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To the Road Gain More Information from It Than They Can from Potsherds Or Yellowed Papers

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To the Road Gain More Information from It Than They Can from Potsherds Or Yellowed Papers FOCUS MOBILITY A bit of saliva can tell the story of an entire people. Genes Take Since scientists learned to identify the human genome letter for letter, they can sometimes to the Road gain more information from it than they can from potsherds or yellowed papers. Thus, MARK STONEKING and his colleagues at the MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY use it to investigate, for example, how various peoples gradually dispersed. Human trails: The red arrows mark the migration of modern man, probably starting from East Africa; violet shows Neanderthal territory. his here is the extracted, highly is good, but on the other hand, it logroups. These can differ greatly in between the men and women of two T purifi ed DNA from the cells in isn’t, as it means that we only ever frequency between populations, and peoples quickly has an impact that saliva. Each tube contains the sam- learn half the story. are named after letters of the alpha- Stoneking and his colleagues can ple from one individual,” says Sean The molecular geneticists get the bet. The haplogroup L, for example, detect as a genetic contribution in Myles. He reaches over to place it in other half of the story from the Y- with its sub-groups L1, L2 and L3, the genomes of these population the styrofoam container with the chromosome, the second genetic is- occurs only in Africa. M and N origi- groups. others, then puts the collection back land of tranquility: the Y-chromo- nated in East Africa, but they also Because widespread sexual contact in the freezer. It’s just a few drops of some in the cell nucleus is what makes exist in Eurasia and America. Hap- leaves such clear evidence behind, clear, frozen liquid at the bottom of a person a man. Because it has no logroups A to D are found in the New genetic analysis is a good tool for a tapered, transparent plastic tube, matching partner with which to ex- World, just as in Asia, and G, Y and clarifying questions that, to date, an- but they reveal secrets about entire change genes on the maternal side, its Z are found primarily in Siberia. thropologists, ethnologists, linguists cultures, about the conquest of new gene sequences remain largely intact and archaeologists have been able to SALIVA SAMPLES territories and migrations to the re- and can be used to trace back the pa- answer only fragmentarily. For in- FOR SCIENCE motest corners of the Earth. They ternal line. stance, regarding the spread of agri- tell of liaisons or rape, cultural ex- But the genetic researchers don’t The typical mutations in the DNA of culture. Scientists consider the tran- change or centuries of isolation. want too much tranquility in the gene a population group tell Mark Stonek- sition from nomadic hunters and And the contents of these drops pro- sequence, either. If nothing changes at ing where they mingled with the res- gatherers to settled farmers around vide clues about the development of all, then there will also be no differ- ident population on their way from 10,000 years ago to be the greatest mankind. ences in genetic patterns between one region to the next. “Cell material cultural revolution in the history of Sean Myles is a doctoral student in The genome harbors history: Using saliva samples – here a Q-tip population groups. A source of vari- from the saliva or mucous mem- man. “But it is still unclear today in a sample tube –researchers decode how population groups migrated. Mark Stoneking’s Molecular Anthro- ety is needed. And it exists: muta- branes of 20 to 50 non-related per- how agriculture and animal hus- pology research group at the Max tions. The random but rare exchange sons in a group is suffi cient,” says bandry spread across the world,” says Planck Institute for Evolutionary An- Human genes are actually very that escapes recombination: the of individual letters in the base se- the scientist. Stoneking. thropology in Leipzig. The team spe- poorly suited for determining the ori- DNA in certain cell organelles, the quence is the sole cause of changes in The genetic markers allow the re- Theoretically, there are two possi- NIVERSALATLAS cializes in, among other things, exam- gins of a population group, as they mitochondria. This DNA is not af- U the mtDNA and the DNA of the Y- searchers to trace migration waves bilities: either people take the idea REI ining the consequences of migration get hopelessly stirred up in every new fected by the gene exchange of the D chromosome. It happens seldom throughout human history, from the with them to new regions when they on planet Earth. Where did the ances- generation: not only are paternal and DNA in the cell nucleus, since mito- IERCKE enough that not too much is changed, fi rst major journey out of Africa travel, or the idea goes traveling tors of a region’s inhabitants origi- maternal genes distributed to off- chondria multiply (like bacteria) – D and yet frequently enough to give the some 100,000 to 50,000 years ago, through people’s minds, with resi- nate? To what extent did immigrants spring completely at random – which through simple division. Thus, these researchers the key tool they need to to the fi rst colonization of the New dents of other regions picking it up intermix with natives? Or did they is why everyone has an individual tiny powerplants in our cells are all ESTERMANN determine the ancestry and origins of World probably around 12,000 to while its inventors remain in their W completely displace them? Peoples gene makeup – but the associated descendents of the mitochondria AP human populations. 13,000 years ago, to the conquest of original location. Mark Stoneking that migrate leave tracks behind them. chromosomes also exchange entire from the plasma of the maternal / M When these mutations are passed the Pacifi c island paradise of Poly- tested these hypotheses in a region OCUS Not only in language and culture, but genetic segments. With every genera- ovum. This means it is possible to F on from one generation to the next, nesia about 5,000 years ago. Even that experienced precisely this change also in the genes of those they en- tion, this recombination makes it dif- trace the origin of the matrilineal GENTUR they become genetic markers for a migrations that took place just a few in relatively recent history: India. counter. It is precisely these genetic fi cult to decipher population history. line of a human population group population group. The researchers hundred years ago can still be stud- “There, we have aboriginal groups tracks that Mark Stoneking and his Luckily for the molecular geneti- using the mitochondrial DNA, or : SPL – A categorize multiple sequences and ied with these genetic methods. This that still live as hunters and gather- HOTO staff are looking for. cists, however, there is one thing mtDNA for short. On one hand, this P their typical mutations into hap- is because extensive sexual contact ers, others that have long practiced 26 MAXP LANCKR ESEARCH 1/2007 1/2007 MAXP LANCKR ESEARCH 27 FOCUS MOBILITY “However, the evidence in the ge- crets that other fi elds such as linguis- netic pattern of the Y-chromosome tics and archaeology can’t decipher. also indicates that men and women But geneticists, too, must sometimes dispersed differently,” explains Sean rely on the aid of their colleagues. Myles. In the case of New Guinea, for “We can’t do without the knowledge example, it appears that the conquer- of the other disciplines. We need ors had no chance against the home them, for example, to formulate our advantage. They landed on the is- hypotheses,” says Stoneking. land’s coast – and clearly lost their As in the case of the Kalmyks, a tribe women to the native men. “A glori- of currently about 150,000 people liv- ous conquest it apparently wasn’t, at ing north of the Caspian Sea along the least in New Guinea,” says Myles. Lower Volga in a region that belongs to Russia. The Kalmyks live right next NTHROPOLOGY LANGUAGE MIX A door to a true melting pot: the Cauca- IN THE MELTING POT sian region between the Black and VOLUTIONARY However accurate the genetic analy- Caspian Seas, where there are more E FOR ses of the molecular anthropologists than 50 different ethnic groups and might be, to rely on the gene se- where, on an approximately 700-kilo- / MPI quences alone would be foolhardy. meter-wide strip of land, languages of TEINMETZ S “We must constantly take a step back four different language families are EORGE and look at the bigger picture,” says spoken on both sides of the Caucasus – G Stoneking, who has been trying to Mountains. OCUS F unite the two camps involved – the Ivan Nasidze, a member of Stone- natural and social sciences – for king’s team, took on this region. And GENTUR : A years. Genetics can help unveil se- there is a very simple explanation as HOTO P to why – apart from the fact that it is a very exciting re- Yearning for new horizons: The beginning of a journey from the island Kitawa in Melanesia. Researchers are still puzzling over how the Pacifi c Ocean was colonized. gion for a population genet- icist: “I was born there,” says agriculture, and groups that have just This fi nding, which Stoneking, in analyses show what infl uences help- mous island kingdom all the Caucasian in a deep changed their way of life to agricul- collaboration with Indian colleagues, ed shape the languages of the inhabi- speak closely related Austro- voice and with a satisfi ed ture and animal husbandry in the published in the journal SCIENCE in tants of Melanesia, Micronesia and nesian languages supports grin beaming from below past 3,000 years,” explains the native 2004, shows that agriculture and Polynesia, it remains unclear even the theory of fast dispersal.
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