowbig rearms trainingandthere were greatarsenalsofinfan- r ismorecomplexthanBarényiová’sorLustig’s.A

ghters diedwhilesearching Germanfl h ízek associatessnipingwithgeneralGerman nally caughtupwiththeserialkillerRypl, h ehy) ats. Onthisday[May6]thechieftask h , Prague,2002,p.273. tna 1945’,p.28. 496 rstandmakesalivingtorch ats orcheck- Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited pp. 319–47.Hisbook Br went togetherformanyCzechs. that shedespisedhomosexualsand,anyway,aswehaveseen,homosexualityandNazism Soviet offi Thus aWehrmachtoffi admirable humanbeing.WomennormallyhelpmaleGermansnipersinCzechliterature. out, shethrowsherselfdownontoOldTownSquare.Barényiovádrawsherasanentirely leagues.) ShetakesuppositioninthespireofTýnchurchandwhenherammunitionruns having killedallthecircusanimals.(Theyhadalsotorturedorkilled,both,hercol- (like Barényiová)andshetakestosnipingonMay9inrevengefortheCzechinsurgents ‘German’ womansniper,thebeautifulItaliancircusartisteRositaBella.Sheisananimal-lover top ofthat,forthe a memberofthegloriousRedArmy,butbecausesheispolicewoman the Activists. synonymous withNazi,becausefanaticismwasconsideredavirtuebytheNazisandthus distorted Kelch’sthin,fanaticalface.’Duringandimmediatelyafterthewar,was 2009). ‘Heinrich RuthaandtheUnraveling ofaHomosexualScandalin1930sCzechoslovakia’, Zeman) onCzech,NaziandSudeten Germanattitudestohomosexualityandthehomoeroticin Cornwall, sniper onMay9. Slavs andthedeviousGermans.In to themechanicalmisoteutonismfosteredbyNormalization regime. their homesandland.Sládková’sbookconstitutesafi morning —apparentlyjustbecauseheispartoftheprogramme ofremovingGermansfrom the Germanfi work intheSudetenland,wheretheywanttohelpbuilda newsociety;thelorrybreaksdown; 1982); theGermantakesinhislorryaCzechschoolmaster andhiswifetotheirnewplaceof ent reasonappearsinVe as nastythemothersinAškenazyandDrda.AsimilarGermanwhomurdersfornoappar- Adelheid triestosaveherbrotherfrombeingdiscoveredbytheCzechs.Sheisnomeans stabbing todeaththemainmalecharacterinnovel.Familyloyaltyisatplayhere,for man, forreasonswedonotlearn.Healsokillsthegoodpolicemanandcomescloseto near theiroldfamilyhouseandhehasahabitofsnipingatCzechs,onepointkillsrailway- tidy byhimself‘andhowthoroughly!Likeawoman!’. down thestreet.SvatásuggeststhatKelchishomosexualbywayhekepthisfl block, butalsothoseof,forexample,twoCzechswhowereescortingacapturedSSoffi had beensnipingandwasresponsibleforseveraldeaths,mostimportantthatofagirlfromthe where Svatá’sUprisingnovelissetdiscoverthatanelderlyPragueGerman,KurtKelch( is snipingfromtheirfl occurs inDrda’s 500 499 498 497 h ezovský hasa‘Slit-eyedRedArmywoman’whoisdirectingthetraffi Svatá, See MarkCornwallontheRuthascandaland its impact(ImentioneditinconnexionwithAdolf Svatá, Br h ezovský, Pe Pe cer inAškenazy’s h h t dnu t dnu 500 nds aplacetosleep fortheminanearbyinn,thenmurdersthemasternext Lidé vkve r r Theeponymousheroine’sfatherinKörner’s , p.49.For‘fanatical’,seemyquotation fromVajtaueratnote71. , p.52. Ne 497 h Struggle forYouth.TheBohemianWorld ofHeinzRutha má barikáda Thisisintendedtobeparticularlyshocking,notsomuchbecauseshe parteitreu h at andhasjustkilledaCzechchild.OnMay8thetenantsofblock tnu cer ishelpedinhissnipingbymotherandtheyaredealtwitha h , p.199. ra Sládková’s(born1927) author,theincidenttypifi Kve . Hereanelderlymothertriestoprotectherphysicianson,who 499 h tnové hve KurtKelchisaverycaricatureofNazi:‘Furioushatred Prager Totentanz Conclusory Essay h zdy . Aparallelcase,whichBezdíc Kouzelníku Barényiová presentsuswithanunusual ne exampleofanauthorpayingtribute 498 es thehostilitybetweenpeaceful Weknowfromherpre-warwriting Adelheid r v návrat , isforthcoming(CambridgeMA, ishidinginthewoods (Amagician’sreturn, c shotbyaGerman

on pointduty; h GLQ ek pointsout, at cleanand , 8,2002,3, cer 303 sic ), Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited ‘ evidence. organization waseffectivelyfi ‘Werwölfe’ (forexample,themurderoflord-mayorAix-la-Chapelle),butthatsuchan arms cacheswerefoundandthatsomemurdersbehindtheAlliedlinescommittedby men attemptingtofi Moravia. Noonedoubtsthatsuchdesperatelonefi the forestsafterGermany’sunconditionalsurrenderwereextensivelyactiveinBohemiaand est calibre,assumethatsuchanorganizationofloneorsmall-groupSSNazisfi occurs indocumentsfromthetimes,Czechwritersand,indeed,historiansevenofhigh- pp. 465–533(473). criminal proceedingsagainstthem. men andalthoughtheyweresentontoPankrácprison,byOctoberitwasdecidedcease in custodyattheLiberecRegionalCourt.‘Partisans’objectedtotreatmentofRG of thistorture.IncaseRokosandhisaideHložekwerearrestedinAugust1945held confessions ofthedeedstheywereaccusedof’.Threehis‘suspects’diedasaconsequence .anddiningforksweredrivenbehindtheirfi . knouts . suspected ofcontactswiththeWerwölfe.Hisvictimswere‘struckandbeatensticks laws. RokossetuphisownprisoninJabloneckáStreetLiberec.HerehetorturedGermans ‘Lt-Col.’ RudolfRokos,amanwithcriminalbackgroundwhoclaimedtobedoctorof (1,300 men),whoseactivitiesspreadovertheJablonecandFrýdlantareasaswell,wasledby police as‘tomatopurée’.AsimilarcasetookplaceinLiberec.HerealargedetachmentofRGs 1948 brutality,when,forexample,rightintothe1960s,testicle-crushingwasknownby ately post-waryears,sucheventslookbacktoGermanbrutalityandforwardpost-February both gavethePartyaholdoverlargenumberofpeople (theycouldeasilybeblackmailed potential Germanattacksinthefuture.Second,behaviour ofCzechsintheborderlands ordinary Czechsforbeingintheforefrontofpunishing GermansandsavingCzechsfrom atrocities. ThePartyexploitedthisintwodifferentways. First,theycouldgaincreditwith Marek, see ibid.,p.69.AFreikorps(Adolf) Hitlerdoesappeartohaveexistedforabrieftime;seeibid., p. 70and happened atKáleknearChomutovintheautumnof1945. .red-hotneedlesweredrivenintotheirbodies.’This . .theywerestrungup . red-hot iron. water; theywerebeatenwithsticksonthesolesoftheirfeet,whichalsoironeda fi .]agedbetweenthirteenand . counter-intelligence serviceinattendance,‘severalboys[. knowledge ofCol.PrášilthenewCzechoslovakArmyandwithmembersReicin’s pected contactwithWerwölfewasagroundfortorture.Forexample,apparentlythefull of Wehrwölfe’. agent forseveralyearsandhadsentmanygroupsinto the borderlands‘toliquidategroups responsible foralargenumberofatrocitiesintheSudetenland. HehadbeenanNKVD 304 Werwolf fteen’ weretorturedforsuchcontact:‘theirtesticlescrushed;theyhadtodrinkboiling 505 504 503 502 501 The Wehrwolf(modelledon‘Wehrmacht’[defenceforce],so‘defencewolf’,butalso Ibid., pp.28–29.ApparentlythesearchforWehrwölfewasaconstant themeofthe1945–46Czechpress; Ibid.,pp.161–62. Stane Tomáš Stane See Bryant, Barikáda zkaštanu h ’, ‘werewolf’)isanessentialelementofCzech1945–46mythology.Becausetheterm k, 501 Poválec Stane h Prague inBlack k andAdrianvonArburg,‘Organizovanédivokéodsuny?’,Pt1, 505 h né ‘excesy’ h k andvonArburg,however,writeofthe‘activitieswerewolves’. NoonedoubtsthattheCommunistPartywasdeeply involvedinsuch ght theirwayhomeortopresumedsanctuaryinwesternGermany,that r , p.76. , p.133. , p.240. ghting inBohemia andMoraviaisnotsupportedbyany 504 Robert B.Pynsent AccordingtoStane ghters orgroupsoffi nger-nails, tosecure,asRokosdeclared, h k, Capt.KarelVašoftheOBZwas 503 Likesomuchintheimmedi- ghters didexist,often Soudobé de h jiny , 3–4,2005, ghting in ghting 502 Sus- Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited had orderedWerwolfactivityto cease onMay11945(p.133). vinced allGermanorganizedpartisan activityhadceasedbythesummerof1945’(p.51).Martin Bormann states ‘contrivedtoworryaboutthe organizationwellintothe1950s,whereasWesternAllieswere con- on theterritoryofpre-1918Germany a is, hetellsustrue,thatGoebbels calledanyonewhoofferedanyactofresistancebehindtheenemy linesor view, thattherewasnoGermanguerilla/partisanmovementatthe endofthewar,isgrosslyexaggerated.It Execution, Consequences Socialist GuerrillaMovement1944–1946 movement’. suspicion ofbeingWehrwölfe,butthattheybelongedonlytoa‘supposedNaziunderground thousands ofyoungpeoplewereinternedintheSovietzoneoccupationGermanyunder they discoveredhewashidingWehrwölfeinhisgarden.’ revolution. Hiswifethinkshediedofastroke,butitissaidthatourpeoplekilledhim,when members oftheHitlerjugend. to her,PragueRadiohaddreameduptheidea(‘JungeWehrwölfe’)aspeoplebekilledlike enforcement. BarényiovámakesfunoftheCzechpreoccupationwithWerwölfe.According if theydidnottoetheline)andprovidedexcellentcandidatesforfutureCommunistlaw- in theheadatcloserange.EvenKohoutstillhas‘werewolves’. all down;thechildrenwhoescapedbulletsbyduckingbehindawallaresubsequentlyshot of hiswerewolfnovel,theCzechoslovakArmysurroundsagroupandmachine-gunsthem rately, the‘Werewolves’directlywithSS. ‘collaborated busilywiththeGermans’. in snipingatCzechsbylabellingheran‘alteWehrwölfi tion withitsowncodesigns,transmittedbybeing backyard, butstillyousleepeasyinyourbeds.’ is set,tryingtofrightenthehonourablesettlersbystating:‘You’vegotWehrwölfeinyour Czech hooligans(RG?)whoarelookingforbootyintheborderlandstownwherenovel Pynsent (ed.), vlak and Werewolves’. Werewolves’ andalsotheirchildrenas‘thefutureHitlerjugend,gougers-outofeyes Czechs attheendofwar.AdolfZemanwrites1938–39BohemianGermansas‘future Werewolf organizations,andwhosepropertyisstillbeingdestroyed.’ ‘one shouldunderstandthefeelingsofourpeople,whoarebeingconsistentlyattackedby politician HubertRipka(whomBarényiová,liketheNazis,despised)fromAugust201945: certainly aloyalservantofStalinismlater.ThejournalistdeZayasquotesbroadcastbythe undermines thislaststatement,though,forallIknow,hehadbeenacollaborator:was 515 514 513 512 511 510 509 508 507 506 GarethPritchard,‘YoungPeopleandYouthMovementsintheSovietZoneofOccupiedGermany’, Kohout, Körner, K.J.Beneš, Sedlmayerová, Sedlmayerová, Zeman, AlfredM.deZayas, Barényi, Barényi, , Wehrwolfgroupsareeffi C Zánik samotyBerhof Das toteGeleise Prager Totentanz Hve h 515 The PhoneyPeace eskoslovenská Golgota h ThereisnodoubttheSovietsusedrealexistenceofsmallgroups Ohnivé písmo zdná hodinavrahu Pr Du h 509 r ekroc m nazelenémsvahu , London,Henley,BostonMA,1977,p.98. Sedlmayerováintroducesafactory-owner,Milch:‘Hediedduringthe Nemesis atPotsdam.TheAnglo-AmericansandtheExpulsionofGermans. Background, h ený práh , pp.216–17. , p.170. , pp.32,91,112,282. , pp.149–61(149).PerryBiddiscombein , fortheWerwolfmyth,seeesp.pp.125,138,140,159. r , p.101. , p.294. 506 cient atacquiringintelligence fortheGermanarmyabout , pp.337,381. Later,shemakesfunofDrdaforhiselderlywomanhelping (Toronto,BuffaloNY,1998),assessesindetailhowthe‘orthodox’ Werwolf/Wehrwolf , p.66. Conclusory Essay 507 Sinceshelabels 512 511 Körnerhasthe‘Werewolves’asanorganiza- K.J.Benešassociates,tosomedegreeaccu-

. TheSovietsandthepoliticians oftheirsatellite carved inwoodforests. Ne n’; shealsowritesthat Drda had 510 h má barikáda Elsewhereshehassomeyoung Werwolf! TheHistoryoftheNational 514 Pritchardinformsusthat 508 anovel,shesomewhat InBranald’s 513 Attheclimax Lazaretní 305 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited by LouisDumur pp. 69,14,15,45,224,226)and Arnošt Procházka(1869–1925)calledhisbook-formreviewofa war novel ( movement’ inautumn1945(p.53). Thereisanotheraspecttothematter.Inperiodandbefore‘werewolf’ the (former)SudetenlandimmediatelyafterwaruntilCzechs wipedout‘muchofthecore the linesinBohemianLands;onotherhand,Germanpartisans, Werwolfornot,certainlyexistedin USSR (p.52).Becauseofthemilitarysituation,Werwolf organization hadnotbeenactivebehind American armsdrops,forthey,asothergroups,expectedsoonto be fi mand ofK.H.Frank(p.228).Nonetheless,someWerwolfgroups inBohemiawerelyingwaitfor (pp. 96,106),butalsosometrainingcampsintheSudetenlandand theProtectorateunderoverallcom- and smallergroupsliketheEdelweiss-Piraten.Therewasanélite WerwolftrainingschoolinSlovakia been ‘acompetitortotheNSDAP’(p.14).ApartfromSSWerwolf therewasaHitlerjugendWerwolf, by theNazis,Biddiscombesuggests,becauseofPetervonHeydebreck’s 1920sBundWehrwolf,whichhad reprinted intheautumnof1944atchancellery’scommand.None theless,spelling rare occurrenceinliteratureexceptparticularly Germans, butisintheendkilledbyanotherRGwhohassomedecency;gooda against Czechs,thenastiestCzechbeingRGAlenawhoclaimstohavekilled111 Czech andSlovak,menwomen.Barényiovádoeshavesomethingonviolence opponents andthosewhotheyconsideredmightbecometheiropponents.Thetorturerswere of them.Hedescribescriminalstakingovernationalcommitteesandtorturingtheirpolitical publishing anymoreofthem.MarešwasexpelledfromtheCommunistPartylargelybecause provide muchinformationaboutit.Soon,however,evenPeroutkabecamefrightenedof violence againstinnocentCzechs,butMichalMareš’s1947articlesinPeroutka’s supported theCzechnationalistnotionofGermansasunreformableNazis,too. additional justifi Germans intheSovietzone.TheWerwolforganizationservedasabogeymanthatgave Werwölfe/Wehrwölfe asaweaponforkilling,usingslavelabour,orbrainwashingyoung partisans ontheLünebergerHeideduringThirtyYears’War, General HansPrätzmann.Thenameoftheorganizationwastaken fromHermannLöns’snovelconcerning perpetrators ofatrocities(particularlyduringtheexpulsion).Par few instancesofRGsinterveningtopreventatrocitiesthoughtheywereamongthemain death. Otherinterneeshadtodisposeofthecorpses.Themanultimatelyresponsibleforthis fi governor ofthenotoriousCommunist-periodprison,Mírov),usedmethodslikeextracting Czech would-becollaborators,theinterrogators(oneofthem,JanPavelek,laterbecame the mainsiteofGestapotortureandexecutionduringwar,housedbothGerman released. accused ofcollaboration;threediedundertorture;soontherestweredeclaredinnocentand reports littleconcerningviolenceagainstCzechs.InBlatnáagroupofCzechswasinterned (The dead-letterbox,1960).ThetoposarisesagaininNahodilová’sDenemarková.Stane includes apolicesecretary),andthreeinhernovelset1950sMunich, people’s judges.Wefi against CzechsareportrayalsofGestapoagentsbecomingtheStB(StateSecurity)or has nothingbutpraisefortheirunitsduringtheUprising.AssociatedwithCzechviolence 306 vlkodlak nger-nails, drivingred-hotironspikesthroughfeet,quiteapartfrombeating,frequentlyto 516 515 Czech Stane The SSversionoftheWerwolf(werewolf)organizationwasfoundedinSeptember1944,andledby Continued ) wasusedbyFinktomeanGermans altogether,thoughespeciallyNazis(see h k, 516 belles-lettres Poválec IntheMoraviancapital,inKounic/Kaunitzhallsofresidencethathadbeen Ne cation totheexpulsionandanyCzechviolencethatmighttakeplace.It h né ‘excesy’ h mec h tí vlkodlaci ofthe1945–89periodmaycontainvirtuallynothingaboutCzech nd three examplesofthatinBarényiová’s , p.215. (Germanwerewolves,1921). Robert B.Pynsent parteitreu ghting withtheAmericansagainst the Der Wehrwolf writing,butStane h ízek washimselfanRGand Prager Totentanz (1910).Thisnovelwas Der toteBriefkasten Hne Werwolf h k doesgivea h (fourifone dá bestie wasused Dnešek , esp. h k

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited divoké odsuny?’,Pt1,p.480. the beginningofwinter.R into theillicit( Stane were toremain. – thatis,beforetheMunichAgreementwassigned.GermanSocialistsandJewishGermans down byBenešinaplantobeputbeforetheFrenchgovernmentmid-September1938 the atrocitiesthattookplace.TheideaofexpellingatleasthalfGermanswasfi liberation. TheleadershipofthenewCzechoslovakArmywasultimatelyresponsibleforall and ministrieshadbegunfurtherworkingoutdetailsofitsorganizationimmediatelyafter policy andmanydetailswereworkedoutduringthewar,ProvincialCommittee tion thatitmustbe‘orderlyandhumane’)makesnosense.Theexpulsionhadbeendeclared served intheWehrmacht,buthadthenbecomeanoffi was oneFrantišekCzech,whohaddeclaredhimselfGermanduringthewarandapparently 1946. Moravia beganmoreorlessconcurrentlywiththeUprising,andfi which willpermitCzechoslovakstoregaintheirdignity. understands expulsionasameansofensuringthatCzechoslovakiabecomestruenationstate, demonstrated themselvestobe‘honourabledemocrats’between1935and1938.Healso economic gapstobefi suggests anexpulsionofallSudetenGermans,whileadmittingthatitwouldleavemany Socialist JaroslavStránskýthatactuallytheWesthadrejected theexpulsion,butthatRed things lookedalittledifferenttoKlementGottwaldin Moscow. HesurprisedtheNational detail, butwereawareitwouldbeunrealizableiftheWesternAlliesliberatedcountry. encourage theGermanstogo.In1944militaryworkedthisterrorcampaignoutinmore a further381,000inthesubsequentweek;campaignofterrorwastobelaunched military advisersforesaw.2,846,000Germansweretobeexpelledinthefi a detailedplan,planwhichwasfulfi agreed inprincipleMay,Stalindidnotfi 1938–1945’, inZandandHolý(eds), and A.Siljak(eds), that pushedthroughtheresettlement[ and K.J.BenešgivesustheStalinistdistortionwhenhewritesof‘theMoscowdiplomacy tant extensionofourborderwithPoland’. something likea out asexpeditiouslypossiblesothatatthePotsdamconferenceAllieswerefacedwith agree inprincipletotheexpulsions1943.Hehadmadesurewerecarried Certainly somedeceptionwasinvolvedwhenBenešpersuadedtheAmericansandBritishto 523 522 521 520 519 518 517 If oneincludesinternment,whichmust,theexpulsionofGermansfromBohemiaand See,forexample, Brandes,‘EdvardBenešunddiePläneVertreibung/Aussiedlung’, p.21. K.J.Beneš, Stane Sobota, Detlef Brandes, ‘EdvardBenešunddiePläneVertreibung/AussiedlungderDeutschenUngarn ThemostreliableaccountoftheexpulsioninEnglishsofaristobefoundessayscontainedP.Ther Ibid.,pp.241,243. h 518 k andvonArburghavedemonstratedthattheconventionaldivisionofexpulsion h Intheirseriesofthreearticles( k andvonArburg,‘Organizované divokéodsuny?’,Pt1,pp.486–87. Glossy Ohnivé písmo divoký , pp.111,114. 519 Redrawing Nations.EthnicCleansinginEast-CentralEurope fait accompli In1941thePVVZwantedsomethingsimilar,andin1942EmilSobota , wilde lled andthatitwouldbeunfairtowardsthoseGermanswhohad h , p.382. ezác ) andtheorganized(post-Potsdam,thatis,afterAlliedinjunc- ; methodsofexpulsiondidnotchangeuntillateintheautumn, h makesmuchofSoviethelpinexpellingtheGermans( Transfer Conclusory Essay lledthoughnotintheimpossiblyshorttimeheandhis , pp.11–28(11).SeealsoStane pr h esídlení =Umsiedlung Soudobé de nally agreeuntilDecember 1943. 522 Infact,whereastheAmericansandBritishhad h jiny ciallocalassistanttotheNKVD. 520 [Contemporary history],2005–06) In1943,PresidentBenešaccepted ] ofourGermansandtheimpor- h k andvonArburg,‘Organizované , LanhamMD,2001. nished inthespringof rst weekofpeace, 523 Thenextyear rst written Nástup 517 307 521 )

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited time fussingaboutthat.’ ‘construct theguilt’ofGermanfarmers,Gottwaldanswered:‘Therewillbenoneedtospend Army couldhelptheCzechoslovaks.WhenStránskýaskedhimhowtheywouldbeableto would involve‘notunderstandingthevoiceofhistory’. as somethingtheCzechshadbeenawaitingforcenturies,andifitdidnottakeplacethat we mustnotstoporhesitateatanything.’ we mustbeginexpellingGermansfromourlandsimmediately,rightaway,usingallmeans; German, exceptforthethreewords“HeiminsReich!”Inordertoachievethat,however, May 171945:‘Myopinionisthatinournewrepublic,itshouldnotbepermittedtospeak loathed bytheCommunists,saidinaspeechdeliveredatNationalSocialistgatheringon to JanMasaryk,wereinfavour.ProkopDrtina,whowasbecomeapoliticianparticularly the populationofareawasonly75percentitspre-warfi Communist Partyactivists,butalsowithSlovaks,Hungarians,GipsiesandeventuallyGreeks, mitted offencesagainstthesecurityandunityofRepublic.’ Germans agreedwithHenleinism,Nazismandpangermanism,mostofthemhavecom- on October81944:‘mostGermansmustbeevictedfromCzechoslovakiaforever.Formost (and pro-Western)thanBeneš,HubertRipka’s,whohadsaidinalecturedeliveredLondon over thenextyear.InMay1947census had beenexpelled,andafurther80,000leftvoluntarilyoronleavingextendedinternment spring of1946between2,790,000and3,192,000,dependingonwhichstatisticsonegoesby, halls ofresidence,thathewillnotburntothegroundsome newLidiceandLežáky.’ some newGestapo,thathewillnotshootandsadistically tortureCzechsinsomenewKounic his sonorgrandsonwillnotonedaywearanSSuniform,thathejointheranksof one ofthoseGermanantifascistswhonowswearloyaltytodemocracycanguaranteethat be sparedfromexpulsion(thevastmajorityofthemintheendwerenotspared):‘Notasingle blood, Jer Pilsen commercialacademy,sharesJer profoundly ChristianFrantišekMareš(1884–1960),poet anddramatist,principalofthe Czechoslovakia inaNationalistand FascistEurope1918–1948 Impact ontheBorderRegionafterSecondWorldWar’,in Mark CornwallandR.J.W.Evans(eds), pp. 54–70(60). meaning ofourhistoryandrevolution’. hero ofR Czech intellectualsappeartohavefavouredtheexpulsion.Forexample,Party-offi offered theirsupportforanimmediatebeginning. immediately thewarended,beforeanAllieddiscussionofmatter,butSovietshad kia. 308 532 531 530 529 528 527 526 525 524 Drtina’s viewisinkeepingwithEdvardBeneš’sorthepoliticianconsideredmoreliberal I takethefi Jer Habr R Figuresfrom ibid.,p.227. Hubert Ripka,‘Novér Ibid.,pp.501–02. Ibid.,p.477. Stane 528 h ezác h Oncere-colonizationwasover,notonlywithCzechworkersandfarm-hands,letalone ábek, h h ina, h k andvonArburg,‘Organizovanédivokéodsuny?’,Pt1,p.491. h , h ábek believesthatnotevenGermanSocialDemocratsandthe‘antifascists’should Nástup ezác V zajetíAntikristove Nadc h gures fromZdene ’s h , p.305. love Nástup h k anadnárod h believesthatit‘correspondstotheir[theGermans’]guiltandthe ešení ne 524 h CertainlytheWesthadnoideathatexpulsionwastostart , p.267. , p.97. h h k Radvanovský,‘TheTransferofCzechoslovakia’sGermansand Its mecké otázkyvC Robert B.Pynsent h ábek’s view,seesexpulsionastheonlyanswer;he, 526 530

c. LikeAlbertPražák,Habr 160,000GermansremainedinCzechoslova- h SR’, inRipka, , Oxford,2007,pp.217–29(224–25). 525 CzechpoliticiansfromVáclavKopecký 531 GiventhataggressionisinGerman C 527 h SR vnovéEvrope gure. BetweenMay1945andthe 529 h ina seestheexpulsion Generallyspeaking, h , London,1945, 532 The cial Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited This conceptionhasbeendestroyed[bytheexpulsion].’ does notstandtoonesideinastateofneutrality,wheretheprogressmankindisfoughtfor. form ofSwitzerland”,alandwhereseveralnationslivetogetherinconcord,butthat adopting methodsthatareentirelyalientothem.‘OurprogrammewasMasaryk’s“higher been thrustontheCzechsbyGermansthemselves.Theexpulsionhasmeant of SubcarpathianRuthenia;hefeelsthattheexpulsionwasanemergencysolutionhad vanishes also:thelossoffourmillioncitizensgoestogetherwithtoSoviets such alargenumberofbourgeoisresidualvalues( bourgeoise —albeitonhardtimes)hadevidentlytoyedwiththoughinanovelwhere novel anironiccharactergivesaviewontheexpulsionthatSedlmayerováherself(asMasarykian that theexpulsionisjust,everygoodCzechandCommunistamisoteutonist.Inthis was nothingmorethan‘thetransferofHenlein’sadherents’. force thathadhelpedhiminhiscampaignofintervention inRussiaattheendofGreat Churchill, nodoubtstillrememberingthattheCzechoslovaks weretheonlylargearmed Czech side,withconsiderablehelpfromthenewarmed community inBohemia,theSoviets. fested considerablebrutalitytoeachother;nowthevast majorityofthebrutalitywason major changedidtakeplaceonMay9.Beforeliberation, bothGermansandCzechsmani- democracy withCommunistsinthemostimportantgovernment positions. ‘democracy’ couldbenaturallyfusedwithSoviet-style socialism tomakealargelycapitalist the ‘Masaryktradition’;liberalsmoreorlessconsciously deluded themselvesthatMasarykian Masarykian idealscertainlyattended1945.Communists pretended theyhadgreatrespectfor will beuptoyou,ouryoungpeople,saveyourcountry.’ no longerthreatenus,atleastinourhomecountry.Iftheystartedtryingitfromabroad, daughters, heirs,forwhomnothingintheworldisdearer.Theymustleavesothattheycan Germans hereinthiscountryanymore—theywantedtodriveusout,theland’struesons, however, willnottrusttheGermanwhenheisbeyondborder:‘Wehave about theexpulsion.Sedlmayerová’s For Koch,then,thereislittlereasonfortheCzechoslovakstobeself-satisfi the samevehiclesasGermanshadusedforJews: resembles Nazithinkingtoomuch.HeisconcernedthattheCzechsareusingforGermans Once, hewrites,foreignersweregreatlyvaluedinCzechoslovakia,butpresentmisoteutonism remind themof,andalsototrynotthrowoutthegoldcrownwithmouth-water. while notaversetotheexpulsion,askshisreadersthinkaboutwhatitmeans,should the 1940stherewerenotCzechwriterswhohadmisgivingsaboutexpulsion.K.F.Koch, 536 535 534 533 While, Irepeat,therewasnoentirelyclearbreakbetween theUprisingandexpulsion,a Sedlmayerová, Koch, Ve FrantišekMareš, ’15.III.1939’,inKuchynka(ed.), me tostatethatthepre-warsystemforprotectionofminoritiesliesinruins.’ they haveremovedtheirownrights.Wecanonlyreportourpresident’swords:‘Itispainfulfor with whichtheyhaddugtheirowngraves.Noonewillspeakaboutthemforalongtime,since state, andforgetthattheseminoritieshadthemselvesbecomeaninstrumentofcriminalbehaviour with thenotice:‘8horsesor40men.’Furthermore,Czechoslovaksbelievethattheyhaveanation We, too,usedtohaveboxesinthetheatrereservedforforeigners;nowweboastrailwaywagons h ra Sládková, Slovo málidskost Du Kouzelníku r m nazelenémsvahu , p.207. r v návrat , Prague,1982,p.83. , p.17. Conclusory Essay Du r m nazelenémsvahu 5.–9. kve pr h ežitky h ten 1945 536 ) isdefeatedintheend,thisview Asenseofthepermanentloss 533 bytheendhasfi 534 , pp.7–8(8). Stillinthe1980sexpulsion Allthisdoesnotmeanthatin 535 ed, complacent ed, rm message rm 309 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited learn fromSmetana,waspreventedasmuchbyEisenhowertheSoviets. troops), rememberingthat,ChurchillhadbeenverykeenonliberatingPrague,but,aswe in MurmanskandArchangelthesoldierswerewar-worn,nolongeroffi War (thoughafairnumberofBritishtroopswereinvolved,andmilitarilysuccessful,thiswas pp. 47–48(47). avengers’. bly, beginning.Writingin1943,ReicinhadcalledSovietsoldiersCzechoslovakia’s‘national Edvard Benešwouldaddressthenation.Sovietizationwasquickly,yetformostimpercepti- deputy primeministerGottwald,whowouldaddressthenationonMay11,fi Fierlinger (whohadbeentheCzechoslovakambassadortoMoscow)andCommunist May 10,thenewNationalFrontgovernmentarrivedinPrague,ledbyprimeminister Czechoslovak RAFmenarrivedinPraguethreemonthslater.Thedayaftertheliberation, days beforeCzechoslovak,BritishandAmericantroopsdrovethroughthecity, the fi vanguard oftheliberators,CzechoslovakcorpsRedArmyalsoenteredPragueas known) camel,andthemassofwomensoldiersleftPragersstunned.Thoughnotin trains theRedArmybroughtwithit,includingatleastone(thephotographis,orwas,well soldierly grimeglorifi had longspreadamongstthemiddleclasses,RedArmy’sliberationwaswelcome,its the rapingthathadgoneoninMoraviaandafterallrumoursofSovietbrutishness 1967) shortstory‘BarikádynaBor The glorifi Red ArmyinCzechverse.Fictionsawplentyofit,too,mostlyayearormorelaterthan degree ofsentimentality,suchaswhenSoviettanksare called ‘ours’( Even inanovelwheretheliberationconstitutesminor episodeattheendwemayfi demanded. Sentimentalizingmonumentalityformedpart oftheliningIronCurtain. (like Majerová)orminor.Writinglikethiswasdemanded orauthorsimagineditwas American orBritishliberationwouldnothavebredwriting ofthissortfrommajorauthors or indeedsomeundercoverpanslavism. the employmentofwordsuggestssomepermanent union betweenPragersandSoviets, of soldiersfromvariousrepublics,racesthe[Soviet] Union.’ from theslopesofStr when pocketsofWaffen-SSmadethemselvesheardnear PragueCastle:‘Germanfi Army exoticin ‘Germans fl prowess, shelaudsthe‘katyushka’( saying thattheydrinkonlywater,nevertouchalcoholicdrinks.Tolaudtheirmilitary this adistributionofbooty.ManySovietsoldiersrefusethealcoholCzechwomenofferthem, for clothes’—itisimprobablethattheCommunistMajerováwantsherreadertoconsider watches, butbecausetheysolovechildren,givethem‘chocolate,sweets,fabric soldiers’ behaviourisintendedtorectifycontemporarystereotypes.Thesemendonotsteal 310 540 539 538 537 Much of Bezdíc Much of Branald, MarieMajerová,‘BarikádynaBor Reicinand Mareš, OnChurchill andtheliberationofPragueseeKokoška, rstlocalAlliedtroopstogetthecapital.TheSovietvictoryparadetookplaceseveral 538 cation oftenapproacheshagiography,forexample,inMarieMajerová’s(1882– ee inwildpanic’.WhereŠkvoreckýmadethemultiethnicnatureofRed Lazaretní vlak

Zbabe h ek’s articlehereconcernstheadventandhyperbolicglorifi Sokolovo h ed, itsvictoriesandhugelossofliferecognized,heroized.The h lci ešovice. Ourfi , p.277. , Majerovámakesitamodelofsocialistinternationalismanddiscipline , p.59. h islavce’, inHrubínandHodek(eds), h islavce’ (BarricadesatBor Stalinorgel rst defendersfellintorankquietly, disciplined:aplatoon Robert B.Pynsent 540 LikeMajerová,BranaldcelebratesSovietvictories ) rocket-launcherthathadsosuccessfullymade Praha vkve h h islavka), wheremuchofSoviet tnu 1945 Pame h , pp.58–59,60–62,190. tník Pražskéhopovstání1945 naši 539 Thepointisthatan ) inBranald,where cially front-line cially 537 vedaysbefore cation ofthe Evenafterall re clatters nd a nd , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Soviets andnotthePragersthemselveshadliberatedtheircity: whole novelhasconcernedCzechcourage,thereaderwillperhapsnotbepersuadedthat in amannerthatactuallydrownsPragueamongthosevictories—mindyou,sincethe naturally, involvedinalargenumberofenterprises Prague andelsewhere,too,tracing close, andthatareasbeautifullycolourfulapaintedEasteregg.’ beautiful, sonorous,expansivewordsthathavethefragranceoffarawayplaces,andyetareso ‘The CzechstakedeepdraughtsoftheRussianlanguage;theirheadsandheartsarefullits Now highonhisPartyroost,Drdawritesinthetitlestoryofaninfamouscollection: The RussianlanguagebecomesaninfantilepanslavmotifinwritingabouttheLiberation. roses ofherbreasts. away byaSovietsoldiertolovehiminhisdistanthome; therehewouldsleepontheguelder gratitude isapoembyRenataHoralová(1911–?),inwhich thepersonalongstobecarried Soviet people.’ fraternal Sovietbloodwasspilt.Wesweareternalfriendshipwithourliberator,the into aParty-linestatement:‘Weswearthatweshallbeworthyofthisliberation,forwhich inhabitants ofasmalltown(probablyPr ably educatedreader.Directpropagandawasmorehonestwritingthanthis;inDrdathe they lookedmorelikecaricaturethanadmirationofatriumphantarmy,atleasttothereason- descriptions likeDrda’sandBeneš’sisthat,bythetimetheseworksappeared,in1950s, is afurrowwaitingforCzechseed. After sexual rebellion,wherebyatrue Czech womanshouldhavesexualintercourseonlyinfi She wasnopoet,butanunusual phenomenon,blendingCzechnationalistRuralismwithModernist of Czechpatriotism,andalively collection ofshortstories,someorperhapsalltakenfromherfamily history. Before thiscollection,Horalová had publishedanotherverseworkwhereshepromulgatedthesexualization offi most luxuriousinPrague,thehotelwhereLordRuncimanhadstayed.These‘high-ranking characteristics asDrda’smen.Thesettingis,however,theAlcronHotel,attime farm is.AgroupofSovietoffi and theluckyone(s)couldgoonatriptoGeorgiaseehowmiraculousStalinistcollective soldiers stationedinone’svillagemeantthatmostofthemenbecameconvincedCommunists had, then,beenanactofSlavmagnanimity.Inthisstory,havingamultiethnicgroupSoviet big aheartasRussian.Warandvictoryinthewar,theirliberationofCzechoslovakia, the ‘expansiveness’oflanguagewithRussians’bighearts:nooneinworldhasas and thewholebreadthoftheirchestsglistens,iridesceswithmedals’. 545 544 543 542 541 The RedArmyandtheNKVDwerebothinvolvedin theexpulsions.TheNKVDwas, eaaHrlv,‘l yh...’,inHoralová, . RenataHoralová,‘Šlabych. Drda, K.J.Beneš, Drda, Ibid.,p.279. cr ...]smokelong,fat . cers [. The citycallsoutthegloriousnames,Stalingrad,Kharkov,Kiev,Moscowandasks The cityissinginganddancingaCossackdance.Andthetanksstartoffagain,arestoppedagain. long years. is what,thattheverythingthat,theywantedtohearandhavebeenlookingforwardforsix plateau, somethingrazedtotheground./Itisawonderthatpeopledonotweep,because [a versionofRussian:HowwasitinBerlin]andissatisfi Krásná Tortíza Krásná Tortíza 541 Ohnivé písmo 544 Evenmorehonest,oneofthemostgenuine-lookingexpressions 545 , p.65. , p.11. , p.377. cers inK.J.Beneš’sUprisingnovelhavesomeofthesamestock papirosy Kve , laughloudlywithanexpansive,child-likemerrylaugh, Conclusory Essay h h ten c íbram) aregivenwordsthatpervertgenuinegratitude h eské zeme Kve h ten c h shedisappearedfromCzechliterary history. h eské zeme ed byaneloquentgestureindicatinga h , Teplice-Šanov,1945,pp.16–17(16). 542 Drdagoesontoassociate 543 Thetroublewith Kak ževBerlinu elds, forhervagina

311 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited discovered them,iftheywerenotalreadydisarmed, shotthemincoldblood. searched theforestsinJilemniceregionforWehrmacht men;itappearsthatoncetheyhad expellees. One-thirdoftheCzechpartisangroupNikolaj wereRussiansandthewholegroup sometimes tookoverthedutiesofconfi Germans whohadcometotheBohemianLandsafter September301938,andotherwise ‘a fewcivilians’.SovietsoldierswereinvolvedintheexpulsionofReichGermans,thatis, group ofallegedmemberstheSSinFolmava;theykilledthirtypeople,‘armedNazis’and Czech ‘partisans’oftheNivagroup,whoonMay13madeupataskforcethatpursued in massmurdersaswell.ItisnotclearwhetheritwasservingsoldiersorPOWswhojoined islands ofindigenousGermansliketheJihlavaandSvitavyareas’.Sovietsoldierswereinvolved the less,LudvíkSvobodaclaimedthatSovietshadputpressureonCzechsto‘liquidate that slavelabourconstitutedpreferabletreatmentofexpelleestoconcentrationcamps.None exploit inhisarticlesforPeroutka’s conditions ininternmentcampsforGermansMoravia,knowledgehewouldbeableto case ofmistakenidentity.Ithad,however,taughthimatleastsomethingaboutthehorrifi of hisinterrogation,hewastreateddecently,andsoonitbecameclearthathadallbeena war, andeventhoughtheNKVDappearstohavetakenhimoffBalticforonepart Svoboda andsoforth.MichalMarešhadanextendedbrushwiththemimmediatelyafterthe war), helpingsetupespeciallyReicin’sintelligenceservice,advisingthedefenceminister Russian exiles(whohadbeenfavouredbytheGermans,especiallyatmiddlestageof pp. 13–49(34). to ensuretheirhelp. actually theCzechsonspotwereorderedbytheirauthoritiestobribeSovietswith‘gifts’ Czechs atleastclaimedtobeNKVDauxiliaries,andprobablywereforsometime. vent theexpulsions.Stane received anundertakingfromStalinthattheRedArmywouldneithertakepartinnorpre- German forcesandundesirables’.AttheendofJune,aCzechoslovakgovernmentdelegation ‘front’ thattheyshouldhelpCzechoslovakforces‘cleansetheterritoryofremaining May 25thecommanderofUkrainian‘Front’,IvanPetrov,issuedorderstoallunitshis were notenthusiasticaboutdoingtheCzechs’dirtyworkforthem.Onotherhand,on Army uniform,whowasbyallreportsamemberoftheNKVD. or sopeopleweremarchedoutofMladáBoleslavintoafi the sufferingofSudetenländerBodenbach(Podmokly) atthehandsofSovietsand, expulsions givenbytheAlliestoPolesandCzechoslovaks, presentsagrimpictureof and After provisionally interned. apparently inNovýBydžov,whereanyonetheNKVDwasparticularlyinterested in theformerGestapoheadquarters,PetschekHouse.In1945,therewasanother‘facility’ assertions inBarényiová’s 312 549 548 547 546 It waschiefl A November1945articlebyF.A.Voigtinhismonthly magazine Stane Tomáš Stane Ibid.,p.204. Stane h h k, k, , entitled‘OrderlyandHumane’afterthePotsdam conference guidelinesfor Poválec Poválec h y ordinarySovietsoldierswhohelpedintheexpulsions,butitappears that k andAdrianvonArburg,‘Organizované divokéodsuny?’,Pt2, h h né ‘excesy’ né ‘excesy’ 548 546 ThatsuggeststhatatleastmajorpartsoftheSovietliberationarmy TheNKVDindulgedinmoreopenlyviolentactivities,too.Thirty , pp.14,26,19,224,15–16,175. , p.180. h Prager Totentanz k quotesfromthetextofagreementpassagewhichstated Robert B.Pynsent Dnešek scating Germanproperty,housesearchesandguarding , theNKVD,withOBZ,haditsheadquarters in1947.InPrague,atleastaccordingtorepeated eld andshotbyawoman inRed 547 Someparticularlybrutal The NineteenthCentury Soudobé de h jiny , 1–2,2006, 549 c Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited there. soldiers penetratingtheGeneralHospitalinPragueandrapingseveralhundredwomen roughly bySovietsthanCzechs(again,especially‘partisans’).BarényiováreportsSoviet late atnightandwantedwomen.Nonethelesswomenwereasawholetreated have childrenturnedthemselvesintorapevolunteerswhentheSovietscamecamp In thiscasetheGermanwomensoonorganizedthemselves;agroupofwhodidnot onto adungheap. who survivedallthebeatingsandothertorturesweretaken offtobeshotandthentossed tattoo himself),beatinghisgenitalswithastickuntilthey fell off.Anyofthe‘suspect’Germans physician’s insistencethathehadnotbeenintheSS(accusing himofhavingremovedthe gendarmes inChomutov,whichled,forexample,tothe CzechsnotbelievingaGerman Army didtheirbesttostopthenefariousbrutalityof theCzechoslovakArmyand than bySovietsoldiersorintelligenceoffi in authority(‘government’orthosewhowiththeirweapons looked‘government’)rather too. rape inDurych’s mentioned abovethealltoocredibleportrayalofSoviet,followedshortlybyCzech‘partisan’ mentioned. later, Czechs;thematterofSudetenlandCzechs’sufferingunderRedArmyisrarely in Roudnice. invasion andimmediatelyafterwards,butalsoinCzechinternmentcamps,forexample,that died inasmallerSovietPOWcampPolná.rapingtookplacenotonlyduringthe August. Here,asusual,deathswhiletryingtoescapewererecorded(twelve).Thirty-sixmen one oftheprisonersweredead;eighty-twothemhaddied(beenkilled)byend Havlíc 1990s tohear.TheSovietsestablishedaPOWcampinNe This accountisbynomeansexaggerated,reportswhatmostCzechshadtowaittillthe after thearrivalofSovietsoldiers,WesternAlliesrecorded87,000rapes. women of BerlinorVienna.Inthefi 554 553 552 551 550 Most oftherapingandkillingafterendwar was carriedoutbyCzechoslovaks Stane Judt,‘ThePast isAnotherCountry’,p.224. Olga Barényi, Stane Citedinde Zayas, reside nearby. camps intheneighbourhoodandscreamingofmaltreatedpeoplecanbeheardbythosewho usually stolen concealing valuables.Thedeporteeswereallowedtotakeasmallamountofluggage,butthiswas indiscriminately. TheycontinuedthelootingbegunbyRussians;somepeoplewerekilledfor League], mostlyyoungmenwho,eveninappearance,resembledtheSS,usedwhipsandrifl by Czechsontheslightestprovocation.TheN.S.B.[Národnísvazbrannosti=NationalDefence allegiance. Theywererobbedandotherwisemaltreated—evenwomenoldmenwhipped .]Germanswereexpelledorsenttoconcentrationcampsregardlessoftheirpast . took over],[. outrage When [Bodenbach]wasoccupiedbytheRussians,thereareignofterror,looting,and h 552 ku h h r Praguewomen,however,GermanorCzech,didnotsufferasmuchthewomen k, k, sought medicalattentionafterbeingraped;inVienna,duringthefi v Brod).ByDecember1945(lastSovietdeparturefromCzechoslovakia),ninety- Poválec Poválec

to women.TheCzechssufferedaswelltheGermans.[WhennewCzechauthorities 551 HüblerdescribesthisrapinginthetwocampsshewasnearHradecKrálové. h h Das toteGeleise en route né ‘excesy’ né ‘excesy’ 550 Boží duha 554 TheSovietintervention,likethatofonememberthe localnational Nemesis atPotsdam byCzechsoldierswho‘controlled’theroads.Therearefourconcentration , p.130. , pp.195,270,205. . WithmassrapingcamevenerealdiseaseinCzechoslovakia, rst few weeksafterthecaptureofBerlin,Judtwrites, , Munich,1961,p.99. , p.106. Conclusory Essay cr. Stane cers. h k reportsinstanceswheretheRed h mecký Brod(soontoberenamed rst threeweeks e-butts c. 90,000 553 313 I Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited his wayhometoPrague Auschwitz-Birkenau andGleiwitz)thenofSovietsoldiers’treatmenthimashemade account ofhisliberationfromBlechhammer(previouslyhehadbeeninTheresienstadt, Army men.AparticularlyevidentexampleofthatappearsinF.R.Kraus(1903–67),his propagandistic, andnotwrittenwithPartydictatesinmind,thatrelatesthekindnessofRed committee, evidentlyhadnoimpact.Indeed,onewillfi Moscow onApril171945thefollowingwordsappeared: tent demonstrationofSovietsoldiers’generoustreatmentSudetenGermansin práh country’s leadercouldbetakenasordersallowingfreerein toanythug,includingoffi death-squads toviolenceagainsttheGermans;onother hand,suchstatementsfromthe drive thethugsofRG,newCzechoslovakArmy, letalonethewould-bepartisan we heartoomuchHitlerorMoravecinBenešhere.Itwould havetakenfarlessthanthisto about it—toliquidateentirely[ shall getdowntoworkstraightaway.( In aspeechdeliveredinBrnoonMay12,Benešwasparticularlyrabble-rousing:‘Nowwe beings, thattheyhadbecome‘asinglegreathumanmonster’. employed theessentialcliché,thatbyvirtueofthiswarGermanshadceasedtobehuman in Slovakia.’ dovat speech inPrague,OldTownSquare,hisphrasehadgained broaderapplication:‘to war, thatisuntilafter‘thepeople[ one pointBenešhadbeenconsideringnotreturningtoPragueuntilthreemonthsafterthe London, Benešhadexpectedmassanti-GermanviolenceintheliberatedCzechoslovakia;at Svoboda. TheMinisteroftheInterior,VáclavNosek,reportedthat,whilehewasstillin of arabble-rouser,thathemustbeheldalmostasresponsiblefortheatrocitiesGeneral ning (May1945),Stane article demonstratingthattheexpulsionswereorganizedfromcentreverybegin- us thattheliquidation[ German questionintherepublic.’OnleavingBrno,hedeclared:‘Itiscleartoyouandallof and Germans’. A pr 314 560 559 558 557 556 555 In hisbookonCzechill-treatmentofGermansduringtheexpulsionandinthree-part Quotedin Stane Quotedin Brandes,‘EdvardBenešunddiePlänezurVertreibung/Aussiedlung’, p.23. Quotedin ibid.,p.499. Quotedin Stane Quotedin Stane František Kraus, h ived’ zpe isatrifl Have nopityinsettlingaccountswithtraitorstothenationandrepubliceither! accounts withtheGermansforalltheiratrocitiesandhavenomercyonGermanmurderers. of theenslaved,fortearsandgriefsomanyunhappyfamiliesinournation.Gosettle the deathsofthoseexecutedandtorturedtodeath,forsufferingprisoners,humiliation retribution forthebloodyexecutionsofHeydrich,Daluege[Heydrich’ssuccessor]andFrank, torment ofsixyears’Germanoccupation,andrememberthatnowthemomenthascomefor Let yourelementalhatredoftheGermanthugsburstforthfromhearts.Recallallhorrifi particularlyuncompromisinglytheGermansinBohemian LandsandtheHungarians h t našeroztroušené e overcooked,butitisnotinedible. 560 LikeH.G.AdleronseeingCzechtreatmentofGermans inTheresienstadt, 556 InaproclamationoftheKošicegovernmentbroadcastbyLondonand h h h Plyn, plyn k andvonArburg,‘Organizované divokéodsuny?’,Pt1,p.499. k andvonArburg,‘Organizované divokéodsuny?’,Pt1,p.492. k, Poválec h k withvonArburgalsopointsoutthatEdvardBenešwassomething likvidace , Prague,1946,passim. via h né ‘excesy’ ... KatowiceandBudapest. pakohen ] oftheGermanswillbecomplete.’ vylikvidovat , p.98. lid h Robert B.Pynsent [1945],2ndedn,Havlíc ] hadmadetheirfi Applause , Beneš’sneologismsuggestingextermination]the ). Myprogrammeis—andImakenobones 555 IsuspectthatSedlmayerová’sconsis- nal reckoningwiththecollaborators h ku r v Brod,1946,p.84.FrantišekR.Kraus, nd Czechliteraturethatisnot 559 BythetimeBenešgavehis 558 Inthesamespeechhe 557 Pr cers, for h ekroc vylikvi- c h ený Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the Brnopolice. Vaculík (born1926),ledagroupofCzechcitizensinbringing achargeofgenocideagainst Most victimsdiedofexhaustionordisease.In1995,the formerlydissidentwriter,Ludvík gathered inafi slovakia, buttheCzechoslovakborderguardswouldnotre-admitthem,andsotheywere the marchsouthtoAustria;AustrianauthoritiesturnednowDPsbackintoCzecho- estimated thattheCzechscauseddeathof the evictionof manoeuvring oftheNationalSocialistsandother‘bourgeois’parties. for brutalactionsin1945–46suddenlybecameafterFebruary1948victimsofthepolitical perpetrators toworkforStateSecurity(StB).Indeed,oftenpeoplewhohadbeeninvestigated information wasalsoemployedagainstadversariesoftheregimeandasameanspersuading the take-overandcametoitsclimaxwithtrialsexecutionsofearly1950s.Such the atrocitiesorfrominvestigationswereusedinintra-Partyconfl was virtuallynilthankstotheVictoriousFebruaryof1948.Somesensitiveinformationabout potential impactofthe1945–46atrocitiesandincipientinvestigationmanythem in internment,labourandconcentrationcamps. suicide intheBohemianLands;6,000Germansweremurdered,andafurther18–30,000died than onehadtwentyorthirtyyearsago.InMayandJune1945 produced byaGerman-Czechcommissiongiveslightlybrighterpictureoftheexpulsions Netherlands. Polandwasanothermatter,forthePoleshadacivilwar.Thefi Things wereincomparablyworseinBohemiathantheyFranceorBelgiumthe shocked atCzechinhumanity.VictorGollanczandF.A.Voigtwerebynomeanslonevoices. that penetratedtheBritishpressattime,homeappeartohavebeenintensely ment camps,atrocities(especiallytwooftheworst,BrnomarchandÚstímassacre) and theCzechsthatofanationhadingraineddemocraticprinciples,storiesintern- know. preparing thecountryforspeedylossofitssemblancedemocracy,noonecanfully was thatsuchwordswereacceleratingtherevolutionarychaosCommunistsneeded, that inMay1945hiswordswererespectedbythemajoritywithoutquestion.Howawarehe than they,theCzechActivistshadcontinuallyattackedBenešwithsomuchforceandvenom Beneš was,afterall,thecommander-in-chiefofarmedforces.TheGermansand,more seit 1989’,inZandandHolý(eds), / andGermanicarrogancewasbeingpouredawaywith the slops.//Onthathappyday.’ metaphor: ‘TheGermanClubwasrazedlikeanulcer,/ evil timesweredyinginitsredwalls / andwithhervoicethundered,“Germansout!”’The poemendswithahideousmixed away thescabiesofcenturies/andbloodOccupation’ and‘CzechHistorystamped logical imageryofActivistantisemites:‘May/thatwashes Brnoforusonapureday,/washes (Greetings tothenewBrno).Thepoemcontainsjingoistic wordingsthatechothepatho- in thatitcelebratesthe‘Brnodeathmarch’;Zatloukalgave itthetitle‘PozdravnovémuBrnu’ 564 563 562 561 The worstoftheatrocitiesistodaycommonlyknownas‘Brnodeathmarch’,thatis, Because Czechoslovakiahadacquiredthereputationofacivilizedcountrybeforewar Zatloukal, Ibid.,pp.52, 235–40.SeealsoGollancz, Stane Jir h í Pešek,‘VertreibungundTransfer 1938–1949imSpiegeldertschechischenGeschichtswissenschaft h k, Poválec C h eld innoman’sland(guardedbyasmall groupofRomanianliberationtroops). as válkouokutý c. h 563 né ‘excesy’ 20,000GermansfromBrnomainlyonthenightofMay30–311945.Itis ApoemofZatloukal’sisextremelyrareinimmediatelypost-war literature , pp.109,164. , pp.71–72. Transfer Conclusory Essay , pp.29–42(32). Our ThreatenedValues c. 1,700Germanmen,womenandchildrenon 561 Still,thesefi , pp.96–97. gures arehighenough.The c. 5,500Germanscommitted 562 ict thateruptedafter

gures recently gures 315 564 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Elbe. Somewherebetween100and200Germansweremurdered. for example,women,babiesinpramsbeingthrownoverEdvardBenešBridgeintothe appears largelynottohavebeenorganizedand,second,itwasmoreconventionallybrutal; the secondmostnotoriousCzechatrocity;itdiffersfromBrnoincidentinthat,fi explosion inamunitionsdumpsuburbisperhapsbetterknown.AsfarasIknow,this of whichhelowersto2,500inthesecondversionhisbook. an unreasonablyhighnumberofdeathsinÚstí,between1,000and2,700,theupper Elbe.’ and pickhandles—beattheGermanworkerssenselessthentossedtheirbodiesinto .]Czechoslovakmarauders—armedwith ironbars . they unleashedafullreignofterror.[. pany ofblack-uniformedCzechoslovaksecurityforcesandoccasionalRedArmytroopers, had alreadybeguntoamusethemselvesbybeatinguphaplessGermans,andnow,inthecom- .] . involved inthekillingisvivid,butnotentirelycredible:‘Off-dutyCzechoslovaksoldiers[. in bookform,performed2006,availableonwww.perzekuce.cz); asatextreadthis only oneliterarywork,KarelSteigerwald’s(born1945)play stepping upthespeedandextentofexpulsions,particularlyfromÚstíregion. make thepointthatCzechoslovakgovernmentusedÚstímassacreasanexcusefor was oneofthefewatrocitiestobetreatedin evidence thattheWerwolforganizationwasinvolved. that appearstohavebeenaccidental,andevenBiddiscombeassertsthereisnoclear said tobeareactiontheworkofWerwölfewhohadallegedlyblownupdump,though mythology ofSudetenlandrecolonization,andStalinismaltogether.TheÚstímassacrewas the novelisaboldattacknotonlyonatrocity(ofJuly311945),butalsowhole that 20percentofanysocietyare(potential)thugs: for theBritishAmbassadorinPrague,PhilipNichols,confi Czechs andGermans)wastheresultofGermansabotagecamefrom,isnotknown.Areport began themassacreandwhererumourthatexplosion(whichkilledtwenty-eight Putík’s (born1923) p. 116. Norman M.Naimark, the EastEuropeanGermans 316 570 569 568 567 566 565 The massacringofGermanmen,womenandchildrenincentralÚstínadLabemafteran The worseatrocityofPostoloprty(endMay,beginning ofJune,1945)hasearned De Zayas, Ibid. Biddiscombe, Stane Quotedin de Zayas, Biddiscombe, dossier ofCzechoslovakexcesseswithphotographs. charge theAmericanswithGermansympathies.The arereportedtobecollectinga play evenforGermans’,andthisattitude,initsturn,causesfrictionwiththeCzechoslovaks,who behaviour whichincreasesthedeterminationofAmericantroopsinPraguetoinsiston‘fair population, theysay,wasdeeplyashamedofthisoutburstthefollowingday.Itiskind probably theresultofaspontaneousoutburstbyCzechhooligans.ThemassCzechoslovak .added]thattheactsinquestionwere . Two BritishwomenwhowerepresentinUstiatthetime[. 567 h Infact,theRedArmyactuallymanagedtorestrainCzechunits.DeZayasgives k, Poválec Nemesis atPotsdam h Werwolf! Werwolf! né ‘excesy’ Smrtelná nede Fires ofHatred.EthnicCleansingin Twentieth-CenturyEurope [1993],NewYork,Basingstoke, 2006,p.91.Naimarkhas2,700astheupperlimit, A TerribleRevenge , p.238. , p.239;Naimark, , pp.151–53. , p.97.Alfred-MauricedeZayas, h le (Passion Sunday,1967),eventhoughonlyasanepisode; Robert B.Pynsent , p.91. Fires ofHatred belles-lettres 570 , p.116. oftheCommunistperiod,inJaroslav 566 A TerribleRevenge.TheEthnicCleansingof rms theoldWesternmilitaryview Biddiscombe’saccountofthose Porta Apostolorum 568 565 BiddiscombeandNaimark TheÚstímassmurdering , CambridgeMA,2001, (notpublished 569 rst, it rst, Who Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited to 800. Stane There weremassgravesinwhichtheremainsof758menandfi Škvorecký’s members orsympathizers. who hadobjectedtothisbrutishness. their arm-bandschecked.TheseGermansweresavagelybeatentogetherwithsomeCzechs behaved betterayearlater,onMay81946,whensomeGermanshadbeensummonedtohave women whohadbeenliberatedfromtheŽakše tried tostopit.TheNáchodincidentwasunusualbecauseamongsttheonlookerswereJewish avengers, andlaterothercitizenslodgedcomplaintsaboutthemassacre,butnooneactually Communist chairmanofthemunicipalnationalcommitteecriticizedbehaviourthese the novel,stoodwatchingbrutaltorturingandexecutionofGermans.Inthiscase gathered byCzechsandRedArmysoldiers.Here,alargenumberofpeople,largerthanin these werechiefl was goingon.Beforetheywereshot,thevictimshadoftensufferedtortureandbeating— ranks wouldrapeGermanwomenandgirls;thiswasatnight,whenmostofthemurdering number ofmenfromSubcarpathianUkraineandCzechsVolhynia.Whendrunk,other some RGswereprimarilyresponsibleforalltheshooting,andthesesoldiersincludedalarge wrong, forIhadseenwhatatrocitiestheGermanscommittedinRussia.’Reicin’sOBZand what theyhaddonetousandothers.’Anotheroffi such executionshadbeencarriedouton[Germans]everyday,thatwouldnotrecompense the USSRwhohadacommandfunctionduringmassexecutionsofPostoloprty:‘If shootings. Stane unimaginative workfailscompletelytoevokeanythingofthehorrorsPostoloprty for massmurderatall),claimedthattheordersmurderscamedirectlyfromReicin. commanders, LtJanC the progressthroughOccupationtowards‘socialism’ isBr witnesses thebeatingstodeathwithironrods.Moreinteresting forthisessay’saccountof killed. Theassemblytookplaceatthestadium( Germans wereassembledbeforethedecisionstakenonwhowastobetorturedand of Chomutov,perpetratedbytheRGandanewCzechoslovakArmyunit.Severalthousand of eventsinChomutov.Br Czechoslovakia, fromanapocalypse: brutality andturnstheirfl 574 573 572 571 Another episodewithaliteraryassociationtookplaceinNáchod,andisadumbrated Ibid.,pp.186, 95–96. Ibid.,p.127. Ibid.,p.122. Stane headlong fl Everyone wasrushingoutofthetowntomainroadleading totheborder,inadesperate the colddarkmountains,blackasfutureofcountrytowhich thesepeoplebelonged. all surgedoutontothestreetsandoftownlikeaturbid river, towardsthewest, of childrenwhohadlosttheirparents,thedesperatecallingparents whohadlosttheirchildren, sagging, badlydamagedwagons,stuffedfullofbaggage,feather-beds, carpetsandpeople,thetears h k isconvincedthattheactualnumberofmurderedGermansinPostoloprtywascloser 573 h k, ThemajorityoftheringleadersPostoloprtyatrocitieswereCommunistParty Poválec Zbabe ight asiffromfl h h y malesagedbetweenthirteenorfourteenandsixty-fi k reportsthewordsofaformermemberCzechoslovakArmyCorpsin né ‘excesy’ h lci . InthecourtyardofNáchodbrewery,SSandsomecivilianswere h ubka (whowasdemobbedin1946,oneoftheveryfewtobepunished , pp.107,119,120–21. ight intoamisoteutonicvisionoftheresurrectionBohemia,or h ezovský makesfunoftheGermansChomutovfl ood watersthathadbreachedadam.Weepingand lamentingover Conclusory Essay 574 Forthethirdtime,nowIlookbriefl Turnplatz cer stated:‘Ididnotconsideritsomething

concentration camp.Náchodonlookers ), whereinJirgl’snovelthereader ve women werefound,but h ezovský’s Stalinistaccount ve. 571 y attheatrocities Oneofthemain eeing Czech eeing 317 572

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited here seeMasaryk’smotto,earlierinthenovel,Br concubinage episode,astatethatformsthethemeofKörner’s of spellbindingamazementatthestrengthGoodandTruth.’ lie, astheMonarchyhadbeenalieforGreatWarlegionarywriters):‘Ludvíksensation One ofthethreebelievesthissightembodiesTruthprevailing(theProtectorateimplicitlya Stane 2000, pp.64–82(66). in AlfredJ.Rieber(ed.), falsehood’, follows: ‘ThetruthoftheNationalSocialistrevolutionwillprevail overJudaeocapitalismandCommunist Allies: ‘WebelieveinthecommonsenseofCzechpeople,who willprevailovertheenemy’slie’,andas Occupation. Indeed,somuchofaclichéwasitthatMoravecused it,wherethefalsehoodrepresents so wasfrequentlytobefoundinliteraryanddocumentaryworks publishedinorabout1945the with theColoradobeetle. Truth’, almostinthesamebreathasalludingtoAmericansbombingsocialistCzechoslovakia camps, and[were]totallyunpreparedfortheproblemsofpost-warera’. priesthood hadbeendecimatedbyexecution,imprisonmentandinternmentinconcentration the ‘bourgeois’partieswhowerekeeneronnationalpurging.Furthermore,‘ranksof for theirnationality,thatis,fromtheatheistswhodesiredasocialandculturalpurging, themselves tobeindoubleperil—fromCommunistsfortheiroccupationandtherest Hrabovec’s briefaccountpointsoutthatGermanpriests(andthoseinmonasticorders)felt since theChurchhaddonesomuchtohelpanti-Nazis,becameacomplexproblem. priest tillhebleedsprofusely.TheexpulsionofGermanRomanCatholicpriests,especially author’s like theformerRAFoffi rations andsoforth.TheheroineherhusbandalsotakeGermanslavelabourforgranted, camp herehasbeautifullytendedlawns,fl Sedlmayerová’s descriptionofacampin hygiene atalevelnotfarabovethoseofGermanconcentrationcamps.Thatiswhatmakes and thetorturingtookplaceininternmentcamps,mostofwhichprovidedfood ers useditintheirprogramme: 36, 39,48,114;Par pp. 40–43;Kohout, the Czechs’preoccupationwith‘Veritasvincit’,OlgavonBarényi, ‘SiegtdieWahrheit’,in cynical NazijudgespeakingabouttheCzechs;onenoticesthatin oneofherfeuilletonsBarényiovámocks in on theHeydrichiad,‘Leto1942’, in Kuchynka (ed.), Horalová, ‘Napochodu’in 318 579 578 577 576 575 Neslušné sny Czech rapingofGermans,sometimestodeath,iswelldocumentedbyTomáš Emilia Hrabovec,‘TheCatholicChurchandDeportationsofEthnic GermansfromtheCzechLands’, Stane Ibid.,p.8.Masaryk’smotto‘Veritasvincit’soonbecameacommonplaceofCzechpatrioticwriting,and Ibid.,p.70. Br leaving thelandthatwasrisinginfl observed blood-markedhorsemen[inotherwords,theApocalypse]onroaring,creakingmotors observed thisavalancheofmaterializedmisfortune,horrorandfear,fi Ondr Pressingthemselvesagainstthewall inthehouse’sdarkenedcorridor,[thethreemaincharacters] h h k ezovský, 578 h h k, Zánik samotyBerhof andfi ej, FrantišekandLudvík,incapableofspeaking,movingand,perhaps,beingastonished, O c Poválec h [previouslypublishedas eský zítr Lidé vkve 5.–9. kve rst entered rst h h ízek, né Hve

h ‘excesy’ ek h zdná hodinavrahu h A lidpovstal , pp.266–67,122.ItisalmostamusingthatMoravecusesitjustas thePVVZresist- h ren 1945 tnu Forced MigrationinCentralandEastern Europe,1939–1950 , pp.69–70. , forexample,pp.190,242,264, 273, 280. Kve cer, themainmalecharacterinKörner’s 577 Za svobodu belles-lettres h , pp.48–51(51);Branald, onecomesacrosssomethingmoredaring:thepolicebeatinga ten c , pp.29,30;Habr Roc h eské zeme h r ní doby owers outoftheirbloodytracks. Nikoho neponížiš , p.152;ReicinandMareš, , pp.52,59.SeealsoVeselý-Štainer, Robert B.Pynsent inDurych’s , unpaginated. h Du , pp.5–6(5);MariePujmanová,‘Kve owers, curtainsinthewindows,goodsolidfood r m nazelenémsvahu h ina, , Prague,1963],1995,pp.5–112(103)—a Nadc h Lazaretní vlak ezovský hadwrittenof‘thegreatsocialist Boží duha h love h k anadnárod Sokolovo , p.176;ArnoštLustig,‘Modrýden’, , whichalsocontainsaforced sorepulsivetoanyreader:the 575 Adelheid 576 , p.6(twice);Roedlinhispoem lth andcowardice.They Althoughthereaderwill , p.95;Sobota, Cestou národníhoodboje Adelheid , London,PortlandOR, . Muchoftheraping 579 h tnová revoluce’,in Thenationalist . Inthesame Glossy Nicht wundern , p.44ff; , pp.9, , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited ted. celebrate Mass—andhereaftereverySunday.AtnoMass,however,weresermonspermit- not havetodoforcedlabouronChristmasEveafternoonorDay.Priestscould ment camps.AtChristmasfurtherrestrictionswerelistedand,asatreat,theinterneeswould would beallowedtocelebratetheMassinlowvoicesonoccasionofburialsintern- The MinistryofEducationandCulturedecidedonNovember2thathenceforthpriests country likeallotherexpellees;nowtheywereallowed100. in May1946.Previouslytheyhadbeenallowedtotakefi appear tobeinleaguewiththeGermansniper.Thefi for theanti-socialist commandment ‘lovetheyneighbourasthyself’didnotapplytoGermans, Canon BohumilStašekwrotein Words shequotesfromanarticleintheweekly former politicalprisonerAntonínKleveta’sarticleintheCatholicweekly, of Germans.HrabovecquotesthefollowingfromOlomoucacademictheologianand labour camps,CzechCatholicpaperswereamongthefi vestments, chalices,scholarlymanuscriptsandotherobjectsneededfortheirjob. sower, October311945): clergy wouldbeinternedandexpelledliketheirco-nationalsunderthesameterms. dallying, theCzechoslovakMinistryofInteriordecidedinNovember1945thatGerman German brethren,eventhoughmorematureCzechclergydidtrytohelpthem.Aftersome Czech clergyenthusiasticallyendorsedtheapplicationofanti-Germanrepressiontotheir their level.’ violence, thelawlessness.ByimitatingwhatSSused todowebringourselvesdown our nationbecausethistimeitismembersof who arecommittingthewrongs, today manyinnocentpeoplearesuffering.Thatisworse [thanduringtheOccupation]for Pitter, themanwhorescuedGermanchildrenfrominternment camps,wrote:‘Onceagain whatever andhoweverelseyoumaybe,areaGerman, andthat’s[that].’ ‘Whatever andhoweverelseyoumaybe,areaJew, andthat’s[that].It’sthesamehere: H. G.Adler’swordsontheCzechtreatmentofGermansinpost-warTheresienstadt: 586 585 584 583 582 581 580 If onedoesnotcountsmalllocalnewspapersintownswheretherewereconcentrationor Quotedin Schallner, ‘ObrazNe Quotedibid., p.76. Quotedibid., pp.76–77. Ibid.,p.77. Ibid.,pp.73–74. Ibid.,pp.70–71. Quoted ibid. 582 found amongus. desecration ofoursufferingwerenationalhonourtobesulliedbythecrimessome honourable tosufferinnocentlyforjusticeunderthebestialNaziorder.Itwould,however,bea .]Itwas . here are,therecanbenodoubt,faithfulcopiesofmethodsfavouredbytheGestapo.[. .]Theassortedandgrievousabusesaboutwhichrumoursarecirculating . lodging acomplaint?[. .?Whoamongtheinterneesmightrisk . the Czechpressinborderzoneadmitsaregoingon. physical aswellpsychologicaltorture,lootingandvariousotherindecencies,thingswhicheven . . severe law,thebrutalityandvengefulnessofsomeindividualsfounditswayintomix. And whatwouldhappenifduringtheso-called‘[humane]andorderlyimplementation’ofthis KörnerappearstobefollowingthePartylinewhenhehaslocalpriestin 586 IvoHais(1918–96)isstronger,moredetailedinhiscriticism, inapiecewritten 584 Obzory (Horizons)inOctober1945,forexample: h mcu Lidová demokracie r aNe Conclusory Essay h mecka vletech1945až1947’,p. 244. (People’sDemocracy)inJune1945thatthe Katolík nal alleviation forGermanclergycame rst tocomplainaboutthetreatment ftykilogramsofbaggageoutthe fromFebruary21946foreshadow 583 Theincreasewastoallowfor 580 andmanyyoung Rozsévac 585 Pr Adelheid h h (The emysl 319 581

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited because hehadbeenagainsttheexpulsions.Zemanwrites: Ivo Hais.TheSocialDemocratJakschwasanywaydiscredited intheeyesofBenešandCo., their behaviourtowardstheGermansintenselyandsowould havehadlittletimeforsuchas If AdolfZemanisanythingtogoby,politically-mindedCzechsdislikedJaksch’scriticismof an the Uprising,butnotinpraesidium,andamemberofPragueLinguisticCircle, Jir In theMay231947issueofshort-lived make, thatitisdiffi writing Structuraliststudies,chiefl iour. VeltruskýdefectedandworkedasanAmericantrades-unionoffi German byKurtGlaser,London, 1963,p.447. 320 589 588 587 h í Veltruský(1919–94),whohadalsobeenactiveintheCzechNationalCouncilduring Quotedibid.,p.245.AlsoquotedbyWenzel Jaksch, Zeman, Quotedibid., pp.421–22. Assistent hyenas these things,Ishouldbelyingexactlylikethem. IfIwishedtofollowtheGermanexampleandexcusemyselfbysayingthatknewnothingof .] . to beescortingthemfromoneassemblypointanother[. killed onthestreetsofPraguebybulletsfi on accountofthecontinuingrevolutionaryspiritfactthatinJunesomeGermanwomenwere have beensomeCzechswhoseidentitycardswerenotinorder).Itwouldalsobepossibletoexcuse bludgeoned todeathafewpeoplegoingaboutclearingawaybarricades(amongstthemtheremight streets ofPragueonMay9weroastedaliveindividualshungupbyonelegfromalamp-postand Iamsureitispossibletoexcuseonthegroundsofrevolutionaryfervourfactthatin also insubsequentmonths. responsible forthewrongdoingsandcrueltythattookplacenotonlyduringrevolution,but I wonderwhetherwecouldjustifyourselvesifsomeonesaidtousthattheCzechsasawholeare to smashintheheadsofhisSocialDemocrats,too. He istakingunderhiswingthesavageSudetenländer[ ment bytheCzechoslovakgovernmentandpeopleofwretched, innocentSudetenGermans. London startedworkingagainsttheCzechoslovakRepublic,being horrifi .]hardlyhadNazism collapsedthanMrJakschin . continues inexilewhereHenleinleftoff.[. .]Jaksch . Henlein’s Carlsbaddemands.Inthenameof‘SudetenGerman Social Democracy’[. Apparently inasearly1941Jakschcameupwithaprogramme thatwasinfactarepetitionof this wastheinevitableresultofgeneraldemoralization promised land—intotheborderareas.Anumberofrealfreedom-fi fi the RevolutionaryGuardtenfold;numberofpartisans,whocouldalmostbecountedon Uprising. ThencametheenlistmentsorderedbyGeneralKutlvašr,whichinafewdaysexpanded applied. ThusarosetheRobberGuards,scumofhumanity,whoinfi on theirlaurels,whilethearm-bandsofRevolutionaryGuardwerehandedouttoallwho contained. AveritableEldoradofortheseelementsopenedupwhenthevictoriousfi then invadedwellingswhichhadlongsincebeenvacated,toplunderthemofwhatevertheystill and non-uniformedrabbleimpudentlydontheredarm-bandofRevolutionaryGuard the defeatedenemy,takingdastardlyrevengefortheirowncowardice.Wealsosawuniformed We observedhowhumanrats,whohadhithertoquakedwithfear,sprangfromtheirholesupon ngers [ofonehand]duringtheOccupation,wasthusmultiplied.Finallycamerushto . 588 ofJanMukar C h eskoslovenská Golgota culttodrawaclearlinebetweentheUprisingandexpulsions: h ovský, alsopublishedastronglywordedpieceontheCzechs’behav- , p.78 y ondrama.HeimplicitlymakesthepointIcontinueto Robert B.Pynsent red bymembersoftheerstwhileRGwhoweremeant Cíl 587 (Goal),atrades-unionfriendofJosefKubát, 589 [= moralparalysis] Europe’s RoadtoPotsdam sudet ’ áky ] whoonceusedtheirtruncheons ghters yieldedtotheimpulse; provoked bythisorgyofthe ed attheinhumantreat- ltrated theheroesof cialinParis,whilestill , rev’dtrans.fromthe ghters rested ghters Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited unbelievable perversions’.Svobodawassentencedtofi while beatingthem,heforcedtheGermanwomentocommit‘deviantlasciviousactsand fl inspection entailedorderingGermanfemaleprisonerstostripandliedowninarowonthe ment, FerdinandSvoboda.Heenjoyedinspectingthelocalprison.InJuneandJuly1945 condition wereoverlooked.Onesuchcasewasthesecuritydesk-offi parents kickedthebucketoutofnothingbutfearforme didnothelpthepeople[ concentration camp,nofi thus typifyingthesuspect‘bourgeois’Resistanceman:‘You areabsolutelyright!Iwasina .]willneedfl . anyway, theRussians,ImeanSoviets,RedArmy [. no jokekillingthousandsandofGermanbarbarians withourbarehands[ .well,you’veseenthestreetsyourself.Believeme,itwas . tion campyouhadpeace.Butwe. she saystohim,‘didnotfi coupon fromthenationalcommitteeHoráksothat he canhavehisownfl represents fairlyrealisticallytheline-toerviewoncamp returnees:theconciergedemandsa Horák’s treatmentbyhisRGconciergeinBarényiová’s regarded withsuspicion.Onemightthinkthesceneacrasscaricature,butreturneeJan considerable creditforusuallymaintainingPartydisciplineinthecamps,returneeswereoften some futureCommunistleaderswereinthecamps,andalthoughCommunistshadearned men andwomenwhowouldbeparticularlyusefulinthesecurityservices. as theirpatrioticduty)andremovedpotentialstainsfromCommunistssympathisers, vented futureembarrassmentforpotentiallyusefulmenandwomen(whoregardedviolence capitulation inPrague.Stane intention. TheactwaspassedbytheAssemblyonMay81946,anniversaryofGerman covered everythingfromthefttomurderandrape,aslongthedeedevidentlyhada‘national’ the Occupationandlegallegislativebeginningofpeople’sdemocracy.Thelaw seventh anniversaryoftheestablishmentrepublic;second,itconfi Assembly onOctober281945—thedatewasdoublysymbolic:fi and collaboratorsfromtheSecondRepublicuptoinaugurationofprovisionalNational president. the vindictiveanti-Germanthatwasorganizedbynewauthoritiesledtheirelected ‘a clearandquickdistinctionwasmade’betweentwotypesofmassviolence,theGerman 1948 investigations,andevenfewerindicted,aminimalnumberpunished.AsJudtwrites, committed.’ proposed bill[tabledDecember201945]essentiallydeclaredthatnocrimeshadeverbeen would havemerelyprotectedtheperpetratorsfrompunishment,’writesFrommer,‘the in law.Thusfollowedtheinfamousimpunityact,Statuteno.115/46.‘Whereasanamnesty law. unpunished becausethepoliceorotherauthoritiesor,sometimes,accusedinvoked oor, whereuponhebeatthemwithahorsewhipuntiltheybled.Onotheroccasions, 593 592 591 590 They wouldbefarmoreusefulthanCzechvictimsofconcentrationcamps.Although Few CzechperpetratorsofatrocitiesagainstGermanswereapprehendedasaresultpre- Ibid.,p.172. Stane Frommer, Judt,‘The PastisAnotherCountry’,p.298. 592 Thatdoesnotmeanthatactswereblatantlyderivedfromapsychopathological h k, 590 Poválec Thatdistinctionwasconsideredamoralthatshouldbeenshrined 591 National Cleansing ThestatutewastocoveractscommittedagainstGermans,Hungarians,traitors h né

‘excesy’ , forexample,pp.92–93,95,97, 112,169,200,203,278,286,322. ghting there,justonedelightchasinganother.And the factthatmy ght forfreedom.Youwereimprisonedandthereintheconcentra- , p.114. h k givesmanyexampleswherequitehorriblecrimeswereleft Conclusory Essay Das toteGeleise v years. ve 593 rst,itmarkedthetwenty- Theimpunityactpre- cer ofalocalgovern- isnotfaroffthemark, rmed theillegalityof ats.’ Horákanswers, at back.‘You,’ Volk sic ]! And = 321 lid ] Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited no one’s!/Wearethedeathwhichyouwillhardlybeabletorelate.’ / Butfromtheghettoes’windowstherecomesacalling:Wearemurderedwe .]/Onlytheyellowstarsarenolongerhere. . [Prague] fromwhichitdrankforsixyears/[. an inversionofantisemiticcliché:‘birddeath–birdthatsankheavily/ontothecity (Arrival) concerningtheghostsofShoah;wenotethatGermansarevampireshere, in writing,acertifi Germans intheUprisingandsheherselfeleven—‘AndIcanprovethatanytime.I’vegotit concierge answersbyinforminghimthathersonisanRG;husbandhadkilledfourteen either. AnditmakesnodifferencethatmywifewasexecutedinPankrácprison,doesit?’The appears tobeattemptingsome from concentrationcamps./Alldeathandgangrene.’ which somepeoplecaredforthosewhoreturnedliterally nakedfromconcentrationcamps’. realism ofaFleischmannorHor the rightorexpectationofreturneesfromcampstoanyspecialsympathy.Thisisnot for example,theGermanCommunistPalmeinR By contrastonedoesfrequentlyencounterCommunistreturneesinnovelsconcerning1945, Russian CivilWar. on hiswayhomefromaconcentrationcamp;thetwomen hadbeenonoppositesidesinthe generosity thatwasaperiodmotif,hasRedArmyoffi Kubína’ (DeathofMajorKubín,in One may,however,atanytimesentimentalizetheSoviets. SoinAškenazy’s‘Smrtmajora life onthecampsandmemoryofvictimsisIvoFleischmann’s(1921–97)‘Pr camp prisonersbeganarrivinginPragueApril1945.Perhapsmelodramaticandyettruerto is unconvincing;thenarratorintendsthistobeanewsight,butinfactformerconcentration- concentration-camp victimsHor Pr a person’scharacter.His Železný strop members oftheVlajkaorganization,hardenedcriminals,andnotpoliticalprisonersatall’. ‘stole agreatdealofcigarettesandthenbeatit;itsubsequentlycametolightthattheywere by acommittee( of atransitcampinBavariaforformerinmatesconcentrationcampsruntheAmericans too. Heiswritinginaperiodwhenitcivicvirtuetosuspectpeople.K.J.Beneš’spicture case thethreearebynomeansofsamepoliticalquality—but,later,thatgoesforpartisans, men whohaveescapedfromaconcentration/labourcampattheendofwar.InBr of thecitythatwasgettingreadytomeetthosewhowerebringingitfreedom.’ in stripedclothes,barefoot,gaunt,shavenheadsandtheywereeagerlyimbibingthebeauties survivors outonthestreetsofPraguewelcomingRedArmyMay9:‘manywerestill imprisoned forseditionandsoforth. left. Itissimilartoday,wheninCzech‘politicalprisoner’normally means‘againsttheCommunistrégime’, prisoners, too;inCommunistjargon,however,onecouldonly beapoliticalprisonerifonewasofthe 322 599 598 597 596 595 594 h ekroc Br K. J.Beneš, Barényi, Br Hor IvoFleischmann, ‘Pr h h h ezovský, ezovský, h ený práh ec, Kve Das toteGeleise isthathisorherhavingbeeninaGermancampprisontellsonenothingabout h ten c Lidé vkve Železný strop , theworkerreturneesinBr Ohnivé písmo h . 1 komitét cate fromtheNationalCommittee’. , p.29. h h íchod’, inVopar tnu ) ofex-prisonerswhoarenowfi , pp.9–10. , p.394. , p.198. Lidé vkve , p.101.ThesentenceisimportantinthatVlajkamemberswere political neue Sachlichkeit h h ec, butthePartyline;hecriticizes‘thatsentimentalitywith ec describesin‘Soud’(Judgement)arenotJews;hereHor h tnu h il, pp.47–48.Thelastlineindicates thebanalityofAdorno. Robert B.Pynsent Sto ohn , likeK.J.Beneš’s h ezovský’s h u r ), inordertocreateametaphorfortheSoviet inverse:‘Todaytheyhavebeencomingback h Lidé vkve ezác 598 cer tendaCzechmajorwhoisdying 594 In h Ohnivé písmo rmly left-wing;thefi ’s ArepeatedmessageofBr Železný strop Nástup h tnu — , JirmainSedlmayerová’s

where , beginswithagroupof Br

h we alsohavecamp 597 ezovský questions Thereturning 596 rst committee rst Thispicture h h ezovský’s ezovský’s h íchod’ h 595 599 ec

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited during 1945,asEmiliaHrabovec suggests. before afall.’(Tylínek,‘Hlasbojující Prahy’,p.76).BarbarismhadevidentlyovercomesomeCzech clergy .]IfeltthatTruthwasprevailing,hehadseenpridecomes . opportunity tolookintohiseyes. [. Bohemia. Army rapistswhohadcomeupontheminaforestastheyweremakingtheirwaybackto In Barényiová’sversiontheyhadnotcontractedVDfromSSrapists,butRed women returnedfromconcentrationcampareactuallyvictimsagain,butprivilegedvictims. ascertained thatthemajorityofpeople’scourtandnationaltrialswasfair).TheLidice the trials(inBarényiová’sexampleitistrialofaninnocent—BenjaminFrommerhas trials andthesubsequentexecutions.ThePartyhadarrangedthattheyshouldalwaysattend Communists’ moralgrimein is, foraction,vengeance].’ from theNorthern[=Masaryk]Stationweresolidaryenoughtorespectagreatthirst[that had ahelloflife;hereturnedfromconcentrationcampcompletewreckandthemen melodramatically, suchavictim:‘Ofcourse,theyhadtogiveoldSalakvardarifl punish theGermans(andfi deputy lord-mayorJosefPfi lord-mayor ofPrague,AloisTylínek,whowasamongstthecrowd ofspectatorsatthehangingNazi were encouragedtoattendagoodhanginginsteadofhavingclasses. Thefellow-travellingclergymandeputy a longarticleontheaudiencesforhangingsin1945–47Prague. Sometimesschoolsorindividualforms spectators whenK.H.Frankwashanged, the Bavariantransitcamp. amoral siteprimarilyofbrutality.AlesspicturesqueexampleisK.J.Beneš’sbriefmentionin Gipsies’ clothestoescapetheliberatedCzechoslovakiathatshenowrecognizesbean Elvira Blümelein,whomtheyeventuallyinternwiththeGipsiesandwhousesoneof what todowiththem.TheyalsonotknowtheoncerichJewishreturnee, and RGsinternthem,thoughnotoutofanti-Gipsyfeeling,butbecausetheydoknow Barényiová hasalivelygroupofthemin munist regime,letalonetalkofthecampsforGipsiesonCzechsoilandwithguards. knew shewasJewish.’ shop, andafterwardshadtoconfi platinum blond;yesterdayshehadtowaituntiltherewere nocustomersinthehairdresser’s her hairdone.Thisepisodehasastinginthetail:‘Her sparsehairhasbeenfreshlydyed of thefi might havedone.Itreturnedtotheskeletalwomensomethingoftheirfemininedignity.One sent apatrolouttosecurelipstick,notfood,andthatthislipsticksavedmorelivesthanfood are thebeginningsofaseriousnovelaboutGipsies’experienceShoah. experiments withviruses.Themansheisinlovesexuallyrepelledbyher.Here,then, sbrück, haslostallherhair,hadgenitalscutoutandthighshavebeendeformedby of GermanbrutalitythanBarényiová’sorBeneš’s:LolaBilová,whohasreturnedfromRaven- 603 602 601 600 Yet anothermodeofreactingtoconcentrationcampsisportrayavictimdetermined Talk ofGipsyreturneeswasverylimitedinCzech Legend hasitthataBritishoffi Barényiová, K.J.Beneš, Frommer informsus thatsevenLidicewomenwereinthePankrácprisonandamongst6,300 Branald, rst things Barényiová’sElviradoesonreachingPraguefromTheresienstadtistohave 601 Lazaretní vlak

Ohnivé písmo Prager Totentanz , p.53. 603 tzner, writes,‘Beforetheexecutionof thePraguedespotPfi , p.57. 602 ThislittleCzechmanhadthenthoughthemightbe punished 600 ght forhis/hercountry’sliberty).Branald’s narratordescribes, Sládková’sGipsyin , p.68. Barényiovápresentsananalogousepisodeascriticismofthe Das toteGeleise cerinthevanguardofliberationBelsenimmediately rm inwriting forthebossthatheservedheralthough Conclusory Essay National Cleansing Prager Totentanz , wherethewomenofLidiceattendretribution Kouzelníku , p.236.Thereisroomforabookoratleast belles-lettres , wherethelocalnationalcommittee r v návrat beforethefallofCom- isfarmoreclearlyavictim tzner Ihadthe e./Hehad 323 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited bourgeois capitalistJews: other things,OssendorfhadbetrayedanheroicGentile.Jewscannotbetrusted,inparticular can haveadecenttrialandbedecentlyhanged.Inthistrial,thetruthcomesout;amongst as ifitmightlynchhim,butthevaliantCommunistssavehimfrommobsothathe the JewOssendorf,returnedfromconcentrationcamp.Ofitselfastrangething.’Amoblooks is thatnodecentJewcouldpossiblysurvivethecamps:‘Thewell-knownlocalfactory-owner, of thefathertwoJewishpartisansinBr antisemitism thatfollowedthewar.ThisParty-ledanti-Semitismisembodiedinportrayal by thenewregimefornotservingJewsduringOccupation,wasunprepared pawns. For Habr camp accountsofthe1940swelearn: A hard-lineCommunistpervertsHabr Quite apartfrompresentingaMarxist-Leniniststereotypicalpictureofthebourgeois,Br (Jewish lovelessness). cowardice, callousness,familyexclusivity,alackofloveforanyoutsidetheimmediate zovský exploitsstereotypicalantisemiticattributes,Jewishperfi much ofthewarinMauthausen.Hewritesconcentrationcampsand 324 606 605 604 Like Fleischmann,Habr Štefánek, Habr Br impact. in atrulyartisticmanner,thatis,workwouldsimultaneously haveasociallyinstructive prerequisite fortheemergenceofaworkinwhichgivenmaterial fromlifemightbecaptured very soondiedforourreaders.Abundantdocumentarymaterial isstoredinit;thatone .],thisliterature . .]Onthewhole[. . by thefascismintowhichGermanimperialismcrystallized.[. any registeringofthesinglefrontpeople’s[ social andsubjectivepsychologicalfoundationsonwhichtheNazis’ crimesgrew;wemissinthem of undigestedemotionsandunclassifi of fascism.Inmostcasesalltheyconsistisalistingfacts,narrowly personalmemories,arecord They entirelylackthecorrectpoliticalapproach,andfromthisfl .]Inthemeantimethereisnosaying. . scholarship willhavetheirsay.[. horrors withouttheX-rayofhuman[ in theendamerelydescriptiveandsotosaystatistical,evenifdocumentary,counting-upof reportage: theyaresuperfi The booksthathavehithertoappearedaboutconcentration-camplifevirtuallyallbeen not onlyŽác shortly afterŽác informed ontheelementary-schoolmasterŽác same tohim.Heeveninformedonafamilywithwhomhehadpreviouslybeenfriends. time uptothemomenthewasdeported.Azealousinformer.OnJewsandGentiles,itall Immediately afterhisreturnhewasarrested.Itemergedthathadbeenaninformerthewhole preserve hisfamilyandproperty. out offear.OutcrazedPerhapshehadgonecrazy;confessed,saidwantedto came tolight,fortheywerecarefullyaccountedintheGestapoarchive.Apparentlyhedidit h ezovský, h ina, h ina campinmatesarehumanbeings,forŠtefánekandhis ilk,mechanicalpolitical 606 Nadc C h Železný strop eská literaturapoválce h h ek. Ossendorfhadaninnumerablelistofpeopleonhisconscienceandallthesecases love h ek hadofferedtohelphim,oldOssendorf.Žác h k anadnárod , p.235. h cial anddonotexpressthewholetragedyofconcentrationcamps,for ina ismorereasonablethanAdorno—andHabr , p.50. , pp.48–49. 604 Robert B.Pynsent ed impressions.Wemissinthemanyregisteringofthe životní h ina’s (andFleischmann’s)view;oftheconcentration h ezovský’s ] analysisisjusttiring.Itwilltaketime,thenartand h ek forsupportingJewishfamiliesintheregion lidu ] fi ght forfreedom, fi Železný strop h ows their superfi ek didnotreturn;heperished.And dy, lustforproperty/money, , Ossendorf.Thesuggestion 605 ght againstenslavement cial understanding belles-lettres h ina hadspent : h e- Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited nové C must havenoplaceintheranksof theCzechoslovakliberationmovement],inG.B.[=GustavBareš?], Postih provine str (For thenewCzechoslovakia)has‘émigré’: aggressive, possiblyfrighteningstatement,thebooklethas ‘citizen’,but Information VáclavKopecký’s The PartyprovidedaguidetowhatthinkofJewsandantisemitismwiththeMinister and sodidmuchtogetridofJudaeobolsheviksintheearly1950sshow-trials. conspiracy justliketheNazis,andCzechoslovakCommunistleadersfoundthateasytoaccept the Communists’,andsoonafterendofwarStalinadoptednotionJewishworld Portsmouth. TheActivists’assessmentofJewishplutocratswasnotessentiallydifferentfrom as comparablenotonlywiththatofSoviets,butalsowith,say,theliveslostinair-raidson education underaCommunistregimeinwhichthemassmurderofJewswasunderstood To seepre-warJewsasgermanizers,Žác a bookofessaysonantisemitism(Ileavetheweirdstyleasitis): a Jewishplutocracyintact.Itmightsurprisesometofi as apowerfulforceforgermanization.Thatsurvivestoday,withthelongpre-Nazinotionof It didnottakelongeitherfortheJewstoreassumetheirpositioninCzechnationalmythology might burstoutinaviciousformoncethewarwasoverandJewishCzechsstartedreturning. Czech antisemitismslightlyduringthewarasSobotasuggested,buthealsosuggestedthatit self-justifi roots, simplybecauseitreekedofGermanness,nottheantisemiticemotionsand pre-Occupation antisemitismandsuggestedthattheActivistversiondidnotputdowndeep of thebooklet. by Communistsinthatpaper.HereKopecký’stitleisactually thetitleofonlyfi published asthelastpiece,datedJuly151944,inacollection ofessayspreviouslypublished Moscow last weapon,November1945asabooklet,anabridged version ofanessaypublishedinthe six years’occupation,thatis,offi understand thattheexperienceofJewsappearedthentobeirrelevant,especiallyafter the immediatelypost-waryearswereaperiodofheightenednationalism,onecan,however, In theend,deep-seatedanti-Jewishfeelingisoncemorere-ideologizedaspatriotism.Since lematic, butwewitnessherethisnotionbeingusedasaweaponof‘historical’economicenvy. It isnotjustthattheverynotionofgermanization(orgallicizationorpolonization)prob- 608 607 h ední Evropy(Sborníkpr I beginbylookingatthePartylineonJewsandthenhowthatwastoedinliterature. Earlier inthisessayIgaveexamplesofActivistantisemitism,wrotesomethingabout ‘Vr Rudolf Žác he behavednationallyinthepast,whathisattitudetoGerman and Hungariannationalismwas, Every citizen/émigréofJewishextractionwillbeinvestigated equally strictlyconcerninghow to beactivegermanizers. environment, andnormallyquitejustifi nineteenth andfi members ofthemiddleandupperstrataJewrywereinnosmallpartnationallyinfl in ourhistoricalconditionsit[antisemitism]wasoftenlinkedwithahatredofgermanization,for h eskoslovensko. Sborníkc h adách c cation wereunacceptable.ActivistandGermanantisemitismdid perhapsdiminish C h h ní vu eskoslovenské listy h h ek, ‘Úvodníslovo’,inMec s. osvobozovacíhohnutínesmíbýt místaproantisemitskétendence’[Antisemitictendencies r 608 c h i Židu Thechangesareminor,butinthefi rst halfofthetwentiethcenturyperceivedinCzechorCzech-German h r íspe m pr h vku h h ed soudyakomisemiONVvc lánku r 607 ) , Prague,Opava,2002,pp.9–11 (10–11). [Czechoslovakmail]onJuly141944).Inthesameyearit wasalso r , projevu Antisemitismus poslednízbranínacismu cially imposedgermanization,particularlyofschooling. r adokumentu Conclusory Essay ably atleastupto1918,butoftentheendof1930s, h islav Borák(ed.), h ek does,refl r , Prague,1945,pp.214–23. h eských zemíchvletech1945–1948a v ne nd evidenceofitintheIntroductionto rst sentenceofthefollowingsomewhat Poválec ects thatnationalism,andpossiblyalso h ná justiceanárodnípodobyantisemitismu. (Antisemitism,Nazism’s Za novéC h h eskoslovensko kterých zemích rst section amed 325 Za

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited with radicalsocialism: welcome. Thefollowingconstitutesjustthatpoliticalmean-mindednessoneassociates actually, onlythosewhosufferedathome,notemigratedintime,wouldbe of Kopecký’sessayisthatJewishplutocratshavenoplaceinthepeople’sdemocracy,and, it wasamatterofthefewthousandJews(byNazidefi also describesmeasuresthatonlyahighlybureaucratizedtotalitarianstatecouldtake—unless a religiouscategory,butfortherestoftimeitisracial(extraction,origin).Thepassage here wearedealingonlywithapropertiedclassofJew.AtonepointitappearsthatJewishis citizens’, thatallCzechoslovaksaretobevettedandonoccasionpurged,butitisevident For theParty,KopeckýisinsistingthatJews’individualstatuswillbeexactlysameasother during thewartobesimilartheirown: vented theCzechsfrombecoming‘fascist’single-handedly, andCzechshadseentheJews’lot Czechoslovak generalhaddealtwithsuccessfully).Masaryk had,indeed,moreorlesspre- had infectedtheCzechmilitaryinBritainwithsomeantisemitism,which,however,afi doughty MasarykhaddestroyedCzechantisemitismforever(thoughexiledPolishforces mass antisemitismhadbarelyexistedamongsttheCzechsinnineteenthcentury,and nationalism (dealingwithGermansandcowardicevergingontreason). Here socialistpoliticsshroudschiefl 326 611 610 609 Kopecký’s essaydoeshaveanotherfacet,onethatcomportswithnationalmythology: Ibid.,p.217. Ibid. Ibid.,p.222. able toabandontheirproperty,handitovervoluntarily[ in escapingthecountrybeforecriticalperiodofrepublic’sdefensivestruggle,whowere The Jewishsuper-richwholikePetschek,Weinmann,Rothschild,Gutmann[ so thattheycanrepossesstheirformerpropertyandcontinueblood-sucking.Onnoaccount! citizens. extraction [inbothversionsofthetext]willbesubjecttosamecriteriaasotherCzechoslovak the pastsociallyandpoliticallywillalsobeinvestigated.Indeed,CzechoslovakcitizensofJewish transactions heundertook,possiblyinassociationwithGermans,andsoforth.Howbehaved in theSecondRepublicasduringGermanoccupation,whathedidwithhisproperty, strict anenquirywillbeconductedintohowhebehavedtowardshisownJewishco-religionists what hisattitudetotheCzechnationandotherSlavnationsofCzechoslovakiawas.Justas population. Czech nationsawacomponentofitsowntragicmartyrdom[ honour withtheviceofantisemitismevenduringfi .]didnot sullyits . of subjugation,ifantisemitismhadtakenrootinthiscountry.Our nation[. pressure offascism,howlongagowouldithavebeenundermined duringtheHitleritecampaign antisemitism willremaintohisglory.Howdifferentlywouldour nationhavefaredunderthe T. G.Masaryk’spedagogicalendeavoursandhispassionatedecisiveness inthefi them, andnointerventionbythemightiestforeignoffi panickers mayneverreturntotherepublic!Andtheirformerpropertywillbereturned to forsaketheirCzechoslovakcitizenshipandassumeforeigncitizenship,suchJewishsuper-rich for theJewishsuper-rich[ .]doesnotmean,forexample,ensuringreturntotheliberatedrepublic . Defeating antisemitism[. 609

611 velkobohác h u r Robert B.Pynsent m ] likePetschek,Weinmann,Rothschild,Gutman[ y economicantisemitism(thevampirefew)and cialswilleverhelptheminthat. ve [ ve nition) left.Infact,themainthrust sic sic ] totheGermans,whowereable sic er fHte’ ue ...]The . ] yearsofHitler’srule.[. ] inthetragicfateofitsJewish sic ] etc.,succeeded gt against ght 610

sic ] etc., ne Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited take awayhisrefi He eventuallyrealizesthatthereisnopointingoingbacktoPrague,thenewregimewill is labelledbytheonebourgeoisofthreeescapees,‘Agreedycreep,atight-fi regain hisoldstatus.HeisthencompletelyunpreparedforthenewsocialistCzechoslovakia, In thecamp,too,Radnitzkyhadnotbeenaimingsimplytosurvivelikerest,butalso had treatedhimsoinconsiderately’.ThatisevidentlyintendedbyBr of admirationandbitternessthattheyhadnotrecognizedhimastheloyalfellowhewas,but the Nazisandevenincamphewaswillingtopraisetheirstrengthalwaysfull Kopecký’s criteriacould),sincebeforevonRadnitzkywasdeported‘hehadnothingagainst had neverbeensubjecttoexpulsion.Indeed,Br would havebeenexpelledwithotherGermans,eventhoughintheorytheraciallypersecuted he hadbeenregisteredasaGermaninthe1930census,otherwords,untilspring1946, and lamented’.OriginallyvonRadnitzkyhadbeena‘German’;bythatBr execution (hislifeisactuallysavedbyoneofthethreeheroes),‘heknelt,shouted,pleaded gratifi in ers, ErikandGustav,sonsoftheGestapoinformer,who fi incapable offi rich Jewswillnotbewelcomeinthenewsociety(asKopecký hadstated),fortheywillbe suicide, butitisintendedtoindicate,fi ‘he which isintendedtoindicatethathesociallyalienthepoliticallyconsciousotherinmates: ‘von’ beforehisnameontopofbeinga‘Saujude’;vonRadnitzkyisincapablefi the threemaincharacters.Incamphereceivesabeatingfromguardbecausehas tion. Heownsasugarrefi stock imageoftheplutocratexploiter.ThenextJewweencounterearnsgreatercharacteriza- indication ofworkers’sufferingintheGreatDepression,italsomakesforamoregenerally went downbytwentyheller’. the warchiefemployerwasJewishownerofatextilefactory,Feuerstein,and‘wages Lidé vkve was Br contemporaries inthePartywhorejectednotionofCzechmartyrswar. of bothMasaryk’sabhorrencetheCzech‘martyrcomplex’andviewshisown actions andpoliticsfromtheRussianCivilWaronwards—thoughheappearsunaware Kopecký hadasoftspotforMasaryk,buthepubliclydissociatedhimselffromMasaryk’s by theCzechs(itmightbe facetioustoassociatethatwithT.G.Masaryk’ssupport for father hadbeenaninformer.EriksoonemigratestoPalestine, somethinggreatlyencouraged hand, ErikandGustavbecomesocialoutcastsnotbecause oftheir‘class’,butbecause their homeanylonger,thatis,hadacquireddecentsocialist tasteduringthewar.Onother rather grandhouse,feltthattheyhadnothingincommon withtheplushatmosphereof tion thattheyareJews(thesurnameisnottypical).They hadevidentlygonehometotheir 613 612 The PartylinecomesthroughmostclearlyinBr The writerwhoendeavouredmostfullytoportrayJewsinaccordancewiththePartyline Lidé vkve Ibid.,pp.136, 34,79,137–39,141. Br vouvoiait cation calledhimCount.’Trueto‘race’,heisacoward,andsowhen selectedfor h ezovský, h ezovský, predominantlyin h tnu h everyoneeventhough tnu . Inthetownwherethreemaincharacters(escapeesfromacamp)live,before ttingin. Lidé vkve , butofwhomwelearnmostinthesequel.In nery, andsohehangshimself. h tnu , p.18. nery thathasbeenaryanizedandisimprisonedinthesamecampas 612 AlthoughthisstatementmakesforastockSocialistRealist Železný strop Conclusory Essay rst, hisabidingcowardiceand,second,thefactthat tutoiait , thoughthatlineispalpableinitsprecursor, h 613 h ezovský’s portrayaloftheOssendorfbroth- ezovský maybedefendingexpulsion(as himandwithgentlesarcasmacertain Thenarratordoesnotcommentonhis rst appearaspartisansinChomutov Lidé vkve h ezovský aspoliticalsatire. h tnu h ezovský meansthat thereisnoindica- sted miser!’ sted tting in, tting 327 Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited the moralcrimeofcosmopolitanismand,probably,Existentialistlonerdom: the Czechs,Communistornot.Gustavisawarethatmenofhisfamilyhadperpetrated communal boardinghouseforrefugees,butheretootheyencounteredonlycoldnessfrom Erik andGustavdidnotwanttoliveintheirinformerfather’shouse,theyhadgonethe so shootshimself.Thesinsofthefatherhavethusbeenvisitedonbothpariahsons.When a Jewandscionofthebourgeoisie,fi becomes aforestryworker,butbecauseheiscursedwithdoublepoliticaloriginalsin,being democracy, persistsintryingtofi Zionism). Gustavismorepersistentindemonstratingthathebelongstothepeople’s In otherwords,onemustbepoliticallyconsciousinorder tobeatrueCzech. Apart fromideologizedconcealmentofantisemitism,Br Br in ordertoassociateHostovský/Krammer withthecriminaltypeswhoareescaping him. also ofbourgeoisbackground.IhavesuggestedBr not ofanindividual.Ondr Ossendorf’s lotmaybediffi condemns anyformofracism:‘Anditwillnotbotheranyonewhoisinnocent.’Theyoung the Partyisantimeritocratic;hereditymatters.Alittlelater,Krausmaintainsthat Usually ittakesexperienceandthinking.Idon’tknowwhetherGustavwascapableofthat.’ somewhere. LikeanybodyelsebefromAndusuallythat’snotfornothing. had saidthat of theoffi the policetryingtocross borderoutofthecountryillegally.Br pared withR defected whilehewasservinginaCzechoslovakembassy, Br ite.’ KrammeristoalargedegreebasedonthewriterEgon Hostovský,butwherethelatter the oppositeIhavetoleave.I’dgoPalestineexceptfor thefactI’messentiallyanantisem- man withoutacountry.A ‘The Communistsknowexactlywheretheyare.Forthem Iamareactionary,decadent, of publication.Br based onR 328 614 h Br ezovský providesoneofthethreereturneeheroes,Ondr Br h exploiter, extortionist’and,ontopofallthat,‘informer’. point ofview.Whatcanhesee?AroundherethenameOssendorfisequivalentto‘capitalist, honest, slightlycomplicatedman.Perhapsheisright.Butlethimnowlookatitfromhis,Kraus’s, .]ApparentlyOndr . the country.[. executed informerandcapitalisttobeafriendofthisregime.Itisbitstrangethathehasnotleft He mustkeepaneyeonhim[Gustav],aclosesometimes;theycannotexpectthesonof I can’tlivelikethis. Am IFrenchorEnglish?Thatwasfather’supbringing.Thefeelingthatdidn’tbelonganywhere. I didspeakCzech,butspokeGerman,EnglishandFrenchequallywell.AmCzech?German? he wasapartisaninthemountains]thatInoone,belongednowhere.That,tobesure, .] Irealizedbackthere[when . the localchildrenareafraidofme;I’malone,completelyalone.[. I’m livinghere,workingintheforest,amongstpeoplewhomIrepel;theydon’tdareaddressme; ezovský’s fi h ezovský, cial PartyviewonGustav’sstatementabouthimself.Kraus,the localPartysecretary, h ezác h ezác Železný strop h ’s factory-owner’snephewandtoneddownslightlyinkeeping withthetime nal exemplifi h h ’s Püchler(theyounger)from ezovský hasKrammerhimselfdescribetheParty’sviewon peoplelikehim: , pp.423–24,446–47,540. h ej hasthelastwordonGustav,aftersuicide:‘Youmustbelong déraciné cult, butthePartyisworriedaboutlotofwholenation, cation oftheJewissceptic,orcynic,bohemianwastrel, nd ajobeventhougheveryoneostracizeshim,eventually o e.[ .]BecauseIcan’tpersuadetheCommunistsof . , yousee.[. h ej seesinGustavOssendorfagoodfriend,bravepartisan,an Robert B.Pynsent nds nowayintotheheartsofotherworkersand Nástup h ezovský’s ArnoštKrammercouldbecom- and h ezovský isheremakingclearthat h Bitva h ezovský hasKrammercaughtby ej, andsous,withaparaphrase ; infact,Krammercouldbe h ezovský changesthestory 614

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited Prague, 2004,pp.243–70(247). v letech1945–1948’,inJaroslava MilotováandEvaLorencová[eds], ‘miserable rehashesandimitations’.R ing) andhavelittleregardforhisnativeland,which instead of‘greatart’producesonly towns intheBohemianLands. 1945 and1947therewasanti-Jewishviolence,someofit amounting topogromsinthirty-one Polish townofKielce,thoughSlovakiasawitspogroms andSchikorrawritesthatbetween he appearsunawarethathashimselfexploitedantisemitic stereotypes. in that people’s democracy.R is, orhassuddenlybecome,aJewishindustrialist,typeKopeckýwrotedidnotbelongin infected withdegenerate,large-scalecapitalistwaysofthinkinginBritain—andanywayhe had beenafl America, inPüchler’scaseitisBritain(hewillsmokeonlyBritishcigarettes,forexample);he somewhere tolive). as ‘Hledání’(Seeking);Hostovský’s1947novelwas trouble concealingthefactthatKrammerisHostovský.HewritesofKrammer’s1947novel Krammer thinksofthemas‘theAnglo-Americancliqueswindlers’.Br politicians whohadreturnedfromtheWesttotakeuptheirjobsinliberatedCzechoslovakia; Krammer isnotallbadforBr from pre-warpublishedphotographsofhis‘young,almostboyish,conspicuouslyJewishface’. bourgeois art.WhenLudvíkmeetshiminperson1946,herecog ideologues likeŠtefánek,LadislavŠtolland,later,Petrmichlrejectedasmanifestingdecadent, improbability, literarycontriving.Inotherwords,Krammerconstitutesthetypethat psychologizing, thefalsenessofmanypassages.Krammer’snovelssufferedfartoomuchfrom changed hismind.HisexperienceoflifehadledhimtorecognizeallKrammer’ssuperfi Janeba, hasenjoyedKrammer’spre-warnovels,butsincere-readingthemafterthewarhe The bourgeoismemberoftheescapeethreesomeBr interpretation ofKopeckýactuallyrefl defence againstattemptsatBolshevization.’ Hitlerite occupationandonecanonlyassumethattheywillconstitutethemostreliable a deathcamp):‘InthenationtraditionsofMasarykiandemocratismhavesurvived (as arichmemberofthebourgeoisie,naturallyanti-Communist;hisunclehadperishedin diplomat likeKrammer.R more ofGustavOssendorfthanKrammer,althoughPüchlernowwishestobecomea at homeanywhere,thathehadfeltlikeavisitoreverywhere.’Oneisremindedhereperhaps had justsometimesdrivenouthere.Andnowitoccurredtohimthatheneverbeentruly interminable, nonsensicalmadnessofthewar.Butheneverhadbeenreallyathomehere.He Communist ideologization:‘Heregardedhimselfassomeonereturninghomeafterthelong, something liketheJewaseternalwanderer,andhissubjectiveviewonwartacitlydenies 617 616 615 Czech post-warantisemitismmaynothaveresultedinany majorpogromslikethatinthe From theverybeginningofR ChristaSchikorra,‘Návratdonove R Ibid.,pp.459–60, 376–77,379,381. h ezác h , Bitva Bitva ying-offi , pp.8,16,19. herepresentsantisemitismonlyinaŠkodadirector,never inaCommunist; 615 h cer intheRAF,likeheroofKörner’s

ezác h ezác h hasPüchlerthinklikeacosmopolitan(hefi h ezovský, for,evenifheisnotaCommunist,despisesallthose h 617 (thenarrator)mockstheyoungPüchlerforbeingaMasarykian In other words, at leastto some extent,Br h h ezác seustavujícíspolec h Conclusory Essay ectssomethingofthemoodpeopleinThird ezác h ’s incompletetrilogy,ViktorPüchlerisanoutsider, h appearstobedemonstratingthetruthofKopecký 616 WhereKrammerhasbeencorruptedmainlyby h nosti. ŽidovskéreemigrantkyvC Cizinec hledábyt h ezovský’s two-volumenovel,Ludvík Terezínské studieadokumenty2004 Adelheid nizes himimmediately (Aforeignerseeking ndsPragueconstrict- h h ezovský’s novelized ezovský takeslittle , andhadbeen h eskoslovensku cial 329 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited only withcontempt. here thatthoseSlovakswhohadriskedtheirliveshidingJewsduringthewararenowviewed — therobber’sanxietythathemighthavetoreturnJewishproperty’.Kochalsomentions the JewsouttoPalestine!’.This,Kochwrites,‘isnotantisemitism,butsomethingfarworse liberation ofAuschwitz’,inscriptionslikethefollowing:‘Partisans,beatJews!’or‘Drive After thewar,heisshockedwhenseesinBratislavastreets,‘ayearandahalfafter in hisbooks,appearedtobelievethatreaderswouldwelcomethislittlebitofnormality. Republic. Throughoutthewar,K.F.KochreferredtoJewishphysicians,psychiatrists,authors T. Gross’saccountoftheKielcepogrom, (main character)escapesandsurvivestohaveherproperty oritsvalueincashreturnedunder frequent eventsin1945Bohemia.Thebrotherisstarved todeathonreturning;thesister return theirspoilswhenitturnsoutthatthechildrenhad survived,byallaccountsrefl so thatchiefl (Money fromHitler,2006),thenewnationalcommittee’s requisitioningofalltheirproperty owner-driver Doc She hadsetoutonabicyclebecausethelocalcoachwouldnottakeher.The ‘she wasgladthattheyweresatisfi family fl liberated fromtheirhiding-place,Otto’ssisterFelicitassetsoutonabicycletoinspectthe ‘It’s apityHitlerdidn’tkillyou’. the followingwelcomeinPrešov:‘Whendidyoureturn? SoHitlerdidn’tkillyou?’andeven, soon takenup,buttheJewishwereleftstandingonplatform.AyoungSlovakhas in Praguefamilieswerewaitingwhotolookafterreturnees;allGentileSlovakgirls in Auschwitz.TheSlovakHelenaK.hadreturnedfromRavensbrück;attherailwaystation ized thatshecouldgetajobonlyifdeniedherJewishnessandhadbeenprisoner sister —whowasalsouninterestedinher.SchikorratellsofoneFloraB.,soonreal- apparently saidnothing,justfeltmorelost,andeventuallywalkedtoRomaniafi repatriation coachgoingtoPrague,goneherpre-warfl from acamp,hadtofi victims oftheGermans.SchikorrarelatesstoryEdithaB.,who,onherwaytoPrague Ministry oftheInteriorhadutteredadirectivewherebyJewswereautomaticallytreatedas antisemitic attitude,particularlyfromlow-rankingoffi ately haveagreatimpact,andJewsaskingforcertifi from expulsionbecausetheyhadbeenpersecutedunderGermanracelawsdidnotimmedi- normally whatcountedwhenexpulsionwasconsidered.ThefactthatJewswereexcluded German theirlanguageofeverydayintercourseinthe1930census—andthiswas treated asGermans.Twenty-fi the doorinherface. Fried’s Prague, 1958;see,forcommentary onthemotif,pp.334–35.Themotifappearsagainin,forexample, Jir Czechs hidingJewsduringthewar isamotifofEdvardValenta’s 330 621 620 619 618 In Denemarková’strendynovelaboutaJewishreturneebrother andsister, Schikorra,‘Návrat donove SeeJanT.Gross, Koch, Deník OttyWolfa C h at inOlomouc,butSovietsoldierssetuponher,stealthebicycleandherwatch asová tísen Slovo málidskost y Communistscansecuregenerouslivingquarters,andtheir unwillingnessto h (1961). h kal hadrefusedheraticketwiththewords,‘Wedon’ttakeJews’,andshut , p.358. Fear. Anti-semitisminPolandafterAuschwitz 620 618 Jewsreturningfromconcentrationcampswereoftenfacedwithbeing , pp.131–32. WereadofPolesbeingashamedathavinghiddenJewsinJan h ght offtheattemptsofSovietsoldierstorapeher,hadfounda seustavujícíspolec ve percentofJewishCzechswhosurvivedhaddeclared 621 ed justwiththeft’—inotherwordsshehadexpectedrape. Robert B.Pynsent Fear h nosti’, pp.247,249,254–55,261, 252,257. . 619 WhenwhatremainsoftheWolffamilyis cates ofreliability‘encounteredastrongly cials’, butinmid-September1946the , PrincetonNJ,Oxford,2006,pp.ix–x. Jdi zazelenýmsve at, foundaCzechfamilyinit, h tlem Peníze odHitlera [1956],3rdedn, nd her nd ects h í Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited again! AndtheywerealwaysGermans,thosefi siders Czechspossessedby.ShehasafemaleRGshout: ‘TheJewswanttoplayimportant however, sheportraysthisantisemitismasjustpartofthe post-warruffi form, whereJewishnesswasmoreorlesssynonymouswith Germanness.Atthesametime, behaving likeagoodCzechrevolutionary. it allover,initiallyundertheGermansandnowheismaking surehisownershipissecureby after’ muchofElvira’swealthduringthewar,butnow,in 1945,shefi Elvira Blümelein’sboyfriend,DrBraun,inBarényiová’s closely resemblesthenationalcommitteeandRGmembersofDenemarková’snovel,butalso cap the equivalentofBookerPrize. talization. Thenovelwonthe2006MagnesiaLiteraPrizeforfi a workwrittentopleasetheCzechintelligentsia:ofself-righteousnationalsentimen- as theyhadbeenencouragedtobebytheCommunistsin1945.Thereaderisfi civilization since1938;ontheotherhand,ruralCzechshaveremainedasprimitivelyselfi post-socialism. ThisnovelisprobablyintendedtoportraytheCzechs’fi story wherebytheeverdecentoldJosefNettlhadbeenasocialnuisance( grandparent iftheywantedacertainbuilding,sonowtheCommunistshadinvented and ŽižkahasthebackingofCommunistpress.JustasGermanshaddugoutaJewish factory returningtotheNettls,andsoŽižkahisaccomplicescallthemall‘whiteJews’, to gethisjobinthefactoryback,theyareturneddown.Theworkersallagreewith as anursery.WhenJelínek,worker,returnswithtwootherworkerstothetown,expecting child, cutsoffthetelephone,whileatsametimeofferingtheirquarterstourbandistrict factory grounds.Žižkacutsoffthewaterthereand,later,whenJelínkováisexpectinganother The authoritiesleaveŽižkaintheNettls’houseandputthemsomelivingquarters ing JewishCzechs. remind oneofthethird1947reportbyMichalMarešconcerningill-treatmentreturn- son borninthecampandnamedTomášafterMasaryk,returnatendofJune1945: baked revolutionary’.Nettl’stwodaughters,PolákováandJelínková,thelatterwithalittle manager’, acollaboratorwhohassincetakenthenameBohumilŽižka( with brokenhealthtofi eventually theGestapoarrestpatrioticLehraus;hespendsalongtimeinprison,returns factory inthehandsofaGentilefamilyfriend,Lehraus.TheNettlsarealldeported,and Occupation comes,buthiswifeandtwodaughtershavetakeniton;they,however,putthe Jews’ calm,too: a similarviewagainstbackgroundofmassantisemitism; Barényiováappearsannoyedbythe British studentsofCzechliterature, considerthestandardofMagnesiaLiteraverylowindeed. 624 623 622 Barényiová alsosuggeststhatinMay1945Czechantisemitism returnedtoitspre-1939 Barényi, MichalMareš, ‘Jinýdiktatu Articles andlettersintheweekly italist; Žižkahadhimselfpaidreparationsforwar-timedamagetothefactory.He that hardlifehere!Achildborninaconcentrationcamp!Who’severseenanythinglikethat?’ come back,andbroughtabastardwiththem.Nowyoucanseehowtheysuffered,whenwehad a triumphalarchorevenfl .]Whenthesetwowomenreturnedtheywerecertainlynotexpecting . employees havereturned[. No onewelcomedthem;nohadakindwordforthem.Fortheheiressesoffactorywith160 Prager Totentanz 623 SoonaftertheJewishownerofatextilefactory,JosefNettl,dies, nd thefactoryinhandsofitsformer aryanizer,now‘national , p.72. r owers. No,buttheyweremetbyshouts:‘Look,theJewesses!They’ve rek: zeŽamberka’[July101947], in Literární noviny Conclusory Essay 622 TheinitialcircumstancesDenemarkovádescribes lthy pigs!’ demonstratethatCzechintellectuals, likeirrelevant 624 Asimilarfemalefi Ze vzpomínekanarchisty Prager Totentanz ction, whichismeanttobe nds he hassimplytaken an culture shecon- sic asociál rst experienceof gure pronounces : hehad‘looked ) andisa‘freshly nally leftwith , pp.322–29. ) aswella 331 sh Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited concerns violenceaboveallelse,CzechActivistversionsofNazipropaganda, considerable contributiontosocialnormsbyitsreadyacceptanceofviolence. amoral worldasheexperiencesit,awheretheunthinkingmobwillalwaysmake Nationalists, Fascists,Nazis,Communistsallguided/forced so-calledidealistsaswellthe Czech antisemitism,which,stilltoday,rarelypopsupin that, notforthefi with themis,Ibelieve,noclearertothereaderthanauthor.Whatisimportanthere mites; whatsuchmenhaveinstorefortheJewsandPragerstreetwoulddo down apegortwo!’ furrier tradition].That’swheretheGermanswereinadifferentleague:theyknockedJews but that’splainlousy.Justlikeus,idiotSlavs,andtheJewslaughatus[referencetoJewish ‘Drive abloketoruinandthendemandhepretendbeblissfullyhappy—well,I’msorry, begins bycursingtheCommunists,butsooncomestoJews,andpraiseforGermans: petty bourgeoisie,hereembodiedinanasyetunnationalizedfur-coatmakerorworker;he the zenithofnationalcollectivismandhencenear-obliteration oftheindividualself. self. TheSecondWorldWar,includingforCzechsthe expulsionoftheGermans,created the mentalviolenceofState-imposedideologization history, oflanguage,and,indeed, violence inherentinlyricalSovietophilia,theportraitsofbravery/mythologyglory;and (early ifyouareSoviet)PragueUprising,theviolentcontinuitiesofCzechnationalism, allocate themsuitableduties.’ a wayofdealingwithsomethosebeardedmenside-locksandtheywillsetthemlimits, Uprising itself:‘Asaseniorfunctionaryoftherevolutionputit,ordinarypeoplewillfi suggestion thattheinnercircleofCzechNationalCouncilwasantisemiticduring the Shoah,inasmallproportionofthemassociatedalsowithUprising,onedoesfi That issoonaftertheUprising.AmongstthousandsofpagesArnoštLustigdevotedto triumvirate], Prague,1991,p.21. Škvorecký andMilanKunderapublishedinpost-1989euphoria(émigré veneration)as Violence. TheIllusionofDestiny by profi ‘Violence isfomentedbytheimposition ofsingularandbelligerentidentitiesongulliblepeople,championed one soonseeshowunoriginalMoravec, Lažnovskýandtherestwereintheircontributions. 332 629 628 627 626 625 Not justanothersetofessaysonCzech-Germanrelations,thisspecialissue It doespopupinthefi Indeed, the whole ofthisspecialissuecouldbesaidtolendsupport Amartya Sen’sstatements IfonereadsJeffreyHerf’sstudyofGermanwar-timeantisemiticpropaganda, Hanc Arnošt Lustig, Barényi, concentration-camp survivors. curse theminadeafeningroar.TheJewsonlysmile.Nothingwillhappentothem,fortheyare sitting bythewindowincafé,calmlyplayingcards.Theythreatenthemwithraisedfi Mostpeoplethereagreewithher.ThecrowdisnettledmostofallbythefactthatJewsare theatre inPrague!OutwiththeGermanJews,they’renobetterthanGermansthemselves!’ in Pragueandwhosupporteditwithmoney?JustJews,withoutthemthere’dbenoGerman forgotten thattheJewsdideverythingtomakeourPragueGerman?WhobuiltGermantheatre but IamapatrioticCzechwoman,andarethesefi .]‘Whatdoyousay,brother?ThatI’manantisemite?notandneverhavebeen,idiot, . [. cient artisansofterror’and‘Theillusion destinyexactsaremarkablyheavyprice’. h , Události Das toteGeleise , p.68. Porgess rst time(see 627 , abriefnovelincludedincollectionofthreeshortworks,one eachbyLustig, Hanc rst fewyearsafterthewar,inaprosepiecesatirizingvulgarCzech , p.107. [2006],London,2007,pp.2,17. Seealsopp.45,92–94,175,179. h isnotmakingapoliticalstatement,justpresentingthecallous, 626 Dita Saxova 625 IhavedemonstratedthatPražákandMachotkawereantise- Robert B.Pynsent , 1962),Lustigmakesatleastsomethingofpost-war lthy JewsGermanornot?Haveyoualready belles-lettres. The JewishEnemy Velká trojka 628 theratherlate Central Europe sts and sts [Thegreat Identity & (2006), nd a nd nd 629

Published by Maney Publishing (c) W. S. Maney & Son Limited egoism, andsotheindividualwillbeblessedlylostinheavenofanideal mob backtoFichteanism:collectivistnationalismwillcuretheworldofWestern-inspired time fortheCzechs,andbothwarliberationmadeithorrid. not cruel;othersarecrueltoCzechs.Thisspecialissueof intellectual formostWesterners,andacomplexmythologyof‘Czechhumour’:Czechsare as well‘pluckyCzechs’.VáclavHavelstillembodiestheCentralEuropeandemocratic twentieth century,butalsoWesternsupporttotheideaofCzechsasanationsufferers amnesia gavethe‘history’ofBohemianLandsitsshapeforsecondhalf genealogy andheredity.NotjustCommunist-Party-imposedorpopularlyself-imposed of itselfinanage‘democracy’,based,itseems,onself-analysis,andamorbidinterest to beorfearthatothersconsideritthus,needshaveareasonablyclearandaccuratepicture expulsions tothepublic’snotice.Anation,howeverartifi bringing therealitiesofCzechwarand(theSlovakwereminorincomparison) Since 1989predominantlyhistorians(theirworkoftenpopularizedbytelevision)havebeen Uprising, letalonetheexpulsionswhileCommunistPartyheldswayinCzechoslovakia. by forceofNaturewillcrushallopposition.Itwasnotpossiblefullytodiscussthewar, Conclusory Essay cial intellectualsmayconsiderit Central Europe concerns ahorrid lid / Volk that 333