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Biologia E Conservazione Della Rana Di Lataste (Rana Latastei Boulenger, 1879)

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Biologia E Conservazione Della Rana Di Lataste (Rana Latastei Boulenger, 1879) QUADERNO N 17 11-07-2007 8:19 Pagina 83 Quad. Staz. Ecol. civ. Mus. St. nat. Ferrara, 17: pp. 83-88, 2007 ISSN 0394-5782 Stefano Scali 1 Augusto Gentilli 2 Biologia e conservazione della rana di Lataste (Rana latastei Boulenger, 1879) La biologia di Rana latastei breggiate, con presenza di vegetazione acquati- ca e rami sommersi e prive di pesci, che costitui- La rana di Lataste (Rana latastei Boulenger, scono una seria minaccia soprattutto per uova e 1879) è un piccolo anuro endemico del bacino larve (Scali, 1993; Barbieri & Bernini, 2004). del Po e dell’Istria. È caratterizzata da una colo- La riproduzione è di tipo esplosivo (Andreo- razione dorsale marrone o rosata, con una mac- ne, 1992) e avviene tra la metà di febbraio e la chia scura sul timpano, tipica delle cosiddette ra- metà di marzo (Bernini et al., 2004); il periodo di ne rosse. La colorazione ventrale è biancastra, ad attività annuale si prolunga fino alla fine di ot- eccezione della gola che si presenta macchietta- tobre in relazione all’andamento meteorologi- ta di nero o viola, con un disegno a “T” rovescia- co. Le femmine rimangono in acqua solo per il ta nelle porzione centrale. Sul labbro superiore è periodo necessario alla deposizione, mentre i presente una riga bianca che si arresta sotto l’oc- maschi frequentano le zone umide e gli habitat chio. La lunghezza massima è di circa 55 mm nei circostanti per un periodo di circa 4-5 settimane maschi e di 75 mm nelle femmine (Nöllert & Nöl- (Barbieri & Bernini, 2004). lert, 1995), anche se il dimorfismo sessuale non Le ovature, ancorate alla vegetazione som- risulta sempre significativo in popolazioni diffe- mersa, contengono da 676 a 2720 uova e schiu- renti (Marzona et al., 2004). Sono infatti note dono dopo 15 –20 giorni dalla deposizione (Ber- differenze della taglia rispettivamente di maschi nini et al., 2004). La metamorfosi avviene dopo e femmine, riscontrate confrontando diverse po- circa tre mesi dalla schiusa e la maturità sessuale polazioni (Ficetola et al., in stampa). si riscontra spesso già durante la primavera suc- Questa specie è fortemente legata agli am- cessiva (Guarino & Mazzotti, 2001; Guarino et bienti boschivi planiziali e collinari fino circa 700 al., 2003). La longevità massima registrata in una m s.l.m. (Lanza, 1983), caratterizzati in particola- popolazione del Veneto è stata di tre anni per i re dalla presenza di farnia e ontano nero, anche maschi e quattro per le femmine, fatto che con- se può frequentare saliceti, canneti, pioppeti o figura la rana di Lataste come uno degli anuri aree relativamente aperte (Pozzi, 1980; Barbieri europei meno longevi, con forti ricadute per & Bernini, 2004; Bernini et al., 2004). quanto riguarda le strategie di conservazione In queste aree si riproduce sfruttando picco- (Guarino et al., 2003). Questa specie non si allon- le raccolte di acqua stagnante, meglio se om- tana quasi mai per più di 1Km dai siti riprodutti- 1 Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, C.so Venezia 55 - 20121 Milano; e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, P.zza Botta 9/10 - 27100 Pavia; e-mail: [email protected]. 83 QUADERNO N 17 11-07-2007 8:19 Pagina 84 STEFANO SCALI, AUGUSTO GENTILLI vi (Lanza, 1983). 2. Direttiva Habitat, Consiglio CEE 92/43, Sono state effettuate stime di densità di po- 21.V.1992; Allegato II: Specie animali e vege- polazione da parte di numerosi autori, riassunte tali di interesse comunitario la cui conserva- in Barbieri & Bernini (2004): i valori osservati ri- zione richiede la designazione di zone spe- sultano compresi fra 68 individui/ha nel Bosco di ciali di conservazione; Allegato IV: Specie ani- Carpenedo (VE) e 952 individui/ha nella Riserva mali e vegetali di interesse comunitario che delle Bine (MN/CR). richiedono una protezione rigorosa. Anche i valori di sex-ratio (MM/FF) risultano piuttosto variabili e sono compresi tra 1.17:1 e Normative nazionali 1.73:1 (Barbieri & Bernini, 2004). 1. Regolamento recante attuazione della diret- L’alimentazione si basa principalmente su in- tiva 92/43 CEE relativa alla conservazione de- vertebrati terrestri, quali araneidi, crostacei iso- gli habitat naturali e seminaturali, nonché podi e gasteropodi polmonati, anche se in modo della flora e della fauna selvatiche; D.P.R. n. meno abbondante sono presenti nella dieta an- 357 del 8.IX.1997; Allegato B: Specie animali che ditteri, imenotteri alati e ortotteri. La specie e vegetali di interesse comunitario la cui con- normalmente non si alimenta durante il periodo servazione richiede la designazione di zone riproduttivo (Pozzi, 1980). speciali di conservazione; Allegato D: Specie Nella rana di Lataste sono stati individuati animali e vegetali di interesse comunitario due tipi di canto: il primo più intenso, emesso sia che richiedono una protezione rigorosa. [ra- sott’acqua sia in superficie, e un secondo prodot- tifica della Direttiva Habitat sopra citata]. to unicamente sotto la superficie (Farronato et al., 2001). Normative regionali Studi recenti hanno evidenziato un calo del- 1. Lombardia: Legge Regionale n. 33 del la diversità genetica intrapopolazione proceden- 27.VII.1977 “Provvedimenti in materia di tu- do dalle popolazioni orientali a quelle occiden- tela ambientale ed ecologica; Titolo IV: Tute- tali, facendo quindi supporre la presenza di rifu- la della fauna minore”; Art. 14: gi glaciali proprio nell’Italia nord-orientale; la a) Par. 1: Durante l’intero arco dell’anno la rac- minima diversità si osserva nelle popolazioni colta o distruzione di uova e la cattura ed uc- svizzere del Canton Ticino (Garner et al., 2003; cisione di girini di tutte le specie di Anfibi so- 2004). Le popolazioni istriane sembrano non dif- no vietate. ferire da quelle dell’Italia nord-orientale ed è b) Par. 2: Dal 1 febbraio al 30 giugno è vietata perciò supponibile un isolamento di circa 5.000- la cattura di tutte le specie di Anfibi del ge- 10.000 anni (Capula et al., 1987). nere Rana. c) Par. 4: Nel restante periodo dell’anno la cat- tura di rane adulte [omissis] è consentita per Normative per la conservazione una quantità giornaliera non superiore a 2 Kg per persona. La specie è tutelata da numerose norme in- d) Par. 5: La cattura di rane [omissis] non è am- ternazionali, nazionali e regionali, anche grazie messa durante la notte da un’ora dopo il tra- al suo inserimento nella Red List of Endangered monto ad un’ora prima della levata del sole. Species della IUCN con lo status di specie vulne- 2. Piemonte: Legge Regionale n. 32 del rabile a causa dell’areale ristretto e della pro- 2.XI.1982 “Norme per la conservazione del gressiva frammentazione e riduzione degli habi- patrimonio naturale e dell’assetto ambienta- tat elettivi (Categoria VU-B2 ab(iii)/2004). le” Di seguito sono riportate le principali norma- a) “…è vietata la cattura e l’uccisione di tutte le tive a tutela della rana di Lataste in Italia. specie di Anfibi e la distruzione delle loro uo- va…”; Normative internazionali b) “…è consentita però la cattura, dal 1 luglio 1. Convenzione di Berna, 19.IX.1979, ratificata al 30 novembre, di 30 rane giornaliere per dall’Italia con legge n. 503 del 5.VIII.1981; Al- persona e soltanto di giorno…”. 3 legato II: specie di fauna rigorosamente pro- 3. Veneto: Legge Regionale n. 53 del 15.XI.1974 tette. “Norme per la tutela di alcune specie della 3 Con la Legge Regionale n. 29 del 21/06/1984 di integrazione e modifica alla L.R. 32/1982 “…il numero giornalie- ro di rane di cui è ammessa la cattura è elevato a 100 per persona…”. 84 QUADERNO N 17 11-07-2007 8:19 Pagina 85 Biologia e conservazione della rana di Lataste fauna inferiore e della flora e disciplina della sono di conseguenza indicate alcune strategie di raccolta dei funghi”. conservazione che dovrebbero essere poste in a) “…è vietata tutto l’anno la cattura di uova e essere. A Rana latastei è stato attribuito un pun- girini di ogni specie di Anfibi …”; teggio di priorità 12 e le misure di conservazione b) “…è consentita dal 1 maggio al 1 marzo la suggerite sono elencate di seguito: cattura degli adulti di tutte le specie del ge- nere Rana…”; • Reintroduzione c) “…nel restante periodo dell’anno si possono • Re-stocking catturare soltanto rane adulte, ma unica- • Controllo dell’impatto predatorio e/o degli mente di giorno e per una quantità giorna- organismi ospiti o simbionti liera non superiore a 1 Kg per persona…”. • Miglioramento della qualità delle acque 4. Friuli-Venezia Giulia: Legge Regionale n. 10 • Rimboschimenti in relazione alla tipologia del 17.IV.2003 “Disciplina del regime di dero- del bosco originario ga previsto dall’art. 9 della direttiva n. • Monitoraggio dello status delle popolazioni 79/409/CEE concernente la conservazione de- • Monitoraggio dell’habitat gli uccelli selvatici e modifiche a disposizioni • Monitoraggio della qualità chimica e biologi- in materia di tutela della natura, di attività ca delle acque venatoria e di tassidermia”. • Educazione ambientale e divulgazione in a) Art. 17 comma 5 “Le specie Rana dalmatina, ambito locale Rana latastei, Rana lessonae e Rana ridibun- • Educazione ambientale e divulgazione a lar- da sono specie protette e la loro cattura è go raggio. vietata in tutto il territorio regionale duran- te tutto l’arco dell’anno”. 5. Emilia-Romagna: Legge Regionale n. 11 del Problemi di conservazione 22.II.1993 “Tutela e sviluppo della fauna itti- ca e regolazione della pesca in Emilia-Roma- Numerosi autori concordano nel ritenere la gna”. rana di Lataste una specie soggetta a molteplici a) Art.
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