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LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL and TRENDS ANALYSISCARE in TANZANIA International in Tanzania

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LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL and TRENDS ANALYSISCARE in TANZANIA International in Tanzania LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSISCARE IN TANZANIA International in Tanzania PASTORALIST Situational & Trends Analysis: Land Based Conflict in Tanzania May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IDC would like to thank members of CARE International for all their help and cooperation, with a special mention to Madubi Marcely who coordinated this research. On the ground, the Tanzanian Natural Resource Forum (TNRF), provided invaluable input on the myriad of issues and complexities that surround land based conflicts in Tanzania. I would especially like to thank Zacharia Faustin who set up the two workshops in Arusha and led the lively discussions with some of the Pastoralists Programme CSOs leaders. Authors: Ally Bedford and the IDC Team Tanzania Executive Summary Report Sections Section 1 Introduction Section 2 Land Conflict Trends Section 3 Drivers of Land Conflicts Section 4 Case Studies Section 5 Recommendations Section 6 Conclusions Annex 1 Acronyms Annex 2 Government Conflicts Records Annex 3 Case Studies Annex 4 Evictions Annex 5 Policy Brief Annex 6 Facts and Stats Annex 7 Land Use Planning Review Annex 8 TOR and Methodology Annex 9 Bibliography Annex 10 Appendices Available Appendices List Video Viewings at: https://youtu.be/QcM‐0uXoZzY May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The background of the Land Conflict Situational and Trends Analysis in Tanzania is based on the need to understand the growing incidences of violent conflicts arising in recent times. Despite a range of interventions through the Pastoralist Programme (PP) managed by Care Int., and TNRF (supported by IrishAid), land based conflicts seem to have been increasing. The aimsof this report are to inform and ‘improve the effectiveness in resolving land resource conflicts, conflict resolution strategies and document lessons for shared learning’, providing a set of clear recommendations to address the findings. The work scopesought to determine the trends in land resource conflicts, understand the drivers behind the structural, proximate and immediate causes of conflict, map conflict dynamics between the different actors in the arena and consult with them on the ground. It also explored the historical background, economic facts and statsand related policies. The Research for this was undertaken during a three‐week period in March 2016. The research team trawled through the small print of a myriad of laws and policies in Tanzania to understand the legislative framework and provide the context within which the conflicts exist. A host of hard copy stats and facts were collected from the Ministries and Districts. Itwas subsequently re‐typed, collated and analysed to find relevant data for this paper and to ascertain the economic importance of livestock rearing today and the potential for tomorrow. Data on the impacts of climate change, exponential increase in populations, deteriorating health and education services, water resources and infrastructure were also appraised to understand the big picture. Areview of a multitude of academic papers on land conflict in Tanzania was undertaken to build a preliminary Conflict Chronology and ascertain current trends. Fieldwork included interviews with the various stakeholders in Kiteto, Mvomero and Loliondowith District Officers, CSOs,farmers and pastoralists to understand their perspectives on the conflicts. Video messages were captured from some of the informants to suggest how conflicts could be reduced or resolved. Constraints: The TOR was overly ambitious and underfundedwithin the time allocated as stated in the inception meeting, inception report and workshops. Findings Trends inLand based conflicthave increased exponentially since 2006.Unless action is taken to address the proximate and structural causes of conflict, land based conflicts on the ground will continue unabated. The immediate causes of conflict were based on varied disputes over land resource use, resulting in clashes between pastoralists and commercial enterprises, conservationists, farmers, other pastoralists and local security forces. May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA Impacts from these violent conflicts have been destruction of property, loss of lives and cattle and devastating impacts on the most vulnerable, pastoralists and smallholders. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYcont. Solutionsto address the immediate causes of conflictinclude expanding the current Pastoralists Programme on the ground to reach more communities and work closer with the district authorities, especially with regards to the knowledge of the current laws and implement the policies that are aimed to protect all its citizens. The Proximate Causes of land‐based conflict are complex and caused by a myriad of reasons including the failure of the local authorities to follow the due process in law or implement policies effectively; political interference in land matters, law and justice; lack of security of tenure and central government’s backing of corporate investors. Additionally the exponential population growth, climate change, lack of provision of public services and infrastructure has all played a part to exacerbate the level of conflicts. Impacts include mass evictions of pastoralists from traditional rangelands without providing equally productive alternatives. This results in a domino effect, aspastoralists encroach on farmlands to ensure sustenance for their cattle. The affected smallholders, also operating in a disabling environment sometimesrespond disproportionately and eventually, after tit for tat reprisals, it breaks into violence. The evictions also cause environmental degradation by overgrazing as reduced lands can no longer support sustainable rangelands management. Some district authorities and political appointees make their own disproportionate responses, creating a further hostile environment. Attempts to seek justice from the law either fails or is delayed, resulting in more evictions, insecurity and further violence. The media fail to undertake due diligence of the background stories and present unbalanced news items that reaffirm the popular belief that pastoralists are the cause of the problem.The part that the government plays in backing corporations and powerful land grabbers are not cited. Solutions to address the proximate causes of conflict include extending the Pastoralist Programme (PP), to work with district officials on governance, maintain the law and support the development of land use plans. The Structural Causes of land‐based conflicts are believed to be the mind‐sets of the government towards the place of pastoralism in the 21st century. This has empowered government agencies to carry out forced evictions and have allowed investments in large‐scale agriculture and tourism to take priority over the socio‐economic development of the rural populations, homegrown resources and the environment. The ensuing evictions to promote these current economic priorities are the structural causes of conflict. Impacts, other than the loss of life and property, include the failure to optimise the economic potential of livestock in the country, ensure equitable development and increase youth employment. May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA Solutionsfor the Pastoralist Programme includes the ability to tap in and mainstream pastoralists issues with a range of other governance and accountabilitydonor programmes;The PP can also support land use plan initiatives, investigative journalism courses and Master Classes for political appointees. Long‐term solutions require changesin the law. May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA 1 Introduction: Research Background Irish Aid has funded the Pastoralist Programme operating in 3 regions of Tanzania: Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro. Care International (CI), manages the programme in conjunction with its partner, Tanzanian Natural Resources Forum (TNRF). In turn, they have worked with smaller Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) on the ground in a diverse range of interventions. The Pastoralist Programmes have been about empowerment: to encourage and enable pastoralists to participate in local governance issuesthrough increased awareness of laws, policies and mediation processes;gain access to quality delivery of veterinary services and demand more from Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs); explore practical measures to address climate change. All had a specific emphasis on empowering pastoral women in the decision‐making process, control of land and conflict resolution matters. Land Based Conflicts:One of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of the programme is reduced land based conflict between pastoralists and other user groups. Avaried range of initiatives was developed, but despite notable progress, incidences of land conflict appeared to be increasing in number and intensity. This situational and trends analysis1 is aimed to ascertain if this is the case and if so, what are the causes and what can be done about it. In response to the above, the specific terms of reference were aimed to: Identify the nature and key driving factors of specific land conflicts, including the historical, political, economic, cultural, policy and regulatory frameworks, causes and key actors/parties involved, and remedial actions taken to redress the conflicts; Develop a snapshot overview of
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