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Proceedings GWS2020 Papers of the 7th International Conference on Gender & Women Studies 2020 16 – 17 November 2020 Publication of Unique Conferences Canada Papers of the 7th International Conference on Gender & Women Studies 2020 (ISBN 978-1-988652-36-8) Published by Unique Conferences Canada [email protected] https://uniqueca.com/ Not for sale Digital Publication ISBN 978-1-988652-36-8 @UCC January 2021 All rights reserved. 2 Papers of the 7th International Conference on Gender & Women Studies 2020 (ISBN 978-1-988652-36-8) GWS2020 Conference Convener Dr. Prabhath Patabendi, International Center for Research & Development, Sri Lanka Keynote Speakers Dr Madhu Sharan, President, Hand in Hand, India Dr Michelle Philip, Associate Professor, Wilson College, Mumbai, India Resource Persons/ Moderators Dr Rafidah Hanim Mokhtar (Malaysia) Dr. Ambreen Salahuddin (Pakistan) Prof. Rahul Tiwari (India) Organizer :International Center for Research & Development (ICRD) Conference Partner : Unique Conferences Canada GWS2020 Faculty Conference Advisors Dr. Lesley Ljungdahl, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Prof. N.S. Cooray, International University of Japan Dr. Rafidah Hanim Mokhtar, Universiti Sains Islam, Malaysia Prof. Cher Weixia Chen, George Mason University, USA International Scientific Committee Dr. Helen Peterson (Sweden) Prof. Cher Weixia Chen (USA) Prof. Risa Morimoto (United Kingdom) Dr. (Mrs) Upena D Dalal (India) Dr Rafidah Hanim Mokhtar (Malaysia) Dr. Madhu Sharan (India) Dr. Grace V. S. Chin (Malaysia) Prof. Timothy F. Yerima (Nigeria) Prof. Donathan Brown (USA) Dr. Anuradha Benerjee (India) Dr. Kana Takamatsu (Japan) Dr. Ambreen Salahuddin (Pakistan) Dr. Dang Thi Hoa (Vietnam) Dr. Michelle Philip (India) 3 Papers of the 7th International Conference on Gender & Women Studies 2020 (ISBN 978-1-988652-36-8) Unique Conferences Canada DISCLAIMER: All views expressed in these proceedings are those of the authors AND THERRFORE THE AUTHORS HOLD RESPONSIBLE FOR THE VIEWS CONTAINED IN THIS PUBLICATION and THE PUBLISHERS do not necessarily represent the views of, and should not be attributed to, the International Center for Research & Development and Unique Conferences Canada. The publishers do not warrant that the information in this publication is free from errors or omissions. The publishers do not accept any form of liability, be it contractual, tortuous, or otherwise, for the contents of this publication for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance place on it. The information, opinions and advice contained in this publication may not relate to, be relevant to, a reader’s particular interest. Portions of this publication are copyrighted. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act, the copyrighted parts may not be copied or reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Unique Conferences Canada Email: [email protected] Website: https://uniqueca.com/ 4 Papers of the 7th International Conference on Gender & Women Studies 2020 (ISBN 978-1-988652-36-8) Table of Contents Topics of the Papers Presenting Author(s) Page No. Universal Periodic Review: Placebo or Effective in Respecting the Rights of 01 Dr. Saskia Ravesloot 6 - 13 Persons of Diverse Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity? "Is She a Bad Mother?": Motherhood, 02 Atitaya Asa 14 - 19 Class and Sexuality in Thailand Gender Perspectives for the Climate 03 Change under the Multilateral Chhatradhar Das 20 - 27 Environmental Agreements India’s Missing Working Women: Tracing the Journey of Women’s 04 Mitali Nikore 28 - 36 Economic Contribution Over the Last Five Decades, and During COVID-19 A Tale of Two Chinese Cities: Restrictive Emotionality and Depression 05 Yuan Zhang, Xin Fu and Yixin Tan 37 - 42 in High School Students from Shenzhen and Yuxi Transnational Advocacy Network (GAATW) on Resolving Issues of 06 Monica Vira Ajeng Kristanti 43 - 50 Women Worker Migration and Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia Women, their Bodies and the Space of 07 Ishita Sehgal 51 - 54 Violence Solo Female Thai Backpackers Crossing Borders and Transgressing Boundaries: 08 Pol. Maj. Phrueksa Boondamnoen 55 - 62 Myths, Stereotypes and their Fluid and Multiple Identities Access to Justice for LGBT People Who were Victims of Sexual and Gender- 09 based Violence in Southeast Asia, Francesca Braga 63 - 67 Europe and North America. A Comparative Research Women Law and Human Rights: A Call 10 Umejiaku Nneka 68 - 74 for Gender Balance Study to Establish the Impact of Holding Driving License on Women’s Financial Rahul Tiwari, Yogesh Kumar Garg, 11 75 - 80 Inclusion: A Case of Different Social Vedankur Kedar and Anjali Gupta Groups from a Suburb in India Eradicating Gender-based Stereotypical Misconceptions and Encouraging More 12 Yu Zhang and Bidyut Baruah 81 - 87 Women to Pursue Engineering as a Career 5 Papers of the 7th International Conference on Gender & Women Studies 2020 (ISBN 978-1-988652-36-8) Universal Periodic Review: Placebo or Effective in Respecting the Rights of Persons of Diverse Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity? Dr. Saskia Ravesloot Paris School of International Affairs, France and De Montfort University, United Kingdom Abstract The debate about sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) creates a divide amongst countries working with the international human rights framework. Several countries (including the Vatican and members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) contest the rights of persons of diverse SOGI, while others like Canada and Sweden, promote these rights. The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) facilitates UN State Parties to assess human rights records and formulate recommendations. While quantitative research has scrutinised these recommendations and focused on polarisation between countries, analysis from a qualitative perspective is scarce. This article examines to what extent recommendations allow persons of diverse SOGI to be considered as rights-holders, able to claim and enjoy their rights. A qualitative study, applying critical discourse analysis, examined 2,343 recommendations issued during the period 2008-2020. The majority reflected a binary interpretation of the rights of persons of diverse SOGI, limiting rights for individuals whose identity does not fit the conventional divide between women and men. In light of these findings, this article argues that while the rights of persons of diverse SOGI are considered in the UPR, recommendations should go further by addressing three particular issues: anti-discrimination, the fight against violence and the decriminalisation of persons of diverse SOGI. Introduction This article contributes to the current discussion on the rights of persons of diverse sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) and reflects on possible entry points for diminishing the polarisation between countries that maintain a binary perception of gender, and countries that argue individuals are entitled to determine their own gender. Symons and Altman (2017 p. 74) situate the start of the polarisation about sexuality rights in the early 1990s. Since then, debates intensified and currently the UN Human Rights system is pervaded with controversies about sexuali ty and gender (McGill 2014 p. 9-10). Despite the fact that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that all people are equal, transgender and gender diverse people are submitted to human rights violations across the world. Seventy UN Member States still ban same sex behaviour between consenting adults (Mendos 2019 p. 15) and allow discrimination on the basis of SOGI. In Africa, 13 countries explicitly criminalise persons who express themselves as non-conforming (ILGA 2020 p. 14). However, progress has been made; in Botswana transgender persons have the right to define which gender appears on their legal documents (ILGA p. 17). The UPR, a monitoring system of the human rights records of the 193 UN Member States, allows for the promotion of human rights through worldwide dialogue (Milewicz and Goodin 2016 p. 5). This promotion, however, occurs in a heteronormative, binary setting, excluding people who do not conform to the prevailing norms and dualistic approach recognising only women and men (Otto 2015 p. 315). Exemplary of this binary setting is the recommendation 102.95. issued in 2013 by the Holy See encouraging Malta to ‘Sustain its policy that recognizes the family, based on the stable relationship between a man and a woman, as the natural and fundamental unit of society.’ There is a need for a deeper insight in the nature of these recommendations allowing for all persons of diverse SOGI to claim their human rights, in particular if these rights do not fit a binary definition. This article analyses the nature, origin and destination, and content of the UPR SOGI-related recommendations to assess whether these facilitate the protection, respect and realisation of the rights of persons of diverse SOGI. Dr. Saskia Ravesloot | 6 Papers of the 7th International Conference on Gender & Women Studies 2020 (ISBN 978-1-988652-36-8) The first section of this article describes the method and materials used during this research. It uses critical discourse analysis of UPR recommendations addressing the rights of persons of diverse SOGI. The subsequent section explores the preliminary results of the study, which finds that some countries are targeted more than others who, due to their cultural and traditional
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