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American Foreign Service Association JUNE 1980: Volume 57, No. 6 Officers and Members of the Governing Board ISSN 0015-7279 KENNETH W. BLEAKLEY, President ANTHEA S. DE ROUVILLE, Vice President FRANK DIMOND, Second Vice President A Diplomat’s Viewpoint GALEN FOX, Secretary D. LARRY INGRAM, Treasurer JACK PERRY 6 JONATHAN L. SPERLING, AID Representative FRED M. SHAVER, ICA Representative Communication re: Re-entry MATTHEW P. DALEY, JOSEPH N. MCBRIDE, ROBERT H. STERN, MICHELINE BROWN 7 State Representatives SPENCER KING AND CHARLES WHITEHOUSE, Improving the Intelligence System Retired Representatives CHARLES MAECHLING, JR. 10

Journal Editorial Board Adventures of a PAO in Israel, 1956-58 JOEL M. WOLDMAN, Chairman ARNOLD P. SCHIFFERDECKER FITZHUGH GREEN 14 JAMES F. O'CONNOR NEIL A. BOYER HARRIET P. CULLEY GEORGE S. DRAGNICH How Russia’s Military Tried to WESLEY N. PEDERSEN DAVID A. COHEN Undermine Lenin’s Separate Peace NICHOLAS DANILOFF 18 Staff Deja Vu: Russia in East Asia ROBERT M. BEERS, Executive Director translated by ABRAHAM M. HIRSCH 27 SUSAN HOLIK, Counselor CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation Confessions of a Washington Ghost Writer AFSA Scholarship Programs BURKE WILKINSON 29 DAWN CUTHELL Letters to the Editor 4 Editorials 9 Journal Association News 23 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor Book Essays: ROBIN P. JENKINS, Editorial Assistant MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction Diplomacy by “Glitch” by Leon B. Poullada 32 Two Palestinian Writers Advertising Representatives by Evan M. Wilson JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 521 Fifth Ave., Suite 1700, New Bookshelf 35 York, N Y. 10017 (212) 683-3421 Foreign Service People 46 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., Cover: Winnebago Effigy Mounds (batik) by Adrienne C. London SW1 01-834-8023/9. International Representatives. Huey

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $40 annually for members foreign affairs, published eleven times a year by the American Foreign with incomes over $20,000; $25 annually for less than $20,000. Associate Service Association, a non-profit organization. Members—Dues are $25 annually. All dues payments include $6.50 allo¬ cation for the Journal and AFSA News, per AFSA Bylaws. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, the For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (11 issues); $7.50; two years, International Communication Agency, the Agency for International De¬ $12.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annu¬ velopment or the United States Government as a whole. ally for overseas postage. While the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL is responsible for its general Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN content, statements concerning the policy and administration of AFSA as SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Library employee representative under Executive Order 11636 on the editorial Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, page and in the AFSA News, and all communications relating to these, are 1967. the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. ® American Foreign Service Association, 1980. The Foreign Service Jour¬ Membership in the American Foreign Service Association isopen to the nal is published eleven times a year by the American Foreign Service professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20037. Telephone (202) persons having an active interest in, or close association with foreign 338-4045 affairs. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional post Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $52 to $104 office. lowance, assignments, etc. The in¬ of peace among nations. His adequacy of allowances for single memorable attributes were in¬ Letters employees is manifestly apparent tellectual integrity, personal mod¬ to everyone I have ever spoken to esty, and a professional career Injection of Honesty in the Foreign Service (including marked by the highest standards of The “obfuscation award” for marrieds) but always accepted with morality and ethical conduct. 1980 surely has to go to the author an appalling attitude of resignation WILLARD F. BARBER of State 56975 (“Passing Score for by most (including many singles). Washington, D.C. FS Exam and Minorities”). Early The old cliche “if you can’t fight’em, join’em,” i.e. get mar¬ on, the author denies that there are An Errant Generator two different passing scores for the ried, should not be intimidating but Foreign Service examination, one instead be responded to with the CHRISTINE WISNER in Lusaka being lower for minorities. How¬ same verve and vigor that the other has pointed out a very serious ever, it is clearly stated later in groups have utilized and that has weakness of the Service’s services. paragraph 3 of the cable that “all brought such notable results. To I wonder what GSO Glenn A. minority candidates making 70 or wit, no one has ever told a married Knight ever did with the 60KW higher will thus be invited to par¬ couple to get divorced, a woman to generator he received in lieu of his ticipate in the subsequent assess¬ have a sex-change operation, a HHE in Algiers? Have any embas¬ ment procedure” while “non¬ minority a name or skin change, or sies received liftvans of HHE in minority candidates scoring 75 or a handicapped person a cure. I lieu of a generator? higher are invited to participate in maintain the same logic is applica¬ JAMES E. HORN the subsequent assessment proce¬ ble to the single person. Rangoon dure.” I have never expected the Come on! This telegram is an in¬ Foreign Service to be a bed of sult to the intelligence of all candi¬ roses, in fact, it appears to be at its Letter to Congressman Zablocki dates. How do you gently tell the zenith under hardships endured equally, but I do resent discrimina¬ HAVING HEARD you address the nonminority candidate who scores retirees on Foreign Service 74 that “the projection of institu¬ tion vis-a-vis my colleagues based on marital status. Why must I be Day last year, I know that you have tional needs of the Foreign Service more understanding than most does not appear to warrant their as¬ out-of-pocket for shipping books, records, barbells, or for renting a members of either house of the sessment at this time” (para. 2). problems of our career service. I Let’s inject a bit of forthrightness representational apartment? Why does a single army officer of equiv¬ am sure you would not have made and honesty into this question. the slur attributed to Jody Powell Most of us in the Foreign Service alent grade receive almost double the shipping weight allowance I do? the other day. believe we must be more represen¬ Writing as a retired Foreign Ser¬ tative of the US population and Why are assignments and duties very often heavily influenced by vice officer but entirely on my own therefore, strong minority recruit¬ initiative, I want to express my ment efforts are fully warranted. I marital status to the detriment of singles? alarm over the implications of the personally would favor a two-tiered demand (by Ms. Holtzman and exam system to recruit minority I think it is time for AFSA to so¬ licit letters from singles on the others) for detailed documentation candidates. But, why, at this stage on the recent UN vote. of the game, does the department countless horror stories (financial and otherwise) experienced by Almost thirty years ago we were still feel compelled to satisfy both confronted with the same demand sides on the minority recruitment them in order to promote a dialogue with the department and eradicate by congressional committees, question—especially when the claiming—on behalf of the middle ground is quicksand. this long-standing discrimination based on marital status. people—a “right to know” not THOMAS J. MILLER only the reason for foreign policy Chiang Mai ANTHONY LEGGIO Florence decisions but the details on just who, within the bureaus, advised Injustice to Singles what during the process of policy Tribute to John Shillock As A MEMBER of AFSA for the development. As a desk officer (for last nine years I must certainly His MANY FRIENDS within the Australia, New Zealand and South applaud the well-deserved benefits Foreign Service would be ap¬ Africa) I watched with dismay the gathered by Foreign Service fami¬ preciative of a few words to mark toxic effects of this development. lies, divorced spouses, women, the favorable memories that they Not all reporting officers were minorities, and the handicapped have of John Shillock, FSO-retired, equally affected, but I was alarmed over the last several years. How¬ who recently passed away. to find some who felt it necessary ever, the one group, of which I am to load their despatches with assur¬ a member, that has practically been John C. Shillock ances that they were just as anti¬ ignored is the single employee in communist as the next man—or the Foreign Service. His kindly humor was a frequent more so. You got the feeling that Anyone who has been in the delight to his friends. He was to¬ the springs were being poisoned. Foreign Service knows the abysmal tally devoted to his beloved wife, Policymakers depended on com¬ injustices suffered by “singles” in and to his family. He patriotically pletely objective and dispassion- shipping allowances, housing al- served his country while a seeker (Continued on page 45) 4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1980 FORD PRESENTS A SPECIAL DIPLOMATIC SERVICE BUY A1980 LINCOLN CONTINENTAL OR MARK VI AND RECEIVE A DIPLOMATIC DISCOUNT.

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FORD EXPORT DIVISION COUNTRY ZIP the Service whose abilities I hold in the highest esteem—people I know would do a superior job as am¬ A Diplomat’s Viewpoint bassador or in a responsible leadership position at home. But they do not get the chance. They get stuck on the promotion ladder in the classic Foreign Service Contor¬ JACK PERRY tion: the next rung is unavailable because they haven’t proven themselves and they can’t prove themselves be¬ cause responsibility is tied to rank. I am speaking of officers who earned professional suc¬ cess by winning entry into the Service competitively and Diplomacy in the United States is a cruel profession. by rendering excellent service after entry. Their foreign Considering how few we are, we American dip¬ affairs professionalism is beyond question, as is their ded¬ lomats, you would think that constructing a satisfactory ication. They have never failed in an assignment. But career service, and having relatively satisfactory careers, they feel like failures—this is the cruelty—because our would be simple. Other comparable diplomatic ser¬ Service is structured to make people feel that way. We vices—the British, the French, the Germans, the are so competitive, with our annual promotion lists and Japanese—seem to do a fairly orderly job of it. Young all of that, that those less than astonishingly successful people enter, rise gradually to the top—the most talented come to feel that they do not measure up. and hardest-working taking the most important Most of us in the Service have had some successes, positions—and retire, while the service as a whole plays and while we know that luck plays a critical role, we are its important appointed role in national foreign policy. also conscious of our abilities, and welcome the succes¬ With us it is not so simple, and it seems a lot more ses for confirming those abilities. But nearly all of us cruel. have had our lack of success, as well, and most of us are All of us know many men and women in the Foreign led to feel we are failures in some ways. I think most Service who have impressive ability, good experience, Foreign Service officers, at least above junior rank, tend deep knowledge of international affairs, large leadership to feel this way. potential—and who never get to a position where those Why? Why cannot a Class Three officer feel he has had qualities can be well utilized. 1 have many close friends in a gratifying career, and be as content as the Army colonel

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 of the same age? (No doubt some do; I distort by generalizing from my own experience.) Why must we have an arbitrary high mark, and consider those below it Communication Re: to have fallen short? I am not sure. The answers are complex, with a lot of history and psychology and politics mixed together. The United States is a superpower, and our foreign policy is deeply imbued with partisanship; with the best Re-entry will in the world, a career diplomat cannot avoid in¬ volvement in some phase of politics. Thus opportunities to hurt one’s career abound—while strangely enough, opportunities to benefit are not so plentiful, largely be¬ cause politicization means a heavy proportion of respon¬ sible jobs are given to political appointees. In effect, our MICHELINE C. BROWN top is taken away from us. But beyond that problem, we seem to have a knack of Things have changed over the years for Foreign Service administering ourselves out of orderliness. Any diplomat employees and for their families, and they are still knows that diplomacy is politics, yet our Foreign Service changing. The latest development in the long and often divides itself up into “cones” and such—in effect pre¬ slow process which is making the Foreign Service more venting the best diplomats from moving up as they aware of the needs of its family is the recognition that should. And in the new fashion, we try to make the adults and children encounter some difficulties when re¬ Foreign Service what it was never intended to be, a quota entering the American Scene, and that a Washington as¬ service in which responsible jobs are given out not for signment is often no easier, and sometimes harder than a ability but on the basis of skin color, national origin and move to Ouagadougou or Kathmandu, at least during the sex. And while thus preventing the best from getting first year. ahead in fair competition, we devise a system where Things have changed. genuine responsibility is not given until a person is too For a long period of time, it seems, the Service worried senior to learn from it, or to prove himself by it. mostly about its employees and let the employees worry Am 1 being unfair? Old fogeyish? Perhaps. But I have about their families. It was implicitly understood that a seen, during my career, so many good men and women good officer had a good, well-adjusted wife who would in wounded, that I am perhaps a bit tendentious on the sub¬ turn produce good, well-adjusted children. Therefore ject. I say it is a cruel profession. everybody did his best to make sure this was so, or at Picasso Stayed Here. If we wanted to name drop, our insurance department we could boggle your mind. through its Annual Govern¬ Because for decades, Security ment Service Floater. Storage has been Washington’s Decades of this kind of favorite place to store valu¬ efficient, personal service, and ables. And when it comes to a dedication to quality, have FSO valuables, the Govern¬ made Security an FSO moving ment will cover all expenses, and storage expert. And that’s providing special arrangements why anytime you need depend¬ are made in advance with your able service, it’s good to know transportation officer. Security is there. Silver, jewels, stamp and coin collections, and rare books are protected in Security’s vault. Temperature controlled areas are available for $miritq jJtopanp (Jmnnanp maximum protection and preservation of furs and off-season wardrobes. And paintings in our Art Room of OJashingf on MAIN OFFICE: receive the same storage treatment as paintings in 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 234-5600 MARYLAND: one of Washington’s largest museums. Bethesda-Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak In addition, hundreds of your colleagues use VIRGINIA: Alexandria, McLean rf" LIGHTNING • FIRE DAMAGE • BODILY INJURY LIABILITY • BREAKING & ENTERING • STOLEN LUGGAGE I I SHIPPING LOSSESOFALLKINDS TRAVEL-PAK alsoincludespersonalliability there—(including storage,ifrequested)andback TRAVEL-PAK hasbeenspecificallydesignedtohelp economical insuranceprogramcoveringyour abroad forwhichyoucouldbeheldliable. coverage—just incasesomethinghappenswhile home again. protect theinvestmentinyourpersonaland dictate TRAVEL-PAK! full detailsaboutTRAVEL-PAKpromptly. a hurrycallus.Eitherway—we’llseethatyouhave household possessions—heretotherewhilethey're prolonged periods—yourwayoflifeshouldbealso When yourwayoflifedictatesthatyouliveabroadfor home, autoandlife. us—we’ll behappytohelpyousetupasound, And whenyoureturntotheWashingtonarea—call For detailsreturnthecouponbelow—orifyou’rein Tell meallaboutTravel-Pak. 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TELEPHONE: 202-296-6440 WASHINGTON, D.C.20036 OF WASHINGTON,D.C. travel-pak Zip j i were oftenthechildren. least appearedtobeso.Thebiglosers,unfortunately, of theirparents. to focusverymuchonthefactthattheymighthavehad well-adjusted children,nobodyspenttoomuchtimeask¬ word was:Iftheparentsarehappy,children by theService,noteventheirparents,Isuspect.The problems oftheirownapartfromandinadditiontothose ing theyoungstershowtheyreallyfelt.Nobodyseemed thing todo.TothisdaytherearesomeForeignService the casemaybe.Copingwasidealthing,expected great talkof“coping,”“adjusting”or“notadjusting”as lies intheForeignService.Onotherhandtherewas parents, notasaseparateandoftendesperategroup, everyone endedonthesameeighteen-hour-longflightto officers who,whenconfrontedbyunsubmissivefamilies, shock” or“re-entrysyndrome”wereunknowntofami¬ happy. he choseit,andthechildrennothingatall.Yet choose it?”Thefactis,however,thattheymightnot course) willmutter“Iftheydon’tlikeit,whydid not quitereadytomakethesacrificeswhichtheydeem have chosenit,ratherinmanycasesshechosehim,and part ofthecareerofficer'slife(andthathisfamily, Ouagadougou orKathmanduMogadishu. culture shockandtheirchildrenmentioning,whilepass¬ bands got220voltshockshearingtheirwivestalkabout nored anddidinnowayaffectthedestinyoftheir everything, don’tthey?Theirfeelingsweremostlyig¬ the parentsnomorethanrest.Childrenadjustto state outloudwhattheyhadnotdaredsaybefore.Hus¬ they hadotherchildrenwiththesameproblemsall well. Childrenmadeitthroughthesamewayadultsdid: children’s fateisnotallowedtointerfereveryoftenwith but littleworry.Nobodyreallylistened,nooneheard, place.” Usuallythiswasgoodforanembarrassedlaugh, ing thepeanutsatcocktailparties,thatthey“hatedthis genuine prideandexcitementoftheirunusualexotic around them,thecommonnessoftheirdifficultiesand the careeroftheirparents.) Foreign Serviceparents.(Thefactstillremainstruethat the CalvertSystem.Cultureshock,iftherewasone, was life madeupfortherest,monkeysandcrocodilescom¬ feelings. time, youngstershaveaplaceoftheirown. their returntoowncountry,andnow,forthe first to thefore,itseems,isnottheirlivesoverseas,butrather shared byenoughpeoplethatonefeltathomewith the pensated forthedrudgeryofhavingmotherteachyou by women allalong,butbysome kindofmentalaberration, rate concern. alienation inone’sowncountry? Justaskthechildren, Washington aftertwelve years overseasisnotexactly perience painsfargreater than theparentsdid.Goingto it didnotdawnonmostfamilies thatchildrencouldex¬ “going backhome,”orif itis,thenwhythatfeelingof Children wereseenasareflectionoftheattitude Because itwasthoughtthatwell-adjustedparentshad Until quiterecentlyexpressionssuchas“culture Then, awhileback,itbecameacceptableforwivesto True, forthemostpart,childrenadjustedquite The problemofre-entryhasbeenrecognizedby Strangely enoughwhatisbringingtheplightofchildren Still children’sfateasawholehadnotbecomesepa¬ (Continued on page 37) Farewell Secretary Vance cess and carrying the assurances of the president that he Words such as “integrity, devotion to principle and will be the country’s foreign policy spokesman. Upon service to country” come easily to an institution whose his arrival in the department, Mr. Muskie asked for our earliest members were among the founders of our coun¬ help in achieving his mission and promised his help to us try. Today the United States Foreign Service faces ex¬ in attaining our shared goals. traordinary dangers and hardship around the globe in The Association’s president responded later in the seeking to advance our nation’s interests. No one has day when he introduced the new secretary to the State better represented our high ideals than Cyrus Vance. As Department in the West Auditorium, May 9. He pledged not just our help but the enthusiastic, energetic and dis¬ the AFSA chapter in Islamabad noted in its message to Secretary Vance, “The Foreign Service is losing a ciplined support of the most devoted corps of profes¬ friend. We will always look with pride on our associa¬ sionals in the world. At the same time Ken Bleakley tion with you.” made it clear that the Foreign Service faces great prob¬ In addition to his foreign policy achievements the le¬ lems and would not hesitate to take up Secretary Mus- gacy Mr. Vance left us is considerable—open dialogue kie’s challenge not to remain silent in seeking his help to between department principals and members of the ser¬ overcome them. vice, commitment to a truly representative service and a The challenges are many. Bringing our hostages home new Foreign Service Act. He spoke eloquently of these safely will require all of the international skills and themes in bidding goodbye to the State Department in a strengths our new secretary can muster. A coherent and moving ceremony organized by the Association May 6. effective foreign policy will need the closest possible He noted that he took pride in his efforts to create a new partnership between career professionals and the politi¬ charter—the first in more than 30 years—for the service cal leadership. Halting and reversing the erosion of the and expressed confidence that the Congress will pass role of the department and of the service requires not the legislation this year. Our departing secretary also merely winning bureaucratic battles but also that we be emphasized his belief that the Foreign Service could prepared to perform added responsibilities. become a stronger institution by welcoming greater We have a strong secretary who can help us see the numbers of women and minorities to its ranks. new Foreign Service Act through the many remaining Those of us who worked with Mr. Vance in develop¬ stages of the legislative process and we need to tell him ing a strengthened base for our institution know the unequivocally what we want of him. The time has come depth of his commitment and his willingness to support for us formally to endorse the Act as a charter for our the service in making our own interests felt. We will service in the decades ahead. We have played a crucial miss him and we will miss Mrs. Vance who worked role in forging an Act which, as reported out of commit¬ diligently to improve the lot of Foreign Service families. tee, substantially meets all three of our objectives: an We extend our thanks and best wishes to them both. enhanced role for the Foreign Service of the United States, a strong voice for the service in managing our Welcome Secretary Muskie own future and more equitable compensation for all. The Foreign Service is gaining in Edmund Muskie The secretary and the service have the basis for a another leader of stature—nationally known and re¬ partnership which can be highly effective in advancing spected, skilled in the intricacies of the legislative pro- our nation’s and our own interests. Free the Hostages Our colleagues in captivity have remained very much We consider it an outrage of the gravest significance on the collective American mind over the past month. that they continue to be held against their will, in viola¬ We were happy that Diego Asencio, ambassador to tion of the most basic principles of international law and Colombia and a career member of the Foreign Service, conduct. In an event drenched in irony, the British was released unharmed. We deeply regret that eight worked effectively to free nineteen Iranian diplomats members of our armed forces were killed after heroi¬ held hostage by Iranian Arab militants, providing Iran cally volunteering for a mission to free our hostages in with an object lesson in how.governments should deal Iran. Our gratitude and sympathy go out to the five men with terrorists who violate the conventions that protect wounded in the failed rescue attempt. diplomats. The governing board of the American Foreign Service The United States is now pursuing all available peace¬ Association, like the foreign service corps it represents, ful means to demonstrate our earnest desire for the hos¬ remains intensely concerned about the fate of our col¬ tages’ safe release. Increasingly, allies are joining the leagues in Iran. We are foreign service professionals US effort, having agreed to cooperate in imposing eco¬ who have confidence in the judgment of the profession¬ nomic sanctions on Iran. At some point, we hope Iran als most directly involved in the formulation and execu¬ will recognize its own self-interest lies in discontinuing tion of American policy toward Iran. Events are fast- its outlaw action and releasing the hostages. moving, and the knowledge and facts needed to make sound judgments often must be restricted to those di¬ For the future, we need wiser, more carefully consid¬ rectly concerned. Your board therefore has not felt ered approaches to the problem of protecting Ameri¬ equipped at this time to offer an opinion on the balance cans assigned to posts in volatile, revolutionary the rescue mission represented between the American societies. We cannot assume the sanctity of the dip¬ determination to see the hostages freed and the Ameri¬ lomatic code of conduct, tailoring our actions accord¬ can concern that all hostages come back alive. ingly. We are relieved that, after six months of captivity and For now, our concern must remain with the fate of many threats, our fifty-three colleagues remain alive. our colleagues in Iran. Free the hostages.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 9 Improving the Intelligence System

CHARLES MAECHLING, JR.

The Iranian crisis raises anew the back to the good old days. CIA. Throughout, the level of the issue of US intelligence cap¬ The current proposals would, if debate has been degraded by the abilities, or rather the lack of them. implemented, indeed rebuild the demagogic tactic of CIA supporters The failure of US diplomatic and US intelligence system, but not in a in and out of government in accus¬ intelligence reporting to alert the way calculated to purge it of its ing critics of seeking to dismantle White House and State Department weaknesses and improve its per¬ the whole US intelligence estab¬ to the strength and dynamism of formance. None of the pending lishment, when in fact the occa¬ the Islamic revolutionary move¬ proposals would terminate the sional target is covert opera¬ ment, the inability of the shah’s dangerous connection between in¬ tions—which are not intelligence vast panoply of modern armament telligence collection and covert operations at all! and repressive police apparatus to operations—a union of missions contain it, and the likelihood of a and a scrambling of techniques so Basic to an effective national se¬ violent reaction in Iran to admit¬ dissimilar and incompatible that curity establishment should be tance of the shah to the United uniting them within the same CIA a covert operations capability that States, are only the latest miscalcu¬ directorate has periodically com¬ is separate and distinct from the in¬ lations in the collection and evalua¬ promised the functions of both. telligence system. Within the CIA tion of political intelligence. Each of them in one way or another this demarcation has always Whether US political intelligence perpetuates centralized control by existed in the form of separate di¬ and reporting is as feeble as both its the CIA over the analysis of in¬ rectorates of intelligence and oper¬ critics and supporters, for different telligence information and the pro¬ ations (formerly plans). But the os¬ reasons, say is a matter of debate. duction of intelligence estimates by tensible separation applies to in¬ What is clear is that the conditions a specialized corps of academ¬ telligence evaluation and analysis of the next decade would make ically-oriented career analysts. Nor only—secret intelligence collection overhaul of the system imperative would the proposed reforms have is the responsibility of the opera¬ in any case. This will not take place any impact on the present self- tions directorate, a combination so long as the formula for its re¬ limiting, security-conscious pattern unknown in other western coun¬ newal includes the same ingre¬ of intelligence gathering which in tries. (Great Britain’s foreign in¬ dients that precipitated the failures the political field excludes or telligence and counter-espionage of the past. downgrades information from the organizations [MI-6 and MI-5] have Unfortunately, blind repetition most crucial sectors of the develop¬ never been organizationally linked of old policies seems to be the ing world—labor, youth, in¬ to clandestine warfare organiza¬ course advocated by the CIA’s tellectuals, the press and the work¬ tions like the special operations congressional supporters and the ing clergy. executive [SOE] and the special air increasingly vocal lobby of retired The debate over the future of the services [SAS] unit.) intelligence professionals. In recent CIA has already been muddied by Indeed, much of the present con¬ articles, and in congressional tes¬ diversionary currents. Outside the fusion is a legacy of the CIA’s war¬ timony on the proposed CIA intelligence community public dis¬ time origins in the Office of “charter,” they put exclusive cussion has been monopolized by Strategic Services (OSS), which in blame on the post-Watergate, legislators and lawyers whose prin¬ the beginning was not so much an post-Vietnam climate of national cipal focus has been on forging a intelligence organization as a clan¬ guilt and self-exposure, coupled complex network of restrictions destine warfare organization re¬ with savage media criticism and and chains of accountability, a cruited and trained for paramilitary crippling legislation, for disas¬ negative approach at best. Within operations behind enemy lines. trously weakening US intelligence the intelligence community, a What should have been two sepa¬ capabilities. Their remedy is to re¬ lobby of retired professionals has rate, small, tightly-controlled and move legislative restrictions and go drowned out the voices of the totally separate agencies grew into foreign policy makers who actually a single monstrous bureaucracy use the intelligence product. Some created in a wartime image and of the arguments mask a power staffed by OSS carryovers, many Charles Maechling, Jr., a Washington struggle over the proper role and of whom, whatever their talents as lawyer, was director for internal defense and staff director of the Special Group power base of the director of cen¬ underground fighters, were poorly (counter-insurgency) in the Kennedy and tral intelligence—whether or not he attuned to peacetime intelligence Johnson administrations. should continue also to head the work, or indeed to civilian life in 10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 general. tions—have almost invariably arts of “destabilization” and in Intelligence operations are so proved to be a two-edged sword. creating “factions” favorable to markedly different from covert op¬ This history of CIA covert opera¬ their interests in other Greek city erations that the distinction de¬ tions is an albatross around the states. Louis XIV kept King serves further elaboration. In¬ neck of every legitimate business Charles II on his payroll, and tried telligence collection is informa¬ and government enterprise over¬ to foment internal rebellion in Brit¬ tion-gathering focused on particu¬ seas. It is the covert action side of ain on behalf of the exiled Stuart lar operational or policy needs. It the CIA, not the intelligence side, pretenders. During the first phase involves a longterm, laborious, whose highly publicized interven¬ of the wars against Napoleon, multifacted process of acquiring tions in Cuba, Iran, Guatemala and William Pitt almost bankrupted the facts and data from a wide variety Chile, to name only a few, have so British treasury with overt and of sources and subjecting this dramatized the name of the CIA covert subsidies to the German heterogeneous material to painstak¬ abroad that its own intelligence op¬ principalities. A classic example of ing evaluation, cross-checking, and erations have been crippled and US covert action in modem times was analysis. The analytical process is foreign policy in the Third World the despatch of Lenin in a sealed (or ought to be) a compound of sci¬ train from Switzerland to Russia by entific investigation and art, com¬ the German general staff in 1918. A bining a multitude of special tech¬ “Howard Hunt more recent example was the clan¬ nical and analytical skills with area destine mission sent by Britain and knowledge and a high degree of adjusting his red wig in the United States to Yugoslavia in empathy with the personal and col¬ the White House March 1940, which resulted in a lective motivations of others. If de¬ basement, the rogue fake coup that sent the regent, partments and agencies like state, Prince Paul, into exile and swung commerce, defense and treasury operation conducted by Yugoslavia into a posture of resis¬ did a satisfactory job of reporting Cuban mercenaries in tance against the transit of Hitler’s on foriegn areas it has been esti¬ forces to attack Greece. mated that only 10 percent or less the Watergate and The differences between tradi¬ of the information collected from bizarre assassination tional covert action as practiced by open societies, and 20 percent or the European monarchies and the less from closed societies, need schemes were fully to covert operations of the United come from clandestine sources. As be expected.” States after World War II are it is, according to 1976 congres¬ largely one of scale—but that is the sional testimony from the CIA, vital difference! Once escalated to about 30 percent of significant in¬ exposed to compromise and vilifi¬ global dimensions and institu¬ formation comes from clandestine cation. Sooner or later the role of tionalized in a large bureaucracy sources. the United States in supporting a the very term covert action be¬ Covert action is utterly different. despotic ruler or overthrowing a le¬ comes a misnomer. If a secret in¬ It should not be confused with gally constituted regime either pre¬ telligence operation is blown, the paramilitary operations like the cipitates a violent reaction or opens cell can be sealed off and a new abortive hostage rescue mission, the United States to perennial start made with only minor damage though sometimes forming part of charges of conspiracy and corrup¬ to the whole apparatus. A blown them. Its object is to change the tion, in many cases wildly exagger¬ covert operation may compromise policy of foreign governments, ated. the whole spectrum of foreign rela¬ perhaps even to influence whole Moreover, entrusting under¬ tions for an indefinite period. societies. Unlike intelligence ground operations to a bureaucracy By their nature, covert opera¬ gathering, which is quiet, dis¬ with a vested interest in “success” tions in peacetime are so tricky, so persed, and equipped with built-in regardless of cost, diminishes per¬ liable to exposure or backfire, that mechanisms and checking devices sonal responsibility for the to bring them off with even a re¬ to correct error or repair breaks in methods employed or the character mote chance of long-term secrecy the system, covert action is usually of local allies. The United States requires delicate handling of the a risky gamble in which victories not only becomes identified with highest order. In earlier times, the may be more apparent than real, foreign secret police forces, but chosen instruments of such opera¬ and exposure can spell political tarnished with their atrocities. Any tions have been agents uncon¬ disaster. Even the more benign as¬ civilized nation that presumes to nected with government, recruited pects of covert action, such as sub¬ establish collaborative arrange¬ on the basis of special qualifica¬ sidizing friendly political parties to ments with the thoroughly vicious tions for that operation alone. The offset political expenditures by the security establishments of certain practice of entrusting politically other side—as in Italy in the late nations of Latin America bears a sensitive secret missions to all¬ '40s—need to be handled with heavy responsibility for the train of purpose bureaucrats, with no par¬ maximum discretion or they can be mutilated corpses left in their ticular cultural or ethnic affinity counterproductive. wake. with the area involved, supervised As practiced in the past, the Nevertheless, covert action has by even more unqualified more sinister aspects of the CIA been part of the arsenal of weapons superiors, is absurd on its face. covert operations—destabilization, of the sovereign state since the The Achilles’ heel of all covert bribery of foreign leaders, support days of the Trojan horse. The operations is their personnel. When of foreign secret police organiza¬ Athenians were adept both in the kept in tight military harness in FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 wartime their abilities can be attache network of the Defense In¬ perennial delusion of American dip¬ turned to good account. Unfortu¬ telligence Agency; the political and lomats and intelligence experts that nately, dedication to a lifetime of economic reporting functions of sooner or later in the course of a clandestine activity produces a US embassies and consular posts raging revolution such “rational” conspiratorial mentality that, if not overseas; the satellite surveillance goals as political democracy, eco¬ criminal in nature, is uncom¬ system; and the code-breaking and nomic development and improved fortably well-adapted to leading an telemetering functions of the Na¬ living standards will reassert them¬ underground life that is illegal in tional Security Agency—a formid¬ selves. Another delusion is that the most foreign countries. What able collection of assets with a leaders of mass movements can be emerges from recent literature, not budget of nearly $5 billion and per¬ brought to heel by attachment of to mention the personal experience sonnel approaching 30,000. national assets or economic sanc¬ of many Foreign Service officers, is In February of 1978, well before tions. an unacceptably high proportion of the fall of the shah, the White The empty abstractions that covert action operatives who are House signified its dissatisfaction analysts use exemplify their flight alcoholic, violent, and inhabitants with the poor quality of CIA and from the passions that bring mobs of a paranoiac dream-world. How¬ State Department political and in¬ out into the streets. Anodyne terms ard Hunt adjusting his red wig in telligence coverage of the Iranian like “power centers,” “repres¬ the White House basement, the revolution in a letter from the pres¬ sion,” “safety valves,” and “or¬ rogue operation conducted by ident’s national security adviser, to chestrated demonstrations” and Cuban mercenaries in the Water¬ the director of central intelligence. the fatuous “responsible ele¬ gate and bizarre assassination In mid-August of 1978, the CIA ments” comfortably insulate both schemes were fully to be expected. produced its notorious 23-page as¬ writer and reader from the harsh Equally embarrassing have been sessment of Iran that included such realities of Third World conditions, the revelations of ex-CIA agents sentences as “Iran is not in a revo¬ including the corruption, brutality about every major covert operation lutionary or even pre-revolutionary and social injustice that fuel revolu¬ from Iran in 1953 t<* Angola in 1975. situation” and “there is dissatisfac¬ tionary movements. There can be Sensationalized to generate tion with the shah’s tight control of no real knowledge of other maximum sales appeal, they depict the political process, but this does societies without some degree of a pack of exuberant amateurs play¬ not threaten the government.” On empathy. Neither the policy¬ ing lethal games along the fringes of November 11, 1978, President Car¬ making bureaucrat nor the analyst US foreign policy. ter sent Secretary of State Vance, can accept that once a regime tor¬ In White House Years (p. 658) CIA Director Stansfield Turner, tures and kills students and non¬ Henry Kissinger notes that the na¬ and Brzezinski a three-sentence violent political activists the rela¬ tional temperament and tradition is handwritten memorandum bluntly tives of the victims will never rest unsuited to covert operations. This stating: “I am not satisfied with the until they have obtained retribu¬ view may be too pessimistic. Nev¬ quality of political intelligence.” tion, regardless of the material cost ertheless, a media-saturated con¬ to themselves or their country. stitutional democracy like the The roots of US intelligence The insulated, suburban values United States should be wary of in¬ weakness are too deeply embedded of the intelligence specialist extend stitutionalizing a foreign policy tool to be eradicated by cosmetic or¬ to his sources. The predisposition that is alien to its values, incompat¬ ganizational change. Well-adapted of American officals overseas to ible with domestic political condi¬ to assessing developments and restrict their social contacts to the tions and, in the long run, more framing scenarios for the advanced local “establishment” is well likely to harm the wielder than the societies of the West, the average known. They even confine their adversary. American political analyst is ill- journalistic contacts to Americans, prepared to appreciate the self- despite the foreign language The problems of the intelligence abnegation and dynamism of non- illiteracy and cultural insularity of system proper are quite differ¬ Western religions and ideologies, American media personnel that ent. The claim that recent lapses not to mention the charisma of make them useless as evaluators like the failure of the CIA to predict primitive political personalities. He and give them little entree to inside the collapse of the shah or the is equally ill-equipped to under¬ sources. Intelligence professionals takeover of the US embassy in stand the private financial motiva¬ often compound this disability by Tehran are attributable to self- tions that lurk behind public cultivating only the power struc¬ destruction of the system in the rhetoric the world over. At both ture of the moment and confining post-Watergate climate ignores ends of the spectrum a wide range their underground contacts to those similar failures in the days when of indicators is closed to him. approved by the security services CIA effectiveness was supposedly As civil servants with a social of the host country. This erects a at its peak. In any case the recent science background, the majority wall of mistrust between US in¬ wave of CIA dismissals was largely of intelligence analysts have a sub¬ telligence services and the radical confined to covert action person¬ conscious antipathy to the emo¬ and Marxist groups that form the nel: the intelligence directorate still tional and irrational factors that core of political dissidence—and has the largest collection of politi¬ dominate mass movements. As a the future leadership—in most of cal and economic analysts in the result they tend to downgrade polit¬ the Third World. The scanty con¬ business—1700 political analysts ical fervor and ideological convic¬ tacts of US intelligence with the alone. Moreover, the total US in¬ tion as factors to be reckoned with. students and clergy of Iran are now telligence capability includes the Nothing is more pathetic than the a painful reality. The same holds 12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 true in South Korea where em¬ the State Department and the CIA duced competing estimates of bassy contacts with disaffected in favor of the reports of the inter¬ greater coverage. As General students and city dwellers are min¬ national banking community he Daniel Graham pointed out in a re¬ imal and the strongest official links would obtain a better picture of the cent symposium, whenever the are with the Korean army. prospects for his battered foreign conventional wisdom of the At the other end of the scale the policy than he does today. analysts becomes congealed as of¬ civil service intelligence profes¬ The worst feature of the present ficial doctrine, failure is inevitable. sional is such an innocent about system is the pressure for confor¬ private financial motivation that he mity and the absence of any institu¬ What are the solutions for our makes no attempt to penetrate the tional means of correcting error. intelligence dilemma? The world of exchange speculation, Once “facts” are arranged in United States cannot retreat from capital movements, currency symmetrical patterns they become its vital interests, which owing to transactions, insider stock trading, difficult to challenge. The location energy dependency and a network and contract kickbacks, which are of shaky alliances still extend often crucial indicators of political around the globe in both directions. allegiance and impending change. The president needs a limited The details of these transactions “To the extent that covert action capability, and the' are not as systematically recorded government the best political in¬ in foreign countries as they are here clandestine sources are telligence it can obtain. New depar¬ but, since business deals cannot be relied on, the material tures will not, however, be easy so consummated without some form should be processed as long as intelligence is treated as an of paperwork, there are always dis¬ arcane field for specialists. affected sources to reveal them. rapidly as possible As a first step, the present covert Intelligence professionals pro¬ since in an age of mass action organization should be fess to adhere to a cult of scientific pruned of its older personnel, re¬ objectivity which is supposed to effects most sensitive moved from the CIA, and trans¬ render their cerebrations immune information usually has ferred to the executive offices of to irrational hunch or diversionary the president. It should be named emotion. In fact, most of them are the value life of a fruit the special operations branch of the quite unconscious of the extent to fly.” National Security Council, and which cultural biases distort their gradually reconstituted along dif¬ reasoning. As authorities like Karl ferent lines and under different Popper (The Logic of Scientific leadership. Discovery) and Thomas Kuhn {The of a national foreign assessment Under the new concept, the spe¬ Structure of Scientific Revolutions) center within the CIA, and the re¬ cial operations branch would be repeatedly point out, fields of in¬ quirement for a consensus on im¬ basically a high-level planning quiry are always structured: the as¬ portant strategic and political is¬ staff, housed in the NSC structure sumptions of the investigator in sues, stifles dissent, eliminates because of its proximity to the pres¬ selecting his data and assigning it competition, and makes the esti¬ ident and high-level inter¬ weight predetermine his conclu¬ mate system a captive of its own departmental policy formation, and sions. Whenever the intelligence weaknesses. During the period to keep covert action missions analyst unconsciously allows his 1975-78 the policy of detente put a under tight control. Covert opera- cultural biases or the policy prefer¬ premium on an optimistic evalua¬ ions themselves would no longer be ences of his superiors to exclude or tion of the US nuclear deterrent entrusted to a large, autonomous downgrade unpalatable realities, he and corresponding depreciation of corps of CIA bureaucrats. Except builds what William James called Soviet nuclear capabilities. There for a small permanent core of “a closed and completed system of was no way for dissenting agency specialists, routine political action truth” in which ‘‘phenomena un- voices to register their alarm over programs, such as subsidizing classifiable within the system the massive build-up of Soviet foreign organizations or channeling are .... paradoxical absurdities strategic missiles except by intro¬ arms to guerrilla movements, and must be held untrue.” ducing hedges and qualifiers into would be entrusted to specially Ideally, the US intelligence the consolidated estimates. Simi¬ trained personnel seconded from analyst should feel as remote from larly, dissenting viewpoints as to the various departments and agen¬ his country’s policies as a gnome of the durability of the shah were cies of the national security estab¬ Zurich. To be of optimum use to submerged in qualifiers or rele¬ lishment—state, defense, CIA, the the policy-maker, assessments gated to footnotes. International Communications should be denationalized and The lesson of World War II is al¬ Agency, AID, and even treasury. value-free, avoiding like the plague ready forgotten. The insistence of Sensitive, high-level covert mis¬ the sin of ethnocentrism approach¬ Hitler on centralized analysis and sions would henceforth be en¬ ing the problem from the streamlined consensus was the trusted to hand-picked government standpoint of US interests and greatest infirmity of an otherwise personnel and civilians with legiti¬ exaggerating the role of one’s own excellent German intelligence mate credentials appropriate for nation in its interaction with others. system—in contrast to the decen¬ the mission in question. If as an experiment President Car¬ tralized, less orderly, structure of The objective would be to create ter were to scrap for one week the the British and American in¬ a small, highly secret capability to political intelligence served up by telligence services, which pro¬ (Continued on page 41) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 1 3 “Tel Aviv grew quiet and empty lowing day and the Israelis would launch their troops and planes as the terror of war drew near.” across the Sinai desert about 48 hours later. The ambassador pooh-poohed this report and re¬ fused to cable Washington for fear of being in error. Fortunately, the CIA officer reached Washington through his own channels, so that Adventures of when Israeli tanks breached the Egyptian border, President Eisenhower was not totally sur¬ a PAO in Israel: prised. In fact he promptly ap¬ pealed to the Israelis and the United Nations to end the killing—and to the French and 1956-58 British, when they bombed Egypt from carrier-based planes. Despite Ambassador Lawson’s reluctance to face reality, when hostilities commenced on October 29, he tried to keep apprised of Is¬ FITZHUGH GREEN rael’s intentions. Simultaneously he had to oversee the evacuation of American dependents and non- essential embassy personnel. Re¬ The Air France plane neared Tel learned later that Israel was feint¬ taliation against Israeli territory by Aviv’s Lydda airport, holding ing at Jordan to veil plans for a Egyptian bombers and ground at 2,000 feet above the thin waist of full-scale attack against Egypt. armor was entirely possible. Israel that abuts Jordan. Moonlight When I reported to Ambassador Luckily two US Air Force cargo traced the hilly countryside. Sud¬ Edward B. Lawson’s office as his planes were waiting at the airport denly I spotted bright flashes jump¬ new public affairs officer, I was to carry the USIS exhibit “Atoms ing from the landscape. The French waved off: Just show up at the staff for Peace” to its next stop. These copilot strolling by my seat laughed meeting, I was told. There the at¬ were commandeered to ferry when I remarked guns must be fir¬ mosphere was tense. I realized fast American evacuees to “safe- ing down there. that I was spoiled by the quality of havens” in Athens and Rome. “It’s just heat lightning,” he de¬ leadership, teamwork, and cama¬ I retained the competent young clared, “You mustn’t take those raderie in Vientiane under Ambas¬ officer who had been handling the newspaper stories so seriously!” sador Charles W. Yost. This am¬ exhibit, Marshall Berg, and sent I didn’t argue with him. My brief¬ bassador ran a taut embassy, too the other four USIS Americans for ings for this post had emphasized taut—he appeared nervous and a Roman holiday. Many Israeli em¬ the close relationship between disagreeably unsure of himself. ployees disappeared into their France and Israel that year. This Built square with a sag in front, he army, and we deferred library and was the night of October 10,1956. lacked hair on top. His hostile eyes other cultural activities for the du¬ Next morning, the Israel gov¬ simmered, as if cooking in acid. ration. Berg and I concentrated’on ernment announced that their They looked balefully at me as he moving the daily wireless file to the commandos had demolished the queried me about a couple of USIS official radio, Kol Israel (the Voice Jordanian police station at Qual- (now USICA) items and then pro¬ of Israel), and private news media. kilya (beneath our flight path of ceeded to rip into me about my re¬ Tel Aviv grew quiet and empty the night before) and listed losses plies. I didn’t notice that he wore a as the terror of war drew near. of a score killed and wounded. We hearing aid, and his sudden anger Sporadically, military trucks full of startled me. It soon became clear soldiers roared through the streets. he hadn't heard me accurately and Shopkeepers pasted strips of adhe¬ had decided I was making fun of sive paper over their plate glass Fitzhugh Green is a former foreign service information officer who is currently free¬ him. Our able consul from Haifa storefronts. In the Dan Hotel by lance writing. This story is excerpted from tried to repeat what I had actually the Mediterranean, where I was his upcoming hook International Propa¬ said, but was told, in effect, to temporarily billeted, most tourists ganda—Un-American or Unavoidable?" mind his own business. The ambas¬ had gone when the first air raid Green's background also includes stints as a alert hurried us remaining guests psychological warfare consultant; sales, sador and his staff seemed as close advertising, and promotion executive with to conflict as the Israelis and about 30 feet below street level into two national corporations; wartime naval Arabs. a concrete shelter. officer; staffer in the Senate where he sug¬ Their dissension was harming The emotional pressure in Tel gested and processed (on behalf of ex-FSO our mission in Israel. On October Aviv wound up tighter and tighter. Senator Claiborne Pell) career legislation for US IA (now USICA); and associate ad¬ 26, the CIA station chief informed Citizens and diplomats still in town ministrator of the Environmental Protection the ambassador that general almost hoped the fighting would Agency. mobilization would begin the fol¬ start. When it did, and the early de- 14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June. 1980 spatches described bloody Egyp¬ dead and hundreds wounded. The Daily we saw Israeli journalists, tian defeat on every front, the pub¬ populace was crestfallen, to put it who rank among the most probing lic reaction turned quickly from gently, that their sacrifice was in interviewers in their profession. apprehension to relief to mounting vain. Yael Dayan, daughter of the Yet despite the post-Sinai chill, not exultation. general, was a military hospital as¬ one article ever misquoted USIA or During the four-day assault, sistant. She told me of the an¬ other embassy officers. nearly 200 foreign correspondents guished cries in the amputee ward Foreign correspondents stayed swarmed into the Dan Hotel. The when Ben-Gurion announced the to watch this Middle East tinder- US newsmen leaned on USIS to get retreat from conquest. box. We were wary that anything permission to cover the battles The war soured our relations we shared with them might be south of Tel Aviv, which the Israeli with the British, French and Is¬ played back to Israel through the government adamantly refused. raelis who felt we should have ap¬ hyper-alert Israeli press. They were intent on a speedy vic¬ proved their preemptive strike I remember my difficulty in fend¬ tory and didn’t want the press against the Soviet-backed Egyp¬ ing off Homer Bigart of the New underfoot in mid-campaign with no tians. All three castigated us for York Times. This astute Pulitzer means to safeguard them. Nearly Prize winner had a unique ap¬ all the journalists hung around the proach when ferreting for secrets bar in the Dan, scratching for clues we were sworn to shield. He sus¬ or leaks and grousing at their impo¬ “What should a loyal pected that the embassy had been tence. Ben Bradlee—then of so hoodwinked by the Israelis that Newsweek—wasted no energy Israel citizen do if he we had not been aware or told complaining. He just slipped away disagreed with the Washington of the likelihood of a from his confreres at the bar, Sinai campagin. As we dined at the stepped into the street and hired a American policy he was deserted Dan Hotel one night, he cab. being asked to promote went to work on me. He stuttered “Take me to the Gaza Strip. I and seemed so in need of the facts, want to see the Israeli forces to his own fellow which I knew only too well, that I fight!” said Bradlee. citizens?’’ felt an intense impulse to tell all. It “I do too!” responded the was an impulse I learned to quell, driver; and off they went. thanks to dueling with the likes of Deafened and dusty they re¬ Homer Bigart. A continuing obsta¬ turned that evening, and Bradlee turning against them in favor of the cle to our presenting a strong face filed a vivid account of the fierce Communists. to the outside world comes from action they had witnessed. His was To counter this dismay with the leaking of classified facts to re¬ the only coverage from the Israeli America USIS Israel tried to con¬ porters. The once dependable rela¬ side during the entire mini¬ vince the public that United States tionship between US spokesmen blitzkrieg. moves in the United Nations were abroad and American newsmen has On D Day plus three the Israeli consistent with our prewar stance mostly disappeared; though it is Army asked USIS for reading ma¬ as allies and supporters of Israel. still possible in individual cases of terials to send to an isolated unit of Our guidance came in a joint mutual trust. paratroopers close to the Suez State-USIA telegram. In coopera¬ The veteran broadcaster Edward Canal. They were already bored! tion with the country team we de¬ R. Murrow, destined to head We were leery of giving “aid and veloped a new country plan. USIA, was also in Israel preparing comfort” to attacking forces, but The embassy operated for almost a chapter for his “See It Now” reasoned that we would hardly be six months with its war-whittled series. He pumped me, too, but we encouraging combat. The army staff. Peace in the area was still had parallel interests, and the ex¬ parachuted our handout of books fragile and a premature return of change of information was in un¬ and magazines to the lonely sol¬ the evacuees might risk another classified categories. I was confi¬ diers. emergency exodus. The smaller dent also that he could encourage Hardly had the shooting stopped embassy ran more efficiently than understanding at home so as to re¬ when the United Nations Security it had on my arrival. We were all duce the current antipathy of Council, spurred by the Ameri¬ too busy for internal strife. The Israelis—who carefully monitored cans, voted a cease fire and a re¬ ambassador himself quieted down the US media. turn of all belligerents to their pre¬ and ceased picking on us. Still he Drawn by their open ways as war boundaries. The French and made us uneasy. We never knew much as my own objectives I soon British, having coordinated their when or why he might blow. He fell into a pleasant symbiosis with own aerial bombardments of was Vesuvius and we had been or¬ the Israeli and American resident Alexandria with the Israeli assault, dered to live on his slopes. reporters for foreign news firms. accepted the UN decision with an¬ USIS materials appeared regu¬ They were Moshe Brilliant and noyance but without appeal. After larly in the media to reassure the Seth King of the New York stormy cabinet sessions in Israelis where America stood. The Times—outstanding professionals; Jerusalem, Prime Minister Ben- wireless file and VOA provided de¬ Nat Gurdus of Agence France Gurion told his countrymen that tailed pieces and commentaries, Presse—the extroverted and their troops would withdraw from plus official statements; my small courageous paraplegic who tracked all captured territory. American-Israeli team got them every move in the tender US-Israel Israeli casualties totaled 150 placed. alliance; Joe Fried of the New York FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 15 Daily News—with a sense for the Another drop and I would deto¬ came an art form in these hospita¬ dramatic; and Eliav Simon of nate. I explained my overload to ble forums. UPI—who helped our mission im¬ Mohammed, but he would not lis¬ The Israeli thirst for information measurably. These men, plus Is¬ ten. Despite his persistent “Won’t about the outside world was un¬ raeli editors and writers, comprised you have coffee?”—I finished our quenchable. The Soviets had an informal moving salon of which talk and got up. He jumped to his noticed this and since Israel’s I became an associate. They were a feet and followed me to the street foundation in 1948 had shipped dependable garden where I could where my driver tried to intercept books, pamphlets, magazines and plant slow-growing attitudes or him. The scene ended with propaganda movies—all free. De¬ news items with beanstalk charac¬ Mohammed running after our car, spite the Cold War Israelis main¬ teristics. We entertained each other shouting and waving one hand, tained an officially open view on at home, and at official functions. while coffee sloshed from the mug East and West; indeed the US and This group, like the academicians, extended from the other. USSR recognized Israel the same scientists, politicians, artists, and Most Israelis had a good com¬ day and set up temporary embas¬ bureaucrats in Israel, enriched our mand of English, but they preferred sies in the same building. At sunset lives. Since they all communicated to use Hebrew. Prime Minister the Stars and Stripes and the with the target audience at which I Ben-Gurion urged new settlers to Hammer and Sickle would be low¬ aimed our USIS payload my job attend Ulpanim—the language ered simultaneously at diagonally was to carry out my natural inclina¬ schools, where through total im¬ opposite ends of the common roof. tions, like a kid in a candy shop. mersion in Hebrew, a student could American aid kept increasing, Our USIS shop included em¬ emerge fluent in a few months. I though very little assistance arrived bassy space, a library in Tel Aviv, wanted to enroll during my early from Moscow. Assuming that one information center in Jerusalem, stay in Tel Aviv, but we were too hand washes the other, the State and reading room in Haifa. We short-handed—Washington grant¬ Department instructed Ambas¬ were four Americans and 23 ed me funds to take daily lessions sador Lawson to ask a favor of Israelis—who backboned our oper¬ after office hours. Ben-Gurion. We needed a public ation, most of them knowledgeable I saw the value of Hebrew when statement from him on an issue and trained in their USIS tasks. presenting some law books in Haifa which would be useful in our What a delight that through them just before Sinai. At a crowded dealings with B and K—Bulganin we could offer library services; a ceremony one supreme court jus¬ and Khrushchev. bookmobile for rural areas; a film¬ tice said: Since this was a propaganda mat¬ lending and projection capability; “I see that Mar (Mr.) Green has ter, the ambassador took me to cultural exchange processing; a already learned three words: Jerusalem. The prime minister rose labor news letter; a weekly general Slikha, bevakasha and toda raba to greet us, and we shook his tough magazine that paid for itself, and (excuse me, please, and thanks right hand. This 72-year-old, pink¬ the wireless file—all with minimal very much). I hope that he will con¬ cheeked statesman made us wel¬ American supervision. tinue to study Hebrew and learn to come with genial chatter for a mo¬ What should a loyal Israeli citi¬ speak it like us Israelis. Of course, ment. Then his bright blue eyes zen do if he disagreed with the when he does, he will no longer say flashed as he sat us down and im¬ American policy he was being ‘slikha, bevakasha, toda raba!’ ” mediately demanded the purpose of asked to promote to his own fellow As post-war clouds lifted, invita¬ our call. citizens? Well, since Americans did tions to speak around the country Though his country and his own’ the personal contact selling, this abounded. Indeed, addressing all bulk dwarfed Israel and its little question was moot. If a policy split kinds of organizations became the leader, Ambassador Lawson began between the United States and host most important communications diffidently to state his mission. This country should widen too much, medium for our program. Whether was a mistake. Ben-Gurion inter¬ USIS’s host country nationals can it was the Israel American Friend¬ rupted him after less than a minute always resign. This happens rarely, ship League, the Zionist Organiza¬ and launched into a 59-minute not because they slavishly concur tion of America House, journalism monologue. He started with a re¬ with every US aim, but because it’s associations, labor meetings, cam¬ fusal to help us and continued with a regular job, with regular pay; also pus lectures, or one of the numer¬ a brilliant ramble on international in the scores of local staffs I have ous Rotary Clubs, Israelis liked to geopolitics. He didn’t apologize for known, the majority stoutly sup¬ attend speeches. 1 suspected that denying our request, though he did port an amicable understanding one reason they did was the length mumble something about not want¬ with Americans. of their questions—sometimes they ing to endanger Jews still stuck in One day in Israel, though, I en¬ rivaled the time of my full text. But the USSR. countered an exception: We had the give-and-take was great fun. I The interview was over. The one set up a tiny reading room in would start with a five-minute in¬ and only instance of America ask¬ Nazareth that contracted a hand¬ troduction in memorized Hebrew, ing Israel’s cooperation—at least some Israeli Arab, Mohammed, to which thanks to the erudition of my during my tenure there—was re¬ be in charge. The morning I first teacher was described in newspa¬ jected out of hand. Lawson just met with him, I had already sipped per accounts as “pure biblical Heb¬ took his medicine; he made no coffee with a near dozen other citi¬ rew.” Then questions would rain, counter-argument. After an embar¬ zens. By the time Mohammed of¬ also in Hebrew, until I had to beg rassed silence we left. fered me my eleventh cup I was so off saying that I couldn’t really talk As we drove down the mountain full of caffeine my fingers danced. that fast. But Q and A sessions be¬ toward Tel Aviv the ambassador 16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 didn’t say anything about his sorry ranged from almost a third of the the offending piece. His dewlaps defeat, except that I should draft total for a museum in Jerusalem, a and hand shook as he rasped, the cable to Washington. I did the chunk for the Mann concert au¬ scarcely in control: best I could to ease the picture ditorium in Tel Aviv, a few “Who wrote this?” without altering facts, but the am¬ thousand pounds committed by I gave him the name. bassador rewrote the message until Mr. Katzen, and assorted other “Who the devil’s that?” he it became almost complete fiction, sums. Many pet schemes lost out, boomed now. with himself as the hero. including a rhinoceros for the zoo. I told him it was a USIS local We had better luck with the In¬ But the selections met popular ac¬ employee. formation Media Guarantee (IMG). ceptance. “A non-American wrote some¬ This was a USIS device to allow Ambassador Lawson told USIS thing for me, the ambassador?” Israelis to import American printed to spread the goodwill with public¬ I explained my procedure, sug¬ materials of all kinds, and since ity for every project in turn. This gesting that for a talk to Israeli lis¬ they were strapped for foreign ex¬ was sound, but when he insisted on teners it was reasonable and pref¬ change, pay us in Israeli pounds. It scheduling a personal dedication by erable to get an Israeli’s point of was our answer to the floods of free him along with an oration for each view into the preparation. I also Soviet-material pouring into sev¬ one I thought he would look foolish apologized for the error in this eral third world nations. and overexposed. I urged him to one’s getting to him without my The US-owned counterpart divide the speaking among a half- editing. funds would be spent on cultural, He shoved the sheaf of papers at academic, and scientific projects in me. the host country. “Bring me a new draft this after¬ On a per capita or any other basis “We came over the noon: I want it totally your work. the intellectually hungry Israelis How many more times will I have outbought every other country, in¬ brow of a bare hill, and to make these speeches?” cluding India and Pakistan. By 1957 there before us I told him twenty-four. almost six million dollars worth of “They are all to be done by you Israeli pounds had piled up in the stretched a valley, and no one else is to have a hand in American IMG account at the Bank several miles square, them, understand?” of Israel; its size evidently “Yessir.” I wished he’d been as panicked the tender bureaucrats in with munitions stacked masterful with Ben-Gurion. State and USIA, for no one men¬ in unbroken rows, from With still a full year to go on my tioned it. tour in Israel, the internal climate Then Bernard Katzen, a New one side to the other.” looked bleak. Yet the USIS pro¬ York lawyer with political connec¬ gram was successful, I was con¬ tions, got wind of this hidden nest vinced, and believed the ambas¬ egg and for reasons best known to sador thought so too. Materials him took steps to pry it loose. His dozen embassy officers, but no go. were being distributed to the right machinations hit the jackpot. In USIS would, of course, produce a spots; our output was appearing in short order he surfaced in Tel Aviv text for each speech, and he made the papers, magazines and radio— to proclaim the birth of the “Kat¬ it clear he wanted me to do it my¬ not verbatim very often, but in arti¬ zen Fund.’’ The American tax¬ self. In order to ensure time for my cles, statements, and commen¬ payers, whose money this was, other commitments as his public af¬ taries that reflected Israeli agree¬ didn’t get much credit for their gift. fairs officer, I set up a littie speech ment with the policies USIS prom¬ Long queues formed outside the of¬ factory: first drafts would be ulgated. That was the optimum fice he opened—with Secretary crafted by a pair of able Israelis on “penetration” anyway, when the Dulles’s approval—at our em¬ my staff, and I would vet their Israelis expressed our ideas as their bassy. People flocked from every words, and convert them into own. kibbutz and hamlet to peddle their “ambassadorese.” The system But the contretemps with the projects for spending their “Kat¬ sailed along until one day the am¬ boss clouded any contentment. zen” money. bassador demanded three speech Other country team members were Quickly we huddled with the Is¬ texts, in advance, at once. I meeting the same irascibility and raelis to devise a more practical finished two of them, but inadver¬ wanted to leave. Having been in¬ means for spreading the largesse: tently our mesenger took up the valided out of Laos I didn't want to all projects would be approved by third as well, just as the Israeli had ask for a transfer; that would make both countries. Teddy Kollek, the composed it. two successive strikes in the career burly, genial director general of Minutes later my secretary came game. So, like my embassy col¬ Ben-Gurion’s office, took over for in, pale and panting. leagues, I determined to hunker Israel. I was given control for the “The ambassador wants to see down whenever the shooting United States. Howard Backus, an you and he is really upset!” started, or looked as if it might. excellent manager, came from As I entered his long office I It was risky to be away from the Washington as full-time overseer. could see from the door that I was embassy too often, though my as¬ Within weeks we had sifted the in for more than a slight squall. signment called for knowing target proposals down to 42 grants which This was hurricane weather. Be¬ groups as intimately as possible. would be awarded to organizations, fore I could say anything, the am¬ Nevertheless, Israel offered so towns and villages. The amounts bassador waved what I knew was (Continued on page 38) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 “It is true that liberty is precious— vately he hoped Russia would ride so precious that it must be rationed."—attributed to V.l. Lenin out its revolutionary turmoil by in¬ stituting a viable parliamentary government as promised in Premier Sergei Witte’s “October Man¬ ifesto” of 1905. Yet two and a half hours after that fateful telephone call, General Danilov was boarding a special train with Lenin’s comrade, Grig¬ ory Sokolnikov, and the Soviet delegation. Danilov would par¬ How Russia’s ticipate—reluctantly to be sure—in the conclusion of a treaty he op¬ posed on behalf of a government he abhorred. Why? Military Tried The answer to this riddle was seemingly lost to history when my grandfather died in Paris in 1937. I would not have begun poking into the matter had it not been for the to Undermine outraged cries of my father and my uncle over Alexander Solzhenit¬ syn’s description of the general in August 1914 as bovine in appear¬ ance and slow-witted. This piqued Lenin’s my curiosity and I decided, at long last, to peer into four musty cardboard boxes entrusted to me by his widow, my grandmother, more than twenty years ago. Separate The boxes yielded a variety of manuscripts, some published in Europe between the wars, others not. An unpublished work of sev¬ eral hundred typewritten pages was Peace tentatively titled On the Road to Bolshevism. Its last chapter de¬ scribed the journey to Brest, the bombed-out bridge at Pskov, the hazardous progress through Ger¬ man-controlled territory, and the NICHOLAS DANILOFF arrival at the ancient Russian for¬ tress which the Germans had turned into their field headquarters. The evening telephone call put sia out of World War I to gain “a Most significantly, from a histor¬ my grandfather, a general of breathing space” in which to con¬ ical point of view, this chapter Russia’s imperial army, in an ex¬ solidate his revolutionary govern¬ presented a detailed account of traordinarily awkward position. It ment. To gain that peredyshka, he how General Danilov and his mili¬ was 10:30 p.m. on the night of Feb¬ and a slim majority of his Bolshevik tary colleagues tried throughout the ruary 24, 1918 and the War Minis¬ associates were ready to sacrifice journey to convince the Soviet try was on the line asking him to vast portions of Russian territory in peace delegates not to sign the accompany the Soviet delegation to a monumental act of appeasement separate peace which the Soviet the final phase of the Brest-Litovsk to the invading German armies. government had dispatched them peace conference with Germany. General Yurii Nikiforovich Dani¬ to conclude. Lenin, immediately on coming to lov could hardly have been more Sokolnikov, the delegation lead¬ power the previous year, had opposed to this political stratagem. er, gave the world his inside view begun seeking ways of taking Rus- For years, Russia’s military secu¬ of the mission to Brest in a pam¬ rity had been his special concern. phlet published in Moscow in 1920. Nicholas Daniloff is chief military corre¬ As deputy chief of staff before the Danilov’s account, written in 1925 spondent for United Press International. He war, he had been responsible for and never published, contains previously covered the State Department. developing Russia’s war plans. many points in common but from a 1967-73, and foreign affairs from the van¬ tage point of Capitol Hill, 1974-1979. Furthermore, he was hostile to the totally different perspective. The Bolsheviks. He kept his politics to peace of Brest, for Danilov, was Copyright ® Nicholas Daniloff himself for the most part, but pri¬ not the beginning of a crucial

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 and plotting how to get to Russia. “I replied that, in my opinion, The plot unfolded years later, sending military experts to Brest when, as a university student I first was totally without puipose; the set foot in Moscow and Leningrad German demands constituted an ul¬ in 1959. I would return in 1961 as an timatum and they would not retreat American journalist for a four-year from them. I held to the conviction stretch. In 1974, and again in 1976 of the uselessness—in fact, more and 1978 I would return with two than that, the harm to Russia—of a different American secretaries of separate peace and that I could not state who were seeking to conclude be helpful in this matter, particu¬ a strategic arms limitation agree¬ larly since I was not informed ment with the Soviet leaders. about the previous peace talks, There was poetic justice in that. which I knew about only from In 1979, the Soviet Union was try¬ sketchy newspaper articles. ing to improve its security by con¬ “To this General Potapov replied cluding the SALT II treaty with its that he had not given up hope of the main adversary, the United States. possibility of a softening of the Sixty years earlier, Germany was German conditions and for this rea¬ Russia’s main adversary and Gen¬ son it would be particularly valu¬ eral Danilov was intimately in¬ able to have fully competent indi¬ volved in trying to make his coun¬ viduals among the military experts. try secure from Kaiser Wilhelm’s The military experts would take no menacing ambitions. It was be¬ part in signing any government cause of Danilov’s role in Russian document—the responsible part of strategic planning that the War the delegation was being sent for Ministry was on the line with its ur¬ that—and my principled opinion gent request. about the uselessness of signing Danilov with his wife and two sons, any separate peace was shared by Serge (left) and Michael (right) at their On February 24 my wife and 1 the other military experts . . . country estate in the Ukraine, about dined out,” General Danilov 1904. “In the circumstances, standing recalls. “Returning home at about by the telephone, I only thought “breathing space.” It was unjus¬ 10:30 p.m., I learned that someone about it a short time, and I. . . tified appeasement; it violated Rus¬ had been trying to reach me; some¬ agreed.” sia’s enduring interests, and it sig¬ one had called several times on the General Danilov’s decision was naled the irrevocable collapse of telephone from the War Ministry, motivated by a sense of duty and the state to which he had devoted asking if I was home, and saying patriotism. His feeling, as ex¬ his entire career. that I had on my desk a letter from General Potapov. Had I been able pressed in his writings, was that whatever administration was in have only the haziest recollec¬ to acquaint myself with the con¬ I control of the state, the country’s tions oiLe General in exile. But I tents of the letter, written hastily in leadership would look out for tradi¬ remember Anna Nikolaevna Dani¬ pencil, as its author was again call¬ tional Russian interests in foreign lova, his widow, very well. ing me on the telephone? My wife’s affairs. Furthermore, since Rus¬ She was a plump, very foreign- request that 1 not go to the looking lady with a parasol who telephone—motivated by her fear sia’s government had been in tur¬ would stroll along the coast road at for me—I thought rather mean- moil for the last year—Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in March Little Boar’s Head, New Hamp¬ spirited, and I stepped up to the 1917—it was entirely possible that shire, in the 1940s gazing out over telephone to find out what was Lenin and his associates might be the Atlantic Ocean at the Isles of wanted of me. deposed, too, in due course. Shoals. Anna Nikolaevna—“Ba- “General Potapov sketched the boota” to all of us—looked some¬ political situation and the difficulty What remains unclear, however, thing like the unhappy wife in of the military position flowing is whether Russia’s Communist Anton Chekhov’s Lady with a Dog, from the German ultimatum of leadership sought to associate a taking the airs along the board walk February 21. He announced to me man of General Danilov’s standing at Yalta. She would confide in me that a meeting of the main director¬ with the act of appeasement they that the sight of the Atlantic did ate of the General Staff had chosen, were contemplating in order to lend remind her of the Black Sea and the as military experts for the departing it additional legitimacy or whether Crimea. delegation, myself; Colonel An- his selection was purely an internal “You will go to Russia one day,” godskiy, chief of the Nicholas Mili¬ affair of the War Ministry. Grand she promised me. “You will come tary Academy; and Rear Admiral strategy was his area of compe¬ to know the Russians. Oh, if only Altfater. In addition, Captain tence, and as a servant of the state you were my son, and not my Lipskiy of the General Staff was to he was prepared, indeed, obliged to grandson, how I would spoil you!” travel with us. give his professional advice when And so, at the age of 12, the “To this, General Potapov added called upon. American-born grandson of Gen¬ that the train was supposed to leave Ironically, neither strategy nor eral Danilov began taking Russian for Brest at midnight and that the military leadership had been his lessons with the officer’s widow, delay was entirely for me . . . first love. Born in Kiev in 1866, FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 19 Danilov had contemplated a career land armies, artillery, ammunition policy which never paid. You must as a mining engineer in the Urals. and transportation were hard to have human relations.” But his civilian plans were summar¬ come by. And Danilov paid for not having ily brushed aside by his father, Danilov’s constant view was that better human relations. When Gen¬ Colonel Nikifor Akimovich Dani¬ Germany, with its surging indus¬ eral Zhilinsky asked to be reas¬ lov, who distinguished himself in trial strength and imperial ambi¬ signed in 1913 from the post of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. In tions, was the primary threat to chief of staff, General Danilov reaction Yurii Danilov decided that Russia’s security. He worried, too, would have been the logical suc¬ what had happened to him would that a weak Russia might tempt an cessor. His wife agitated privately never happen to his two sons, attack by Germany, or by its ally, on his behalf. At an evening recep¬ Sergei (my father) and Mikhail (my Austria-Hungary. He was occa¬ tion, she pressed the minister of uncle). sionally criticized for seeing at¬ war, General Vladimir Soukhom- “His sons were going to be free tacks coming from all quarters, in¬ linov, to say who would be ap¬ to select their own profession,” my cluding “from the Martians.” pointed. father (who goes by the name of Historians, Soviet and western, “We do not know yet,” Serge Daniloff) wrote in an unpub¬ have pictured General Danilov as Soukhomlinov replied evasively, lished autobiography in 1925. “All stubborn and inflexible; unwilling “but it will surely be a man with professions would be open to them, to cut a corner or take a risk, a complete mastery of French.” all except one—the military. And product and supporter of The Old Danilov spoke imperfect French so from the tenderest age, every¬ Regime. A reading of his memoirs and the post went to General N.N. thing that could give rise to military shows, however, that he had a Yanushkevich, a warm personality inclinations was banished from the strong sense of duty; that he was who spoke perfect French, but a nursery; no drums, no wooden sol¬ critical of the imperial family; man of lesser training and compe¬ diers, no swords. His sons were doubtful of Nicholas II’s intel¬ tence. going to serve their country to the ligence, and hopeful that the cre¬ At the start of hostilities in 1914, best of their ability but not in the ation of the State Duma in 1905 was the tsar’s uncle, Grand Duke way he served her himself.” the beginning of a parliamentary, Nikolai Nikolaevich, assumed the Danilov rose swiftly in Russia’s and more positive, era, in Russia’s supreme command of Russia’s mili¬ military establishment. He was history. tary forces, with General Yanush¬ selected as a young officer for the Family history reinforced kevich his chief of staff and Gen¬ Nicholas General Staff Academy. Danilov’s view that constitutional eral Danilov, deputy chief of staff. He was assigned next as a captain government must supplant autoc¬ A year later, Nicholas II decided to to the Kiev military district where racy. His wife’s grandfather, take on the supreme command he developed a handbook on Lieutenant Alexander Frolov, had himself. In the resulting shakeup of mobilization. Its publication participated in the Decembrist up¬ the high command Danilov was brought early recognition to the rising of December 14, 1826 which dispatched to command the 25th young officer who was reassigned sought to install a constitutional army corps. Later, as chief of staff in 1898 to the General Staff head¬ monarchy on the death of Alexan¬ to General N.V. Ruzskiy, com¬ quarters in St. Petersburg. der I. Frolov was sentenced to life mander of the Northern Front, After a tour in Kiev, the year at hard labor in Siberia under Alex¬ Danilov would witness the tsar’s 1908 brought Danilov back to the ander’s successor, Nicholas I, but abdication in the imperial railroad Russian capital as first assistant to was freed thirty years later under carriage at Pskov in March 1917. the deputy chief of staff, and, at the Alexander II. My grandmother As a field commander, General age of 42 he was promoted to never tired of telling me how Danilov was constantly concerned major-general. Shortly, he became Frolov took the iron links from his about army discipline which dete¬ the deputy chief of staff (General- chains, and turned them into rings. riorated seriously under the suc¬ Kvartirmeister) and served in that One such ring, lined in gold and cessor Provisional Government. capacity until 1915. surmounted with a cryptogram sig¬ Danilov backed the efforts of Gen¬ The prewar years were ex¬ nifying the date of the 1826 upris¬ eral Lavr Kornilov, Russian chief tremely difficult ones from a politi¬ ing, was passed down to General of staff in 1917, to restore discipline cal and military point of view. Danilov, who passed it on to his and renew the death penalty at the Since 1893, Russia had been joined younger son, who in turn passed it front. Kornilov’s efforts soon took in secret alliance with France as a on to me. on the appearance of a political means of insuring its security In personal relations, Danilov coup against Prime Minister Alex¬ against Germany. The French gen¬ was stern, and forbidding. He was ander Kerenskiy and for his sup¬ eral staff continually pressed Rus¬ a strict disciplinarian with an eye port Danilov narrowly escaped sia to plan on an early offensive for detail. At dinner, my father re¬ being arrested by his own soldiers. against Germany should war break members, he would tap the table After the Kornilov incident, Gen¬ out. But Russia was ill-prepared to with his two forefingers when he eral Danilov resigned his command do this, particularly after its disas¬ became irritated by childish antics. and returned to Petrograd (re¬ trous defeat by Japan. The Russian When silence ensued, he would say named at the start of World War I) fleet had been wiped out at the bat¬ rather implausibly after a short to settle into an inactive military tle of Tsushima Straits in June while: “Why are you all so silent?” status and collect his thoughts. It 1905, and the Russian government “Poor father was a bear of a man was from this inactive status that made its first priority the rebuilding who knew damn little apart from the War Ministry recalled him to of the navy. Defense funds for the work,”my father says. “That’s a join this Soviet delegation to Brest. 20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 Danilov describes the chaos that from the left Social Revolutionary published his famous Decree on pervaded the War Ministry on that Party, essentially a “grey emi¬ Peace calling on Russia’s entente night of February 24. No longer an nence,” who would become Soviet partners, Britain and France, to orderly bureaucratic department, ambassador to Berlin, and would join Germany in peace negotia¬ the ministry was filled with milling commit suicide in 1927. tions. By early December, Russia soldiers, smoking incessantly, “All these personalities I was was at the bargaining table, but dragging winter’s filth through the seeing for the first time,” Danilov Britain and France fought on. corridors. One high official, with a notes. “At the start of the meeting, The wisdom of a separate peace bandage on his face where he had it fell to me as senior among the had been bitterly disputed by some cut himself while shaving, had ap¬ military experts to articulate our of Lenin’s colleagues, particularly parently been summoned to take common view that conducting as the German terms constantly Danilov’s place on the delegation if separate peace talks with our mili¬ hardened. Leon Trotsky, commis¬ he could not be found. tary adversaries, and concluding a sar for foreign affairs, headed the During the car ride to the railroad separate peace was not in the inter¬ Soviet delegation during the second station, Danilov implored his mili¬ ests of Russia and was not called phase of the talks December 27, tary colleagues to act as one and to for by the circumstances. We did 1917-February 10, 1918 but broke refrain from giving separate opin¬ not consider ourselves authorized them off declaring that Russia ions. No sooner had the train to sign any government document, would leave the war no matter what pulled out of the station about one and we would limit ourselves to the Germans demanded and would o’clock on the morning of February explaining to the responsible part pursue a “No War-No Peace” pol¬ 25, than the military experts met of the delegation the meaning and icy. with the plenipotentiaries. The significance of the German de¬ On February 21, 1918 the Ger¬ Soviet delegates included Sokol- mands.” mans issued their ultimatum calling nikov, a revolutionary who had The military experts then went for the cession of large quantities of shared Lenin’s exile in Switzer¬ down the German demands, point Russian territory and the conclu¬ land, who would become Soviet by point, explaining the conse¬ sion of a peace treaty within three ambassador to Great Britain before quences which would flow from days of the arrival of the Soviet being arrested in the purge trials of them. Russia would be twice delegation. Lenin consulted with the 1930s and convicted; Georgiy damned, they said, for bowing be¬ the top Communist leadership, but Chicherin, an intellectual, an ex¬ fore the enemy, and for forsaking Trotsky continued to oppose a pert on military and diplomatic his¬ its allies. peace on these terms. Finally, tory, a lover of Mozart, who later But revolutionary Russia was de¬ Trotsky was persuaded to relent, would become Soviet foreign termined to abandon its erstwhile and the separate peace policy was minister; Adolph Yoffe, an ob¬ “bourgeois imperialist” friends. approved on a 7-6 vote. Next, server attached to the delegation On November 8, 1917 Lenin had Lenin took the issue to the Central Executive Committee where the executive committee voted 116-83 with 26 abstentions for the Brest peace. The journey to Brest turned out to be an arduous and trying one. At one stop, the train was approached by a group of Russian officers who implored the delegation’s military experts to explain to them what to do in the face of the advancing German armies, and the efforts of the Petrograd government to sue for peace. At another point, the military experts pressed the plenipotentiaries to abandon the separate peace policy because of the continuing German invasion, and to continue Russian resistance through guerrilla counter-attacks. “You must not waver in signing the separate peace,” Lenin mes¬ saged the train carrying the Soviet peaceseekers, “that would be im¬ permissible.” Lenin, not realizing how difficult the physical journey had become, was worried that something had happened to shake the resolve of his representatives, Colonel Danilov with his wife (center) and family friends on a picnic in the Ukraine, around 1908. Chicherin would write later in his memoirs. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 21 was more than he could tolerate. The Bolshevik government asked him next to take command of the Western front, but he declined. A few days later, Adolph Yoffe brought him an order, signed by Lenin, naming him to a high post in the War Ministry. Again he de¬ clined. To put a stop to these en¬ treaties, Danilov persuaded the War Ministry to relieve him of all further obligations. Still, even after this, Lenin asked him to become chief of the all-Russian general staff. This was the end. “Circumstances came to our help, and we traveled in one of the hetman’s (the Ukrainian leader’s) trains in great comfort to my native Kiev where I settled as a private citizen.” The Brest peace did not last long. The Bolshevik government abro¬ gated it within nine months after At the Russian Supreme Headquarters in Baranovitchi, I. to r., seated, Emperor revolution broke out in Germany, Nicholas II, Grand Duke Nicholas, standing, General George Danilov, General and Berlin, in turn, sued for peace. Yanoushkevitch, October 28, 1914. Meanwhile, Danilov, now a private Sokolnikov, in his account, has sion arrived after a two-and-a-half citizen, served briefly as a director described how the delegation had day trip. The experts, in the course of a newly formed bank until civil to abandon the train at Pskov be¬ of the trip, had telegraphed the War war engulfed the Ukraine. cause of a bombed-out bridge. Ministry in Petrograd about their Judging the campaign of the Crossing the frozen river in the efforts to convince the Soviet rep¬ White generals in the Ukraine dark of night, the travelers took resentative not to sign the peace, against the communists to be hope¬ refuge in a hut beside the railroad and asked for a return statement of less, Danilov departed for Japan to line and awaited another train. A support in their opposition. None join forces with Admiral A. V. German guard unit was quartered came. Now, immediately before Kolchak who had proclaimed him¬ inside the shack, and Sokolnikov meeting the Germans, they com¬ self dictator of all the Russias. Kol¬ marveled at how the unit’s com¬ mitted their dissenting view to writ¬ chak died before Danilov could join manding officer kept emphasizing ing. him to take up the position of that he was not “an enemy.” The delegation, according to minister of war. He returned to the Danilov’s description is more Sokolnikov, was fully committed to Ukraine and sided with Baron poignant. The Soviet delegation, he the separate peace, but it was not Peter Wrangel who led the last re¬ writes, huddled in the middle of the bound with regard to negotiating sistance to Lenin’s forces. When room, exhausted by the journey, tactics. Caught between the direc¬ Wrangel's army was forced out-of and tried to sleep. The German tive from Lenin, and the opposition the Crimea, Danilov left Russia for commander and his troops made do of their military specialists, the del¬ the last time in 1920 in the sea¬ along the sides of the walls. egation decided on an uncomfort¬ borne evacuation of 150,000. “His subordinates—youths ex¬ able compromise. They would sign Danilov eventually settled in hausted by their duty—were less the peace treaty, but to demon¬ Paris where he was Wrangel’s un¬ interested in the unknown visitors strate that they were accepting the official “ambassador” and taught and preferred sleep. The measured unacceptable, they would osten¬ at the French military academy. breathing, and quiet, tired snoring tatiously refuse to read its contents His two sons, in the meantime, had soon echoed from all corners of the or discuss its terms. emigrated to the United States in room which was crammed with This decision further appalled 1919 and graduated from Harvard people. This monotonous picture the military experts. If the delega¬ College in the class of 1921. On was broken occasionally by the tion insisted on signing the separate General Danilov’s death, Madame sudden cry of one of the sleeping peace, Danilov concludes, it would Danilova rejoined her younger son, men, or the periodic preparations be irresponsible not to examine now an American businessman for the next watch. Thus with the every provision. The delegates working in Buenos Aires, Argen¬ exactitude of mechanical clock¬ took the view that it would make tina. One more conflagration, the work, in the fourth year of the war, better propaganda to sign the second World War, would bring the he went about his duties. As a agreement and damn it. Politics family back to the United States, to former army commander, I looked overrode military advice, and on the New Hampshire community upon him with a feeling of deep March 3, 1918 Sokolnikov de¬ with a view of the Atlantic which envy.” nounced the treaty and signed it. on some days passed as an unlikely Finally on February 28, the mis- For General Danilov, the treaty substitute for the Black Sea. 22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 Association News

FOREIGN SERVICE ACT AFGHANISTAN RELIEF We are pleased to report that agencies may be designated as a Every year for the past ten years, substantial progress—all of it fa¬ Foreign Service position only if it is dozens of Foreign Service employ¬ vorable to the Foreign Service— determined that (a) the function of ees and retirees take part in a re¬ has been made on the bill since we the position cannot be performed union held in the Washington area. reported in these pages last month. without significant experience They gather, drawn by the common On April 24, the House Post Office abroad or (b) that the position is re¬ bond of having served in Afghanis¬ and Civil Service Committee re¬ quired to be designated as FS to tan, to reacquaint themselves, to ported out unanimously the new provide opportunities for rotation recall “the good old days.” Foreign Service Act. In its present of the Foreign Service or to provide This year, a cloud hung over the form the bill contains the favorable training for future assignments; annual event. Concern about Af¬ pay provisions contained in the • a compromise agreement to raise ghan friends who have been swept Leach Amendment. the mandatory retirement age from up by the Russian invasion of that The Leach amendment, adopted 60 to 65; country was the main topic of con¬ by unanimous vote on April 23, • substitution of the Ford amend¬ versation. raises linkages of the five lowest ment for the Schroeder amendment According to the recently formed grades to Civil Service scale by one on annuities and survivor benefits Afghanistan Relief Committee, for Foreign Service spouses. This full Civil Service grade. In stark more than 750,000 Afghans have contrast,—OMB’s proposed leaves intact the current law on re¬ fled to Pakistan. Intensified fighting amendment, which would have re¬ tirement annuity, i.e. that it is is adding 50,000 more refugees a moved section 403 and substituted available for division in a divorce month. It is estimated that at least proceeding by court order as part the lowest pay option, was $100 million in aid will be needed rejected—again by unanimous of the property settlement. This this year to sustain them. vote. It was on this issue, both a principle is extended by this The Afghanistan Relief Commit¬ basic bread-and-butter issue and a amendment to cover an employee’s matter of principle—that AFSA survivor annuity as well, but unlike tee in Washington is part of a na¬ members undertook the most in¬ the Schroeder amendment there is tional effort by a private, non-profit organization in New York, which tensive and united legislative effort no pro rata formula. has set a national goal of raising $10 ever undertaken by members of the FLAG ACTIVITIES million to buy tents, clothing and Foreign Service in their own be¬ medicine to send to the refugees in half. Efforts included personal con¬ Bom out of the frustration and Pakistan. The committee is being tact with every committee member helplessness felt in the Iranian advised by several former US Am¬ or a key staffer, long discussion crisis by the families of the hos¬ bassadors to Afghanistan and the with Chairman Hanley, a carefully tages, the Family Liaison Action drafted and well-documented re¬ Group (FLAG) was founded in UN High Commissioner for Ref¬ ugees. The relief goods will be pur¬ buttal to OMB’s arguments, and March by Penne Laingen to band chased and distributed by US vol- letters to all members of the com¬ the families together to express untary agencies, most likely mittee. The result was not only a their common needs, to seek an¬ Church World Service, Catholic major victory for AFSA (and all swers, and to provide input into our Relief Services and the Interna¬ members of the Foreign Service) government’s decisions and actions tional Rescue Committee. but showed real concern for the affecting the hostages and their Foreign Service on the part of families. FLAG’S activities have Former US Ambassador to Af¬ members of the Post Office and since grown to encompass interna¬ ghanistan Robert Neumann said at Civil Service Committee. For¬ tional, national, and regional the press conference announcing mer-FSO Jim Leach, as so often in perspectives. Members have vis¬ the formation of the committee: the past, was instrumental in this, ited western European countries to “Until now, the burden of aiding as were Chairman Hanley and Rep¬ personalize the hostages’ plight. these refugees has fallen almost en¬ resentatives Schroeder, Wilson and They have helped direct a national tirely upon Pakistan, which has Harris. information program to keep our helped as much as it can, but can The bill remains essentially as we countrymen focused on the hos¬ hardly bear that burden alone. The reported in previous issues of the tages and principles of national world . . . has only just begun to Journal and in the many telegrams honor at stake in Iran. And, they notice the Afghan refugees. It is AFSA has sent out. There were, have already sponsored three re¬ imperative that we begin to act however, several amendments to gional meetings in Chicago, Hous¬ now. We cannot wait until starva¬ the bill, notably: an amendment on ton, and Washington for the fami¬ tion and mass death set in.” position designation regarding lies of the hostages. Although The Washington committee Foreign Service positions with FLAG was established to cope needs cash and ideas to reach its USICA, IDCA and in the Depart¬ with an immediate crisis, its mem¬ goal. Send contributions to the Af¬ ments of Commerce and Agricul¬ bers hope that it will last long after ghanistan Relief Committee, P.O. ture. It provides inter alia that a the hostages have returned safely Box 37266, Washington, D.C. position in the US with the above home. 20013. To help, call 362-8797.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 23 MEMBERS’ INTERESTS COMMITTEE NEEDS HELP FOREIGN SERVICE CLUB The Members’ Interests Com¬ his new posting and regrets it will In a move to widen patronage mittee needs volunteers to help im¬ lose his services in AFSA/ and increase income potential, the prove our working conditions and Washington. He has been energetic AFSA governing board, acting on follow up on requests for assistance in handling the concerns of mem¬ the recommendations of outside AFSA has received from our mis¬ bers and posts around the world. consultants, has appointed a pro¬ sions overseas. The MI committee fessional manager to take over the is responsible for issues which di¬ SISK ON MEMBERS’ direction of the Foreign Service rectly affect our terms of service. INTERESTS Club. While the State Standing and AID Jo Ann Gianni, a specialist in the Standing Committees focus on de¬ culinary arts and the restaurant velopments which are limited to management field, has been named one government agency (e.g. pro¬ as the club’s new general manager. motion board precepts for State), After graduating cum laude and the MI Committee is concerned being elected to Phi Beta Kappa at with the working conditions for all Fairleigh Dickinson University and three foreign affairs agencies earning an MA at the New School (State, AID, ICA). In the past the for Social Research Miss Gianni MI Committee has been able to get held various research and man¬ the department to liberalize the agement positions with the new housing regulations, it has fol¬ McGraw Hill Publishing Company lowed taxation questions, and was over a five-year period. able to get the department to fund Her avocational interest in the travel and per diem for personnel culinary arts prompted her to leave requiring out-patient medical the field of corporate business to treatment. Sabine Sisk, wife of FSO Charles undertake a full course of study at The MI Committee tends to con¬ H. Sisk, has joined the Associa¬ the Culinary Institute of America at centrate on issues related to our tion’s headquarters staff as mem¬ Hyde Park, N.Y. After completing conditions of work in the service. It bers’ interests coordinator. Mrs. the American Culinary Federation needs volunteers who are in¬ Sisk was educated in Germany and apprenticeship program, she was terested in improving these terms England and has been a member of elected vice president of the mid- and improving the compensation the Foreign Service family for sev¬ Hudson branch of the American provided for our colleagues over¬ enteen years. She accompanied her Culinary Federation. Most recently seas. The committee is particularly husband, now serving in Guang¬ she has been employed as assistant interested in getting assistance to zhou, China, on assignments to food and beverage director with the work on the problems of our staff Kingston, La Paz, Georgetown, Holiday Inn chain. personnel (communicators and sec¬ Accra, Lagos, Kaduna, Stockholm Miss Gianni has introduced new retaries). In addition the committee and Guatemala. During these as¬ menus for the club dining room and would like to be able to spend more signments she served as consular has developed a series of special time seeing how we might improve assistant in Kaduna and Stock¬ menus for private luncheons, din¬ our conditions of employment with holm, commissary manager in La ners, and receptions. Luncheon regard to: Paz, Accra and Stockholm, family reservations for the club may be • microwave radiation; liaison coordinator and coordinator made by calling 338-5730, while • evacuation and support for de¬ for the International Year of the members wishing to make ar¬ pendents who have been Child in Guatemala. In addition to rangements for a special function evacuated; these activities Sabine performed may work out the details with Miss • allowances; the usual volunteer services ex¬ Gianni at the same number. • transportation of effects; pected from Foreign Service wives, AFSA members who have not al¬ • claims against the department for teacher, translator, tour-guide and ready done so are urged to sample effects that have been lost or dam¬ member of the board for associa¬ the club’s new cuisine which al¬ aged or stolen. tions and women’s clubs. ready is generating a gratifying number of favorable comments. If you are interested please call Sabine says, “I am very excited about my job and look forward to Sabine Sisk X28160 or drop by to meeting and assisting as many CHAPTER NEWS see her in the AFSA office, Room Our embassy in Panama reports 3646 N.S. AFSA members as possible. My of¬ fice is Room 3646 in New State— an increase in Association mem¬ and the door is always open.” bership from 22 per cent to 61 per Chairman Transfers Overseas cent in one year. Acting Associa¬ Tom Macklin, the chairman of tion Representative Erick R. the AFSA Member’s Interest Zallman, ADD, writes that “this has Committee, has been assigned to AFSA’S ANNUAL MEETING .. . been brought about largely because Tel Aviv. Mr. Macklin, who has will be held on July 16 in the Loy of your strenuous and highly pro¬ served as MI chairman for the past Henderson Room, from 12 to 2 p.m. ductive efforts.” We welcome year, will be leaving for post on Please get your membership ques¬ Panama’s success story and are June 20. AFSA wishes him luck in tionnaire to us by July 1. greedy for others.

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 FOREIGN SERVICE DAY 1980 the department's own retirement The fifteenth annual Foreign Concluding the day’s program division. Somewhere along the line Service Day, sponsored jointly by was a ceremony in the diplomatic something obviously went wrong AFSA, DACOR, and the depart¬ lobby of the department sponsored and steps are being taken to insure ment, was held on Friday, May 2. by AFSA to memorialize the two that the notices announcing Six hundred and twenty-five per¬ men who lost their lives in the sack¬ Foreign Service Day 1981 are in the sons registered for the event, rep¬ ing of the embassy in Islamabad in mail well ahead of time, addressed resenting a new high in attendance. November, 1979. AFSA arranged to all who should receive them. The continuing incarceration of for the next-of-kin of Marine Cor¬ REAGAN RESPONSE poral Steven Crowley and Army our colleagues as hostages in Iran, Speaking at the department the failure of the attempt to rescue Warrant Officer Bryan Ellis to be present to hear tributes paid to through the Open Forum program, them, the resignation of Secretary Governor Reagan’s foreign policy Vance and his replacement by these two men by AFSA President Bleakley and Secretary Newsom advisor, Mr. Richard Allen, in¬ Senator Muskie, and the increase sisted that Reagan had been mis¬ in acts of terrorism and violence di¬ who unveiled the AFSA memorial plaque upon which their names quoted in Chicago on his remarks rected at Foreign Service people about the Foreign Service. Accord¬ over the past year provided a have been inscribed. An honor guard representing all branches of ing to Allen, the governor fully ap¬ somber backdrop to Foreign Ser¬ preciates the disciplined role we vice Day 1980. the armed forces of the United States presented and retired the play in advising the president and The general sessions were held secretary in the formulation and before a capacity audience in the colors at the beginning and the conclusion of the ceremony. execution of American foreign pol¬ Loy Henderson Conference Room. The secretary’s reception on the icy. In fact, Mr. Allen has provided Ambassador Harry Barnes, Direc¬ eighth floor of the department was us with a transcript of Reagan’s tor General of the Foreign Service, March 17 press conference in opened the proceedings with wel¬ attended by an overflow crowd, marking the end of the day’s ac¬ Chicago in which the presidential coming remarks following which candidate is on record as having Ambassador (Ret.) C. Burke El- tivities. AFSA’s traditional Foreign Ser¬ said that the secretary of state and brick, president of DACOR, and- vice Day brunch was held the fol¬ the State Department, rather than Kenneth W. Bleakley, president of the other foreign affairs advisors, AFSA, each spoke briefly prior to lowing day, Saturday, May 3, at the Foreign Service Club. Approxi¬ should be the arm of presidential the opening address of the day, foreign policy. “The Foreign Service in a Time of mately seventy retired members and their guests enjoyed a sumptu¬ Crises” delivered by Undersecre¬ WAO’S NEW OFFICERS tary for Political Affairs David D. ous buffet breakfast. Seated at the Newsom. head table and introduced by Pres¬ WAO (the Women's Action Or¬ ident Bleakley were Ambassador ganization of State/AID/IC A) cele¬ Following Secretary Newsom, (Ret.) C. Burke Elbrick, President brated its 10th birthday on April 30, Harold Saunders, assistant secre¬ of DACOR. Ambassador (Ret.) at a reception with Senator Charles tary, bureau of Near Eastern and Frances Willis, and Ambassadors Percy (R-111.) as honored guest South Asian affairs reported on (Ret.) Charles Whitehouse and speaker. current developments in the Middle Spencer King, the retired represen¬ Installed as new WAO president East. tatives on AFSA’s governing was Jean E. Mammen (ICA), and Next was the awards ceremony board. the three vice presidents represent¬ at which the Director General’s After summarizing the problem ing AID, ICA and State. For AID, Cup was presented to Ambassador areas confronting the Foreign Ser¬ the vice president is Nancy Fox, (Ret.) Dean Brown and the Foreign vice and AFSA’s efforts to address for ICA Marjorie Ransome, and for Service Cup to the Hon. W. Av- them, President Bleakley prompted State, Marguerite Cooper King will erell Harriman. Because of Gover¬ a stimulating and informative continue to serve as interim vice nor Harriman’s absence from question-and-answer session which president. Eighteen new members Washington, Assistant Secretary evoked considerable favorable of the WAO Board, six for each of for East Asian and Pacific Affairs comment from many of those pres¬ WAO’s constituent agencies, were Richard Holbrook read a message ent. elected and installed by the organi¬ from the governor and accepted the One final note: unfortunately it zation’s worldwide membership. award on his behalf. appears that an unusual number of On April 21, another in the series One seminar which attracted a Foreign Service retirees failed to of the jointly sponsored WAO/ large audience dealt with “The receive their notices and reserva¬ AFSA Janet Ruben International Present and Future of the Foreign tion applications for Foreign Ser¬ Dialogues was held at the Foreign Service.” The panelists were Ben vice Day. AI SA recorded many Service Club. The speaker, Dr. H. Read, under secretary for man¬ complaints from members who Teresa Spens, social anthropologist agement, Ambassador Barnes, di¬ were under the impression that and adviser to the Overseas De¬ rector general of the Foreign Ser¬ AFSA was responsible for their velopment Administration of Great vice, and Kenneth Bleakley and having been omitted from the mail¬ Britain, discussed the worsening Thea De Rouville, president and ing list. The fact is that the depart¬ situation of women during the first first vice president, respectively, of ment handled the mailing from lists five years of the United Nations AFSA. supplied by DACOR, AFSA, and Decade for Women.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 25 AID NEWS AID Deferred Home Leaves AFSA also attaches considerable ASSOCIATION AWARDS In an enlightened reversal of an importance to the prompt issuance of emerging villainous policy, which diplomatic passports to qualified Nominations for the Harriman, would have delayed home leaves for Foreign Service personnel and their Rivkin and Herter Awards will be AID Foreign Service employees, AID dependents. Readers are accordingly accepted until June 27, 1980. management has been encouraged to invited to inform AFSA/Washington of All members of State, ICA and seek alternative funding and has now any instances of unreasonable delay in AID are eligible. The criteria for all decided that funds for home leaves will the processing of diplomatic passport three awards are “extraordinary be provided from the FY 1980 operat¬ applications at overseas posts. accomplishment involving initia¬ ing budget. AFSA had written a strong tive, integrity, intellectual courage letter regarding earlier negative indica¬ Exchange Assignments tions and is pleased that management AFSA/Ouagadougou is to be com¬ and creative dissent.” Nomina¬ reversed this policy before any incon¬ mended for calling AFSA/W’s attention tions may be made by anyone who venience was caused. to the existence of an apparent invita¬ can document the exemplary con¬ Post Language Training tion for FSO-3s and FSO-2s to apply duct of the nominee. We strongly for “a few” AID deputy assistant mis¬ believe that there are many people As part of the response to a reduced sion director positions. Cable 53880— overseas and in the United States operating budget, management decided some twelve pages in length— to eliminate post language training and who should qualify and we encour¬ originated in State management and en¬ age nominations. Nominations AID/W language training for spouses joyed worldwide distribution without on April 1. An outpouring of messages any prior AID clearance indicated. should be addressed to the AFSA through both AFSA and regular chan¬ AFSA/Ouagadougou expressed under¬ Awards Committee, 2101 E Street, nels also encouraged management to standable astonishment at what ap¬ N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. seek alternative funding, and manage¬ peared to be a resumption of the largely ment has now announced the restora¬ one-way traffic of FSOs into AID- tion of post language training. The funded positions at a time when AID KUDOS TO KONTOS AFSA/A1D Standing Committee is con¬ has a “fullsome contingent” of able tinuing its efforts to have Washington and experienced officers. Either AID AFSA is proud to note that C. language training for spouses restored. should rescind the call for State appli¬ William Kontos, currently special High Level Hirings cants, it was argued, or more struc¬ representative of the president and Despite the restrictions on funds, tured arrangements should be nego¬ director of the United States Sinai AID management intends to hire 25 ad¬ tiated between AID and State for Support Mission, has been nomi¬ ditional Foreign Service employees this cross-assignments on the basis of com¬ nated by President Carter to be our year. The Standing Committee has plete reciprocity. This protest was ambassador to the Sudan. Mr. constantly advised management that promptly conveyed to AID/PM and eli¬ cited the following reply. State 53880 Kontos has been a member of the they should avoid hirings at levels American Foreign Service Associa¬ which will impinge on the promotion (para. 4) was “in no way intended to possibilities of on-board employees. create a wholesale entry of FSOs into tion since 1960 and held the office Unfortunately, we understand that a AID ranks. Its limited intent is to allow of vice president from 1969-1972. number of these new accessions will be AID to consider utilization, on a tem¬ Though the last eight years have at high levels and will therefore impinge porary basis, of not more than afew top been spent outside of AID, the bulk on this year’s promotion list. We will level FSO executives with proven track of Mr. Kontos’s career has been continue to press management to look records.” These candidates, the with that agency. He joined the within the ranks of the AID Foreign AID/PM reply continued, are recom¬ Marshall Plan Mission in Greece in mended by the department and are Service for people to fill the interesting 1949 as a staff member and became and challenging slots presently being “evaluated along with AID personnel, and no slots are specifically set aside or the special assistant to the chief of filled by high level trainees from out¬ the mission in 1952. He held a vari¬ side the agency. earmarked for the department.” On the matter of AID cross-over as¬ ety of positions in the Washington Diplomatic Passports, Part Two: signments to State, the letter noted that office of AID until 1959 when he Further to news given in the March exploratory discussions between AID was appointed deputy director of issue of FSJ (page 23), readers will be and senior department officials have the AID Mission to Ceylon (now interested to know that AID manage¬ taken place, concerning a “limited, Sri Lanka). From 1961 to 1964 he ment is taking a very strong and un¬ career development-oriented exchange was the deputy director of the mis¬ equivocal position on this matter. By of personnel on detail similar to the sion in Nigeria. circular cable State 107165 (23 April) all ICA/State exchange program.” Such senior AID officials at post have been talks are expected to continue. “In a In 1964, Mr. Kontos attended the requested to ensure that direct-hire less structured sense,” it was noted, National War College and in 1965 Americans are informed of the new “senior AID officers have served con¬ assumed the position of director of criteria, which “specifically provide currently as embassy counsellors for personnel for the Agency for Inter¬ that all AID direct-hire American economic and commercial affairs, as national Development in Washing¬ Foreign Service personnel are eligible well as under detail arrangements to ton. He was named director of the for diplomatic passports. Eligible AID senior positions in various bureaus and mission to Pakistan with the per¬ personnel currently holding official offices at the State Department.” sonal rank of minister in 1967. Dur¬ passports are encouraged to apply for AID/PM seem positively inclined and ing 1970, he was director of the diplomatic passports . . . Passport ap¬ willing to look more deeply into the Joint State/AID Office for Nigerian plications of personnel assigned over¬ possibility of cross-over opportunities seas should be handled by State's con¬ for qualified AID personnel (not neces¬ Affairs, while serving as director of sular office at post and routed sarily all at senior level). AFSA will be Program Evaluation for AID from . . . through their official channels. showing a keen interest in monitoring 1969 to 1972. He served as deputy Applications should not be sent to the such consideration and the results en¬ commissioner general of UNRWA AID/W travel office.” suing. Readers will be kept informed. in Beirut from 1972 to 1974.

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 because they are taking place in little-known regions. Our noble master has com¬ manded me to explain to you briefly, albeit with clarity and pre¬ cision, the position in which we find ourselves in central Asia, the interests which motivate our action in those parts, and the ultimate goal that we seek to achieve there. The position of Russia in central Asia is that of all civilized states which find themselves in contact with half-savage, nomadic popula¬ tions who lack a fixed social or¬ ganization. In such cases, it always happens that interests of security of borders and of commercial rela¬ tions demand of the more-civilized state that it assert a certain domi¬ nance over others, who with their nomadic and turbulent customs are most uncomfortable neighbors. First there are raids and lootings to repress. In order to put an end to these acts, one is forced to subju¬ gate, more or less directly, the populations on the other side of the border. When this has been achieved, these populations take on quieter lifestyles, but they find themselves, in turn, exposed to attacks from more distant tribes. The state is forced to defend the former against these depredations and to punish those that commit them. From this stems the need for long-range, costly, repeated expe- organization makes him unseiz- able. If one limits oneself to punish- ble. If one limits oneself to punish¬ ing the looters and then retreats, the lesson soon is lost; the retreat is chalked up to weakness. Asiatic peoples in particular respect only visible and palpable force. The moral force of reason and the inter¬ ests of civilization have not yet taken hold among them. Thus the task must constantly be undertaken Circular Letter from Prince Gorchakov anew. to the Diplomatic Agents of Russia, In order to put an end to these concerning Russia's position in Central permanent disorders, or to estab- Asia.—St. Petersburg, 9121 November 1864. Aleksander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (1798-1883) began his diplomatic career in ussian newspapers have re¬ 1817, and rose to sene as foreign minister in R the imperial cabinet from 1856 to 1866. when ported recent military opera¬ he was named imperial chancellor, a tions carried out by a detachment capacity in which he served until 1882. of our troops with notable success The full text of the circular, in French, is and significant results in the re¬ found in British and Foreign State Papers, 1867-1868, Vol. LV11I (London: William gions of central Asia. Ridgway, 1873), pp. 835-839. Translated by It was to be foreseen that these Abraham M. Hirsch, Agency for Interna¬ events would arouse the attention tional Development (USAID Mission, of foreign audiences—all the more Ouagadougou). FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 27 lish some fortified points among the nent relations or of regular inter¬ facilitate the kind of regular coloni¬ enemy population, one must exer¬ course whatsoever, with Turkestan zation which alone can prepare an cise over them a dominance which and Kokand sometimes united, occupied country for a future of gradually reduces them to being sometimes apart, always at war, be stability and prosperity, by enlist¬ more or less unwilling subjects. it between themselves or with ing neighboring groups into But beyond this second line, Bokhara. civilized ways of life. other, more distant groups soon In spite of its wishes, the impe¬ 3. Finally, it was vital to fix this begin to provoke the same dangers rial government saw itself faced by line definitively in order to resist and the same countermeasures. the alternatives already sketched. dangerous and virtually unavoid¬ The state thus faces the alterna¬ That is, either to allow a permanent able involvements which might tive either to abandon this unceas¬ state of disorder to continue to lead to unlimited expansion by way ing chore and to open its borders to paralyze all security and progress; of repression and retaliation. ever-recurring disorders which or to be condemned to undertake To achieve this, a system was make all prosperity, all security, all costly and remote expeditions needed which was based not only civilization impossible; or to ad¬ which would lead to no practical on a rationale which might be elas¬ vance further and further into the result and would have to be re¬ tic, but on fixed and permanent depths of wild country, where with peated again and again; or lastly to geographic and political conditions. every step distance increases the take the open-ended road of con¬ Such a system was spelled out difficulties and the burdens the quests and annexations which led for us by a simple fact, derived state must assume. England to the Indian Empire, from long experience: Nomadic tribes can efficiently neither be seized, nor punished, nor con¬ tained; they are for us the most in¬ “There have been those who opportune neighbors. On the other hand, agricultural and trading frequently have taken pleasure in populations, attached to the land, assigning to Russia the mission to and endowed with more developed civilize the countries which are her social institutions, can afford us the opportunity of tolerable neighborly neighbors on the Asian continent.” relations, susceptible to improve¬ ment. Our frontiers thus had to absorb the former, but stop short at the This has been the fate of all the seeking by means of armed force to border of the latter. countries which have found them¬ undo, one after the other, small in¬ These three principles serve as selves in the same circumstances. dependent states whose predatory the clear, natural, and logical ex¬ The United States in America, and turbulent customs and never- planation of the recent military op¬ France in Algeria, Holland in her ending revolts leave their neighbors erations undertaken in central colonies, England in the Indies—all without truce or rest. Asia have been drawn inexorably to None of these alternatives were We obtain a two-fold result from continue this gradual advance, responsive to the objectives of the the adoption of [the new] line. On motivated less by ambition than by policy of our noble master, which is the one hand, the region thus ab¬ overriding necessity. The greatest not to extend the regions subject to sorbed is fertile, wooded, watered problem is to know when to stop. his rule beyond all reasonable by many streams; it is inhabited in This too is the logic which scope, but to emplace his rule on part by Kirghiz tribes who have al¬ brought the imperial government to solid foundations, and in his realm ready acknowledged our rule. The establish itself first on the Syr to guarantee security and to de¬ region thus offers advantages to Darya on one flank, on Lake velop social organization, com¬ colonization and to the supply of Issyk-Kul on the other; and to con¬ merce, well-being and civilization. our garrisons. On the other hand, solidate these two lines by estab¬ Our task thus was to seek out a we are thus afforded as immediate lishing forward strongholds well in¬ system appropriate to this three¬ neighbors the agricultural and mer¬ side the heartland of these distant fold objective. cantile populations of Kokand. regions, without however succeed¬ To these ends, the following We are now face to face with a ing in establishing beyond our fron¬ principles were laid downr social milieu which is more solid, tiers the peacefulness required for 1. It was deemed absolutely more compact, less shifty, better their security. necessary . . . that all our outposts organized. It is this consideration This instability stems first from would be enabled to assist each which lends geographic precision the fact that between the most dis¬ other, and that no gap would be left to the limit which both interest and tant points of this double line there through which nomadic tribes reason order us to reach and com¬ is an immense unpopulated space, could invade and carry out plunder mand us not to overstep. On the where invasions by looting tribes¬ with impunity. one hand, any further expansion of men continue to paralyze all col¬ 2. It was deemed essential that our realm would cause us to col¬ onization and all caravan trade. the line thus formed by our strong¬ lide, not with shifting elements like Then too, the constant shifts in the holds run through areas sufficiently nomadic tribes, but with duly- political situation in these regions fertile to provide not only the constituted states; this would de- presented no possibility of perma- supplies for our posts but also to (Continued on page 44) 28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 “Whenever I take up a newspaper and read it, telephone books is no mere coinci¬ dence. The Supreme Court is I fancy I see ghosts creeping between the lines.”—Henrik Ibsen above the tumult.) In the anteroom of Chief Justice Warren’s office, an aged retainer asked the classic question: “May 1 rest your wraps?” Shortly thereafter I was in the stately comer office itself. The great hand shot out, the California smile was warm in welcome. “Mr. Wilkinson, it was good of you to come way down here.” He CONFESSIONS waved me to a seat. I perched at a comer of his enormous desk and asked questions about the speech in my best desk-side manner. The speech it seemed was to the OF A WASHINGTON English Speaking Union in New York, on an occasion honoring Queen Mother Elizabeth. There would be an audience of thousands, and the time was three days hence. GHOST WRITER “How well do you know the queen mother, Mr. Chief Justice?” I asked, looking for leads. He thought for a moment. “Don’t know her at all.” Then another broad smile. “But last time I was in London for that Bar As¬ BURKE WILKINSON sociation meeting I met the queen. And I met her duke too.” Soon we were hard at work. The speech as we envisioned it would During my days in the State De¬ the intercom, brooking little re¬ be grace notes in good part, with partment, Secretary of State sponse. Or, “The vice president stress on the Anglo-American heri¬ John Foster Dulles used to loan me needs some help on an article. Re¬ tage in general and our common to other high government officials port to his Senate office at two to¬ law in particular. We talked a bit like a second-hand Buick. day.” about Lord Bryce and his key role “Go down to the Supreme Court Even after I was promoted to in the cousinly relationship of the and see what the chief justice has deputy assistant secretary of state, two nations. I managed to dredge on his mind,” the sharp voice of a rank slightly above the normal up an anecdote that Mr. Warren level for ghost writers, the Old Man the late secretary would say over liked: Brs’ce was traveling incog¬ was generous—almost prodigal—in offering my modest talents around nito on a New England coastal town. steamship. Cigars and pleasant Always, it was an emergency. talk with a stranger on the top deck after dinner. A point of law comes My assignment to Chief Justice up and the stranger contradicts the Warren was a typical example. It Englishman with a potent argu¬ was a fine June day, and I drove ment: ‘ 7 know I’m right,' ’ he says. down to Capitol Hill in a rea¬ “Lord Bryce says so.” sonably cheerful frame of mind. In a small nearby office I typed a There is always a feeling of peace draft. The chief justice and I took a and tranquility in the halls of Cass luncheon break, sharing sand¬ Gilbert’s great whited sepulchre. wiches at his desk in a companion¬ (The fact that it is not listed among able way. By mid-afternoon my the “government numbers most draft pages started to come flowing frequently called” in the District back, set for all time in type, just the way the court decisions are. By Burke Wilkinson was deputy assistant secre¬ tary of state for public affairs (1956-58) and five we were done, and we parted public affairs adviser to the Supreme Allied on the best of terms. Commander Europe (1958-62). He is the I never did hear from Justice author of four novels and five biographies, Warren directly again, but 1 did the latest being The Zeal of the Convert, the learn that the speech was a smash¬ life ofErskine Childers. He is currently pres¬ ident of the Public Members Association of ing success. This brings me to a Burke Wilkinson the Foreign Service. harsh rule that all ghost writers FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 29 must learn: don’t expect to get president dismissed me with that “Without the paragraph on Mrs. thanked. Once the emergency is funny little one-comer smile of his, Nixon the article cannot be over the person whom the ghost and I left thinking: there’s a man cleared.” has rescued tends to forget that he who knows what he wants. Wallace capitulated with no spe¬ ever had any help at all. The speech True to his word, he called me, cial grace. becomes the sole property of the for advice and criticism, in the Monday morning the unmistak¬ speaker. This fact is not unlike the small hours and the large. His able tones of the vice president tendency of lovers to forget who in¬ memory was excellent with maybe reached me early at the desk. troduced them in the first place, two or three dates to check out. “You are in some kind of trouble preferring to believe that it was The style was forthright and “per¬ with the Digest people,” said Mr. fate. fectly clear,” so my task was easy. Nixon, anxious and concerned. Whenever 1 happened to run into The article ran in due course in “Dewitt Wallace just called me and Mr. Warren he would crunch my successive issues of This Week and said some young man at state had hand or give me a cheerful wave so to the Digest for their skillful been throwing the vice president’s that seemed to say “we certainly surgery. After the fashion of their name around and loosely, too.” wowed ’em." But there was never kind, the editors promised to let me I told him exactly what had a direct reference to my day with see proof before they locked the ar¬ transpired. him, way down there at the Su¬ ticle up. “Good for you,” said Mr. Ni¬ preme Court. I saw proof all right. Just by xon. “I’m glad you did what you Vice President Nixon was some¬ chance I was in the department on did. God-damn good for you.” thing else. At Mr. Dulles’s com¬ a Saturday afternoon when the let- A day or so later he wrote one of mand 1 reported to his office in the those too-fulsome letters to Dulles Old Senate Office Building, more saying I wish we had more people informal and cozier than the vice in the government like Burke Wil¬ president’s ceremonial one in the kinson . Capitol. He came over and threw “I grew to understand This was the exception to the an arm ’round my shoulder in a that the style and the getting-thanked rule, and it went friendly gesture of welcome. into my official file. I never did see “Mr. Wilkinson, it was good of man were inseparable. Mr. Nixon again. Perhaps his ac¬ you to come way down here.” (Once I knocked out his colade looks a little shopworn now, I smiled at the familiar litany. but at that particular moment in Very crisply he ticked off what I favorite word ‘moral’ time it came from a brisk and con¬ was to do. He had a commitment nine times, and he put it fident man, and one who knew his for a two-part article in This Week, back in again eight.)” own mind. the now-defunct Sunday supple¬ I was slightly euphoric over my ment which at that time had a circu¬ success with Mr. Nixon but was lation of almost twenty million. He soon brought back to reality by my would do the drafting and rely on next conversation with the secre¬ me for criticism of style and for ter from Pleasantville came. The tary of state. double-checking of the facts. The surgery hardly showed at all but “Homer Ferguson wants some subject was a recent trip to Latin there was one fatal omission: the help,” the peremptory voice came America, less violent and more vice president’s warm tribute to Pat through. successful than the one a year later Nixon as companion and helpmate “Sir?” (1956) which flared into Ven¬ on their travels had disappeared. “You kaow, our ambassador in ezuelan violence. I telephoned the Reader’s Digest Manila. The one who used to be a After the two-parter had ap¬ and asked for Dewitt Wallace. senator until a year or so ago. He’s peared, the account was to be After considerable delays for iden¬ on home leave and has a speech boiled down for a one-shot in the tification of myself and my creden¬ coming up.” Reader’s Digest. tials, the voice of the top man came “How much time should I give Mr. Nixon was friendly, relaxed on. I told him my concern that the him?” I was thinking now of the and very clear about what he cutting knife had cut too deep and four divisions I ran—including the wanted. that the tribute to Pat would have very active news division and the “I'm going to call you any time I to be restored. historical, and of paperwork piling feel like it, day or night,” he said. “We’ve gone to press,” said up. “And when the Digest takes over, Wallace. “A little less than when he was a you are to act for me and make sure “Then I’ll have to ask you to senator.” the reduced version is what we stop the presses,” I said. The fact was that Mr. Dulles and want. The only thing they mustn’t There was a little gasp from the I were adjusting to each other as cut is a tribute to Mrs. Nixon for other end of the line as Mr. Wallace much as we ever could. I admired her part in the success of the trip.” and a listening henchman reacted his courage and his policies and so A pleasant fire was burning in the to my temerity. 1 heard a whispered was willing to take a good deal from broad fireplace. Checkers was colloquy. the man himself. And I liked being flopped in front of it the way only “We’ve already run 40,000 near the locus of power, for there spaniels flop. Mr. Nixon snapped copies,” said Mr. Wallace. was never any question, ever, his fingers and the dog came over “I must remind you that I am act¬ where the power lay. to have his ears scratched. The vice ing for the vice president,” I said. Preferring brusquer men of his 30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 own stamp, Dulles liked neither me to redraft the testimony, he would Foreign Service never did under¬ nor my style. The truth as I came to carry my draft along, suitably stand or appreciate each other. In realize it was that the great Cold mimeographed for distribution to fact, the relationship improved War warrior did not care for any¬ the relevant committee of Senate or steadily. one who put words in his mouth— House. Toward the end of my four years even though he quite understood “Mr. Secretary, have you a writ¬ in the department, there was a lun¬ that someone had to come up with ten statement to present?” the cheon given by the American a first draft. committee chairman would ask re¬ Foreign Service Association to The ritual, when a major speech spectfully. honor the secretary on his 70th or congressional testimony was in “Yes, I do, Mr. Chairman,” the birthday. the offing, was that the ghost writer secretary would answer, passing Loy Henderson, the very senior (usually me) would throw together copies to the clerk for distribution. career ambassador and much- a sort of composite rough draft in¬ “But with your permission I would admired Mr. Chips of the Service, corporating the views of the re¬ like to speak off the cuff.” spoke for his fellow diplomats in gional bureaus. Meanwhile Mr. So my phrases tended to languish terms that leave no doubt that the Dulles, often while weekending at unread and unnoticed. climate was warming up: his hideaway at Duck Island, would After a year or so of my indiffer¬ write his own version. ent drafts, Secretary Dulles bor¬ To one who gained a certain amount Monday morning back at the de¬ rowed some outside talent in the of experience while serving under nine partment, rested and happy with person of Charles J. V. Murphy. secretaries of state, may 1 say that Possessor of a distinguished For¬ there is nothing which strengthens the his own blunt prose, he would flip morale of the members of the State De¬ through my presentation, then slap tune by-line, wordsmith extraordi¬ partment and of the Foreign Service it down on the table (and me along nary and shadowy amanuensis to more than the feeling that they are serv¬ with it). Admiral Byrd and the Duke and ing under a truly great secretary . . . “I don’t like the style!” was his Duchess of Windsor (“I must also Your confidence in situations which usual comment. thank . . . .”), Charlie Murphy would fill many of us with dismay are a “A poor thing, but mine own, was known in the trade as the most source of inspiration to those who Mr. Secretary,” I once murmured gifted ghost writer in the world. serve with you, Mr. Secretary. in a rare moment of truculence, and The time (1955) was ripe for a excused myself from the room. major pronouncement, for the In reply Mr. Dulles sounded an From then on he was a little more Soviets had just taken their first equally cordial note. appreciative. He always sent me backward step since World War II. For mysterious reasons still un¬ 1 have come, during these years, to his final draft for comment and I appreciate better than ever before the grew to understand that the style clear, they signed the Austrian service that is rendered by this Foreign and the man were inseparable. Peace Treaty, and their segment of Service group and the sacrifices that it (Once I knocked out his favorite Austria emerged from behind the gallantly assumes. I know better than I word “moral” nine times, and he Iron Curtain at last. ever knew before what it means when put it back in again eight.) He was Charlie Murphy came up with a in the line of duty one is assigned, indeed a master of the shotgun fine, fair phrase to dramatize the perhaps to a post which he cannot af¬ phrases of the kind that jumped out breakthrough and the hope. “We ford, which you maintain at the ex¬ at you even when embedded in long have seen flashes of light from a pense of the needs of your family, the dreary paragraphs. Two of them, higherto darkened shore.” It was education of your children. I know of “massive retaliation” and “agoniz¬ beautiful but it wasn’t Dulles, and those who go to posts where conditions are such as to constitute a real ing reappraisal,” made running once again the final draft of the hazard . . . leaps into the language, and one, next speech was in his own unmis¬ “the right of innocent passage” takable words, without much sub¬ There was a good deal more in (concerning neutral shipping in the tlety or charm but nonetheless ef¬ this vein. Then Allan Lightner, my Gulf of Aqaba), was a legal term fective. fellow deputy in public affairs and from his own vast experience that So Charlie came and went. the chairman of the Foreign Ser¬ had its own beauty. Charlie’s temporary additional vice Association, presented the I worried a good deal about Dul¬ duties were mostly unused like my secretary with an anniversary les’s relationship with the career own more permanent ones. But not scroll. officers of the Foreign Service. It totally. I had a staff of four ghost had started badly from his first day writers of my own—men who RESOLUTION in office when he demanded “posi¬ ground out speeches for assistant WHEREAS, he was bom in the bliz¬ tive loyalty” and had barely secretaries and their deputies. I zard year of ’88 and has lived in a reached room temperature by the passed Charlie’s draft along to whirlwind ever since; time I came aboard in 1954. I tried them, and his graceful prose blos¬ WHEREAS, after a distinguished ap¬ to insert phrases into his congres¬ somed in many an ancillary speech. prenticeship as soldier, lawyer, dip¬ sional testimony which would be¬ For a month or so the department lomat he was placed in full orbit as sec¬ speak his admiration. Career dip¬ took on the appearance of a recip¬ retary of state on January 21, 1953 and has since that time circled the globe at lomats were the “shock troops of rocating lighthouse, playing back speed for a total of 445,935 miles of air the Cold War” and “vital links in the flashes from that hitherto- travel, and the chain mail of free world de¬ darkened shore. WHEREAS, he has, as an old fense.” The conventional wisdom today woodsman, developed great skill in When there was insufficient time is that Secretary Dulles and the (Continued on page 43) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 3 1 studies, and, worst of all, to utter implementation of the foreign confusion among diplomatic prac¬ policies formulated by political of¬ Book Essay titioners. Simpson insists they do ficials. This separation conforms not know the essential disciplines both to logical division of labor and of their own profession. Like to constitutional doctrine. When Diplomacy by “Glitch” Moliere’s M. Jourdain, who was these functions become hopelessly surprised to learn he had been confused, as they now tend to be, speaking fluent prose all his life, the result is chaotic, with diplomats most diplomats practice diplomacy trying to make policy and policy¬ THE CRISIS IN AMERICAN DIPLOMACY, without conceptualizing their ac¬ makers trying to be amateur dip¬ by Smith Simpson. Christopher Pub¬ tions or relating them to any rele¬ lomats. This is a sure-fire formula lishing House, $8.95 vant theory. They proceed from for obtaining diplomacy by Smith Simpson has subtitled his case to case, flailed by recurring “glitch.” The persistent criticism book: Shots Across the Bow of the crises, learning by trial and error, of the foreign policies of past and State Department. It is more of a resorting to ad hoc solutions and present administrations should in gadfly sting in the department’s unable to stand back, plan ahead or most cases be directed at the inex¬ posterior. He also castigates the engage in creative positive action. pert and heavy-handed execution Foreign Service, the academic On the rare occasion when they of otherwise sound policies. In community, the foreign affairs es¬ contemplate their profession they other words we have made good tablishment, the Congress and the engage in sterile controversy as to policies but bad diplomacy. The political leadership, all of which, as whether good diplomats are born confusion is confounded when he justly points out, share the re¬ and not made, or whether experi¬ many so-called professional dip¬ sponsibility for the low estate of ence and on-the-job training are the lomats are themselves neophytes American diplomacy. This book, only reliable teachers or whether without adequate preparation or however, is far from a mere recital diplomacy can be taught as an or¬ training in the demanding skills of of “nattering negativisms.” It is ganized discipline as in other pro¬ their chosen profession. not just criticism; it is a critique fessions. Simpson recognizes that Simpson addresses himself to with a well reasoned and spicily diplomatic skills can be acquired in these inadequacies in some detail. illustrated elaboration of the thesis all three ways but argues cogently In the first place, he says, entrants which Simpson pioneered in his that only the rare individual is a into the Foreign Service are woe¬ earlier Anatomy of the State De¬ bom diplomat, that trial and error fully educated in our universities. partment . Published 13 years ago, is slow, ineffective and perilous The Foreign Service entrance Anatomy described in clinical de¬ and that the essential components examinations fail to test the essen¬ tail the shortcomings which pre¬ of diplomatic excellence can be tial skills and characteristics vent our diplomacy from meeting taught in organized fashion. These needed for a diplomatic career. the vastly expanded challenge of skills consist of accurate analytical Orientation in the Foreign Service the post-1945 world. In the inter¬ reporting, negotiation including Institute is sketchy, disorganized vening years Simpson has, with bargaining and conflict manage¬ and too short. On-the-job training, admirable persistence and unflag¬ ment, cross-cultural sensitivity re¬ supervision and career develop¬ ging devotion, plugged away at his quiring extensive knowledge of ment are all haphazard and insuffi¬ theme. His exegesis has taken the one’s own and the host’s cultures, cient. All this, Simpson says, is but form of academic symposia, es¬ and program management involv¬ one phase of the overall poor man¬ says, articles, speeches and letters. ing problem solving, personnel re¬ agement of the department which A fair sprinkling of these can be lations etc. Of course experience has suffered from lack of continuity found in the present book. In addi¬ and on-the-job training will sharpen and patchwork attempts at reform. tion he has organized a number of these skills and other personal at¬ The frequent rotation of both polit¬ like-minded scholars and prac¬ tributes such as patience, tact, ical appointees and career officers titioners into the Committee for the charm, and erudition will enhance makes steady, consistent and en¬ Study of Diplomacy. The members them. lightened management reform im¬ have in turn elaborated these ideas But first, Simpson says, we must possible. He illustrates this with in scholarly papers, journals and understand the difference between excellent chapters on the history of books so that gradually a fair foreign policy and diplomacy. reforms in the department from amount of literature on the subject Foreign policy is the decision¬ Wilbur Carr (1893) to the of diplomacy has accumulated. making process by which a nation’s “Macomber sprint” of 1967. He One important offshoot of Simp¬ foreign goals are formulated. It is shows how secretaries of state son's efforts has been the estab¬ primarily the province of national have not had the inclination, time lishment of the Institute for the political leaders. Diplomacy, on the or knowledge to institute and carry Study ofDiplomacy at Georgetown other hand, is operational. It is the through the necessary moderniza¬ University. combination of strategies and tac¬ tion. Worse, none has found a way Central to Simpson’s motif is his tics by which a nation achieves its to delegate this task to someone distinction between diplomacy and foreign goals. This should be the who could provide the necessary foreign policy. Failure to under¬ primary function of professional continuity and then battle for the stand this simple difference has led diplomats. While the diplomat may funds and resources needed for to numberless misunderstandings, in many cases influence foreign success. academic dead ends with their con¬ policy-making, his professional Another obstacle to reform, ac¬ stant harping on foreign policy skills are required primarily for the cording to Simpson, is the attitude

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 of career officers. They tend to be tenure of secretaries of state and No one who reads this book can clubby, defensive, resistant to their political appointees as well as claim that he does not understand change, snobbish toward other the frequent rotation of career offi¬ exactly what Simpson means when branches of the government, cau¬ cers, the position of “permanent he says American diplomacy is in tious to the point of timidity, in¬ manager” of the department should crisis even if he may not agree with terested more in promotion and be created. To those who may be every count of Simpson’s indict¬ creature comforts than in service, skeptical that this concept is too ment or all of his proposed re¬ uncreative and unimaginative. novel to be acceptable or feasible, medies. This book is not only rec¬ There are of course many excep¬ Simpson points to the seventy-two ommended but should be required tions but the ethos created by the years ending in 1937 during which for all professional diplomats, polit¬ majority constitutes a deadweight, the management team of Adee, ical officials, journalistic pundits making for stagnation and exclusiv¬ Wilson and Carr in effect provided and indeed for anyone with any ity. It contributes to the low esteem such continuity to the great benefit pretension of understanding foreign in which the career service is held of the department’s development. affairs. by the public and political leaders. The broader problem of creating —LEON B. POULLADA It is not just an accident, Simpson an enlightened political leadership notes, that successive presidents sensitive to the needs and uses of Two Palestinian Writers diplomacy, is addressed by Simp¬ have tended to by-pass the State THE QUESTION OF PALESTINE, by Ed¬ Department and set up their own son in his proposal that America ward W. Said. Times Books, $12.50. foreign offices in the White House. adopt a parliamentary form of gov¬ Moreover, their perception of ernment. In this way, he argues, MY HOME, MY PRISON, by Raymonda career professionals as obstacles the legislature would provide lead¬ Hawa Tawil. Holt, Rinehart and to, rather than facilitators of, policy ers experienced in foreign affairs Winston, $12.95. has led presidents and even secre¬ for the executive branch and legis¬ The interesting thing about these taries of state to assign a low prior¬ lative support for the financial re¬ two books by Palestinians—one ity to the needs of the department sources needed to conduct a vigor¬ a professor at Columbia University thus withholding the resources ous and expert diplomacy would be and one a resident of the occupied which are essential to support a forthcoming. In this imaginative West Bank—is that both of them long-range and effective reform ef¬ suggestion Simpson seems to be come out for future coexistence be¬ fort. The political leadership over less than realistic and appears to be tween Israelis and Palestinians. the years, in spite of laudatory in thrall to the vision of orderly and They are both supporters of the rhetoric to the contrary, has placed stable history of parliamentary de¬ Palestine Liberation Organization a very low valuation on the con¬ mocracy in Britain, ignoring the far (PLO), but neither of them tribution which diplomats can less favorable history of political argues—and this is the significant make to national security. This has splintering, coalition politics and point—for a solution to the Arab- translated into niggardly budgets, governmental instability of such Israel dispute in which Israel would inadequate training, unrealistic countries as, say, Italy or Israel. be eliminated as a factor in the staffing and the emaciated, thread¬ Perhaps the most valuable fea¬ Middle Eastern scene. On the con¬ bare condition of “our first line of ture of Simpson’s book is the fact trary, both writers are at pains to defense.” The problem has become that he has not confined himself to argue that present thinking in the circular. Because neither “profes¬ hazy generalities or broad-brush PLO leadership no longer calls for sional” diplomats nor their political criticisms. He has peppered the the destruction of the Zionist state. superiors fully grasp the impor¬ book with pithy examples, illus¬ Of the two books, Professor tance of a first-class diplomacy to trations, historical anecdotes and Said's is the more ambitious. It is American security, resources are three full-blown case histories of essentially a historical analysis of withheld. Diplomatic expertise and the inadequacies of American di¬ the evolution of the Palestine na¬ attitudes then deteriorate further. plomacy in action. The case his¬ tional movement. The fact that the Political leaders and the public lose tories deal with the tribulations of author is a member of the Palestine even more confidence in the value the China hands, the handling of National Council (which he de¬ of diplomacy. So more resources the Lithuanian seaman defector, scribes on p. 166 as the policy¬ are withheld ... ad infinitum. Simas Kudirka, and tribal problems making body of the PLO) of course To break this vicious circle in southern Africa. In addition he gives his account considerable au¬ Simpson feels the first step is for has provided us with an invaluable thority. diplomats to understand their own bibliographic essay on the diploma¬ Said devotes most of his atten¬ profession and demand the kind of tic establishment as well as a fine tion to what he calls “the Palesti¬ expert training required by other functional index. Several chapters nian experience,” that is, the im¬ professions. He thinks a start of the book are reprints of articles pact of Jewish immigration into should be made in the junior offi¬ published over the years and this Palestine on the local Arab popula¬ cers’ training program in the makes it difficult for him to estab¬ tion, who originally comprised the Foreign Service Institute. The lish continuity and chronological overwhelming majority of the in¬ basic course should be completely treatment of his thesis. However, habitants of the country and even redefined, redesigned and ex¬ he has managed to bridge the gaps as late as 1948, at the time of the panded. Next, the Foreign Service quite neatly by means of “prefat¬ birth of Israel, still outnumbered Institute should be developed into a ory” notes to those chapters which the Jews of Palestine by a ratio of first-rate foreign affairs academy. might otherwise seem out of place two to one. To compensate for the short term or out of synch. Professor Said considers FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 33 Zionism to have been essentially a ject, he quotes several statements harassment by the Israeli occupa¬ colonizing movement from the out¬ by Yasser Arafat, leader of the tion authorities, enduring house ar¬ set (p. 69) and he cites a number of PLO, and other prominent Palesti¬ rest for four months, imprisonment examples, beginning on p. 78, to nians, affirming support for the for six weeks and shorter periods of buttress his point. The chapter enti¬ idea of coexistence with Israel (pp. detention on several other occa¬ tled “Zionism From the Standpoint 224-27). sions. She makes no secret of her of its Victims” contains, as its title Said concludes (pp. 235-38): “the support for the cause of self- implies, his development of this Jews of Israel will remain; the determination for the Palestinians, theme. It is here that the book Palestinians will also remain yet she too disclaims any desire to makes its greatest contribution. .... their past and future tie them see the extinction of Israel, her Among the many quotations from inexorably together.” stated objective being (p. 264) Zionist writers which he adduces to It should be noted that Professor coexistence by Palestinians and Is¬ support his contention as to the real Said’s treatment of his subject mat¬ raelis in the same land. nature of Zionism, the most telling ter, often so cogent, is marred by a It is ironic that while her forth¬ is a little-known but revealing pedestrian and at times difficult rightness in advancing the rights of statement made in 1895 by Theodor style. the Palestinians should have Herzl, the founder of the move¬ Raymonda Tawil’s book is of a brought her into sharp conflict with ment, regarding the Palestine very different order. She is a Pales¬ the Israeli government and its rep¬ Arabs, as follows (p. 11 of Said’s tinian activist, an ardent feminist, a resentatives on the West Bank, at book): sometime journalist, and a house¬ the same time her fluent Hebrew We shall have to spirit the penniless wife and mother. In her book, orig¬ and her contacts with many Is¬ population across the border by procur¬ inally published in Israel and trans¬ raelis, notably adherents of the ing employment for it in the transit lated from the Hebrew, she tells peace movement, should have countries, while denying it any her story:—a passionate, emotional caused her to be the object of fre¬ employment in our own country. account of her life, first as an Arab The author also devotes consid¬ quent criticism on the part of her child in Israel, then as a young fellow-Arabs. The wonder is that erable attention to the development bride in pre-1967 Jordan, and since her experiences have not made her of a Palestinian national conscious¬ the Six Day War as a resident of the more bitter, caught up as she has ness, especially in the years since West Bank under Israeli military 1967. As might be expected, he is been between two conflicting occupation. nationalistic forces. Her plea for critical of United States govern¬ Mrs. Tawil is a woman of cour¬ ment policy and of the Camp David mutual understanding and accom¬ age. She has suffered greatly from modation is all the more remark- accords. While on the latter sub¬

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 35 • that well before the infamous Germans annihilated the Polish a series of political appointments, “invitation” by which the Red Home Army in Warsaw and finally of which the last, ambassador to Army in the spring of 1945 lured the occupied the city only in January Britain in the late thirties, proved leaders of the (anti-Communist) 1945); to be a disaster. A blatant power- Polish Home Army into a trap, ar¬ • that at least for a while, Russia worshipper who barely concealed resting them despite a promise of might have been satisfied with a his admiration for Hitler and en¬ safe-conduct, Soviet general Ivan declaration of Bulgarian neutrality couraged the worst tendencies of Cherniakovskii “at first let the in 1944, but that Churchill consid¬ the appeasement movement led by Home Army share in the liberation ered that not enough. Later, of Chamberlain, Kennedy’s star went of [Vilna] and even asked its offi¬ course, the Russians moved in and into eclipse as soon as Churchill cers to his headquarters afterward, took over Bulgaria. became prime minister. only to have them arrested on the Joe Kennedy’s Trousers In what Mrs. Roosevelt later de¬ spot and their troops disbanded;” scribed as the most embarrassing • that despite their subservience KENNEDY AND ROOSEVELT: The Un¬ weekend in her life, Kennedy re¬ in other respects to Moscow, the holy Alliance, by Michael R. Bes- signed from office after being Polish Communists put into power cltloss. Norton, $14.95. expelled by the president from by him, in 1945 argued with Stalin The relationship between Joseph Hyde Park an hour after his arrival. about the frontier in East Prussia P. Kennedy—the “Founding Thenceforward he devoted his ef¬ and about rectifications of the Cur- Father”—and President Franklin forts to promoting the political for¬ zon Line boundary; that, in fact, D. Roosevelt is now a footnote in tunes of his three sons, with conse¬ they pleaded with him to come to history, but a fascinating one. quences that are now part of his¬ the aid of the embattled (anti- Kennedy was a self-made multi¬ tory. This is a fascinating book, Communist) Home Army in War¬ millionaire who was also an active though badly written. Its best fea¬ saw in the fall of 1944; Democrat—a relative rarity at the tures are the incredible scenes be¬ • that Soviet documents show time. On top of that he was a Bos¬ tween the president and Kennedy that at the time of the Warsaw up¬ ton Irishman with impeccable local including a barely believable one in rising in August 1944, Marshal political connections. which Joseph P. was ordered to Rokossovskii’s army had reported Through a combination of heavy remove his trousers in front of the to Stalin “that the troops would be contributions and incredible effron¬ president’s guests to see how his able to resume their advance by tery, Kennedy was able to flatter, legs would appear in knee- August 25.” (Yet, as is well known, cajole and to some extent blackmail breeches! the Russians stood by while the President Roosevelt into giving him —CHARLES MAECHLING, JR. ANNE GOMEZ HAS MOVED!

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PANORAMA Washington, D. C. 20007 REAL ESTATE 25 OFFICES IN VIRGINIA, MARYLAND, AND D.C. RE-ENTRY/rom page 8 somehow is going to make them unhappy at times, and they will tell you. They spend their first year walking unacceptable at times. That, unfortunately, is the price to around like zombies in a mine field. They are “the army pay by children of Foreign Service families for a life they brats, the Foreign Service brats.” (I wonder if, in fact, have not chosen, merely inherited. Parents must help these epithets were not coined long ago by people “back their children with all their might, with all their love. It home” who could not quite fit these odd children in al¬ may well be that special courses and counseling ought to ready existing categories.) Nobody told them they were be devised for young people, and that Washington ought different until then, nobody wanted to think they were to run such a program at re-entry, as a matter of course, different, God forbid! Nobody explained the strangeness just as it is now done at some posts overseas. Washington of living in America. This was home, the nest at last. is not the soft nest you might have unwittingly led your But back in the US the youngsters get the message, children to believe it is, at least not at first. It is often, for very quickly and often brutally. They try. Lord knows what seems the longest, hardest, most disappointing how they try. They talk at great length about what they length of time, just another assignment, another post, and have seen and done out there, in order to make up for the majority is not the supportive majority your children their ignorance as to who won the last World Series. The can find comfort with. Until proved otherwise it is a more they try the more they look and sound worlds apart, majority quite inimical to those exotic, worldly, savvy which is exactly what they are, of course. and odd youngsters: yours and mine. Many of our children might feel less fright if confronted by a boa constrictor than they do facing groups of their peers in an American high school. Valiant children have been known to give up on the battle field, some never recovered. 1 have known some who had nervous breakdowns, others who could no longer afford to be seen with children who used to be their playmates for fear of censure by their peers, and went through terrible periods of loneliness. Now their problem is recognized, true, but parents who have been overseas for a long time may not have given it much thought. They must explain to their chil¬ dren how and in what way they are going to be different, again and again, and they must say that being different,

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38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 USIA years never to be uncom¬ Now that controversy had re¬ The allegation, however, was fortable about US policy, either ceded, Israelis made Americans serious, and, if valid, meant we had from not believing in it, or from feel at home. Much of this amiabil¬ to separate the employee from being forced to reflect it through a ity doubtless sprang from the USIS. We couldn’t reveal the real twisted mirror. many-layered support we provided cause, so we examined the file to One question arose: since so Israel. Indeed I used to point out in see if there were some other peg to many Americans voluntarily speeches that the United Jewish hang a dismissal upon. The only brought their diverse cultural tal¬ Appeal’s tax exempt status meant negative item was that someone ents and presentations to Israel, that not only Jews, but all Ameri¬ had overheard the employee crit¬ why should our government gild cans, made donations: Since taxes icize Mr. Nixon in cocktail party the lily with additional items, so lost through the exemption had to chitchat, years before. expensive to mount? Why not just be made up by increased levies on I cabled USIA for permission to let the musicians, artists, authors, all citizens, that meant all of us par¬ rebut the charge; a prompt reply students and professors flow in and ticipated in each gift. consented. I prevailed on the CIA out on their own? I suggested cut¬ The ambassador was happy with chief and within days he procured ting our cultural budget, but the his forty-two speech texts about proof that the security question had area director said it was too soon the “Katzen” projects, and my no substance. Delighted, I hurried after Suez to risk rocking the boat. tour was winding to its close. The to tell the ambassador that we At the very least, he warned, future was cloudless; until the re¬ didn’t have to fire this paragon economizing in Israel would prob¬ gional security man inspected the after all. ably raise hackles in parts of the embassy. His report declared that Up went the gale warning flag. American Jewish community. one USIS Israeli employee had be¬ “It doesn’t matter what the re¬ Tranquility marked the final come a security risk. He and the port says now,” he sputtered with months of my stay, disturbed only embassy administrative officer and rage, “I don’t want anyone in my by some muscle flexing under the I met with the ambassador to de¬ embassy who has denigrated the Eisenhower Doctrine. In a splendid termine the next step. I pointed out vice president of the United show of force, US marines landed that the person in question had States!” on the shores of Lebanon. Israelis given unblemished service for I replied that if we fired every Is¬ viewed the exercise with approval. many years and also had high polit¬ raeli in the embassy who at one Uncle Sam was still dependable ical connections among the major¬ time or another had made such a and strong. ity party. slip, the staff would be decimated.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 39 But by now his boiling point had this accusation,” I reminded my treated me as a royal favorite. I had been exceeded and I had to flee area director. never saw him again. his office to avoid actual “Yes, but not the ambassador!” Later I walked Teddy Kollek to bloodshed. I shrugged, “That wasn’t my his battered old car to say goodbye. I conducted the rest of the affair idea either. Why don’t you let me He produced a box the size of a through the deputy chief of mission hash this over with state?” cigarette package as a parting gift, and by memo to the ambassador. I This let USIA off the hook, the and then sped away at his usual argued on paper that it would be craven so-and-sos. I called on the breakneck pace. I watched him for unfair to throw out the employee acting secretary of state for the a moment, recalling our pleasant on such an antiquated, unsubstan¬ Middle East, Edwin Kretzmann. dealings and the remarkable things tiated charge; if it were wrong, then He got the point and promptly tele¬ he had done for his country (and something should have been done graphed the ambassador to back still does today as mayor of at the time the impropriety took off. The case was closed. Jerusalem and supporter of the place; besides, summary separa¬ This painful experience could Camp David accord). Then his red tion now could easily cause a scan¬ arise with any USIS program if the stop lights lit up and within seconds dal and irritate the population USIS chief of mission chooses—and is he was back. was spending hundreds of allowed—to behave with poor “Have you opened the box?” He thousands to propagandize! He judgment. The PAO has to follow was uneasy. would not order me to take the ac¬ his conscience and try to save the “No.” tion, presumably because then any program, if not his own bureaucra¬ “Thank the Lord!” flare-up of public opinion would be tic skin. “Why?” his responsibility. He complained My last night in Israel oc¬ “Because you’ve got Dr. Hale!” that I should move because it was casioned a farewell to which some (the former AID chief in Israel). what he wanted. 300 came. Just before the party, Dr. Hale had died recently while The issue fused in my mind: Ambassador Lawson arrived with fundraising for Israel in the United stand up for what was strategically under secretary of state, the legen¬ States. My present was a pair of and morally sound. I cabled USIA dary Robert Murphy, who had cufflinks from old Roman coins to bring me home. I arrived to find asked to swim in the sea before Teddy had found on the desert; Dr. agency management aggrieved and dinner. Such are the manners of Hale’s ashes were due to be scat¬ stunned. our foreign service that in front of tered over the desert. “But you agreed I should fight Mr. Murphy the ambassador Foreign service is so surprising.

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40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 IMPROVING THE local agents that emanated from a broader spectrum of business, INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM Pentagon briefings immediately journalism and the professions than from page 13 after the Iranian rescue debacle. is now the case. In the case of esti¬ Improvement in the coverage mates involving remote areas and and product of the US intelligence unfamiliar non-western cultures, execute a limited range of missions system would require quite a dif¬ the analytical process should be not overtly performable by any ferent approach. The ideal solu¬ farmed out to business or academic other part of the national security tion—admittedly not achievable— specialists, or at least subjected to establishment. A covert action of¬ would be to take the bureaucratic a rigorous critique by such fice of this kind would, by its secret components responsible for politi¬ specialists before taking final form. and high-level character, be more cal and economic estimates out of On crucial questions, other de¬ responsible and self-limiting than the system completely and unite partments and agencies with exper¬ the present massive, though com¬ them in a new and completely auton¬ tise or special insights should be partmentalized, bureaucracy. As¬ omous organization, staffed by a encouraged to submit competing signments would be entrusted to diversified, international corps of estimates or given the opportunity qualified persons with well- political and economic specialists, to file informed and well-sub¬ established covers, not to a corps charged with preparing reports and stantiated dissents. of easily-identified, multi-purpose estimates for the national security The collection process should be clandestine operations. Because of establishment similar to what The broadened. All countries should be their reliance on non-government Economist Intelligence Unit, or the regarded as being in a permanent personnel, the projects of the spe¬ Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, state of societal evolution. Their cial operations branch would have furnishes to private subscribers. A social, economic and political to be kept under the strictest sec¬ more achievable goal would be structures, as well as the forces op¬ recy. Project clearances and re¬ gradually to contract and diversify posed to them, should be viewed in ports should be restricted to two the intelligence side of CIA, by a detached and impersonal way as congressional committees, with se¬ rotating personnel—bringing more transitory phenomena. Contact vere legal penalties prescribed for in from the field, giving two four- should be made with levels of the unauthorized disclosure. There year assignments to area specialists private business and financial sec¬ should be no repetition of the in¬ from other agencies and univer¬ tors not heretofore systematically credible public exposure of the sities under the Intergovernmental covered. An even greater effort methods, equipment and use of Personnel Act, and recruiting from should be made to develop sympa-

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 41 thetic contacts in youth and student all, estimates should keep events in erations limited to two committees. circles, and with dissident groups. their proper cultural and historical But the objective should be to as¬ There should be no hesitation perspective, free alike from policy sure presidential accountability, about obtaining information from bias and the hysteria of the mo¬ not more agency accountability to any source, domestic or foreign. To ment. Congress. The law should require the extent that clandestine sources One other organizational change prior disclosure of the full details of are relied on, the material should should be considered. If the direc¬ prospective covert operations to be processed as rapidly as possible tor of central intelligence were lib¬ the president, and disclosure to since in an age of mass effects most erated from his dual role as head of Congress made under controlled sensitive information usually has the CIA, and moved to the White conditions well after the fact. It the value life of a fruit fly. Classifi¬ House as supreme chief of all in¬ should be made statutorily impos¬ cation of political and economic in¬ telligence activities, it would have sible for the chief executive or na¬ telligence should be corre¬ the beneficial effect of giving the tional security adviser to escape re¬ spondingly downgraded for rapid State Department’s bureau of in¬ sponsibility for the consequences handling. telligence and research, and the of their blunders by pleading ignor¬ In the analytical process, the ob¬ Defense Intelligence Agency equal ance of the details of covert opera¬ jective would be to transform in¬ bureaucratic status with the CIA, tions that backfire. telligence estimates into products thereby enhancing diversity of ap¬ Beyond this there is little that or¬ that the policy-maker can actually proach, and stimulating competi¬ ganizational change or legislation use, instead of being scanned for tion in the preparation of estimates. can do. There is no way of mandat¬ trends and then discarded. Lan¬ Of itself, this would not work any ing improved performance or better guage and syntax should be pruned fundamental change in the mind-set judgment by enacting laws or draft¬ of jargon and abstractions. Esti¬ of intelligence professionals, but ing regulations. Any more congres¬ mates should be oriented to foreign might at least free the system from sional oversight would only multi¬ actions and capabilities, not the straitjacket of consensus. ply the chances of ignorant or speculative intangibles, and sub¬ As regards the recent debate in malicious interference in a sorely stantiated by supporting evidence. Congress over the CIA “charter” beset system whose ills are internal Neatly packaged conclusions the emphasis has been misplaced. and not susceptible to legislative aimed at giving the policy-maker a Clearly, the Hughes-Ryan amend¬ remedy. The responsibility is the comfortable sense of control over ment should be repealed and con¬ president’s and he should not be events should be avoided. Above gressional oversight of covert op¬ permitted to evade it.

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42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1980 CONFESSIONS OF A messages and statements for Presi¬ man, as unconquerable warrior in the WASHINGTON GHOST WRITER dent Eisenhower. Such assign¬ cause of freedom, as our friend of many from page 31 ments did not always come through valiant years. the normal channel of the depart¬ negotiating the rapids and whirlpools of ment’s secretariat. Ably run as it Before signing it, the president international affairs and has been a re¬ was by Fisher Howe, it could added, after “countrymen” in the solute searcher for the quiet pools sometimes prove a bottleneck. first line, “as I enthusiastically do where true peace lies, and When the president’s staff wanted for myself’ and changed “ar¬ WHEREAS, it is now clearly estab¬ something fast, they tended to call chitects” to “advocates” six lines lished that he will never be his age, me direct. One good example was even if he cannot fail to influence and down. the Eisenhower message to his old Sometimes the White House leave his mark upon it, wartime comrade Winston Chur¬ THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the staff would reverse the process and American Foreign Service Association chill on the occasion of Churchill’s send over a proposed message for extends to John Foster Dulles con¬ 80th birthday. The request reached state to comment on. Once, an ar¬ gratulations and best wishes on the oc¬ me at noon. 1 dropped my sug¬ rival statement—to be made by the casion of his 70th birthday. gestions at the White House on the president when his plane landed at way home: Orly before a NATO Summit This scroll was the last piece of meeting—found its way to Secre¬ ghostwriting that I did in the De¬ 1 know I speak for my fellow coun¬ tary Dulles’s desk. The Old Man, partment before I left for a new trymen in sending you warmest con¬ who liked to tinker with prose and post in Paris. It said exactly what I gratulations on reaching a new land¬ put his mark on it, rewrote the felt about the Old Man who was my mark in a life that is in itself a series of statement quite drastically. pride and my terror. great landmarks. Aboard the presidential plane, Amid the applause and laughter, We Americans have seen the great Ike had a look at the redraft and in Mr. Dulles smiled his wintry Anglo-American partnership grow and his friendly way congratulated Fos¬ early-American smile. He was very flourish with you as one of the staunch ter on the improvements. architects. In the dark times of war, “You know that White House pleased. and the anxious ones of uncertain draft wasn’t bad at all,” said John A GHOSTLY FOOTNOTE peace, this partnership has sustained us all and given us strength. Foster Dulles. “I wonder who During the course of my four Now as you reach four-score, we wrote it.” years at state, I drafted quite a few Americans salute you as world states¬ “I did,” said Ike.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Tune, 1980 4 3 DEJA VU: RUSSIA believe that false notions exist as to ciety and a government which leads IN CENTRAL ASIA our actions in these distant lands. and represents it. from page 28 I do not need to stress that it is to We accomplish the first part of Russia’s obvious interest not to en¬ this undertaking by pushing our mand greater efforts and would large her territory, and above all frontier as far as need be to meet drag us from annexation to annexa¬ not to create on its frontiers com¬ these essential conditions. tion with incalculable complica¬ plications which can only delay and We will accomplish the second tions. On the other hand, we now paralyze her internal development. part by devoting ourselves hence¬ have as neighbors states which, in The program which I have de¬ forth to convincing our neighbor spite of their less-developed civili¬ scribed stems from this approach. states, with deliberate firmness, zation and the instability of their In recent years there have been that misdeeds will be punished; and political conditions, give us at least those who frequently have taken at the same time, with moderation the hope that normalized relations, pleasure in assigning to Russia the and justice in the application of to mutual advantage, will some day mission to civilize the countries force, and with respect for their in¬ take the place of the permanent which are her neighbors on the dependence, that Russia is not their disorders which have so far Asian continent. enemy, that Russia entertains to¬ paralyzed the development of these Civilization’s progress has no wards them no appetite for con¬ countries. more efficient agent than commer¬ quest, and that peaceful and com¬ These are the interests, gentle¬ cial relations. To develop such ties, mercial relations with Russia are men, which motivate the policies of order and stability are required more profitable than disorder, loot¬ our noble master in central Asia; everywhere. In Asia they require a ing, reprisals, and permanent war¬ these are the objectives which the thorough transformation of mores. fare. orders of his imperial majesty Above all, it is necessary to make Devoting itself to these tasks, the roughed-out to be acted on by his Asiatic people understand that it is imperial cabinet is inspired by the cabinet. more advantageous for them to en¬ interests of Russia. At the same You are urged to draw upon courage and protect the trade of time, the cabinet believes it serves these thoughts for the line of expla¬ caravans than to loot them. the interests of civilization and of nations which you will give to the These elementary notions can mankind. It has the right to count government to which you are ac¬ penetrate public consciousness on a just and loyal appreciation of credited in the event that you are only where there is a public, that is, the course it pursues and of the questioned or if you have reason to where there exists an organized so¬ principles that guide it.

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44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Junei 1980 LETTERS/ro/w page 4 Colombia. We feel we have discov¬ material has been received. I am ate reporting, and that could not be ered a new, exciting American grateful to the Journal for printing expected from officers who seemed frontier and are eager to share our my letter. I don’t see why Mr. to be nervously looking over their find with others. (If you think you Oehlert found it in some way sinis¬ shoulders, who were weighing are too old for adventure, we are 59 ter (he commented, “Significant, every phrase to make sure it could and 63 and both of us have battled isn’t it?”) that I should refer to not be possibly misconstrued if and, so far, conquered cancer!) AFSA as “our association.” How taken out of context by a Cohn, a Write us at P.O. Box 157, Liberia, else should I refer to it, having been Shine, or a Joe McCarthy. Guanacaste, Costa Rica and send a member of it since 1946 and an The substance of McCarthyism your letters by international air officer on three occasions, and is not altered just because the prac¬ mail (25c per half-ounce). We considering that most of the read¬ titioners of the technique appear as promise to answer. ers of the Journal are AFSA mem¬ liberals this time. Now, from Latin America, we bers? MARTIN HERZ ARMISTEAD LEE wish you salud (health), dinero F. Arlington, Va. (wealth) and amor (love)! Washington JUANITA BIRD Retirement Views (Mrs. Lewis M. Bird) Association Mail On March 8, Mrs. Janice C. Mel- SEVERAL YEARS AGO, I Wrote yOU Case Studies about Costa Rica and our lor of Saginaw, Michigan sent the following heartwarming letter to planned retirement there (my hus¬ I’M AFRAID that B. H. Oehlert, Jr. band is retired navy). You asked [Letters, May] misread my letter Association President Bleakley: that I write again, when settled, but to the editor in the March issue. In “This morning’s edition of the I have been so busy living I haven’t referring to “our Institute” I did Saginaw News carried a lengthy ar¬ had the time! not use some secret code language ticle re the American Foreign Ser¬ However, today, listening to the referring to AFSA. (Perhaps he vice and the men and women who news . . . gloom, wars, energy thought it reminiscent of “cosa serve us, the American people. crises, the shrinking dollar and nostra”?) Nor, when I referred to “Perhaps I, as one American, poor Jimmy Carter ... it occurred AFSA as “our association” did I can communicate, through you, my to me your readers might enjoy the let slip that that honorable organi¬ awareness, gratitude and apprecia¬ second episode in the “Saga of the zation is secretly held captive by tion of the job you do, the risks you Birds.” sinister forces. take and your donation to the inter¬ We moved, bag, baggage, No, “our Institute” meant the ests and purposes of the United grandmother, teenagers and all, to Institute for the Study of Diplo¬ States. That assignment covers a Costa Rica three years ago and macy of Georgetown University, of lot of territory. have been happily settled in Ran¬ which I am now the Director of “You were quoted as saying chos Maricosta. Our experiences Studies. My point was that it would ‘what we’d like is recognition of the deserve a book. They have not only be invidious for AFSA to assemble job we do.’ That translates as si¬ been exciting but, at times, hilari¬ a file of case studies .of incompetent lence if all runs smoothly and the ous. The only flaw was our inability ambassadors. It would be better for hounds of hell if something goes to find easily-accessible, registered an academic institution to do this. wrong. beach property. Probably a bles¬ Also, he may have overlooked the “We know—we know. The lo¬ sing in disguise. It made us look to fact that I was calling not for case cals and the foreign experts are Colombia (another democratic re¬ studies of incompetent political ap¬ alert for any slip of our feet, too. public, where, it turned out, it cost pointees, but for material on in¬ Implementing educational rights even less to live than Costa Rica). competence, whether of political and laws can also seem like trying There we found Palmas de Oro, a appointees or career people. to find security in Rhodesia. Your lovely old coconut plantation on The Institute for the Study of Di¬ shell develops deep cracks and the Caribbean. And, to complete its plomacy concentrates on the dip¬ your mind wants out. unique setting, when we looked lomatic process. We have issued a “Tell the people to keep on away from the sea we saw, tower¬ number of publications which try to keepin’ on. What choices have ing over everything, 19,000 feet analyze what makes some diploma¬ they? high and snow-capped, majestic tic transactions succeed while “Seriously, you do have our Mount Colombus of the Sierra others fail, and we find that often faith and our prayers. Your families Nevadas. this is not so much due to faults in must be unusual people. Tell them I It may be hard to believe the policy as to faults in its execu¬ said so.” . . . hundreds of green palms, blue tion. A bumbling diplomat can sky and ocean, pounding surf and make the best policy fail, and a golden sand, snow-capped moun¬ skillful one can make even a tains . . . but it is all there in Pal¬ mediocre one succeed. So it is mas de Oro; on the Pan American worthwhile to try to isolate those Highway near Santa Marta, oldest skills, and to see how they can be The JOURNAL welcomes the expression of its and most fascinating city in all of enhanced and how the lack of them readers' opinions in the form of letters to the editor. All letters are subject to condensa¬ the Americas. can be accounted for. tion if necessary. Send to: Letters to the So, now we have two loves: our As a result of my appeal in the Editor, Foreign Service JOURNAL, 2101 E ranch in Costa Rica and beach in March issue, some such case study Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May. 1980 45 include her mother, who lives in Long Beach, Calif. Merriam. Mary B. Merriam, wife Deaths of FSO-retired Gordon P. Merriam, In order to be of maximum assistance to died on April 4 in South Bristol, AFSA members and Journal readers we are Alien. Eleanor Wyllys Allen, FSS- Maine. Mr. Merriam retired from accepting these listings until the 15th of retired, died on April 10 in the Foreign Service in 1949 and his each month for publication in the issue Westwood, N.J. Miss Allen en¬ first wife, the former Roberta dated the following month. The rate is 40$ tered the Foreign Service in 1945 Briggs, died in 1977. In addition to per word, less 2% for payment in advance, and served at The Hague, Bern, her husband of Blueberry Farm, minimum 10 words. Mail copy for adver¬ London and Vienna before her re¬ tisement and check to: Classified Ads, South Bristol Road, Damariscotta, Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, tirement in 1964. She is survived by Maine 04543, Mrs. Merriam is sur¬ N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. a sister, Rosamund, of St. vived by two sisters, Mrs. Mar¬ Petersburg, Florida and Duxbury, garet Eipper and Barbara Ken¬ Mass. nedy, both of South Bristol. REAL ESTATE Johnson. Robert C. Johnson, Jr., NORTHERN PALM BEACH COUNTY, TEQUESTA and FSO-retired, died in Scarborough, 1980 MERIT AWARDS vicinity. Homes, condominiums, land, commer¬ Tobago, on March 14. Mr. Johnson cial. Ask for ALBERT W. POLLARD (FSR Ret) entered the Foreign Service in 1945 REALTOR ASSOCIATE, WILCOX GALLERY OF The AFSA Committee on Educa¬ HOMES, 361 Tequesta Dr., Tequesta, Fla. 33458. and served in Lagos, Montreal, tion is pleased to announce the (305) 746-8385; eve. 747-0457. Salvador and Nagoya before re¬ names of the recipients of the 1980 tirement in 1964. Bonnie Lincoln, AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards for FLORIDA—WATERFRONT, CONDOS—HOMES—IN¬ AFSA Representative in Trinidad VESTMENTS—LAND. Helen Clark Realty, Realtor, outstanding academic achieve¬ 353 Tilden St., Dunedin, Fla. 33528. Tel. 813- writes, “Bob Johnson served as of¬ ment: 734-0390 eve. 733-9428. ficial and unofficial consular agent in Tobago for this embassy during Daniel F. Birn, Dean F. Bland, TAX RETURNS his retirement from the Foreign David G. Brown, Carol A. Cizaus- TAX PROBLEMS, returns and representation. T. Service. We at the embassy believe kas, Juliet A. Davison, Tatyana J. R. McCartney (ex-FS) and John Zysk (ex-IRS), En¬ he was an invaluable asset to both Day, Sheila J. Dols, David B. Ed¬ rolled Agents. Business Data Corp., P.0. Box countries, and he will be sorely wards, Karen C. Eisner, James F. 57256, Washington, D C. 20037. (703) 522- Elfers, Kenneth C. Harris, Lisa A. 1040. missed.” Mr. Johnson is survived by his wife, Sibyl, P.O. Box 194, Jackson, Timothy J. McCarron, BOOKS Scarborough, Tobago, West In¬ Christine McHale, Michael H. Meresman, Paul D. Ozzello, Wen¬ IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, dies. perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO- Marshall. Nancy H. Marshall, dell A. Piez, Caitlin J. Porter, Anne retired, Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. Foreign Service secretary, died on S. Ryan, Lester P. Slezak, Marc W. Taubenfeld, Daniel J. Teven, Ann CURRENT PAPERBACKS airmailed within 5 days March 10. Ms. Marshall joined the at reasonable prices. Send for monthly list to Department of State in 1958 and M. Weber, Michael D. Whiting, Circle Enterprises, Box 1051, Severna Park, transferred to the Foreign Service Pamela Wilkinson. Maryland 21146 in 1959. She served in Nagoya, Cairo, Manila, Rome, Guatemala, The following students received VACATION RENTALS Costa Rica and Pretoria. Survivors Honorable Mention: ADIRONDACK LODGES on Upper Saranac Lake. Colette L. Auerswald, Monica Dig- Available for two weeks or a month, July through September. Everything provided for comfortable gle, John R. Knickmeyer, Elizabeth Okun, Kirsten A. Olson, Jeanne- living in the quiet woods. Please write Bartlett HOME EXCHANGE Carry Club, RD 1, Tupper Lake, NY. Marie Pogue. SABBATICAL? Rent/exchange housing worldwide. FOR RENT Loan-A-Home, 18F Darwood, Mt. Vernon, N.Y. These Merit Awards to graduat¬ 10563. FOUR-BEDROOM, two-story Colonial, 30 minutes ing high school students have been to Department. Convenient to Fairfax County SEASHORE RENTAL made possible again this year by schools, shopping, buses. $485/month. Avail¬ the generous contribution of the able August. (FSO) C. 0. Cecil, 6903 Stonebridge BETHANY BEACH, DELAWARE—3-bedroom, Association of American Foreign Court, Alexandria, Virginia 22306. 2-bath, attractively furnished house, central air Service Women (AAFSW) from cond., heat, dishwasher, laundry. Tennis, pools, D.C. APARTMENT (6-months—Oct. 15, 1980-Apr. near ocean. $300 weekly. Penthouse 9, 18304 funds raised at their annual Book 15, 1981). Fully furnished 2-bedrooms, 2-baths; Gulf Blvd., Redington Shores, Fla. 33708. Phone- Fair, and from the American spacious, convenient, near zoo. $900/month in¬ (813) 898-8511. Foreign Service Association cludes heat, light, gas, inside parking. J. E. Ro¬ senthal, 2737 Devonshire PI., Apt. 303, Wash¬ Scholarship Fund. ington, D.C. 20008 (202) 387-8914. A story on the awards and the recipients will appear in the Sep¬ FOR SALE UPHOLSTERY tember Journal. Specializing in antique and fine furniture, draperies, slipcovers. New upholstered furni¬ MC LEAN, VIRGINIA—$129,500 well-maintained ture built-to-order. Master craftsmanship. All 5-bedroom, 3-bath split foyer. Easy access to work guaranteed. Washington and the State Department. Tenant BERGERIE & CO. in Georgetown JOIN AFSA under lease until August 1981. For details con¬ 3343 Prospect St. N.W. FE7-8727 (OR ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO JOIN) tact Laughlin Realtor, (703) 356-0100. “17 years serving Washington area.”

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, May, 1980 The American Foreign Service Protective Association

r ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE INSURANCE YEAR ENDED FEBRUARY 29, 1980

OPERATIONS As of March 1 1980 1979 Members carrying Group Life 2593 2693 Group Life in Force $47,367,050 $50,527,800 Enrolled in Foreign Service Benefit Plan 11,126 11,054 Claims paid during year: Group Life, Number 40 28 Amount $ 501,750 $ 347,500 Family Coverage, Number 17 13 Amount $ 47,500 $ 35,500 Accidental Death, Number 1 0 Amount $ 37,500 0 Foreign Service Benefit Plan $ 7,977,500 $ 6,791,708

Changes in Foreign Service Benefit Plan

Linder Special Benefits, the Plan now pays 100% of reasonable and customary charges by a doctor for emergency treatment within 72 hours of an accident. Under Special Benefits, the Plan now pays benefits the same as for illness or injury for the initial reconstruction of a breast which was removed or partially removed while covered under this Plan. **★**★★**

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Karl D. Ackerman, Esq., President Morris N. Hughes, Jr., Esq., Vice President The Honorable Joseph F. Donelan, Secretary-Treasurer The Honorable Alfred Puhan William J. Galloway, Esq. The Honorable Richard K. Fox, Jr.

Address applications and inquiries to: The American Foreign Service Protective Association c/o Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 or 1750 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Suite 1305, Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephone: 298-7570 Feel at home with security... AFSA Group Accident Insurance for Loss of Life, Limb or Sight.

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