www.jungsteinSITE.de and megalithic graves. flat of contents the in or decoration, and forms pottery of tribution dis the in whether differentiation, social distinct a displays aspects Abstract Bakker Albert Jan the in Is asocialculture?TRB differentiation detectable refer (fig.refer 1). often will I regions which to Sweden, southern and Denmark stein, that things are no different in theTRB GroupNorth inSchleswig-Hol think I but Elbe, the of west the to found is which Group, West TRB the on Differentiation”. social based and is experience ty of my Most Monumentali “Early Program currentPriority DFGthe of title theby suggested is case, the probably is thisculture?”. That TRB the in ble Zusammenfassung al remains culture of the TRB andrelated subjects. stemmed letter T. letter stemmed barrowsThe and encircling kerbs were oval or kid short- a was plan their and entrance short a had graves passage the Fergusson James Group, West the In graves. passage and (1872).and dolmens were (1872) There Franks Augustus archaeologists ish “ term Dutch the is Inhalt es der Verzierungen, sei von Flach- undMegalithgräbern. oder Keramikformen vonVerbreitung die es sei wider, renzierung sozialeDiffe Aspekte ihrerkeiner spiegelt erscheint,uniform dem North Groups, for which J will use here the term the here use will J which for Groups, North Group West TRB graves the in megalithic of dates and sizes Forms, geben. wandte Themen ver und TRB der Kultur materiellen der Aspekte verschiedene über Überblick knappen 1).(Abb. einen werde ich Weiterhin werde iehen bez häufig folgenden im mich ich die auf Regionen, liegen, anders nicht Südschweden und Dänemark Schleswig-Holstein, in dgruppe Elbe zu lokalisieren ist, aber ich denke, dass die Dinge in der TRB Nor der westlich die Westgruppe, TRB die auf sich bezieht Erfahrung er mein Hauptteil Der Differenzierung”. soziale “Frühe und Monumentalität DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms des Titel der suggeriert sei, Fall der wahrscheinlich dies Dass ist. feststellbar TRB der in zierung I will discuss here the question “Is a social differentiation detecta differentiation social a “Is question the here discuss will I Although the TRB culture is uniform with all its diversity, none of its I also give a brief tour d’horizon of different aspects of the materi the of aspects different of d’horizon tour brief a give also I Obwohl die Trichterbecherkultur (TRB) in all ihrer Diversität trotz ir ol i Fae iktet edn o en szae Differen soziale eine ob werden, diskutiert Frage die soll Hier There is a large variety of megalithic tombs in the TRB West and West TRB the in tombs megalithic of variety large a is There hun(n)ebedden ” as it was anglicised by the Brit the by anglicised was it as ” hunebeds , which , ------19. 2010 Oktober www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 2 - pas longest The length. in by far Group North the of those surpass horizon. 2 Brindley the from dates Emden) of town German the from not far of Groningen, of the province (in the north-east looster G5-Heveskesk dolmen in the extended Group; the earliest pottery see fig. 2), which is similar to my phase Drouwen A (Bakker 1979) A (Bakker Drouwen and corresponds to the earliest Danish Neolithic (MNMiddle Ia) phase my to similar is which 2), fig. see 1986, (Brindley 1 Brindley from dating pottery, earliest the contain They stones. entrance no often and capstones two and sidestones round barrows and long entrance corridors. had which Group, North the to contrast a being this ney-shaped, 20 pairs of sidestones probably also contained Brindley 2 pottery as as pottery 2 Brindley contained (Bakker ibid.). type the earliest also probably sidestones of pairs 20 18than more and had and internally m long 35 40 and at least were whichWechte, at graves gallery TRB the of chambers two The W). to 11 6.0 of ca. lengths 12or chamber interior m (817-Tannenhausen and sidestones of pairs 4–7 have five pottery; 2 Brindley contained chambers West-German other eight to four And 2. or 1 Brindley to datable is m, 4.5–7.2 of lengths chamber interior and sidestones of three chambers of to ca. 2.5 11.5 one from or of more or the 12.4 pottery m. earliest The of lengths chamber interior and sidestones of 3–7pairs have They Netherlands. the in chambers grave passage other eight to seven from known earliest the is pottery 2 Brindley diffuse. very actually is trend this because detail, in substantiated be easily cannot is” it earlier slightly study. Group, further this but than point needs those in the North were graves passage Group West the that suggest the Ia), MN tomight contemporaneous date(whichbe 1 would Brindley Group, West the and North the in ages absolute identical had have horizons TRB stylistic the If chambers. hunebed shortest the very with associated exclusively not therefore is pottery 1 Brindley 1992,(Bakker 10.9 ca. of 3–4). length pottery 1 Brindleytabs. held m, withof 6 sidestones and pairs an interior chamber man Ostfriesland, Ger 830-Tannenhausen,in tomb of chamber eastern the Even tery. pot 1 Brindley contained sidestones of pairs 2–5 and m 5.9 ca. and 2.7 between lengths chamber interior with graves passage Dutch Characteristically, the longest passage graves of the West Group Group West the of graves passage longest the Characteristically, The shortest passage graves of the West Group had two pairs of pairs two had Group West the of graves passage shortest The Primeval dolmens ( dolmensPrimeval later the grave, passage a longer “the rule fist the see, will we As

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y e d 1 .Five - - - Oise-Marne Kultur. Oise-Marne Seine- die = SOM an; Kultur Michelsberg te verwand die deutet Schraffur Diagonale an. Schnureindrücke dreifacher Verzierung Luboń-artigen der Verbreitung die deutet Linie gestrichelte Die nienburg-Bernburg. = Walter schraffiert vertikal markgruppe; Alt = schraffiert horizontal und A Pf Pfyn; Altheim; = = Ah Südostgruppe; = SE pe, Südgrup = S Ostgruppe; = E Nordgruppe; = N Westgruppe; .1). (n. W= 1979, Abb Bakker TRB der Regionalgruppen Die 1. Abb. Culture. Seine-Oise-Marne the = SOM culture. Michelsberg the related indicates hatching Diagonal sions. impres cord three-strand of Luboń decoration the of occurrence the indicates line broken The Group. burg-Bernburg Walternien = hatched Altmark vertically = Group, hatched horizontally and A Group, Pfyn = Pf Culture, or Group theim Al = Ah Group, Southeast = SE Group, South = S Group, East = E Group, North 1979, (Bakker = fig. N Group, = 1).West W culture TRB the of groups Fig.1. Regional 1 Group West TRB the in phase construction megalith preceded phase pottery II EN this Apparently 2. fig resent the in 1992 Bakker in and 2 tab. in Germany in region Altmark-Lüneburg the in B / Laux of Düsedau and the beginning Group North the in boundary Ia MN / II EN the with Group West the in ary 1 bound EN the / II Brindley chronise syn to therefore, wiser, seems 1979, It 92). (Bakker II EN the from dating style, a ‘pre-Drouwen’ this and represents I Hüde Schoe and Osterwick, from pottery TRB cord-impressed with er 2011). Anscher Togeth (Ten sterdam Am of northeast km 70 about land, Flevo of province Schokland-P14, of site settlement the in found was tery pot TRB cord-impressed with layer A ae aog ae Dümmer, Lake along ­maker ------­ - www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 3 2950 3050 3200 3300 3400 zwischen den ungefähren Beginn des Horizonts I auf 3350 Iauf Horizonts des Beginn ungefähren das 2800-2700 den von Ende 7auf und Horizont BC zwischen verschoben. BC in haben (2000) Plicht der Van und 1999,Lanting 40). al. et frühen, Ginkel (Van der angedeutet links sowie ist Havelte-Stile späten Drouwen- und der mittleren Dauer Die 1986). (Brindley Westgruppe TRB der Horizonte stilistische sieben Brindleys 2. Abb. 7to BC. 2800-2700 1to 3350 Horizon of end Horizon of the and BC start approximate the shifted while mean have (2000) Plicht der Van and 1999,Lanting al. 40). et Ginkel (Van left the to indicated are styles Havelte Late and Middle Early, the and Drouwen, the of ranges The Group. West TRB the of horizons stylistic (1986) seven Brindley’s Fig.2.

Laat Midden Vroeg DROUWEN Van Giffen 1927 HAVELTE - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 4 are unique. are kerb Emmen the of ends round two The Wildeshausen. near tigam Bräu and Braut Visbecker the as Germany,such western in tombs such composite tomb, D43-Emmen (fig. one 3),but have there are manyWe such wall. outer closed a made stones smaller of walling dry Originally uprights. set closely of kerb longitudinal narrow a i.e. and kerb in ground plan, but some were enclosed in a in enclosed were some but plan, ground in kerb and D43-Emmen Langbett theyphase were constructed. Brindley which during unknown is it that so excavated, tematically 178 and p. 94, atlas-pls. 98–99). None of these three tombs was sys of 27.5 an length chamber m 1975,(Sprockhoff interior p. with 145,atlas-pls. 830-Werlte, Steener, Hooger have the and originally long, m 32–34 will been which 980-Damme, grave passage much now damaged the however, are, Group West the of toppers absolute The m. 20 of length chamber interior an and capstones side 9 stones, of pairs 10 has D27-Borger, Netherlands, the of grave sage Several passage graves had an oval or kidney-shaped barrow barrow kidney-shaped or oval an had graves passage Several Langbett - - - , mer noch in gutem in Zustand. noch mer im Mauerwerk ansehnliche wenig dieses ist Jahren 40 Nach Maurer. fähige wie ren wa verfügbar wenig ebenso hätten, hen gese ähnlich Trockenmauerwerk ginalen ori dem die Steinplatten, weil Mörtel, und Umfassungssteinenschen den mit Geröllen wor zwi die räume vanGiffen zertreten füllte waren, den schnell Nachdem IPP). Grassodenlagen Gijbels, Fred (Foto: 1968 D43-Emmen-Schimmeres Langbett 3. Abb. condition. good in is still walling ugly this years forty After absent. were sons ma able as well as dry-walling original the to similar stones flat because mortar, and cobbles with kerbstones the tween Vanthe spacesfilled be trampled, Giffen IPP). After of staples grass sods were soon D43-Emmen-Schim Gijbels, Fred (photograph 1968 in Langbett meres 3. Fig. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 5 Langbett henceforth called are Group West the of chambers) megalithic out kerb of orthostats) should remain to be called called be to remain should orthostats) of kerb 2005, Abb.(Kossian 14–16). Groups North and East West, TRB the from Barrows Long Kuyavian likewise and chambers) megalithic German (without excavated Langbetten the of plans the illustrated Steps in the entrance lar who followed this usage of the term sites of 23 demolished hunebeds were excavated. And there are 4 are there And excavated. were hunebeds demolished 23 of sites of Utrecht. and theAltogether there areknown, 53hunebeds extant province the in Vuursche Lage in item possible one was there Overijssel, and and Groningen of provinces the in few a with Drenthe, anddistributionof hunebeds Number häuser Cand657-Deinste (Van Giffen 1969, 4; 1973,64). Stein 808-Sieben 805-Lingen, hunebeds Groups West German the knew van similar Giffen, steps from only A.E. hunebeds, and German ver it had three stone steps in the entrance. The great in expert Dutch Moreo them. between gaps fill to needed scarcely was walling dry its relatively narrow are orthostats so neatly fitting to each other that because singular is sidestones, entrance no and capstones three ly dolmens as well as graves passage prising alithic graves of the West and Group North of the TRB culture, com angli for allname meg generic as specifically here the termcised hunebeds use will I above, stated As Dutch. common in hunebedden terms andLangbett hunebed The round barrows in the same way throughout the Dutch-German lan Dutch-German area the guage throughout way same the in barrows round earthen even or tombs megalithic to applied was Gi and Grave ant’s or Bed Giant’s meant word the Originally, literature. ological the present meaning of but both words is quite different in the archae identically, pronounced are they and same the are Hünenbett grab are terms ambiguous. term German the Therefore bycircular a ed kerb (Sprockhoff 1966, 1967, surround1975; Laux graves 1990, 1991).passage and dolmens include not does usually which term a Germany, in Hünenbett oval kerbsthuscalled are also with passage Group West plan. in oval or extended-triangular dal, trapezoi rectangular, are that barrows long peristalithic comprise They 1954). Sprockhoff (e.g. chambers megalithic without or with ('peristalith') boulders upright heavy of kerb a by enclosed barrows word the literature, archaeological German present the in Thus, languages. and tries coun different two the in graves megalithic of types specific for Single passage graves (with or without an oval or kidney-shaped kidney-shaped graves ovalor Singlepassage an (with without or Hunebed D13-Eext (fig. 4), with three pairs of sidestones, original sidestones, of pairs three D13-Eext with (fig. 4), Hunebed The Dutch megalithic graves are concentrated to the Province of Province the to concentrated are graves megalithic Dutch The All types of megalithic graves throughout the world are called called are world the throughout graves megalithic of types All Etymologically the Dutch word hunebed and the German word word German the and hunebed word Dutch the Etymologically The long, rectangular or trapezoidal trapezoidal or rectangular long, The Ganggrab . , , plural or just just or RiesensteingrabGroβsteingrab, Hünengrab, 3 . The ill-defined folk-name was later exclusively used used exclusively later was folk-name ill-defined The . ) in German. Langbetten is a technical term for the oblong oblong the for term technical a is Hünenbett 4 . of the West Group should be avoided as too too as avoided be should Hünenbett Langbett (with or with or (with Hünenbetten 2 . Synonymous German Synonymous . instead of Hünenbett of instead 5 Ganggräber .Kossian (2005, 68), .Kossian steinkammerlose steinkammerlose (singu Stein ------, 4 3 5 n h 19 the in term ten unambiguous The here. consideration further of barrows in the is out Netherlands, left ly also round used for non-megalithic term the That ald ‘ called esp. 306). 305–9, 1993, 33, (Helinium minology ter this of discussion concurring ka’s Hoi J. 107.3 and 3; 1992, Bakker See (1975),Sprockhoff Kossian see (2005). Körner G. by 1991)(1990; and (1954; 1979), Laux F. Schlicht by E. followed was usage ing printed 1934, 1939, 1959). This confus Urgeschichte (1931,Niedersachsens re bett ‘ term the used Friesen , introduced by Johanna Mestorf Mestorf Johanna by introduced , ’ in his textbook textbook his in ’ vl Hünenbetten’ ovale th etr, xlds h so- the excludes century, / hunnebed F. Laux as editors of of editors as Laux F. ovales Hünen ovales Einführung in in Einführung was former was Jacob- . Langbet ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 6 there were legion reports that smashing megalith was in fullblast. reports there were legion but those in other German parts of the West Group much later, whereas different architecture (Schierhold, this vol.) this (Schierhold, architecture different whichnowalsoareassigned culture, TRBtheto although theyhave Hessian-Westphaliana Graves, the enumerate Gallery we did Neither theAltmarkofpartern Grouphunebedsof theWestinGroup counts. usually assumed that those interred. for they contained victuals It 5). (fig. centuries six to up of course the in deposited was which myself and (1986) (1979) Brindley to discern seven successive more or horizons. Anna style allowed which time, of course the in changed decorations and forms Pot followed. were fashions current of lines general the course of although same, the is pot no showsbeakers, all great pottery in individuality decoration. Almost dishes, bowls, funnel decorated the and pails, pots non-decorated the from Apart tureens, etc. amphorae, jugs, spoons, biberons, were forms so standardized, that we can discern these funnel beakers, collared flasks, hand other the On Europe. north-western from varia a large tion of pot forms, more than in any was other prehistoric culture I know There settlements. and graves flat hunebeds, pottery The : extant tombs proportion, Dutch the of Application hunebeds. destroyed many discussed and Group West North-Western German extantnumber. Sprockhoff (1975) counted 980 megalithic tombsmegalithic in the tombs in the Netherlands, which is aboutsites possibledoubleof hunebeds. the presentAltogether therewill have beenabout 100 mentioned inventoryisdue toan update which– wemay expect asresulta ofthe 1734, those in the German duchy of Oldenburg in the early 19 early the in Oldenburg of duchy German the 1734,in those much too low, because the Dutch hunebedstombsic theWestTRB inwereGroup Germany.in legallyButthisestimate protectedmaybe since One should also realise that Sprockhoff and I did not include a south a include not did I and Sprockhoff that realise also should One The Dutch hunebeds contained large collections of pottery, pottery, of collections large contained hunebeds Dutch The excavated the from known well is pottery TRB Group West The , there would give an original number of at least 2000 megalith 2000 least at of number original an give would there , Schwerpunktprogramm .

6 . Andalso.that Sprockhoff’s demolished th century, - - - Lier 1760).Lier die (Van 1756sind worden Decksteine entfernt nachdem D13-Eext Hunebed 4. Abb. 1760).Lier awaytaken in 1756been had stones (Van cap the after D13-Eext Hunebed 4. Fig. 6 are not discussed by me. discussed not are Graves Gallery these of contents The ­ www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 7 ily podzolised (Kossianily podzolised 2005, 105-106). lists soils sandy in lying without calcium poor heav that were afterwards Human bones and Aller). Weser Rivers the of west the to Germany in (and Netherlands the in than calciferous more much here was subsoil sandy the that shows andaflint2 tureen axe werefound. of flint. In the easternend, 2 intactcalottes of human skulls, a horizon axes flat 2 and arrowheads transversal 3 drums, 2 tureen, 3 Brindley a lay proximity its In chamber. the of end western the in patch oval wide cm 25 IV,long, m 1 approx. a in “remains werefound bones” of 1950in there, found (Sprockhoff Oldendorf 1952). of chamber the In also bones of a 50 years old man and a 30 years old woman (Körner had been side right its to flexed were knees wide m 6.5 bett long, m 80 a in lay IV Oldendorf of that barrow, ovalhigh, m 2 long, 20m a in enclosed was II Oldendorf of chamber 1980,161–174, figs. 17,1–2.4; 18,1–13; 24,1;20,2.5; 25,1.4;44,6). The 43; 1980,155–159, (Körner IV 20.1;686-Oldendorf figs. and 38) 36; II (Körner gravespassage fill 684-Oldendorf chamber of sandy Brindley 2to 5. early late from pottery TRB only contained D26-Drouwenerveld hunebed but pottery, 7 Brindley associationwith in usually found remainsare human Cremated Barrows. Long earthen Polish and Danish in ings find the with agrees hunebed this in interred and were – men – only not children and women That children. of also and adults male fe and male from bones of number small a identified comm.) (pers. Smits Elisabeth D26-Drouwenerveld. hunebed from however, ing, A great number of teeth and bone splinters were bysalvaged siev were which hunebeds, our in preserved rarely are bones Human That uncremated bones were so well preserved at Oldendorf, Oldendorf, at preserved well so were bones uncremated That the in found were people TRB of silhouettes body vague Two . In the chamber of Oldendorf II, the body lay theback II, and body on theits . In the chamber of Oldendorf / Laux 1980, fig. 36), but but 36), fig. 1980, Laux / / Lang Laux Laux Laux - - - - - sentlich höher (Staal-Lugtensentlich höher 1976). we Gefäßen von Zahl ursprüngliche die war jedoch Bernsteinperlen, 10 und Beile 12 Gefäße, 93 sind sehen Zu Leiden). den, Oudhe van Rijksmuseum Bomhof, P.-J. (Foto: sind worden ergraben Drouwen in D19 Hunebeds des Holwerda Kammer von der 1912 die von Artefakte, der Teil 5. Abb. 1976). (Staal-Lugten larger much is pottery of 10 number but the original beads, amber and axes 12 pots, 93 are Shown Leiden). Oudheden, van Rijksmuseum Bomhof, P.-J. 1912 (photograph in D19-Drouwen, hunebed of chamber the from Holwerda by excavated artefacts the of Part 5. Fig. - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 8 Personal ornaments Concluding remarks about West about hunebeds Group Concluding remarks 5).occur Finally in hunebeds. of flint anumber strike-a-lights chapter 1979, (Bakker types distinct five to up had Group West the sandstone; even and gneiss, diorite, diabase, of made were axes Battle- known. are graves flat many so which from phases, style Havelte Late ab and Middle Early, are the 5–7, from they viz. Brindley from sent that me strikes It 1–4. Brindley to belonged arrow of heads type this of finds datable all that Kossian noted 104–105)dead. (2005, the of some with and interred quivers been had their bows in wooden arrows complete that indicate flint of arrow heads transversal flint of numbers Large stones. other of made axes flat number, in fewer albeit and, axes, flat flint were men, the Personal tools andweapons of men ing. mean religious special a stones decorated intricately the given have will pottery, decorated loved much so that people, TRB the 1979,(Bakker 191–193).Hilversumbut use, of traces no have They near Laren at settlement TRB the in twice the and 1968), (Schlicht along Ems Emmeln-2 and 1959) Knöll 1914; (Holwerda Drenthe in Fossil urchins sea er, will have as well as the dresses perished, of the interred. leath or seeds wood, feathers, from made as suchmaterial, ganic or of made (Schlicht1973). ornaments, Group Westother Several the in found 1947),not were (Becker Poland and Denmark in found as such sheets, copper of made discs have but may dresses, the which decorated strips, copper were there Besides, strips. copper rolled-up of beads cocoon-shaped further, 1968), (Schlicht 2 meln Another fossil ammonite pendant was found in passage grave Em 2006). 1914; 1959; Brongers in Knöll (Holwerda found D43-Emmen was Langbett pendant, a as serve to perforated ochre, red of es are which beads, quartz rare.extremely Part of a and fossil ammonite ofjet black stone of with patch made beads fewer beads, ber former zone of offered pots around the southern entrance of the the of tomb. entrance a southern the from around pots derive offered may of zone pottery former this of Part seem %) 9 underrepresented. (only much collection her in Moreover, decoration 2. without pots Emmeln 88 grave the passage demolished the of the among remains pots 960 recognised (1968) Schlicht Elisabeth tefacts. es (Bakker1992). Single Grave, AOC, Bell Beaker and Wire Barbed cultures and stag the by chambers, the in pottery of deposition least at or terments, Brindley in for BC incidentally,1800of until that, after and end BC, 7,2200 the about till offering and interments for use in mained re several but BC, 3000 about 4, Brindley after anymore structed Personal ornaments were also found in hunebeds: dozens of am West Group hunebeds contained thus large amounts of TRB ar TRB of amounts large thus contained hunebeds Group West of supposedly hunebeds, in found weapons and tools Personal D43-Emmen hunebeds in found were urchin sea a of fossils Flint o et ru hnbd i Gray r oln wr con were Holland or Germany in hunebeds Group West No ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 9 the west of the Weser. Three flexed body silhouettes are known known are Germany in Group silhouettes West the of graves earth body flat from flexed Three Weser. the of west to the preserved not are skeletons human Again, artefacts. current of Flat graves handled handled two- undecorated an with together Stade Lkr. Himmelpforten, at from known are graves, (Kossian Netherlands The 2005). flat presumed including graves, flat 130 with graves 1970). About (Bakker flat culture this of cemeteries among small the in found pottery were several but researchers, the escaped have will goods grave preserved without graves flat many grave with no (Bakker1983). silhouette vague goods a as preserved was side left its on child a of inhumation flexed a ly, Third 2008). (Kaltofen Ems the of bank eastern the on Geeste at m, 0.64 than) of (more 1.10x coffin x m 1.88 of wooden pit a grave a in within m feet 1.100.82 x his or her at bowl 4 Brindley one side, with right the on lay person mature or adult an of burial flexed er (grave Heek-Averbeck at pots, 5 Brindley F4), excavated by Walter three Finke (Bakker 1992, 93–94, with fig. 32). Anoth m, 1 x 2 ca ( “eatingposition” in side left its find in the EN II or MN Ia. In both cases other indications that the the that indications may have were person absent. buried distinction aspecial had other cases both In Ia. MN or II EN the in this find 159,1–3) dates pl. 420, (2005, Kossian grave. megalithic ished demol a of floor stone the below found was grave This grooves. vertical with belly a round with beaker a funnel and dish decorated un an with grave, together earth an in Schleswig-Holstein in land Nordfries Lkr. Schwesing-LA6, in found was bracelet golden ilar (incl. one endscraper). retouched are which of two blades, flint con long cm also 3–4 three grave, tained flat inhumation The an 2006). probably grave, (Bakker Denekamp arrowheads transversal as small such make to artefacts axes flint Buren worn used hand, Vlaardingen other the The on meaning. culture, ritual a had they because life, used daily never in often were type this of axes splendid culture, TRB the In culture. Vlaardingen the and culture TRB the by used was ny,it Germa western and Netherlands the In France. northern and lux Bene southern the from “Bu exported was It 2006). (Bakker renamed type” now ren is axe of type This 291). p. 23, List his cf. 497-498; p. 349, No. 2005, Kossian re (see possible culture Vlaardingen indicates the with grave lations flat TRB Denekamp the in type" gen "Vlaardin of axe flint heavy the that idea previous my corrected the originaldrawings. on Waterbolk field and Irelied Lanting, J.N. but 2–7), fig. 22, 1930, Giffen (Van lication Kossian based himself on the vertical sections of the primary pub 1979,circle(Bakker post a with 199–200; Waterbolk 1977, barrow 197–198). earthen later a by covered were which graves, flat TRB ijen round or oval covering barrows’, among which he included the Ze 2005, with graves (Kossian ‘non-megalithic he discerned 329) that no. catalogue 77–78, noted be should togeth It 110). recurred 2005, (Kossian repeatedly er that artefacts of combinations no found Kossian finds. new by outdated be only will and phenomena these of description definitive the gives it (2005); Kossian Rainer by graves TRB non-megalithic German and Dutch the of ventory heavy flint axe (Kossian 2005, 356–367, 109, 2005, (Kossian 108, 171.1)pl. axe flint heavy Flat graves with or without stone packing display the same types types same the display packing stone without or with graves Flat A massive, 3 mm thick, golden bracelet was found in flat grave I grave flat in found was bracelet golden thick, mm 3 massive, A 18–20; about is grave flat a in pots of number maximum The I further refer to the exemplary, really complete and flawless in flawless and complete really exemplary, the to refer further I I should like to add to Kossian’s synopsis that I have meanwhile meanwhile have I that synopsis Kossian’s to add to like should I Ösenflasche dating from EN II or MN I, and a 15 cm long long cm 15 a and I, MN or II EN from dating Esshaltung ) in a wood-lined pit of of pit wood-lined a in ) 7 . One lay on on lay One . 8 . A sim A . ------8 7 turned upwards. turned be should 2 no. pot of drawing The Wilhelmshaven). in publication, for decade a than more for waiting is manuscript my which (of Cuxhaven Lkr. Flögeln, from artefacts and traces settlement graves, flat TRB the here No.331, p.485–486). Nor 2005, willdiscussI (Kossian site this of traces ment settle and graves flat toTRB references pear2011.in thereforeI leave outhere ap will Flevoland, of Province polder, Noordoost Gemeente Schokland-P14, Neolithicand Early Bronze Age finds of Anscher’s ten publication theTheo of - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 10 the hunebed region hunebed the outside widely also Rhine, river the of north soils sandy Pleistocene Settlements dren’s work (Bakker in chil for made well bowl too was pot the woman; a was potter the ring-footed that well-decorated a of provemanand arenarrowtooa for D26-Drouwenerveld hunebed basin the to footring potters Female TRB known all of plans. house analysis (2007) Kossian’s also See Netherlands. the from known are plans house TRB No were. sacred the and fane 2 House within grave pro hereafter,the the life, dailyinterwoven how shows Flögeln at flat A families. extended by and used substantial probably quite were houses These graves. flat or buildings few the in visible is stratification social no Celle), Lkr. Dohnsen, and Cuxhaven, Lkr. Flögeln, Borken, Lkr. Heek-Ammert, (at plans house lumping). and splitting of question a just it is and words other in same the meant we perhaps (but Scania in pottery settlement and funerary tween be difference Tilley’s strict a was there (1984)that statement question in Christopher call I therefore graves; the of that from differs sian2007). (Kos Dümmer Lake of north 1’ ‘Hunte is siteAnother wetland sea). well-known the by away washed now are (which Texel and gen Wierin of islands Frisian the of cores Pleistocene the of mantles for sites summer fishing, were hunting andcattle herding they byTRB inhabitants of the sandy excavator, the to Hogestijn, According Jan Amsterdam. Willem of north km 50 Wieringermeerpolder, the isleon of Langeland! settlements successive from sherds decorated richly the on based exclusively almost is typochronology TRB Danish the graves; the in that to well compares which ware, finer comprises also it but rated, lessperhapsdecoand robust, more is graves.pottery Settlement flat or chambers hunebed from absent usually are which discs, clay tion”, dialects. instance for by pottery differentia “geographical and stratification" "social both mean can differentiation” “Social culture. TRB the of Group West the in detected Conclusion oc they in manycurred other different hunebeds. but potter, same the of products more contained have may tomb One water. hold not does settlement, one and family ed extend specific one to' 'belonged exclusively hunebed each that (Bakker apart 174–181, 1938) (Sprockhoff idea km old The I–II). figs pls 1–3, 1–2, 50 tables to up Plateau, Drenthe sandy the across distributed decoration widely were potter of one the Products in (ibidem). peculiarities other or ‘idiosyncratic’ by ognised TRB settlements occurred everywhere in the Netherlands on the the on Netherlands the in everywhere occurred settlements TRB The nail impressions that were visible in the attachment of the the of attachment the in visible were that impressions nail The sites with (a From West the few) settlement Group German known clearly sites settlement from pottery the that say cannot One the in Slootdorp, at discovered were settlements wetland Two The products of one such female potter can sometimes by rec by sometimes can potter female such one of products The Finally I come back to the question if social differentiation can be differentiation can social if question the to back come I Finally / 9 Luijten 1990, 181–182, 3). pl. . They are characterised by flint scrapers and and scrapers flint by characterised are They .

/

Luijten 1990, 1990, Luijten ------9 1979, figs. 2–3). Bakker (cf. Westphalia western to lar simi available, were boulders large sufficient that are provided absent, they now where Rhine the of soils north sandy Dutch those on oc curred have hunebeds few a Probably - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 11 what his real was status at of his the end life tives wish that of the status the social would have interred not been, rela the what express sometimes may customs funerary modern in displayed splendour that aside here leave I status. social higher a indicate to seem not does grave one in pots of number large a And ed with a greater number or a higher quality of pots in these graves. “village associat convincingly 108:not 1979, is graves flat Bakker in (cf.presence their chiefs?”), kind some of leaders male of nalia parapher and products personal the were battle-axes made fectly If,ritual. per instance,funeral for the the in reflected systematically and mixed. itdifferently less no dosed thanbe ed in oursocieties, count have will originality and Traditionalism,professionalism stil. Zeitcurrent the withininventeddecorations the nicervariationsof and pottery finer made who housewives certain with case the been have will same The prestige. enormous an had have will instance, for constructed, were hunebeds the when stones heavy the dling han and sledges, on hauling stone of leaders team and Architects there were highly prestigious specialists of great in fame times. TRB forest. and oak lime deciduous lighter the in necessity economic an of instead tige pres male of matter a rather was hunting where cattle-breeders, and horticulturalists Dutch the of those than agriculture, Neolithic possible of boundary northern the near lakes and rivers along and forests conifer dense the in hunting and much fishing trapping, probably on more relied settlements Swedish named the And km). observationsBoth area. lie TRB far apart wide in timethe (ENof vs. MN) regions and spaceother (somein tested 1000 be to have still usuallybands other communities. from came group of (female) potters intact over time over intact potters (female) of group gion in Sweden. A “matrilocal rule of post-marital residence keptre the Stockholm-Örebro the in Bergslagen and Mälardalen in ments settle TRB EN the for (2008) Hallgren Fredrik by reached one the to opposite is conclusion This Group. West TRB the in patrilocality certain a to point could axes battle “male” certain of regions pact com more the hand, other the On potter. female one of products ceramic the and traits ceramic of diffuseness the explain may ucts prod their of selling 1983), wide (Bakker the and participated have will regions large from people which in feasts, building hunebed at women of exchange The types. battle-axes the of that than fluent as acrow flies. km 550 of distance a – Scania till Drenthe from continuously found is shoulder the on triangles hatched with tureen profiled angularly gradual over large differencesdistances. alinstance, For are the very decoration the all, in all but Drenthe, in traceable are Ems river the of bank east the on 2 Emmeln which (1968)hunebed Schlicht in discerned groups type ceramic thirteen the of all Not applicable. well gy which was developed for Drenthe and the German Emsland is still differs slightly,perhaps,from that ofDrenthe, typochronolo but the Triangle Elbe-Weser the from pottery – distance with shift gradual a was other.There each from valleys and that bogs by demarcated regions were between styles pottery in distinctions sharp no were which seem applicable to applicable other prehistoric culturalwhich seem groups. stratification, social detecting for criteria current funerary escapes it and forms, artefact diverse widely its of formality standardised But I cannot perceive any clear-cut social stratification that was that stratification social clear-cut any perceive cannot I But Is “social then, demonstrable, bystratification” the finds? Of course they but Perhaps, problem? a conclusions contrasting these Are In fact In the fact distribution isofpattern products “female” much more To with start – the dialects theypottery are not distinct at all. There The intriguing thing about the TRB culture is that, with all its its all with that, is culture TRB the about thing intriguing The 10 11 here, while their hus- their while here, . ------11 10 in TRB society. TRB in fetched to suppose such mechanisms far too seems It pomp. extreme with dead their burying by status social of loss their compensate to tried burg Lim Dutch in families higher pro-nazi class few a AD, 1945–65 Around net. inter the on published also Hallgren summary which (2008), practice’ English and ‘Identity the from Cited - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 12 Van Giffen 1969: A. E. van Giffen, De Papeloze Kerk, het gereconstrueerde gereconstrueerde het Kerk, Papeloze De Giffen, van E. A. 1969: Giffen Van (1926),1925 (Utrecht Nederland in 1925–1927:Hunebedden Giffen De Van Hallgren 2008: F. Hallgren, Identitet i praktik. Lokala, regionala och överre och regionala Lokala, praktik. i Identitet F. Hallgren, 2008: Hallgren Kossian 2005: R. Kossian, Nichtmegalithische Grabanlagen der Trichterbe der Grabanlagen Nichtmegalithische Kossian, R. 2005: Kossian Stel ihre und Tiefstichkeramik nordwestdeutsche Die Knöll, 1959: H. Knöll Geeste. in Trichterbecherkultur der Flachgrab Kaltofen, A. 2008: Kaltofen (Prov. Emmen bei Steingrab Groβe Das Holwerda, H. J. 1914: Holwerda Kossian 2007: R. Kossian, Hunte 1. Ein mittel- und spätneolithischer und und spätneolithischer und mittel- Ein 1. Hunte Kossian, R. 2007: Kossian Körner ten ten Anscher 2011: T. J. ten Anscher, Leven met de rivier. De Schok vindplaats References Bakker 1983:Bakker J. Bakker,A. G1Het hunebed Volksal Groningse te Noordlaren, Bakker 1979: J. A. Bakker, The TRB West Group. Studies in the Chronology and Beilen. gem. Hooghalen, uit Diepsteekceraniek Bakker, A. J. 1970: Bakker Bakker Bakker 2006: J. A. Bakker, The Buren Axe and the Cigar Chisel: export striking the Tombs of Megalithic Hunebedden. Dutch The Bakker, 1992:A. J. Bakker Brindley 1986: A.L. Brindley, The Typochronology of TRB West Group pot Group West TRB of Typochronology The Brindley, A.L. 1986: Brindley Becker 1947: C. J. Becker, Mosefundne Lerkar fra Yngre Stenalder. Studier over Bakker Brongers 2006: J. A. Brongers, Vroege belangstelling voor fossielen in Ned in fossielen voor belangstelling Vroege Brongers, A. J. 2006: Brongers Franks 1872: A.W. Franks, The megalithic monuments of the Netherlands Netherlands the of monuments megalithic The Franks, A.W. 1872: Franks their countries; all in Monuments Stone 1872: Rude Fergusson Fergusson, J. Van Ginkel et al. 1999:Van al. et Ginkel van Ginkel E. Van Giffen 1974:Ezinge. Nogmaals van In:A.E. Giffen, A. W. van Es etal. (eds.) uee D9 i Shoor, eene le. 3 Sleen. gemeente Schoonoord, bij D49 hunebed comprises 1928). atlas (Utrecht the 1of ed. part 1and text-vol. English The atlas) 1925-27 2, 1927, text-vol. 1, text-vol. (1870–1873), 1872, 8, February 258–267. coude and Borger 2005) Borger and coude 1980). 45. 3, 2008, Deutschland in Archäologie 1914, 6, Zeitschrift Drente). Prähistorische 345–448. p. 289ff.am bok_web.pdf, 19. 10. 2010). http://www.northerntrb.net/Hallgren_ internet: the on is summary lish 17) nel Beaker CultureCoast to 2008, (Uppsala Coast-books (A Eng brief Fun Northern the of aspects pan-regional and regional Local, Practice. trattbägarkultur nordlig inom sammanhang sociale gionala sachsen). Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen des Reichsamtes für Vorge für Reichsamtes des Ausgrabungen der sachsen). Ergebnisse Die (Nieder am Dümmer, Lkr. Diepholz Siedlungsplatz frühbronzezeitlicher 2005). (Halle Niederlanden den in und Deutschland in cherkultur Wf. (Münster 1959). Neolithikum mitteleuropäischen und nord- im lung im Bergbau, Beiheft 19 (Papers of the VIII the of (Papers 19 Beiheft Bergbau, im Kultur und Kunst für Zeitschrift Anschnitt, Der Age, Mining – Age Stone author, 2009). by the Leiden (Amster 1979.dam a‘Retrospect’ with Reprinted Pottery Tiefstich and Hunebeds of Makers the of Geography 1970, Volksalmanak Drentse Nieuwe 185–211. be (to Bronstijd. 2011). in published en Neolithicum in Noordoostpolder de en land-P14 Körlin G. In: fringe. northern their along bution distri and associations – mines flint European West the from products 1992). Culture (Ann Arbor Funnel Beaker 1982–1983, Groningen voor Jaarboek Historisch manak, 113–200. Historie 1947,Historie 1–318, I–XVIII. pls. og for i Tragtbaegerkulturen Nordisk Aarbøger Oldkyndighed Danmark. 1990) 2(Rennes no 173–187.Supplément La Bretagne et de Revue l’Europe Préhistoriques, Archéologique l’Ouest, Groups" in Western "Similarity TRB Pottery. In: J. L’Helgouac’h et al. (eds.) 1999)September 247–275. tery. Palaeohistoria 28, 1986, 28, 93–132.tery. Palaeohistoria servation. Proceedings of of Proceedings the Antiquaries of Society 2 London, servation. pre their for country that of government the by taken means the and 1976). Graz 1872; reprint (London uses. and age photomechanical 9–11, 2006, December Teylers Magazijn erland, 1. ill. Archeologie en Historie (Bussum 1974) 49–86, esp. 64–66: Intermezzo. 1974) (Bussum Historie en esp.Archeologie 64–66: 49–86, 1969).(Groningen den, Monumenten van een Steentijdcultuur (Abcoude 1999; 2 (Abcoude Steentijdcultuur een van Monumenten den, / / Bakker A. J. 1990: Luijten Laux 1980:Laux Körner G. / F. Ein Königreich an Laux, der Luhe (Lüneburg / / H.A. Luijten, "Service Sets" and other other and Sets" "Service Luijten, H.A. Jager S. / W. van der Sanden, Hunebed W. Sanden, der van th Flint Symposium, Bochum, Bochum, Symposium, Flint / . esebr (eds.) Weisgerber G. rd enlarged edition edition enlarged / Identity in in Identity nd ed. Ab ed. nd ser. V V ser. ------­ - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Jan Albert Bakker Is a social differentiation detectable in the TRB culture? paper of the European Megaltihic Studies Group published on October 19th , 2010 13 Lanting Laux 1990: F. Laux, Die Trichterbecherkultur zwischen Elbe und Ems (Nie Ems und Elbe zwischen Trichterbecherkultur Die Laux, F. 1990: Laux Laux 1991: F. Laux, Überlegungen zu den Groβsteingräbern in Niedersach in Groβsteingräbern den zu 1991:Überlegungen F.Laux Laux, Van Lier 1760: Van Lier, J., Oudheidkundige Brieven, Bevattende eene ver eene Bevattende Brieven, Oudheidkundige J., Lier, 1760:Van Lier Van Schierhold in Schierhold press: Mega Studien K. Schierhold, zur hessisch-westfälischen Schlicht Schlicht 1973: E. Schlicht, Kupferschmuck aus Nordeweste Megalithgräbern Emmeln, von 2 Megalithgrab dem aus Funde Die Schlicht, E. 1968: Schlicht Sprockhoff 1938: E. Sprockhoff, Die Nordische Megalithkultur (Berlin/Leip Megalithkultur Nordische Die Sprockhoff, E. 1938: Sprockhoff Staal-Lugten 1976:Staal-Lugten des Hünen Die TRB-Keramik Staal-Lugten, verzierte C.M. Teil Deutschlands. Megalithgräber der Atlas 1975:Sprockhoff Sprockhoff, E. Sprokhoff 1967:E. Sprockhoff, AtlasDeutschlands. der Megalithgräber Teil 2: Teil Deutschlands. Megalithgräber der Atlas Sprockhoff, E. Sprockhoff 1966: Sachsenwald. im Hünenbetten Kammerlose Sprockhoff E.1954: Sprockhoff, Sprockhoff 1952: E.Megalithkultur der Sprockhoff,Ein nordischen Grabfund Tilley 1984: C. Tilley, Ideology and Legitimation of Power in the Middle Ne Middle the in Power of Legitimation and Ideology Tilley, C. 1984: Tilley mäus, E. M. Grootes, B. Schmidt und W.-R. Teegen 2007). W.-R. (Hannover und Schmidt B. Grootes, M. E. mäus, Bartholo W.A. von 1941.1238 bis Jahren Beiträgen den Mit in schichte historia 41historia Palaeo Neolithicum, III, protohistorie. en pre- Nederlandse de van ogie schungen und Hypothesen, vol. 1(Poznań vol. 1990) 181–185. Hypothesen, und schungen For Neue – Trichterbecherkultur (ed.)Die D. In:Jankowska dersachsen). sachsen 19,sachsen Nieder 1991, in 21–99. Forschungen und Ausgrabungen Neue Westfalen. und sen Vosmaer (The Hague 1760). Hague Vosmaer (The Uitgegeeven en met Voorreden en door Aantekeningen vermeerderd A. opgehelderd. afbeeldingen noodige Met Drenthe. Landschaps des toel van de en Ets den Staate,Medelid Loffelyken Generaal thans Ontfanger Gedeputeer Oud Lier, van Joannes Mr. Door opgehel word. wederlegd als zo derd Oudheden, Nederlandsche byzondere over Brief, zekere beschryvinge welke in ontdekt, Drenthe, Landschap het in Eext, schap By het Boer enz. en Donderbylen, Donderkeilen Lykbusschen, vondene ge daarin de met Grafkelder, Steenen alouden eenen van beschryving de byzonder het in en Germanen, Oude der Eertekens, en Veld- penen, Wa Lykbusschen, de over en Begraven, van manier de over handeling Kreis Meppen (Neumünster 1968). (Neumünster Meppen Kreis press). in (Münster thisvolume. Cf.texts Schierhold, Kon europäischen des Berücksichtigung unter Forschungsstand lithik: Urgeschichte 42,Urgeschichte 1973, 13–52. Niedersachsens aus Nachrichten Niederlanden). (und den deutschlands : idrahe-etae. u dm ahas easeee von herausgegeben 1975). (Bonn (and Laux) Körner Friedrich Gerhard Nachlass dem Aus Niedersachsen-Westfalen. 3: 1967). (Bonn Mecklenburg-Brandenburg-Pommern 1966). (Bonn 1: Schleswig-Holstein Offa 13, 1954, 1–16. 30, 1952, Germania Kr. Lüneburg. 164–174.von Oldendorf, 1938).zig 9, 1976, 19–37. Leidensia Praehistorica D19 Prov.Analecta Drenthe, bettes Drouwen, in ney 1984)ney 111–146. (Cambridge Prehistory and D.Miller In: Sweden. Southern of olithic / J. N. Lanting, Van Plicht der 2000: / 42, 1999/2000, 1–110. / New York New / / J. van der Plicht, De Plicht, J.De der van Rochelle New / C. Tilley (eds.) Ideology, Power Ideology, (eds.) Tilley C. / Melbourne 14 C-chronol / Sid ------Siehe www.jungsteinsite.de, Artikel www.jungsteinsite.de, Siehe Hinweise: Urheberrechtliche Kiel Link, Andreas Umsetzung: Kiel Dieterich, Holger Layout: Techn. und Redaktion ISSN 1868-3088 Impressum Email: [email protected] University of Amsterdam of University Jan Albert Bakker Albert Jan NL-3743 Baarn CS The Netherlands The Bothalaan 1 Bothalaan