Recent Human Evolution

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A common ancestor at 500 ka? H. heid. in Europe and Africa LCA of Nea. and sapiens? The origin of our species (H. sapiens) TWO origins to explain: 1.The shared (species) features 2. Non-shared (regional/racial) features Origins of modern human behaviour? Complex technology “Houses Networking” Symbolic burials Art Models of modern human origins 1984 1970 1987: Mitochondrial Eve hits the headlines! Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution Nature 325, 31-36 Rebecca L. Cann, Mark Stoneking & Allan C. Wilson (1987) African female ancestor ~200ka The pendulum starts swinging! 2000 1995 1995 1984 1970 The African record H. sapiens: fossils suggest an African origin for the modern pattern ~ 150-200ka? Age ka ~260 ~150? ~160? ~195? >130 Tim White Lieberman Pinnacle Point Howiesonspoort Microliths Klasies Twin Rivers Enakpune Mumba ya Muto Shellfishing Grotta Moscerini Ochre Kapthurin Twin Rivers Klasies Qafzeh Blombos 300 ka 200 150 100 50 0 Taforalt Shell beads Skhul Enakpune Blombos ya Muto Early H. sapiens fossils Omo Kibish Herto “Modern” anatomy and behaviour have deep roots in Africa… ~60 ka: Modern Humans start to leave Africa… ? Out of Africa Mitochondrial DNA Out of Africa Y-chromosome DNA The evolution of regionality (“race”) DNA benetton Natural selection Bottlenecks + Founder Effects Sexual/cultural selection We are all the same (species), but we all look different (individuals, ♀/♂, regions, “races”). Species Individuals (Homo sapiens) large brain Natural Selection body shape high round skull Sexual Selection skin colour small face hair chin Founder Effect nose small browridges Drift eyes lightly-built skeltn lips etc Chauvet ~35ka 40-60 ka: Neanderthals and moderns meet? ? Art and music 30-40 ka Female figurines Europe and Asia Animals and flutes: Hohle Fels & Vogelherd ~ 40ka What happened to the Neanderthals? Continuity? Evolved into the Cro-Magnons Genetically absorbed Extinction? Interpopulation conflict Demographic disadvantage Competitive exclusion Infectious diseases Distinct physiologies/diets Competition/fluctuating climates Climate change Part of megafaunal extinctions Modelling using Greenland Ice Core and European Pollen data: did a combination of low temperatures, rapid oscillations AND new competitors cause the final extinction of the Neanderthals in Europe? Period of high climatic Nea extinction stress AND Nea-mod overlap Stringer et al. 2003/The Stage 3 Project Interbreeding? Ancient DNA Cell 1. Interbreeding with Neas? 2.Interbreeding with Denisovans? The pendulum swings back a bit! 2012 “Mostly Out of Africa” The future? The future? Our future is partly up to us…. Thanks to you all for listening, and to… The Natural History Museum London and all my sources of data and illustrations.. .

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Washington University Record, April 1, 1993
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Washington University Record Washington University Publications 4-1-1993 Washington University Record, April 1, 1993 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/record Recommended Citation "Washington University Record, April 1, 1993" (1993). Washington University Record. Book 615. http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/record/615 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington University Publications at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Record by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS iecord Vol. 17 No. 25 April 1,1993 Architecture class teaches universal design, sensitivity Architecture students recently tried experiencing the world from the perspective of people with disabilities. For a few hours, students maneuvered in wheelchairs, wore blindfolds over their eyes or plugs in their ears to try to get a sense of the needs of people with physi- cal impairments. Some students also spent an entire day in wheelchairs. One took the bus to the St. Louis Galleria, another tried to go out to dinner. For Michele Lewis, a graduate stu- dent in the course, just being at home was difficult. "I even had trouble getting into my building, and there are people living there who are in wheelchairs," she said. "The hallways are too skinny, I couldn't reach my toothbrush and the stove is too high. How are you supposed to know when your water is boiling when you can't see it?" This empathic experience is part of a course taught by Mary Ann Lazarus, vice president at Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum (HOK), an international Sophomore Becky Sladky signs up to be a host for April Welcome, an expanded student recruitment program.
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS collected from people representing published the first report of Journal Club all major global populations. mtDNA mutations causing a The most important discovery of disease — Leber’s hereditary optic mtDNA IN THE CROSSROADS OF their work was that the highest neuropathy. As disease- causing EVOLUTION AND DISEASE degree of mtDNA variation was mutations are amenable to natural found among Africans, attesting to selection, how could one consider Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) their anti quity. The other finding the mtDNA to be merely a neutral sequences are currently studied was that although mtDNA from marker? It was this contradiction mainly by three disciplines: across the globe contained African that drew me into studying molecular evolution (including types, Africans had many unique mitochondrial biology and to anthropology), functional mtDNA types. discovering that even common genomics and analyses of genetic These two findings, in addition population variants of mtDNA are disorders. Strangely, these discip- to other data, prompted Cann et al. both subjected to natural selection lines can use the relatively short mtDNA (1987) to propose that the origin and alter the tendency to develop sequence of mtDNA in opposing has been of all current human populations genetic disorders. manners, by attributing to it either considered (at least the maternal lineage) is Dan Mishmar Department of Life Sciences, lack of function, as is the case an excellent likely African. Many criticized in (some) molecular evolution this study, especially because Ben- Gurion University of the Negev, marker for Be’er- Sheva, Israel. studies, or conversely, functional their African samples originated e- mail: [email protected] mainly from Afro-Americans relevance in the aetiology of tracing ancient The author declares no competing interests genetic disorders.
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Unique Features of Human Skin
Center for Academic Research & Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) Unique Features of Human Skin Public Symposium ! Friday, October 16, 2015 Chairs: Nina Jablonski, Pennsylvania State University Pascal Gagneux, UC San Diego This CARTA symposium is sponsored by: The G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation ABSTRACTS Skin: A Window into the Evolution of the Human Super-Organism Richard Gallo, UC San Diego All life must establish an external barrier that simultaneously interacts with and defends itself from the outside world. Skin is our most important barrier, and human skin has many functions that are in common with other animals but also unique to our species. General skin functions include sensing danger, regulation of internal temperature, maintaining fluid balance and mounting visual sexual displays. Human life also depends on the capacity of our skin to protect us from specific environmental dangers and pathogens unique to us. The central teachings of the medical specialty of Dermatology have been that health is defined by the capacity of skin to perform all these functions while constantly resisting entry of microbial pathogens. However, a recent revolution in understanding skin biology has revealed that normal skin functions are performed not only by cells of human origin, but also by specialized microbes that have co-evolved with us to live in a mutually beneficial relationship. This presentation will provide an overview of the multiple cell types, both human and microbial, that comprise the human skin super-organism. Understanding this relationship changes how we should think about evolution, gene transfer and the impact of current hygiene and antibiotic therapies.
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Patterns of Human Diversity, Within and Among Continents, Inferred from Biallelic DNA Polymorphisms
Letter Patterns of Human Diversity, within and among Continents, Inferred from Biallelic DNA Polymorphisms Chiara Romualdi,1,2,7 David Balding,3,8 Ivane S. Nasidze,4 Gregory Risch,5 Myles Robichaux,5 Stephen T. Sherry,5 Mark Stoneking,4 Mark A. Batzer,5,6 and Guido Barbujani1,9 1 Department of Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara I-44100, Italy; 2 Department of Statistics, University of Padua, Padua I-35121, Italy; 3 Department of Applied Statistics, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6FN, United Kingdom; 4 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany; 5 Department of Pathology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA; 6 Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Computation and Visualization Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA Previous studies have reported that about 85% of human diversity at Short Tandem Repeat (STR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) autosomal loci is due to differences between individuals of the same population, whereas differences among continental groups account for only 10% of the overall genetic variance. These findings conflict with popular notions of distinct and relatively homogeneous human races, and may also call into question the apparent usefulness of ethnic classification in, for example, medical diagnostics. Here, we present new data on 21 Alu insertions in 32 populations. We analyze these data along with three other large, globally dispersed data sets consisting of apparently neutral biallelic nuclear markers, as well as with a ␤-globin data set possibly subject to selection. We confirm the previous results for the autosomal data, and find a higher diversity among continents for Y-chromosome loci.
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The New Science of Human Evolution - Newsweek Technology -
The New Science of Human Evolution - Newsweek Technology - ... http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17542627/site/newsweek/print/1/dis... MSNBC.com The New Science of Human Evolution The new science of the brain and DNA is rewriting the history of human origins. B y Sh ar on Be gl ey Newsweek March 19, 2007 issue - Unlike teeth and skulls and other bones, hair is no match for the pitiless ravages of weather, geologic upheaval and time. So although skulls from millions of years ago testify to the increase in brain size as one species of human ancestor evolved into the next, and although the architecture of spine and hips shows when our ancestors first stood erect, the fossil record is silent on when they fully lost their body hair and replaced it with clothing. Which makes it fortunate that Mark Stoneking thought of lice. Head lice live in the hair on the head. But body lice, a larger variety, are misnamed: they live in clothing. Head lice, as a species, go back millions of years, while body lice are a more recent arrival. Stoneking, an evolutionary anthropologist, had a hunch that he could calculate when body lice evolved from head lice by comparing the two varieties' DNA, which accumulates changes at a regular rate. (It's like calculating how long it took a typist to produce a document if you know he makes six typos per minute.) That fork in the louse's family tree, he and colleagues at Germany's Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology concluded, occurred no more than 114,000 years ago.
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Mitochondrial Eve and Y-Chromosome Adam: Who Do Your Genes Come From? 28 July 2010
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The Human Genome Project and Molecular Anthropology Mark Stoneking 1
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Joint Segregation of Biochemical Loci in Salmonidae
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Ancient DNA from Guam and the Peopling of the Pacific
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The Paternal and Maternal Genetic History Of
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Biographical Memoirs of Henry Harpending
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