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Home , Monthon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Sadao District, Songkhla, Songkhla Province

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THE ROLE OF CHINESE actually the Chinese quarter. Kinship was TRADERS ON THE fostered among the Chinese in the community through inter-marriage. Multi-ethnic GROWTH OF interactions between the Thais, the Chinese and , 1775-1912 the were carried out through trading activities in which the Chinese acted as Srisu.porn Choungsakul intermediaries. During the same period, Songkhla had become the center of government for the lower South: the Abstract commanding seat of and other official centers. The article aims to study the growth of 1 Songkhla between 1775-1912, marked Thus the study shows the development and by two periods of change within growth of Songkhla proper between Songkhla proper. First, the Na 1896-1912, the crucial time in terms of Songkhla family played a major role in government administration and the economy the growth of Songkhla between 1775- when the Chinese traders played the significant 1896, and its development into an role in perpetuating the importance of important port on the gulf coast. Songkhla as a vital city in the economic sphere Second, between 1896-1912, after the on the foundation laid down by the Na gradual decline of the role and Songkhla family. influence of the Na Songkhla family, Chinese traders ascended and took its Introduction place, enabling Songkhla to sustain its economic development and dynamism Formerly known as Singora among Western as a port city . people, Songkhla is a major natural port on the lower Gulf of and has long been an The study reveals the significant role of important center of trade on the eastern side of families of Chinese traders in the isthmus. Present-day Songkhla is situated mobilizing the economic activities of 947 kms. south of along the railway Songkhla and enhancing its status as line, 480 kms. from Kuala Lumpur, , the leading city in the regional and 718 kms. from Singapore. Its eastern and economy. Songkhla served not only as northern areas comprise mostly coastal plains a center for the collection of goods adjacent to the and Nakhon Si from the hinterland, but also as a Thammarat respectively. Those in the west and production site of export goods. The in the south comprise mountains alternating center of Songkhla's commerce was with plains and hills which climb up to Bantad located on both sides of Nakhon Nai and Sankarakiri Range, connecting to the areas and Nakhon Noak roa'ds which were in Patthalung, Setul, Y ala, Pattani, and and in Malaysia. Due to its strategic 1 Songkhla has two dimensions, first as the position, Songkhla has retained its center of administration and second as the importance as the center of trade, center of trade in the lower South of Thailand.

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administration and economy in the descendants3 of the family were entrusted by lower South ofThailand Bangkok to rule Songkhla in succession, covering a period of 126 years (1775-1901). Since its foundation in 1605 at 'Hua Under the political and economic Khaw Dang' by Dato Mogol, a Muslim administration of the Na Songkhla family, Persian leader who accepted Thai Songkhla steadily grew until the town of , the significant role of Songkhla at Laem Son could no longer expand Songkhla as a maJor political to accommodate further growth. In 1842, the and economic base in Southern town was again moved across the strait to the Thailand has developed continuously. opposite tip at Bor Yang which has remained Economically, the Dato Mogol's liberal the site of Songkhla proper up to the present policy encouraged the growth of time (see map 1 showing the three sites of Songkhla as a major free port city in Songkhla). parallel to Nakhon Si Thammarat and Pattani. Evidence of Songkhla's As mentioned above, the development of prosperity in trade (which brought Songkhla at the present time is associated with about wealth and security) was its two groups of people: the Muslims and the proclamation of political independence Chinese who have contributed to the growth of from Ayutthaya, which lasted for 38 Songkhla at different periods of time. This years (1642-1680). Several times article aims to examine the role of the Chinese punitive troops were sent before on the growth of Songkhla. It will discuss Ayutthaya could completely conquer briefly the role of the Na Songkhla family on Songkhla in 1680.

The battles devastated Hua Khaw Dang Luang Inthakireesombat (Yiang) was appointed as the of Songkhla he was granted the title of beyond recovery. After that, the town Phra Songkhla (see Prachum Phongsawadan, Vol 30, proper of Songkhla was moved to p. 189). But in 'Phonsawadan Muang Songkhla' written Laem Son area, under the by Phraya Wichiankiree (Chom) while he was Phraya administration first of and Suntharanurak, the governor of Songkhla around 1870, later of Nakhon Si Thamrnarat. As the it is stated that the title granted to Luang new Thai rulers were not keen on trade, Inthakireesombat (Yiang) was Luang Suwankirisombat subsequently the role of Songkhla as a (see Prachum Phongsawadan, Vol. 3, p. 39). The port city stopped for a certain period writer's opinion is that it is likely that Yiang was first until a Chinese named Yiang Hao (the granted the title of Luang Suwankireesombat as the founder of the Na Songkhla family) governor of Songkhla , then was later promoted to the was appointed by King to be title ofPhra Songkhla. 3 1. Phra Songkhla (Yiang) 1775-1784 2. Chao Phraya Luang Inthakireesombat (Yiang), a Intharakireesombat (Boonhui) 1784-1812 3. Phraya bird-nest revenue farmer, with the title Wisethpakdi (Tienjong) 1812-1817 4. Phraya 2 ofPhra Songkhla. Subsequently, eight Wichiankiree (Tienseng) 1817-1847 5. Chao Phraya Wichiankiree (Boonsung) 1847-1865 6. Chao Phraya 2 In 'Phongsawadan Muang Songkhla' written Wichiankiree (Men) 1865-1884 7. Phraya during the period of Chao PhrayaWichiankiree Wichiankiree (Chum) 1884-1888 8. Phraya (Boonsung) in 1845, it is stated that when Wichiankiree (Chom) 1888-1901.

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the growth of Songkhla between 1775- The Role of the Na Songkhla Family and 1896 to form a basis for understanding the Growth of Songkhla, 1775-1896 the growth of Songkhla in the succeeding period. The emphasis will From the time the Chinese first played a role in focus on the role of Chinese traders the development of Songkhla in 1775, the Na from 1896 when they influenced Songkhla family was the central actor up to Songkhla's internal trading activities 1896 when its influence gradually declined and up to i 912, when they began to change other Chinese traders ascended and took its their economic ventures from trading to place, enabling Songkhla to continue its rubber-plantation capitalists and tin economic development. miners in line with the world economy.

S..r:, ..:'i l ...

Map I: The Three Sites of Songkhla Proper Source: Office ofSongkhla Province (n.p.,l990)

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Between 1775-1896 the Na Songkhla (Pattani, Saiburi, Yaring, family was the most influential local Nongchik, Ra-ngae, Ramanh and Yala). power and dominated the internal Furthermore, Songkhla's expanded to economic activities of Songkhla. It was cover Ban Phatong in 1811, Tambon backed by the central power through the Ban Karum, Tambon Ban Pha Koh in 1839 'farming system,' which was the state (Prachum Phongsawadan, vol. 3, p. 52-53, 74) apparatus in the local administration of and Tambon Ban Kamphaeng Phet in 1854 the distant . As characterized by (Prachum Phongsawadan, vol. 30, p. 248) the system, a pattern of 'semi• (Rataphum at present). The annexation independent' economic practices of the of these was economically vital to Na Songkhla family was followed Songkhla as they are fertile lands which abound whereby the family was allowed to with natural resources and provide trading undertake economic activities within routes between Songkhla and Kedah. Songkhla city and those under its administrative authority. Nevertheless the The political and economic importance of Na Songkhla family was subjected to the Songkhla was further affirmed when the central political dominance of the central power power introduced the Thesaphiban system to and relied on the power of the latter to govern local provinces, and Songkhla was seek economic interest i.e. bird-nest chosen as the seat of the administrative farming, undertaking internal and external command of Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat trade, tin-mining and economic in 1851. The underlying reason was the exploitation both within Songkhla and economic potential of Songkhla with increasing other provinces under its administrative economic progress as perceived by the central authority. These economic activities in power and the amicable relationship between time enhanced lower-level economic its local elite, the Na Songkhla family, and the practices within Songkhla and Siamese court. The Na Songkhla fanily was a surrounding areas. Through the political new power group. They were Chinese shrewdness and economic undertakings of immigrants who were more favourably the Na Songkhla family, Songkhla responsive to the central power than the deep• gradually developed into an important rooted indigenous elite of Nakhon Si port city on the gulf coast. Thammarat, the Na Nakhon. The latter fact was evident in the preparation for the reception of Aside from its economic significance as a King Rama IV on his visit to Songkhla in 1859 leading port city, Songkhla gained which impressed the King so much that he was political importance in the South as it had quoted as saying 'I have visited many been entrusted by the central power to but have never seen anyplace welcome me like govern the peripheral provinces in place this. The residence is strongly constructed and of Nakhon Si Tha~arat: to govern cost a lot of money. It has not been done in a Pattani in 1791 (Prachum Phongsawadan, bureaucratic fashion, but with a loving spirit for vol. 3, p. 53) and later in 1812 me [ ... ]' (Prachum Phongsawadan, vol. 30, p. (Phongsiribanya, 1979:65-68) when 276). This was in contrast to Nakon's Pattani was divided into seven preparation for the royal visit which showed

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many defects. Even the reception pavilion other new Chinese families emerged to play a could not be finished in time so that significant role in internal economic activities Kalahom had to send his own men to help between 1896-1912, along the foundation laid with the construction (Prachum by the Na Songkhla family. Phongsawadan, vol. 30, p. 266-67). In another event, during King The Growth of Chinese Traders in 's visit to Kedah on his Songkhla passage to India, the governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat who was in charge of The majority of the Chinese immigrants in Kedah did not attend the reception, Songkhla came from Fukian, and were called whereas the King was well received when 'Hokkian' in the local dialect. They were from he passed by Songkhla. the same as that of the Na Songkhla founders. Generally, they migrated in groups The events indicated the resistance of the and at sporadic times;4 they settled in a local elite ofNakhon Si Thammarat to the scattered pattern both inside the town proper central power. The setting up of the and in the areas around, including the Songkhla administrative command center at Nakhon lake and U-Taphaw basin. The Chinese Si Thammarat might have met with migrations created economic movements both opposition from the local powers and at the town, community and levels. created obstacles to the Thesaphiban Trading and economic networks were built reform which needed the cooperation of between the Chinese traders who came from the the governor. Therefore, the choice of same or from the same clans. Songkhla as the command center of Subsequently, there several local Chinese Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat was lineages emerged as the local trader families in appropriate to the situation of the time. Songkhla Bor Yang i.e. the Ratanaprakarn family, the Ngoarangsi family, the Konan The introduction of the Thesaphiban family, the Sakharin family, the Charoen system to the administration of Songkhla family, the Adulyaphan family and the affected changes in Songkhla politically Hiranworachart family. Often the first and economically. Songkhla was drawn in generation ancestors landed at Laem Son before to a closer relationship with the central moving to Bor Yang. However, there were power while its influence in the politics, other families whose first generation ancestors administration and control of economic migrated from China and did not originally activities gradually declined. Under the settle in Songkhla, but in other before new centralized, bureaucratic system, moving to Songkhla. These groups later officials were sent directly from the became distinguished families in the economic central power to administer and control realm of Songkhla. They include the Laekagul the implementation of state policy.

Nevertheless, the importance of Songkhla 4 The Na Songkhla family supported Jeen Keng, their as a port city did not decline following the close friend from the same region in China, to be the decline of the Na Songkhla family as governer of Jana (see Prachumphongsawadan, vol. 3, p. 53).

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family and the Chou family, which living, they took advantage of their eventually divided into several family official positions to get profits more lines such as the Chou Ratarasarn, the conveniently than other people. For Ratarasarn and the Prathanrasnikorn. example, when they 'plowed the land' These latter Chinese trader families all ('tamna'), they relied on 'traditional had their ancestors' tombs at Laem Son, sharing labour' ('bok kaek') from the the same place as those of the Na people, or when they started businesses Songkhla family. or went into businesses partnerships with anybody, they might offer more benefits Initially, the business of the Chinese or facilities to their partners. Even the traders depended on the Na Songkhla -farmers who won the monopoly from family which held local power at the time. Bangkok would be able to collect farm They cooperated with the Na Songkhla revenues more conveniently if the family by functioning as its auxiliaries in provincial officials had some share in the mobilizing the internal economic enterprise. Subsequently, the tradition of activities of Songkhla. Before 1896, the making a living through abuse of governing system used by the central state government positions emerged' (italics was the 'farming system' which rendered mine) (, 2002:50). the Na Songkhlas the most powerful force in the internal administration and Under the context of the 'farming system', the economy of Songkhla. In fact, the Na economy of Songkhla was under the influence Songkhlas acted as the representatives of of the Na Songkhla family i.e. tax and revenue the central authority in supervising law collection both inside the town proper, around and order, and collecting , revenues the outside areas and from the provinces under and interest. This system gave the local Songkhla's authority, bird-nest revenue and their provincial officials collection, trade, and tin-mining. Since the Na opportunities to abuse their position as Songkhla family could not undertake these evident in Prince Damrong Rajanubhab's economic activities all alone, the cooperation of explanation: the Chinese traders as the apparatus in mobilizing the local economic forces at Traditionally, the interest obtained different levels was necessary i.e. from the by the provincial officials was grass-roots community up to the town levels, inadequate. In order to get enough internally and externally, including the junk money to lead a comfortable life, trade with China and nearby provinces. Acting they had to seek more interest by as the governing apparatus of the central power, other means than plowing, the Na Songkhla family would appoint the gardening and trading. The Chinese traders to the position of 'provincial provincial officials had the officials' called 'Chinese officials' ('Kromkam administrative power accorded by Jeen'). For example, Chao Praya Wichiankiree their positions and used it to get (Tienseng Na Songkhla) appointed Kong Poy traditional services from the people. to be Luang Srisombat and Jeen Seng to be Therefore, when they worked for a Luang Subhamatra (Prachum Phongsawadan,

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vol. 30, p. 236) whereas Chao Phraya Chinese traders participated in each of the Na Wichiankiree (Boonsung Na Songkhla) Songkhla trade missions to China since several appointed Jeen Kimsui to be Luang ships in an expedition would guarantee a safe Bamrung-arkorn, Jeen Yok Seng to be trip in terms of mutual help and defense against Khun Pakdibaworn, and Chao Phraya piracy. Wichiankiree (Chom Na Songkhla) appointed several Chinese traders in From 1842 onwards, however, trade along the Songkhla to be town officials e.g. Jeen tributary system gradually declined as China Boonseng Sae Jiah to be Luang was forced by the Treaty of Nanking to open Trakpakdi, head of the Chinese in the four free port cities i.e. Amoy, Ningpo, Songkhla market, Jeen Wanchay to be Shanghai and Fucho. In addition, technological Luang Photchana Sarabhan, and Boklong advances in western navigation i.e. from junks Laekagul to be Luang Bawornwathee, the to steamships, had made the journey faster and central Chinese district official. The enabled ships to carry cargo in larger quantities. relatives of wealthy local Chinese Such changes gradually decreased the role and merchants were also appointed to the importance of the junk trade and increased position of provincial officials.5 For those of and Singapore as centers of example, the brothers of Jeen Chunhawd trade in Southeast Asia, the port cities were appointed to be Luang collecting goods from hinterland Southeast Nikornjeenphibhan,6 and Jeen Suitong Asia, India and Europe and disseminating those Hiranworachart to be Luang from China and Southeast Asia to India and Sukkasemsamothai, an assistant to the Europe. The prominence of Singapore as the governor, a Chinese district official and a center of trade was emphasized when the Suez revenue collector (Biography and Canal route was opened in 1869 (Bogaars, Ideology of Sanan Hiranworachat, 1998: 1955). 1). Changes in the economic context of Southeast Between 1775-1855, junk trade, which Asia towards free trade (laissez-faire) via significantly constituted the external trade Penang and Singapore resulted in the Chinese of Songkhla with China under the traders in Songkhla being gradually less tributary system, was in the hands of the dependent on the power of the Na Songkhla Na Songkhla family who acted as the sole family in their external trading activities. Now local .representative of the central power they could trade with Penang and Singapore in sending goods to the Chinese market without having to rely on the political power of (Chotmaihet Reign 2 Chulasakaraj 1173, the Na Songkhla family in their pursuit of 1998: 21 -22). It is highly likely that the economic interests through the tributary system previously based on China. 5 National Archive, R 5 RL-GH/63 Jeen Boonseng, titled Luang Trakpakdi, Indebted to Subsequently, after 1896 the Na Songkhla Jeen Kangsui. family's role in the political, governing and 6 National Archive, R 5 M 4 7/14 On the Interest economic realms, gradually decreased, and the and the Administration of Songkhla, Phatthalung Chinese traders came to play the leading role in and Nakhon (16 April-20 October RS 115).

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the economic activities of Songkhla. accumulated funds from orchards for many years, he turned to trade at Laem Son and Economic Activities of the married two Phatthalung women (Prachum Chinese traders, 1824-1912 Phongsawadan, vol. 3, p. 36) of Chinese descent, one from the Lau family and another Trade was the prominent economic from the Chueng family (In Memory of the activity of Songkhla ever since its Cremation of Chao Phraya Strithammathibet, foundation due primarily to its suitable 1976: 404, 406). This exemplified the trading location as a port: a refuge from the network built between the Na Songkhla family monsoon and the gateway between and other families in Phatthalung through and the sea (Gulf of marriage and kinship, a pattern that was passed Thailand). Significantly, Songkhla on for many generations. possessed several other assets: its hinterland was rich in natural resources For trading navigation in the Lake, sailboats along the Songkhla Lake, the and junks were used to visit and U-Taphaw canal and in several provinces communities where 'weekly markets' were held under its supervision. These assets at various intervals. Traders could then rotate the selling and buying of merchandise from attracted outside traders interested in 7 trading with her. Internal and external one village to another throughout seven days. The vessels used were called 'weekly market trade intertwined in making Songkhla a 8 port city and a center for the collection vessels' ('Rua Kha Nut'). Traders would and dissemination of goods from the import goods to sell in one village while at the areas within the town proper to those same time, they bought local produce from the outside. village to be sold in others. Thus while traders enhanced internal trade within the lake basin, 1. Internal Trade they also disseminated goods from outside into the interior areas. For example, wild honey, and There were two types of internal trade: palm sugar from Ban Than Pho would be exchanged for rice and seasonal fruits with 1.1 Trade in the Songkhla Lake Basin and Phatthalung and Ranote. From Ban Tha-Pho to the U- Taphaw Canal. Middle-man traders Phatthalung, Ranote and Songkhla proper, collected goods from the villages and sold native traders would navigate along the internal them to merchants in Songkhla, while at trade routes of the lake basin using indigenous the same time they bought merchandise knowledge of the weather and water currents in from Songkhla and sold it to the villagers. the lake during each season.9 and the seasonal The traders comprised both Chinese availability of agricultural or forest products in natives and Chinese immigrants in Songkhla. This type of transaction in the 7 Interview, Mrs Phuanglek Wongsakul, age 80, 5-7 lake basin and the U-Taphaw canal must August 2002, and 8, 29 July 2003. have been an old practice as evident in the 8 Interview, Mrs Thanit Kulprayoth, age 78, 5 case of Jeen Yiang Sae How, the founder November 2003. of the Na Songkhla family. After having 9 Interview, Mr Charoensri Charoonsri, age 85, 16 October 2003.

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different communities. These native mouth ofU-Taphaw, Tha Haadyai, Ban Thako, traders also visited Songkhla proper to Ban Khong-sra, Ban Bang Lau, Ban Thung buy cloth and salt to sell to the Yaw, and Ban Thung Mo up to Ban Khaw communities along the lake. 10 Thus, they Rupe Chang along the upper reaches of the U• disseminated merchandise from Songkhla Taphaw canal. Then the route crossed some proper into the interior areas. hills before it reached the Perlis River which flowed into the Andaman Sea where Native traders did not operate alone in the Island is situated at its estuary. After a short internal trade within the Songkhla lake trip along the seashore the route finally reached basin, Chinese traders from Songkhla Kedah. 12 This trade route was in use up to proper also participated in these trade contemporary times. ventures. They would visit weekly markets and import consumer and luxury Traders from various places would come to buy goods such as gold ornaments. 11 Trade and sell at the weekly markets of the went on for whole seven days before they communities along the U-Taphaw canal. They sailed back to Songkhla carrying local imported goods from Songkhla such as dried products to be sold to the townspeople. shrimp, shrimp-paste, pots, jars, salt, and rice in Their weekly market vessels were docked exchange for local produce such as coconuts, along the piers behind their houses along betel-nuts, sugar-cane and all kinds of rattan to Nakhon Noak road. be sold at Songkhla, Penang and Singapore. There were also petty-traders from outside who This type of trade within the Songkhla constantly visited the communities along the lake basin persisted for generations before canal not only for the weekly, markets. Buffalo• it faded away after World War ll. It is hom trumpets would be blown as a sign of the highly likely that such practices came into cargo-vessels' arrival so that the villagers existence from the foundation of would bring their goods to exchange. The Songkhla at Hua Khaw Dang as cargo-vessels would stop for one night before evidenced by its three suitable sites at the leaving for business in other communities. 13 mouth of the lake estuary, making it an entrepot as well as a major port city, as These descriptions show the movement of seen in voyage memoirs and accounts of transactions in collecting and exchanging local foreigners who came to trade with products around the Songkhla lake basin and Songkhla. the U-Taphaw canal. Both native and Chinese traders acted as middlemen in the trade As for trade along the U-Taphaw canal, connecting the hinterland to Songkhla proper. there was an ancient route linking trade between Songkhla and Kedah which 12 Manit Walliphodom, 'KampochNakhon Ayodhya• passed through communities from the ', published on the occasion of the cremation of Somkiat Vessakosol under the auspices of 10 Interview, Mr Nophadol Anekachai, age 54, 8 His Majesty the King, February 1985), p. 119, quoted in July2002. Sukonthaphirom Na Phattha1ung, p. 76. 11 Interview, Mrs Phutsadee Charoenphong, age 13 Interview, Mr Phichai Srisai, age 56, 26 November 81, 5 July 2002. 2004.

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used barter trade among thernse1 ves. 16 1.2 Trade within Songkhla Proper. There was another branch of trade whereby Within Songkhla proper, the business quarter Songkhla was the center of goods from was quite active, with a dense population as the hinterland and outer areas operated by evident since the time of Chao Phraya the Chinese who came from various Wichiankiree (Boonsung) when King Rama IV provinces and foreign lands i.e. China, visited Songkhla in 1859. 'The western and Penang, and Singapore as well as the eastern provinces of the upper South and this western people. Chinese traders opened town are lively. People are prosperous and the wooden shops, grocery stores and brick towns were dense [with] buildings, shops and buildings which were also used as their markets [ ... ] [All] enjoy trade [... ]' (Prachum residences in the commercial quarters of Phongsawadan, vol. 30, pp. 275, 278, 287). the town (at the present time they During the reign of King Rarna V, in 1884, comprise the areas around Nakhon Noak when Prince Phanuphanwongworadej visited road, Nakhon Nai road and Kao-Hong - Songkhla, these conditions were still apparent Nang-ngarn road). These shops sold (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961:. 73). Dur~ng mostly clothes and silk fabric (Prachum his visit to the m 1891 , King Phongsawadan, vol. 30, p. 288). Among Rama V bought merchandise worth 80 dollars 3 those locally produced were Pha Muang, 14 sluengs from 118 shops and from the fresh Pha Pheen, 15 Thai sarongs, silk and cotton stores outside the town walls (Rama V, 1964: sarongs, cotton and silk handkerchiefs, 222) This shows that Songkhla had all kin~s of silk and cotton scarfs. Imported goods merchandise from which to choose, espec1ally such as Pha Muang, silk and cotton Thai woven cloth (Rama V, 1963: 13) which was a sarongs, silk and cotton napkins, and silk famous product. Earlier, when King Rarna IV fabrics carne from other provinces such as visited Songkhla in 1859, he bought several Bangkok and the Malay states pieces of woven cloth (Prachum (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961: 71-7 5). Phongsawadan, vol. 30, p. 288). The grocery stores sold miscellaneous goods sell as dishes, forks and spoons, Trade prospered within Songkhla proper as spades and agricultural utensils, as evident in the number of shops which increased required by the Chinese traders who to 696 in 1898. The revenue tax from trading businesses within Songkhla proper that year would in turn sell them in the weekly 17 markets in the communities around the was 615,062 baht. Records indicate that lake basin. Agricultural produce was not products from communities within the lake in demand in the communities as they basin and the U-Taphaw canal exceeded palm-sugar, coconut oil, poultry, shellfish,

16 Interview, Mrs Phutsadee Charoenphong, age 81, 5 14 Pha Muang is traditional Thai loin cloth July 2002, and Mr Nophadol Anekachai, age 58, 8 twisted at the end and tied to the waist, July 2002. specifically for high-ranking officials. 17 National Archive, R5 M 47/19, Report on Monthon Is Pha Pheen is Thai loin cloth for ordinary Nakhon Si Thammarat (1 0 April 113 - 5 October Thai men. 129).

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unhusked rice (1,500 kwiens, 1 kwien (i.e. rice), collected from the lake basin, locally equivalents to 2000 litres) and rice (1,530 produced within Songkhla proper (i.e. earthen kwiens) from Phatthalung. As for export tiles, bricks, jars) and received as vested goods produced in Songkhla itself, pottery interests of Songkhla from the provinces under was prominent, with revenues of 6,183 its supervision. baht, whereas unhusked rice, rice and live pigs were among those exports to other The general practice was as follows. The provinces and abroad, earning the Chinese traders within Songkhla proper would revenues of 175,400 bath. use sailing boats to trade with provinces along the gulf coast from Bandon to Trengganu. Their It can be concluded that Songkhla proper counterparts in other provinces were mostly served both as a center for the collection acquaintances or relatives. The business of local products from the hinterlands, the relationship between both sides eventually lake basin, and the U-Taphaw canal, as a developed into trading networks such as those source of production of export goods, and between Songkhla and Trengganu, Songkhla as a center of foreign trade and and , and Songkhla and Penang. The transactions between internal and external Songkhla traders had their relatives work as markets. This condition persisted up to trading agents who would arrange for the 1937, when its active role gradually provision and disposal of required goods. In declined. Nevertheless, the contemporary the case of external trade between Songkhla Chinese buildings and houses on both and Trengganu, shrimp-paste from Y or island sides of Nakhon Nai and Nakhon Noak (good quality for Nam-phik) and earthen tiles roads testify to the once lively past of from Y or island and Songkhla proper would be Songkhla trade. 18 exchanged for shrimp-paste (for curry) and brass from Trengganu. Imported goods would 2. External Trade with Other Provinces be sold in Songkhla and other coastal provinces along the Gulf Coast such as Bandon. 19 As for trade between Songkhla and Kelantan, shrimp-paste would be This branch of trade was carried on imported from Kelantan and bricks were between Songkhla and other provinces: exported from Songkhla. Seasonal fresh fruits those under Songkhla supervision i.e. the were imported from Penang while dried seven Malay states, Kelantan and seafood was exported back. Payments and Trengganu, Phatthalung, Ban Don, and investments were based on mutual trust Chumphorn up to Bangkok. The traders between the buyers and sellers. The owners of involved in this branch of trade were the vessels who were buyers would take the those from the Na Songkhla family, merchandise from the producers on credit and provincial administrators and Chinese the balance would be paid after the former sold traders. These traders also worked as the merchandise. middlemen for foreign traders. The goods comprised those bought from the people Significantly, external trade between Songkhla

18 Interview, Mrs Phuanglek Wongsukhon, age 80, 5-7 August 2002 and 8-29 July 2003. 19 Interview, Mrs lamjit Wijam, age 69, I June 2002.

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and other provinces also led to the was recorded as one of the port cities Chinese, migration to and from both sides i.e. Malay and foreign traders constantly visited?5 Songkhla traders went to undertake The volume of foreign trade undertaken by the business in Nakon Si Thammarat/0 and Songkhla Chinese traders at the time greatly Surathani traders moved to Songkhla and increased as observed in Phraya gradually became leading wealthy Sukumnaiwinit's (Pan Sukhum) Report on the families (e.g. Choo family, Inspection of Nakon Si Thammarat in 1899. In Chooratharasan family, Ratarasan family 1897, there were 720 ships trading between and Prathanrasnikorn family (In Memory Songkhla and foreign cities at one time, while of the Cremation of Mr Nikorn the number of ships in 1898 increased by 348.26 Prathanrasnikorn under the Auspices of The ships which were used to trade with His Majesty the King, p. 71) or the Songkhla were not big, around 3-6 wa Ngaorangsi family with its business (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961: 76) as the lineage in Kelantan and Penang)?1 bigger ones would not be able to get into the lake channel. The great number of 720 ships 3. Trade with Singapore trading with Songkhla probably also included Malay vessels which navigated along the After Singapore was developed by the Malayan coasts and stopped over at Songkhla British and became the center of trade in to buy goods, especially rice Southeast Asia, trade between Bangkok (Narisaranuwatiwong, p. 55). and Singapore expanded enormously. Evidence shows that between July and On the other hand, the Chinese traders from December 1869, there were 52 vessels Songkhla also went to trade with Singapore, 27 with Siamese flags trading in Singapore.22 carrying goods from Songk:hla to sell in During the same period, traders from Singapore and on their return carrying goods Singapore visited the port cities in from Singapore to sell in Songkhla. 28 The Southern Siam and also invested in opportunities for trade between Songkhla and business ventures in some of the Singapore greatly increased when the contract provinces e.g. Pattani/3 Kelantan, and for mail ships in the Southern provinces with Songkhla. 24 As a matter of fact, Songkhla venue from Bangkok to Singapore was signed between the Siamese government and the East 20 National Archive, R5 RL-KH/9, Chao Phraya Akramahasena's Order to Chao Phraya Songkhla on Jeen Seng's Petition against Chao Phraya Songkhla. 25 National Archive, M R5 RL-KH/1 0, p. 255. 21 Interview, Mrs Jirawan Ngaorangsri, age 82, 26 National Archive, R5 M47119, Report on Monthon 8 July 2003. Nakhon Si Thammarat (19 April 113- 5 October 22 National Archive, KT(L) 15, Vol4, Revenue 115). Lists on Ships at Singapore, AD 1869. 27 National Archive, R5 M2. 12K/1 (36), Official 23 National Archive, M R5 RL-KH/13, pp. 144- Letter from Songkh1a Regarding Songkhla's 49, Am Dang Tong's, Jeen Hongki's Wife, Customers Buying Bullets from Singapore. Appeal to Bangkok. 28 Interview, Rat Prathanrasnikom, age 83, 12 24 National Archive, M R4 RL-KH/15, pp. 282- December 2001, and Six Cycles ofDr Rat 88; KH/21, pp. 158-67; and KH/5, pp. 145-61. Prathanrasnikorn, 1992: 22.

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Asiatic Co. in 1899/9 and renewed in a year for junks.33 Moreover, junks were 1904. The operation ofthe mail ships with expensive from Kanchanadit or Chumpom, fixed schedule greatly affected the costing 1,000-2,000 baht. In 1882 the Chinese movement of the economy of the traders in Songkhla owned only 15 of the Southern provinces. As Phraya junks that traded with Singapore.34 The Sukhumnaiwinit noted, agriculture and prominent families which had junk trade with commerce in the Southern provinces was Singapore were the Prathanrasnikom family, prospering and much would go on30 the Sin Adulyaphan family, and the Siriwong because the post mail-ships could farnily. 35 Steamships only gradually replaced transport cargo from several cities at the the junks as a means of transportation and trade same time. The new contract of the East between Singapore and Songkhla. Asiatic Co. stated that the sailing schedule of the ships would be fixed and the ships Exports from Songkhla to Singapore and the would stop to send mails at the five cities Malay States of Kelantan and Trengganu which had a great volume of cargo. One comprised traditional products collected from of these cities was Songkhla. the hinterlands (bird-nest, rice, dried shrimp, salt, forest produces, and live pigs). There were Aside from the post-mail ships of the East also export products from Songkhla proper and Asiatic Co. which provided transport of the area nearby including Trengganu oranges, cargo from Songkhla to other provinces varieties of pottery such as earthen tiles, bricks, and Singapore, there were two steamships earthen crocks, large water jars and bowls. i.e. Kaladit and Phatthana which belonged to Luang Udompakdi,31 one steamship 4. Trade with Penang from Singapore which sailed three times a month, including two ships from Bangkok Trade between Songkhla and Penang was i.e. Sukswadi and Sherd.32 The opening of possible through a land route -- Kedah road steamship lines between Songkhla and which was little more than two metres wide, Singapore enhanced transportation in the built in 1907.36 Kedah and Songkhla had the region as steamships could sail up to 15- 16 times a year as compared to 3-4 times 33 National Archive, R5 M47/19, Report on Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat (1 0 June 113 - 5 October 129). 34 National Archive, R5 M2.12 K/1 (108-114), 29 National Archive, R5 B 12/6, Post Shipping Official Letter from Songkhla Regarding the Items Contract between Bangkok and the South (2 Sent to Participate in Bangkok's Centennial April 122 - 10 July 148). Anniversary Exhibition. 30 National Archive, R5 B 12/6, Post Shipping 35 Interview, Rat Prathanrasnikom, age 83, 12 Contract between Bangkok and the South (2 December 2001, and Six Cycles ofDr Rat Aprill22- 10 July 1.48). Prathanrasnikorn, 1992: 22. Interviews, Mrs Prayul, 31 National Archive, R5 KH 14.2K/50, Bird• age 83, 16 June and I 0 October 2003; Mrs Nest Revenues (7 August - 24 June 128). Chonnaphom Preechaphanit, age 66, 3 July 2003; Ms 32 National Archive, R5 M47/19, Report on Sopha Siriwong, age 69, 3 May and 29 May 2005. Monthon Nakhon Si Tharnrnarat (10 June 113 36 National Archive, R5 M2.14/22, Phraya Sarit's - 5 October 129). Report on the Inspection of Monthon Nakhon Si

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road constructed from each side. It met at identification stamps for the animals.40 The the borderpoint called Hua Thanon where animals would then be brought to Hua Khaw a demarcation stone made from a Dang, and made to swim across to Songkhla at rectangular slab of granite was set up37 Bor Yang before proceeding along Kedah road. (see map 1) (Sadao Heritage, 1990: 5). In Initially, there were five check points on the fact the road was an elevated cart - walk, way within the Songkhla border which made and was impassable during the rainy the journey costly and time-consuming. In season as there were no bridges at several 1897, four of the five check points were places where waterways cut across the eliminated leaving only one in place.41 Before road. It was not until 1907 when 69 1910, the number of animals transported to bridges were built at Namkrajay, Narnnoi, Kedah through Songkhla was 6,000-7,000. In Klonghae, Haadyai, Banphru, Phratong , 1910, an epidemic reduced the number to Phangla and Prik38 that trade between the 2,000-3,000, but this rose to 4,000 in 1896. It two towns became much more was estimated that the number might have risen convenient. to 6,000-8,000 in 1897.42

In trading with Penang, the Chinese Besides livestock, other merchandise exported traders from Songkhla went in groups of to Penang included shrimp-paste, rice, salt, acquaintances in order to help each other dried fish and Trengganu oranges. Penang during the journey as the road passed merchandise imported to Songkhla comprised through woods where there were dangers mainly consumer goods such as cloth, cotton from wild animals and bandits. Elephants thread, silk thread, shoes, dried fruits and and carts were used for the transportation Chinese products. Later, there were machines, of the goods. Traders would stop at bicycles, motor-cycles and cars from China and communities along the way to buy local Europe .43 products.39 Livestock (buffaloes, goats, sheep, ducks and chickens) was very Communication between Penang and Songkhla important nerchandise on the Kedah was common as the traders of the two cities route. The animals were collected from were often relatives or acquaintances. The the hinterlands where every district in Nakon Si Thammarat would hold weekly 40 National Archive, RS M47/ 19, Report on Monthon livestock markets at least twice a week, Nakhon Si Thammarat (1 0 July 113- 5 October and an officer would be ready to issue 129). 41 National Archive, RS M99/51 , On the Abolition of Cock-Fighting Gamble and Custom Posts in Thammarat (RS 113). Songkhla. 37 At present, it is near the rice field, Mou 4, 42 National Archive, RS M47/1 4, On the Interest and Ban Hua Thanon, Tambon Prik, , Administration in Songkhla, Phatthalung, and . . Nakhon (15 April- 20 October 115). 38 National Archive, RS M24. 1/19, The Bridges 43 Interviews, Mr Pin Pbongphrayul, age 85, 10 in Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat (2 April October 2003, Mr Sutha Ratanaphuek, age 77, 16 120 - 29 July 129). October 2003, Mrs Jureerat Niphatsat, age 72, 13 39 lnterview, Mrs Chonnaphom Preechaphanit, October 2003, Mrs Iamjit Wijam, age 69, 1 June age 66, 3 July 2003. 2002, Mr Nophadol Anekachai, age 53, 8 July 2002.

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relationship between the two partners was World War II (Ungwithayathorn, 2001: 80-81) close enough for the Songkhla when there was not enough rice and a great entrepreneurs to send their children to number of small rice-mills were opened along study in Penang and stay with their the lake basin. counterparts in order to learn Chinese, Malay and English which would be There was another rice-mill belonging to Khun beneficial for their future business. Rachakitkaree (the Saowaphuek family), a Sending their children to study in Penang town official in partnership with his relatives, under the care of and/or staying with their Khun Phokhaph~at (Khow Huadliand) and the relatives or trustworthy partners was a Kanan family. 4 It was set up in 1911.47 popular practice anoag the Chinese Initially the operation of the rice-mill used traders in Songkhla. 44 On the other hand, petroleum engines. Later after it fell solely into the Penang entrepreneurs would come to the hands of Suchart Rattanaprakarn, his settle and invest in Songkhla, and grandson, steam engines directly ordered from undertake business in partnership with were used instead. The supply of rice their relatives in Penang.45 for the mill was carried by rice-boats (Lam• june) from Ranote, Huasai and Phatthalung 5. Other Economic Activities whereas some was collected from villagers by the middlemen who sailed along the lake. The Rice Milling. Rice milling was another rice-milling business went on until after World major economic activity of the Chinese War II. 48 traders in Songkhla. It was an investment in relation to the hinterlands around the Other rice-mills were opened between 1927- Songkhla lake basin, which had long been 1937. For example, Sun-Huad Siang Rice-Mill an important rice growing area. Songkhla at Saphan Lek ('the Iron Bridge'), which was was the center of rice collection to be called 'Iron Bridge Mill', belonged to Pai Ja. exported to other provinces. The first rice There were also Khun Jinda Mill (Hok Seng mill was set up in Songkhla by a member Hin Mill) whose owner inherited it from his of the Na Songkhla family, Luang father, Chaijin, who was given the title of Udompakdi (Phan Na Songkhla), some 'Khun', as well as Khun Teub's rice-mill which time not before 1905 when the frrst rice• was situated at Thesa Bridge,49 Nakhon Phanit mill at Pak-Phanang was opened. After Mill and Shynam Mill (Ungwithayathorn, his death in 1919, it was sold to a Nakon 2001: 82-83). Si Thammarat businessman. It later fell into the hands of Chinese Singaporean entrepreneurs. The business stopped after 46 Interview, Mrs Manee Na Songkhla, age 80, 9 2005. 44 National Archive, R5 M47/l4, On the 47 Interview, Mrs Manee Na Songkhla, age 80, 9 Interest and Administration in Songkhla, March 2005. Phatthalung, and Nakhon (15 April - 20 48 Interview, Ms Nobhanapha, age 72, 28 May and 8 October 115). October 2003. 45 Interview, Mrs La-or Suwanayuha, age 72, 5 49 lnterview, Mr Thanit Kulaphrayote, age 78, 5 August 2004. November 2003.

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Pottery and Brick Production. The oranges were operated by the Chinese around production of pottery and brick was the U-Taphaw estuary. There were about 20 another economic activity, the technology orange orchards on both sides of the U-Taphaw of which came from China. Its production canal (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961: 65). The as an industry began in the time of Chao produce was exported to many provinces, Phraya Wichiankiree (Boonsung). especially Kedah. Actually, Songkhla was a major source of Fishery. Fishery was a common profession good quality clay. Ban Bor Phab and Yor among the Chinese and Muslims. The fishing Island both became production sites of resource of the Muslims was in the lake, large pottery water jars, bowls, whereas that of the Chinese was in the Gulf In earthenware, and pottery called 'Songkhla actual fact, most of the Muslims from Ban Bon, brick' and 'Songkhla tiles' which were the area around Bor Phab, including those at famous products of Songkhla. On the Laem Son and Hua Khaw Dang, were northern side of Y or island, there were fishermen as the areas from Hua Khaw Keaw to three pottery factories Y or island were plentiful sources of a large (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961: 68) variety of fish. All kinds of traditional fishing whereas at tambon Bor Phab around the equipment was utilized in the fishing activities place called 'Toa It' ('Kiln'), outside the e.g. phong-phang, yok-yor, lobe, kat-thi, kat- town walls on the Southern side, a mold hang,5 1 sum-krop-paz, . 52 saz. and mo h .53 factory produced very fine, thin tiles as there existed good quality clay On the other hand, fishery in the outer sea or (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961 : 64-65). the Gulf of Thailand, was dominated by Besides, there were other pottery Chinese fishermen. The major fishing activity resources with no less than 200 kilns here was fishing stakes ('Poh') which required along the southern lakeside from Tha It intensive capital investment, but the return was Thasa-Aan, Tha Nang-Roam, Wat Khok• also very high as the money from the catch Puea to Ban Bang-Note (Inthongkhong, could last up to six months while one month's 'Songkhla's Pottery', in In Memory of catch would cover the cost. 54 Suchart Rattanaprakarn, 1983) These tiles and pottery were exported to other In conclusion, various economic activities provinces such as Pattani and Kelantan. undertaken by the Chinese traders were Songkhla's pottery and tile industry continued until sometime before World 51 National Archive, R5 M2.14/22, Phraya Sarit's War IT. 5° Report on the Inspection ofNakbon Si Thammart W:S 113). Trengganu Orange Orchards 2 National Archive, R5 M2.12K/1 (111), Official ('Somjuk'). Trengganu oranges were a Letters from Songkhla Regarding Lists of Items Sent famous agricultural export from to Participate in Bangkok's Centennial Anniversary Songkhla. Big plantations of Trengganu Exhibition. 53 Interview, Mr Jaroen Jaru1esri, age 84, 16 October 2003, and Mrs La·or Suwanayuha, age 72, 5 August 50 Interview, Mrs Iamjit Wijam, age 69, 1 July 2004. 2002. 54 Interview, Mrs La-or Suwanayuha, 5 August 2004.

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constantly expanded, both within The dynamism of economic activities Songkhla proper, in the lake basin and undertaken by the Sino-Thai traders enhanced with outside provinces. They were the growth of Songkhla, especially in the operated both by land and by sea. The commercial center around Nakhon Nai and symbiotic movement of the internal and Nakhon Noak roads. In 1910, the inner space of external economy contributed to the town was granted the status of 'Sukaphiban Songkhla's growth as a port city and an Tambon Talat' -- a lower local government. entiepot where products were collected The Sukaphiban Tambon Talat covered 992 and then transported from the hinterlands households, 2,217 houses and 6,568 people. 55 to outside markets, and to Singapore and Penang. The growth of Songkhla was also attributed to its being the command seat ofMonthon Nakon The Growth of Songkbla Proper, Si Thammarat. This encouraged the expansion 1842-1912 of the town proper to the north and east. Phrya Sukhumnaivinit (Pun Sukhum), the When the town was moved to Bor Yang, Thesaphiban governor, had many government the physical character of Songkhla buildings improved and built, including the changed tremendously. The area on the town hall, the courthouse, the post office and many big roads for cars both within and outside western side of the town was the densely 6 populated economic center. Many roads the town. 5 were built to connect the interior and outer areas of the town walls. For As there was a demand on the side of the instance, the road from Khaw Noi to government for the utilization of land in the Machima temple passed the central future, therefore, the State Land Act of 1975, market downtown (Prachum article 4 and 11 (Songkhla's State Land, Phongsawadan, vol. 30, pp. 258-59), the Summary of Land Issues According to road from Phayaknamruengdej gate Songkhla's District Office 1 November 115) passed through Chaiyut gate towards was issued on the preservation of land in the Samrong canal. There were two wells, northern and eastern sides of the town along the three travelers' shelters (In Memory of old wall. This became an obstruction to the Suchart Rattanaprakarn, 1983: 48) and a growth of Songkhla as a major economic center bridge across K wang canal built when in the future. Ch~o Phraya Wichiankiree (Boonsung) was in power (Phongsawadan Muang The population in Songkhla was a mixture of Songkhla, 1939: 48). The construction of Thais, Chinese and Muslims. The Thais were this road made communication between the natives who lived in the area from the Songkhla town and peripheral communities like Tup.gwang and Khaw 55 National Archive, R5 Ml2.217, On the Rupechang much more convenient and Sukhlaphiban Tambon Talat, Muang Songkhla RS 128 (25-26 August 128). helped expand the internal trade of 56 Songkhla (Prachum Phongsawadan, vol. National Archive, R5 M2.14/47, The Minister of Interior's Inspection of the Southern Provinces (7 30, pp. 275, 278, 287). December 115).

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beginning, mostly around Laem Son and which the Chinese were middlemen. Each Bor Yang. However, some settled side by group had its own expertise: the Thais were side with the Chinese and the Muslims. good at ploughing and gardening. The Chinese Some Thai groups were fishermen and excelled in trade and the Muslims in fishing. petty traders whereas those at Y or island Songkhla proper was the home of these ethnic had orchards. groups. In 1884, the population of Songkhla was 50,000: 40,000 Thais, 2,000 Chinese, and The Chinese were immigrants from 10,000 Muslims (Phanuphanwongworadej, China. For expediency in trade, they 1961: 70). settled together in the commercial areas on both sides of Nakhon Noak and In additeoir within the walls there were Nakhon Nai roads and along the coast on religious buildings of various devotees: six the eastern side of the lake. Their Buddhist temples, five Chinese shrines and one residences were row houses in Chinee mosque. The location of religious buildings architecture style. Some of the Chinese clearly illustrates the pattern of ethnic were fishermen, agriculturalists, and residences within Songkhla proper. pottery and tile producers. There were pottery factories on the river bank about The Communities in the Central 40 meters to the south of the town wall, Commercial Area along N akhon N ai and at Bor Phlab which was famous for and N akhon N oak Roads the production of pottery bricks, tiles, water jars, vases and spittoons.57 The commercial center of Songkhla was Nevertheless, the Chinese also scattered located along the lake, on the eastern and in other places such as Yor island and western sides of the town wall on Nakhon Nai Sathingphra. As for the Muslims, most of and Nakhon Noak roads. It covered the area them settled in groups around Bor Phlab both inside and outside the town wall as the or at Bon on the southern side of the wall was constructed after the communities had commercial area of the Chinese. The been established. There were a large number of majority of the Muslims were fishermen. residences on the Songkhla lake side as it was Some were traders. The Laem Son area convenient to communicate with their relatives was densely populated by Muslims from in the communities across the lake on the Laem the sub- south of the governor's Son peninsula. Residences on Nakhon Nai and house up to Khaw Kheo Nakhon Noak roads were various. There were (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961 : 69). Thai thatch-roof houses or houses with tile roofs, Chinese tile roof houses and Chinese The three ethnic groups were style buildings. It was estimated that within the interdependent and came into contact with town proper, one of three buildings were each other through trade activities in thatch-roof houses (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961: 60-62). 57 National Archive, RS M2.12Gl (I 09-110), Official Letters from Songkhla Regarding Lists The residences of the Chinese traders were also ofltems Sent to Participate in Bangkok's Centennial Anniversary Exhibition. utilized as commercial buildings and shops.

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Traditionally, the Chinese row buildings, each normally 5 meters wide, and 20 meters long, were divided into three parts. The front part of the house was a half story building whose upper floor was used to store merchandise.58 The second part was a patio for domestic activities with a well' in the middle. The third part usually with two stories was the sleeping place for the members of the family.

These shops sold a variety of merchandise. Those on Nakhon Nai Road sold mostly clothes and fabrics (Prachum Phongsawadan, vol. 30, p. 288) both locally produced and imported from other provinces (Bangkok and the Malay states)59 such as Pha Muang, loin cloths, white cloths, silk and cotton sarongs, scarfs, napkins and Chinese workers' blouses (Phanuphanwongworadej, 1961: 74-75). There were also many shops selling religious (Buddhist) accessories, such as monks' robes as there were many temples within the town and there was a Besides this commercial center, there were two great demand for these goods for religious other markets for petty merchants of the three offerings during Buddhist festivals. The ethnic groups. One situated outside the wall, shops on Nakhon Nok Road were mostly beside the lake, was originally called 'the Old grocery stores, selling consumer goods Market' or 'Thalat Ban Bon'. Another, 'the and farming equipment. The merchandise New market', was situated near the wall on the came from local merchants or from northern side -- around Don Ruk temple. The Bangkok, Penang and Singapore. They latter was built in 1896 by the initiation of Phra were goods in demand and both the local Wijitworasan (Pun Sukhum), the then Chinese merchants around the lake and Thesaphiban governor of Monthon Nakon Si within the town itself would disseminate Thammarat in order to earn rent to fund the 60 them at weekly village markets. market and roads in downtown Songkhla. The buyers who frequently came to the two markets 58 Interview, Mrs Chonnaphom Preechaphanit, can be divided into two groups: 'Chow Bok' age 66, 3 July 2003. · ('the Land people') who lived in the areas from 59 Interview, Mr Sutha Ratanaphuek, age 77, 5, 16 September 2003, and Mrs Iamjit Sakharin, age 71,7 August 2003. age 81, 5 July 2002, and Mr Nophadol Anekachai, 60 Interview, Mrs Phutsadee Charoenphong, age 58, 8 July 2002.

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Hua Khaw Dang to Sathingpra and the court house and others. The economic Ranote, and 'Chao Nua' ('the Northern center was located in the middle of the town People') who lived around Tungwang, along the Nakhon Nai and Nakhon Noak roads, Narnkrajay, Namnoi and Haadyai. There an area densely populated, with shops, were also buyers from Pak-phanang. buildings and row houses of the Chinese who Trade within Songkhla proper was very were in close-knit relationships through inter• lively during the 'Duen Sip' festival (10th marriage. The interactions between the Chinese lunar month to celebrate Wan Ching and other major ethnic groups (the Thais and Phret, 'the day of the Ancestors') in the Muslims) were interdependent through October when people would come to shop economic transactions. Actually as revealed in and buy festival deserts.61 this article, trade and the Chinese traders between 1896-1912 played a key role in the The relationship between the Chinese development and dynamism of Songkhla as a along Nakhon Nai and Nakhon Nok roads port city. was closely-knit.They were relatives for generations and after 3-4 generations they References inter-married, leading to alliances between various families, such as the Primary Sources Konan, the Rattanaprakarn, the National Archive, KH/5, pp.145-161. Laekhagul, the Phrathanrasnikorn, the National Archive, KH/21, pp. 158-167; Ratarasan and the Na Songkhla. National Archive, KT(L) 15, Vol4, Revenue Lists on Ships at Singapore, AD. 1869. National Archive, M R4 RL-KH/15, pp. 282-288 ; National Archive, M R5 RL-KH/10, p. 255 Conclusion National Archive, M R5 RL-KH/13, pp. 144-149, Am Dang Tong's, Jeen Hongki's Wife, Even though the role and importance of Appeal to Bangkok. the Na Songkhla family gradually National archive, R5 B 12/6, Post-mail Shipping declined from 1896 onwards, the Contract Between Bangkok and the South continuation of economic activities of (2 April122-10 July 128). Chinese traders in Songkhla between National Archive, R5 Kh 14.2K/50, Bird-Nest 1896-1912 enabled Songkhla to maintain Revenues (7 August - 24 June 128). its economic status as a port city as well National Archive, R5 M2.12G1( 109-110), as the strategic political and Official Letters from Songkhla Regarding administration center of the lower South. Lists of Items Sent to Participate in During the period, Songkhla proper Bangkok's Centennial Anniversary comprised the part which was the center Exhibition. of government offices on the northern and National Archive, R5 M2.12K/1 (36), Official eastern sides of the town, aroand the Letter from Songkhla Regarding Monthon Hall, post and telegraph offices, Songkhla's Customers Buying Bullets from Singapore. 61 Interview, Ms Suda Charoenkonkit, age 71 , 1 National Archive, R5 M2.12 K/1 (108-114), September 2003 and 8 October 2003.

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Official Letter from Songkhla Songkhla. Regarding the Items Sent to Participate in Bangkok's Centennial Books Anniversary Exhibition. Biography and Ideology ofSanan National Archive, R5 M2.12K/1 (Ill), Hiranworachart. 1998. Official Letters from Songkhla Bogaars, George. 1955. The Effect ofthe Regarding Lists of Items Sent to Opening of the Suez Canal on Trade Participate in Bangkok's Centennial and Development of Singapore. Anniversary Exhibition Journal ofthe Malayan Branch of National Archive, R5 M2.14/22, Phraya the Royal Asiatic Society 22.1:99- Sarit 's Report on the Inspection of 143. Monthon Nakon Si Tharnmarat (RS. Chotmaihet Reign 2 Chulasakaraj 1173. 113). 1998. Bangkok: Kurusapha. National Archive, R5 M2.14/47, The Damrong Rajanubhab, Prince. 2002. Minister of Interior's Inspection of Thesaphiban. Bangkok: Matichon. the Southern Provinces (7 December In Memory ofSuchart Rattanaprakarn. 1983. 115). In Memory ofthe Cremation ofChao Phraya National Archive, R5 M12.2/7, On the Srithammathibet (Jitre Na Songkhla) Sukhlaphiban Tambon Talat, Muang under the Auspices ofHis Majesty Songkhla RS. 128 (25-26 August the King. 1976. Bangkok: Chuanpit. 128). Narisaranuwatiwong, Prince. 1997. Jotmai National Archive, R5 M24.1119, The Rayathang Pai Truat Rachakarn Bridges in Monthon Nakon Si LaemMalayuRS 121. Bangkok: The Tharnmarat (2 April RS. 120 - 29 Fine Arts Department. July 129). Phanuphanwongworadej, Prince. 1961. National Archive, R5 M47/14, On the Cheweewat. Bangkok: Kurusapha. Interest and Administration in Phongsiribanyat, Piang-kae. 1979. The Songkhla,Phatthalung and Nakhon Administration Policy ofSongkhla (15 April- 20 October 115). during Bangkok Period. MA National Archive, R5 M 47119, Report on Dissertation, Department of History, Monthon Nakon Si Tharnmarat (10 Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkom April 113- 5 October 129). University. National Archive, R5 M99/51, On the Rama V, King. 1963. Phrarachahathalekha Abolition of Cock-fighting Gamble Reung Sadet Praphas Laem Malayu. and Custom Posts in Songkhla. Bangkok: Kurusapha. National Archive, R5 RL-GH/63 Jeen Rama V, King. 1964. Rayathang Sadet Boonseng, titled Luang Trakpakdi, Phrarachadamnuen Thang Bok Indebted to Jeen Kangsui. Thang Rua Rob Laem Malayu RS National Archive, R5 RL-KH/9, Chao 109. Bangkok: Kurusapha. Phraya Akrarnahasena 's Order to Sadao Heritage. 1990. Chao Phraya Songkhla on Jeen Six Cycles ofDr Rat Prathanrasnikorn. Sang's Petition against Chao Phraya 1992. Bangkok: Amarin.

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Sritharnmathibet, Chao Phraya. 1939. October 2003. Phongsawadan Muang Mrs La-or Suwanayuha, age 72, 5 August 2004. Songkhla. Bangkok: Sor Karn Mrs Manee Na Songkhla, age 80, 9 March 2005. Pim. Mr Phichai Srisai, age 56, 26 November 2004. Sukhonthaphirom Na Phatthalung, Mrs Phuanglek Wongsukol, age 80, 5-7 August Suphatra. History of the Family 2002 and 8, 29 July, 2003. of Sultan Suleiman. In The Mrs Phutsadee Chareonphong, age 81, 5 July Suleiman Lineage. 2002. Wallipodom, Manit. 1985. Mr Pin Phongphrayul, age 85, 10 October 2003. KampochNakhon Ayodhya• Mrs Prayul, age 83, 16 June and 10 October Tambralinga. Published on the 2003. occasion of the cremation of Mr Nophadol Anekachai, age 54, 8 July 2002. Somkiat Vessakosol under the Ms Rat Prathanrasnikorn, age 83, 12 December auspices of His Majesty the 2001. King. Ms Sopha Siriwong, age 69, 3 May and 29 May Wichiankiree, Phraya. 1963. 2005. Phongsawadan Muang Ms Suda Chareonkonkit, age 71, 1 September,8 Songkhla. In Prachum October 2003. Phongsawadan. Vol. 3. Mr Sutha Ratanaphuek, age 77, 16 October Bangkok: Kurusapha. 2546. Wichiankiree, Phraya. 1963. Mrs Thanit Kulprayoth, age 78, 5 November Phongsawadan Muang 2003. Songkhla. In Prachum Phongsawadan. Vol. 30. Bangkok: Kurusapha. Ungwithayathorn, Chawalit. 2001. The Transaction and Rice Trade in the Songkhla Lake Basin. Bangkok: Office of the Thailand Research Fund.

Interviews Mr Charoensri Charoonsri, age 85, 16 October 2003. Mrs Chonnaphorn Preechaphanit, age 66, 3 July 2003. Mrs Iamjit Wijarn, age 69, 1 June 2002. Mr Jaroen Jarulesri, age 84, 16 October 2003. Mrs Jirawan Ngaorangsi, age 82, 8 July 2003. Mrs Jureerat Niphatsat, age 72 June and 13

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