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Pdf/Vha Interviewer Guidelines.Pdf (Bezocht Op 19 Maart 2014) UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Verre buren: Samenleven in de schaduw van de Holocaust Demant, F.A. Publication date 2015 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Demant, F. A. (2015). Verre buren: Samenleven in de schaduw van de Holocaust. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:02 Oct 2021 verre buren Samenleven in de schaduw van de Holocaust Froukje Demant Verre buren Samenleven in de schaduw van de Holocaust ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op vrijdag 19 juni 2015, te 13.00 uur door Froukje Anne Demant geboren te Amsterdam Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof. dr. A.J.J. Nijhuis, Universiteit van Amsterdam Overige leden: Dr. N.D. Adler, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. W.G.J. Duyvendak, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. G. Hirschfeld, Emeritus Universität Stuttgart Prof. dr. P. Romijn, Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. F.F. Vermeulen, Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen Het hier beschreven onderzoek werd mede mogelijk gemaakt door steun van de Stichting Synagoge Enschede. Inhoudsopgave 1. Inleiding 1 1. Momentopnamen 2. Thematiek van deze studie 2.1 Grenzen en vloeiende overgangen 2. ‘Het spook van de alledaagse normaliteit’. Historiografie en theorie 8 1. Historiografische inbedding 1.1. Thema 1: De ‘gewone man’ en zijn agency 1.2. Thema 2: Waaróm de jóden? 1.3. Thema 3: Alledaags leven en (ab)normaliteit 1.4. Thema 4: Samenleven na de Holocaust 1.5. Samenvattend: een verbinding tussen de historiografische debatten 2. Theoretische inbedding 2.1. Alledaags leven als geleefde werkelijkheid 2.2. Existentiële en morele normaliteit 2.3. Verandering en sociale interactie 2.4. Het (samen)leven na een doorbroken normaliteit 2.5. Toepassing van theoretische begrippen 3. ‘Wat mensen deden en wat ze nu denken dat ze deden’. Methodologische overwegingen 32 1. Empirische basis van onderzoek 1.1. Eigen interviews 1.2. Eerder afgenomen interviews 1.3. Andere bronnen 2. Reconstructieprocessen in interviews 2.1. Verschuivende herinnering 2.2. Vertelde herinnering 2.3. Interviewer en geïnterviewde 2.4. Het gereconstrueerde verleden 3. De lagen van reconstructie onder de loep 3.1. Opzet en analyse van de interviews 3.2. Herinneringsmoleculen en signalen van reconstructie 3.3. Het interview als dialoog: intersubjectieve dynamieken 3.4. Eigen en eerdere interviews 4. Weergave van het interviewmateriaal in de studie 4. ‘De jöd en de roomse bok’. Joods/niet-joods samenleven in de Twents-Duitse grensstreek voor 1933 56 1. Historische schets van de Twents-Duitse grensstreek 1.1. Het alledaagse leven: sociale scheidslijnen en grensoverschrijdend contact 2. Het samenleven in de Twents-Duitse grensstreek in historisch perspectief 2.1. De verhoudingen aan Nederlandse zijde 2.2. De verhoudingen aan Duitse zijde 3. Alledaagse relaties 3.1. ‘Mitten unter uns’ 3.2. Samenleven in Enschede 3.3. Antisemitisme 3.4. Discussies over de Duits-joodse identiteit 3.5. Divergerende leefwerelden 5. ‘De sympathie of haat in hun ogen’. Joods/niet-joods samenleven in het Duitse grensgebied, 1933-1945 82 1. Spreken en zwijgen over joods/niet-joods samenleven in het Derde Rijk 2. De vele gezichten van uitsluiting 2.1. Isolering 2.2. Degradatie 2.3. Exploitatie 2.4. Schemergebieden 3. Het uitsluitingsproces 4. Niet-joodse normaliteit 4.1. Omgaan met machtsongelijkheid 4.2. Antisemitisme en sociale druk 5. Joodse normaliteit 5.1. Nieuwe waarden en definities 6. ‘De wereld in twee kampen’. Joods/niet-joods samenleven in Twente, 1933-1945 117 1. Nazi-Duitsland en Twente (1933-1945) 1.1. De invloed van het nazisme in Twente 1.2. Gevoelde dreiging 1.3. Grensoverschrijdend contact tijdens de bezetting 2. Joods/niet-joods samenleven in Twente tijdens de bezetting, 1940-1945 2.1. Uitsluitingsmechanismen 2.2. Joodse/niet-joodse interacties 3. Niet-joodse normaliteit 3.1. Kennis en handelen 3.2. Sympathiserende passiviteit 4. Joodse normaliteit 4.1. De Mauthausen-razzia, dominee Overduin en de Joodse Raad 5. Synthese: joods/niet-joods samenleven in Twente en de Duitse grensstreek, 1933-1945 7. ‘Het voorstellingsvermogen is nu eenmaal zeer beperkt’. Joods/niet-joods samenleven na 1945 157 1. Naoorlogse relaties aan Duitse zijde 1.1. Terugkeer van joodse overlevenden 1.2. Doorbroken normaliteit 1.3. Sociale strategieën 2. Naoorlogse relaties aan Twentse zijde 2.1. Eerste indrukken 2.2. Oude en nieuwe contacten 3. Naoorlogs zwijgen 3.1. Aan Duitse zijde: het zwijgen doorbreken 3.2. Aan Nederlandse zijde: zwijgen uit onbegrip 4. Grensoverschrijdend contact na de oorlog 8. Conclusies 189 1. Alledaags samenleven en de beleving van normaliteit 1.1. Duitse niet-joden: morele dissonantie 1.2. Duitse joden: morele oprekking 1.3. Twentse niet-joden en joden: morele tweedeling 2. Een vergelijkend en transnationaal perspectief 2.1. Vergelijking 2.2. Transnationaliteit 3. Een lange-termijn-perspectief 4. Besluit Citaten in oorspronkelijke taal 204 Interviews 212 Archieven 215 Literatuur 216 Verre buren. Samenleven in de schaduw van de Holocaust (samenvatting) 231 Distant Neighbours. Jews and non-Jews in the Shadow of the Holocaust (summary) 236 Dankwoord 241 This is the story of my life And I write it everyday I know it isn’t black and white And it’s anything but gray Bon Jovi, Story of my life The terror of the unforseen is what the science of history hides, turning a disaster into an epic. Philip Roth, The Plot Against America 1. Inleiding 1. Momentopnamen Gildehaus, Duitsland, 1 april 1933 Er staan SA-mannen voor de slagerij van de Zilversmits. Hermann Zilversmit, een van de zoons die in de zaak werkt, bekijkt ze vanachter de toonbank eens goed: in uniform, met een geweer over de schouder, zien ze er dreigend uit. Vanuit de winkel is het moeilijk te zien hoe de mannen kijken, maar al te vriendelijk zal het niet zijn. Elke keer wanneer een mogelijke klant in de richting van de zaak komt lopen, houden ze een bord omhoog en beginnen ze te schreeuwen: ‘Koop niet bij joden! De joden zijn ons ongeluk!’. Het is een bespottelijke, maar ook wat intimiderende vertoning. Hermann loopt naar voren om te zien wie het zijn; in zijn geboortedorp kent hij bijna iedereen wel van gezicht. Wanneer hij bij de voordeur is, kijkt een van de mannen achterom, en hij herkent hem: Johann Müller,1 een knul die hij al jaren tegenkomt op de voetbalclub waar ze beiden spelen. Geschrokken wil hij zich omdraaien; hij wist niet dat Johann ook tot die club malloten behoort die denken dat ze de hele boel hier kunnen bestieren. Maar Johann glimlacht naar hem, buigt zich naar hem toe en fluistert: ‘Hermann, zie ik je deze week weer op het veld?’ Fürstenau, Duitsland, 10 november 1938 Het is al de hele nacht en ochtend onrustig in de stad. Het schijnt dat verschillende joodse mannen zijn opgepakt, en de vader van Bernard Süskind is het huis uitgegaan om een kijkje te nemen. Bernard staat in zijn kamer voor het raam. Met zijn zeventien jaar kan hij zich al bijna niet meer herinneren hoe het leven was voordat de nazi’s bijna zes jaar geleden aan de macht kwamen. Ja, in 1932 werd zijn grootvader begraven en bijna het hele stadje liep uit om grootvader naar zijn laatste rustplaats te begeleiden. Nog geen twee jaar later was niemand komen opdagen toen zijn grootmoeder werd begraven. Dat was een moment geweest waarop hij zich had gerealiseerd dat het leven langzaam maar zeker veranderd was. Steeds meer plekken werden voor joden verboden verklaard, steeds vaker gebeurde het dat bekenden de weg overstaken wanneer ze hem zagen aankomen. Op een gegeven moment was de eigenaar van het lokale café Bernards vader persoonlijk komen vertellen dat hij niet meer welkom was bij de Stammtisch. De wereld was steeds kleiner geworden, maar Bernard wist al bijna niet meer beter. Maar nu is er iets anders aan de hand, en de hele familie is bang. Hé daar is oom Gerd!2 Bernard kan vanuit het raam net de beste vriend van zijn ouders bij de voordeur zien staan. Opgelucht loopt hij zijn kamer uit om hem te begroeten. Wanneer oom Gerd hem ziet, begroet hij hem met: ‘Hé Bernard, goed je te zien, kom je even met me mee?’. Bernard loopt zonder te kijken zijn moeder voorbij. Op straat zijn opeens twee mannen in SA-uniform opgedoken. Oom Gerd duwt hem in de richting van de mannen en roept: ‘Hé hier, ik heb nog een jood gevonden!’. Enschede, eind 1939 Henk van Gelderen zit aan tafel met zijn ouders en het echtpaar Auerhahn. De jonge student is voor een paar dagen uit Amsterdam naar huis gekomen.
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