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SP-672 Fifth European Conference on Space Debris ABOUT RUSSIAN FEDERATION ACTIVITY ON SPACE DEBRIS PROBLEM (1) (1) (1) (2) (1) Loginov. S , Yakovlev. M. , Mikhailov. M. , Makarov. Y. , Popkova, L. (1) (3) Gorlov. A. , Bulynin. Y. (1) Central Research Institute of Machine Building, Pionerskaya Str., 4, Korolev, Moscow Region, Russian Federation, Email: [email protected] (2) Federal Space Agency, Schepkina st., 42, Moscow, Russian Federation (3) JSC “Information Satellite Systems” Reshetnev Company, Zheleznogorsk-2, Krasnoyarsk Region, Russian Federation, Email: [email protected] The space activity the world community conducts - 1 Zenit 3SLB SLV, results in the growth of the near-earth space pollution - 1 Rokot SLV+Briz-KM booster, with artificial space debris fragments and as a consequence in the space mission safety diminishing. - 1 Molniya-M SLV. The Russian Federation shares the concern of the As a result 43 space vehicles were orbit-inserted of them World community associated with the danger 21 Russian vehicles: presented by the near-earth space man-made debris pollution first of all for the International Space Station - 2 manned Soyuz-TMA series spacecraft (Soyuz- (ISS) and manned space missions. We have TM-12 and Soyuz-TM-13), encountered many times with hazardous situations when there was a risk of ISS collision with space debris - 4 Progress-M cargo space vehicles (Progress М-63, - fragments or a situation dangerous for the earth 64, -65, -01М»), population and ground objects when large space - 6 Glonass-M SCs and others. objects enter the upper atmosphere subsequently impacting the ground. Among the main measures to mitigate the space debris Measures for solving the space debris mitigation generation level implemented in 2008 onboard Russian problems are included in the relevant sections of SLV stages and boosters the following measures are Russia’s Federal Space Program 2006 – 2015. worth noting: In 2008 the Russian Federation launched 27 space - Proton and Soyuz SLV stages propellant tank launchers among them: pressure release and fuel depletion; - 3 Soyuz-FG SLVs of which one with a Fregat - No structure elements separated from the DM-3 booster, booster remaining on orbit; after booster - 5 Soyuz-U SLVs, separation from the SLV the medium adaptor is jettisoned in open reference orbit; the booster is - 1 Soyuz-2.1B SLV, safely removed from the spacecraft to exculde - 7 Proton-M SLVs+Briz-M booster (one of them accidental in-orbit collisions; residual propellant partially successful with AMC-14 SC insertion in an and pressurization gas unpredicted orbit), - depletion from the propellant tanks and sustainer - 2 Proton-M SLVs+DM-2 booster, pipelines after SC orbit insertion; helium release from the sustainer submerged cylinders; onboard - 1 Proton-K SLV+DM-3 booster, storage battery discharge after mission completion; - 3 Kosmos-3M SLVs, - No small-size operating elements remaining in the - 2 Dnepr SLVs, near-earth space after Briz-M booster separation; release of residual fuel and gases from the _____________________________________________________ Proc. ‘5th European Conference on Space Debris’, Darmstadt, Germany 30 March – 2 April 2009, (ESA SP-672, July 2009) additional propellant tank at its separation from register the objects along the whole GSO length. The the Briz-M booster into the near-earth space year of 2008 witnessed as well the development of the environment; Scientific Optical Instruments Network for astrometry and photometry tracking of space debris fragments - The Dnepr SLV upper stage structure prevents Currently the Network integrates 18 observatories, 25 pollution of the near-earth space with small-size telescopes, over 50 observers and researchers. operating elements (explosive bolts, separation system elements and elements of other fittings In 2008 the Network underwent an ordinary remain inside the stage); at the end of a mission modification thus enabling to organize three propellant components are burnt out for specialized subsystems – a GSO and GSTO objects passivationа; surveillance subsystem, a high orbit small-size space debris fragments detection and tracking subsystem, a - The Kosmos-3M SLV upper stage SC separation LEO and high elliptical orbit objects observation pushoff springs have been modified in order to subsystem. In 2008 the Scientific Observation Network prevent ejection of fragmemnts generated at their performance enhanced by 2.5 times as compared with operation into the near-earth space environment. 2007 and today it is a powerful capability for observing high orbit space objects. So the number of known GSO The Russian Federation is governed while objects increased by 35% due to deployment of the implementing the space activity by the UN Guidelines Scientific Optical Instruments Network (SOIN). on Space Debris Generation Mitigation. It may be exemplified by the efforts we undertake to limit SC The issue of protecting spacecraft against meteoroidal long-term existence in the GSO vicinity after the SC and man-made fragments becomes especially acute in scheduled lifetime termination as applied to the GSO connection with the further ISS buildup and operation. Express-A spacecraft. Currently the guaranteed 7-year The ISS project scale (the total area of the pressurized 2 service life of two out of the three Express-A spacecraft shell of ISS modules ~1000 m , crew – up to 6 man) has expired. These are: Express-A2 (#2000-013A) sets higher requirements to the safety bearing in mind launched March 12 2000 and Express-A3 (#2000- the probability of ISS depressurization as a result of its 031A) launched June 24 2000. The two GSO spacecraft collision with pace debris fragments. will be deorbited after their replacement with the new- The MIR orbital station operation experience has generation Express-AM satellites. The propulsive mass shown that despite absence of emergencies associated reserve for deorbiting would enable to raise the orbit with the pressurized shell breakthroughs by meteoroids perigee by at least 200 km as prescribed by the and man-made fragments the station’s structure international requirements. A special procedure for external elements were exposed to multiple impacts of deorbiting the Express-A3 SC (#2000-031A) has been fragments of the size close to critical which was fraught developed. Since this spacecraft is kept on the western with pressurized shell breakthroughs. boundary of the Russian control stations visibility At present the ISS structure elements are protected zone (in its orbital position 110 W) it will be moved at against fragments or micrometeorites by passive first to the east to be within the Russian control shielding structures. The protected compartment is stations visibility zone, then its orbit will be corrected divided into zones taking into account their structural for perigee elevation. Such a strategy would enable to features and fragment impact conditions. Shield types complete the finishing passivation operations after and their structure configurations are selected deorbiting in compliance with the 5th guiding principle of individually for each zone. the document “Minimization of Probability of Fragmentations Generation caused by Energy Budget Russia has developed a concept for using the protective after Mission Implementation”. shielding structures, procedures for their designing, calculating, development testing and performance An important point in the space debris problem evaluation. Specialists of TSNIIMASH and Energia solution is updating of the near-earth space man-made RSC have developed shielding structures for the ISS , space debris pollution especially it concerns the Russian Segment. A unified shielding structure with geostationary orbit region. To this end the high impacts resistance properties and mass perfection M.V.Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of the has been designed. Procedures for designing, Russian Academy of Science organized an calculating, development testing of the shielding of the International Cooperation of Observers who helped ISS RS modules have been developed. Protective shielding structures with front shields made of approaches received by the Russian MCC has sharply pulverulent heavy metal compositions, small-cell steel grown. In 2008 we received 48 messages informing on fabric and shaped structures have been developed. space debris fragment intrusions in the ISS safety zone Tests have shown that theprotective shielding therewith the safety corridor critical boundaries (the so structures with front shields of the mentioned types called “Red Threshold”) were breached 8 times. After have the impact resistance level surpassing the a thorough analysis of the situations one decision to resistance level of protective shielding structures of the make an avoidance maneuver by ISS was made and NASA-developed MOD-1 type similar in geometry, realized on August 27 2008. Worth noting is the mass expenditure and protected wall thickness. situation with the Soyuz TMA-12 launched on April 8 2008 to dock with ISS. This space vehicle could collide At the same time while working on enhancing the with a fragment of the American USA-193 spacecraft spacecraft safety level in terms of possible pressurized (#2006-057A) which broke in February 2008. shell damages caused by high-velocity fragment impacts the Russian specialists came to a conclusion The Russian MCC tracks the objects entering the that the currently applied protective shielding upper atmosphere in cooperation with other structures are approaching the physical limit of their organizations.
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