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Determination of Water Quality Index of Indraprastha Estate Region and the Vicinity Area in Delhi, India

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Determination of Water Quality Index of Indraprastha Estate Region and the Vicinity Area in Delhi, India ESSENCE—IJERC International | Richa et. Journal al . (2018) for |Environmental IX (1): 204—216 Rehabilitati on and Conservation ISSN: 0975 — 6272 IX (1): 204— 216 www.essence-journal.com Original Research Article Determination of water quality index of Indraprastha estate region and the vicinity area in Delhi, India Madan, Richa; Chaudhry, Smita; Sharma, Manju and Madan, Sangeeta Institute of Environmental Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India Corresponding Author: [email protected] A R T I C L E I N F O Received: 10 January 2018 | Accepted: 22 April 2018 | Published Online: 15 August 2018 DOI: 10.31786/09756272.18.9.1.126 EOI: 10.11208/essence.18.9.1.126 Article is an Open Access Publication. This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) ©The Authors (2018). Publishing Rights @ MANU—ICMANU & ESSENCE—IJERC A B S T R A C T Water quality index (WQI) expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters reducing great amount of parameters to a number that expresses the acceptability of water to the user. In the present study an attempt has been made to determine the wa- ter quality index of industrial outlet and along river Yamuna in Delhi, India. For calculating the WQI, the following eleven parameters were considered: pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alka- linity and chloride. A disturbing observation was the level of dissolved oxygen in Yamuna River at Nizamuddin drain which was found to be nil. The water quality index of gas turbine station outlet was 202.9136 and that of thermal power plant outlet was 207.869. The water quality index of Yamuna River at Nizamuddin drain was found to be the maximum at 262.555 indicating very high level of pollution. The present study revealed that Yamuna River was in a critical condition and the extent of pollution was extremely high . K E Y W O R D S Water quality index | Yamuna | Nizamuddin drain | Dissolved oxygen C I T A T I O N Madan, Richa; Chaudhry, Smita; Sharma, Manju and Madan, Sangeeta (2018): Determination of water quality index of Indraprastha estate region and the vicinity area in Delhi, India. ESSENCE Int. J. Env. Rehab. Conserv. IX (1): 89—100. https://doi.org/10.31786/09756272.18.9.1.126 https://eoi.citefactor.org/10.11208/essence.18.9.1.126 204 ESSENCE—IJERC | Richa et. al . (2018) | IX (1): 204—216 Introduction indirectly affects river water quality through, Rapid industrial development in the last few dec- ground and surface water runoff. Dumping of ades has added huge loads of pollutants to our solid waste and garbage is one of the major prob- rivers. Water pollution is a major problem in In- lems in Yamuna River. Majority of people in dia. The main causes of water pollution include small cities and towns do not have sanitation fa- discharge of industrial effluents, municipal sew- cilities. Thus most of the people use river catch- age, oil spills, introduction of fertilizers and ment areas for defecation, which causes patho- chemicals and mining. Discharge activities con- genic and organic contamination in the river. Peo- tribute the highest to water pollution. Only about ple also have the habit of dumping unburnt bodies 10% of the waste water generated is treated; the of human beings and animals into the river. Due rest is discharged as it is into our water bodies. to excessive industrialization and urbanization, Due to this, pollutants enter into groundwater, river Yamuna especially in Delhi, Mathura and rivers and other water bodies (Hindustan Times, Agra has now become a drain. The water pollu- March 2013). tion of the river has gained large heights and it is River Yamuna is the largest tributary of River necessary to develop awareness among masses, Ganga. The total length of Yamuna River from its education and improved watershed management origin at Saptrishi Kund to its confluence with that will improve the water quality of this holy Ganga at Allahabad is 1376 km traversing river (Misra, 2010; Matta, 2010; Matta, 2014). through Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Water quality index is a unit less number on a Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh scale of 0 to 100. It provides a single number that and NCT – Delhi. The main stream of river origi- expresses overall water quality at a certain loca- nates from the Yamunotri glacier (Saptrishi tion and time, based on several water quality pa- Kund) near Bander punch peaks in the Mussoorie rameters. The objective of water quality index is range of the lower Himalayas in Uttarkashi dis- to turn complex water quality data into informa- trict of Uttaranchal (Rani et al., 2013). Yamuna tion that is acceptable and usable by the public acts as the life line for the majority of the cities (Yogendra and Puttaiah, 2008). There is no single like Yamuna Nagar (Haryana), Panipat, Sonipat, measure that can describe overall water quality Delhi, Noida, Faridabad, Mathura and Agra. for any one body of water. Although there is no There are unlimited numbers of industrial units, globally accepted composite index of water qual- draining immense amount of untreated water in ity, some countries and regions have used, or are Yamuna existing in Delhi, Faridabad, Mathura using, aggregated water quality data in the devel- and Agra. CPCB had estimated that there were opment of water quality indices. approximately 359 industrial units, which directly The present study is intended to determine the or indirectly discharge their effluents in Yamuna water quality index in vicinity of industries and (Misra, 2010). along river Yamuna in Delhi. It also tries to make It is estimated that about 92% of Yamuna river an attempt to assess the extent of pollution in the water is used for irrigation (CPCB, 2006). The vicinity of industries. river water is also used for bathing & washing. It Materials and methods is one of the most important uses of river water in Study Area the country. The river water is also used for wash- Delhi, capital city of India, is a mega-metropolis ing clothes and utensils by nearby communities, situated on the banks of the river Yamuna. Ya- and by the poor inhabitants along the banks. The muna River passing through 22 km in Delhi was cattle in most of the towns & villages are taken to once described as the lifeline of the city, but today the river for drinking and bathing. Agricultural it has become one of the dirtiest rivers in the runoff is also one of the main sources of contami- country. According to the latest status of water nation in the Yamuna River, which directly or quality in India (2007) released by CPCB the 205 ESSENCE—IJERC | Richa et. al . (2018) | IX (1): 204—216 Yamuna water quality at Okhla and Nizamuddin bridges has been described as the worst affected. The quality rating scale (Q i) for each parameter is In the present study three samples were collected calculated by using this expression: each from the outlet of Gas Turbine Power Sta- tion (W1, W2, W3), outlet of Pragati Thermal Power Plant (W4, W5, W6), Yamuna river water from Nizamuddin Drain (W7, W8, W9), Ground Where, Water near Nizamuddin Bridge (W10, W11, Vi = estimated concentration of i parameter in the W12), Pond water near Nizamuddin Bridge analysed water (W13, W14, W15). The samples collected were Vo = the ideal value of this parameter in pure wa- analysed for Temperature, pH, Electrical conduc- ter tivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Salin- V0 = 0 (except pH =7.0 and DO = 14.6 mg/l) ity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Hardness, Calcium, Mag- nesium, Alkalinity, Chloride, Sodium, Potassium. Physico-chemical analysis of the wastewater and Si = recommended standard value of i parameter river water was conducted by referring Standard The unit weight ( Wi) each water quality parameter Methods for the Examination of Water and is calculated by using the following formula: Wastewater; APHA, AWWA and WEF, 21st Edi- Where, K = proportionality constant tion, 2005. All the results are compared with stan- The drinking water standards and water quality →Sampling Sites index and status are given in table I and II resp. Table 1 gives the drinking water standards and Agency Drinking Water Standards Standard 6.5-8.5 ICMR/BIS 300 ICMR Table 1: dard limits recommended by WHO (2004) and BIS (2003). ¹) 300 ICMR ⁻ Weighted arithmetic water quality index method 3 classified the water quality according to the de- gree of purity by using the most commonly meas- ured water quality variables (Kumar et al. 2015). Parameter The method has been widely used by the various scientists (Matta et al., 2017; 2018) and the calcu- lation of WQI was made by using the following equation: WQI = S.No. 1 pH 2 Electrical Conductivity(µScm 7 8 9 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 10 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/L) 11 Chloride (mg/L) Calcium (mg/L)12 Magnesium (mg/L) 13 5 Sodium (mg/L) 5 Potassium (mg/L) ICMR ICMR 250 75 30 200 12 BIS ICMR ICMR WHO WHO 3 4 5 Total Dissolved Solids(mg/L) 6 Salinity (mg/L) Total (mg/L)Alkalinity Total (mg/L Hardness CaCO 500 ICMR/BIS 200 40 BIS USPHS 206 ESSENCE—IJERC | Richa et. al . (2018) | IX (1): 204—216 Table 2 gives the water quality index and status. fluent from thermal power plant varied from 26° C to 28°C. Kamdi et al ., (2012) reported that temperature of waste water is commonly high uddin, because of addition of warm water from various activities.
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