LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL and TRENDS ANALYSISCARE in TANZANIA International in Tanzania

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSISCARE IN TANZANIA International in Tanzania

PASTORALIST

Situational & Trends Analysis:

Land Based Conflict in Tanzania

May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IDC would like to thank members of CARE International for all their help and cooperation, with a special mention to Madubi Marcely who coordinated this research. On the ground, the Tanzanian Natural Resource Forum (TNRF), provided invaluable input on the myriad of issues and complexities that surround land based conflicts in Tanzania. I would especially like to thank Zacharia Faustin who set up the two workshops in Arusha and led the lively discussions with some of the Pastoralists Programme CSOs leaders.

Authors:

Ally Bedford and the IDC Team Tanzania

Executive Summary

Report Sections Section 1 Introduction Section 2 Land Conflict Trends Section 3 Drivers of Land Conflicts Section 4 Case Studies Section 5 Recommendations Section 6 Conclusions

Annex 1 Acronyms Annex 2 Government Conflicts Records Annex 3 Case Studies Annex 4 Evictions Annex 5 Policy Brief Annex 6 Facts and Stats Annex 7 Land Use Planning Review Annex 8 TOR and Methodology Annex 9 Bibliography Annex 10 Appendices Available

Appendices List

Video Viewings at: https://youtu.be/QcM‐0uXoZzY

May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The background of the Land Conflict Situational and Trends Analysis in Tanzania is based on the need to understand the growing incidences of violent conflicts arising in recent times. Despite a range of interventions through the Pastoralist Programme (PP) managed by Care Int., and TNRF (supported by IrishAid), land based conflicts seem to have been increasing. The aimsof this report are to inform and ‘improve the effectiveness in resolving land resource conflicts, conflict resolution strategies and document lessons for shared learning’, providing a set of clear recommendations to address the findings. The work scopesought to determine the trends in land resource conflicts, understand the drivers behind the structural, proximate and immediate causes of conflict, map conflict dynamics between the different actors in the arena and consult with them on the ground. It also explored the historical background, economic facts and statsand related policies. The Research for this was undertaken during a three‐week period in March 2016. The research team trawled through the small print of a myriad of laws and policies in Tanzania to understand the legislative framework and provide the context within which the conflicts exist. A host of hard copy stats and facts were collected from the Ministries and Districts. Itwas subsequently re‐typed, collated and analysed to find relevant data for this paper and to ascertain the economic importance of livestock rearing today and the potential for tomorrow. Data on the impacts of climate change, exponential increase in populations, deteriorating health and education services, water resources and infrastructure were also appraised to understand the big picture. Areview of a multitude of academic papers on land conflict in Tanzania was undertaken to build a preliminary Conflict Chronology and ascertain current trends. Fieldwork included interviews with the various stakeholders in Kiteto, Mvomero and Loliondowith District Officers, CSOs,farmers and pastoralists to understand their perspectives on the conflicts. Video messages were captured from some of the informants to suggest how conflicts could be reduced or resolved. Constraints: The TOR was overly ambitious and underfundedwithin the time allocated as stated in the inception meeting, inception report and workshops. Findings Trends inLand based conflicthave increased exponentially since 2006.Unless action is taken to address the proximate and structural causes of conflict, land based conflicts on the ground will continue unabated. The immediate causes of conflict were based on varied disputes over land resource use, resulting in clashes between pastoralists and commercial enterprises, conservationists, farmers, other pastoralists and local security forces.

May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

Impacts from these violent conflicts have been destruction of property, loss of lives and cattle and devastating impacts on the most vulnerable, pastoralists and smallholders.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYcont. Solutionsto address the immediate causes of conflictinclude expanding the current Pastoralists Programme on the ground to reach more communities and work closer with the district authorities, especially with regards to the knowledge of the current laws and implement the policies that are aimed to protect all its citizens. The Proximate Causes of land‐based conflict are complex and caused by a myriad of reasons including the failure of the local authorities to follow the due process in law or implement policies effectively; political interference in land matters, law and justice; lack of security of tenure and central government’s backing of corporate investors. Additionally the exponential population growth, climate change, lack of provision of public services and infrastructure has all played a part to exacerbate the level of conflicts. Impacts include mass evictions of pastoralists from traditional rangelands without providing equally productive alternatives. This results in a domino effect, aspastoralists encroach on farmlands to ensure sustenance for their cattle. The affected smallholders, also operating in a disabling environment sometimesrespond disproportionately and eventually, after tit for tat reprisals, it breaks into violence. The evictions also cause environmental degradation by overgrazing as reduced lands can no longer support sustainable rangelands management. Some district authorities and political appointees make their own disproportionate responses, creating a further hostile environment. Attempts to seek justice from the law either fails or is delayed, resulting in more evictions, insecurity and further violence. The media fail to undertake due diligence of the background stories and present unbalanced news items that reaffirm the popular belief that pastoralists are the cause of the problem.The part that the government plays in backing corporations and powerful land grabbers are not cited. Solutions to address the proximate causes of conflict include extending the Pastoralist Programme (PP), to work with district officials on governance, maintain the law and support the development of land use plans. The Structural Causes of land‐based conflicts are believed to be the mind‐sets of the government towards the place of pastoralism in the 21st century. This has empowered government agencies to carry out forced evictions and have allowed investments in large‐scale agriculture and tourism to take priority over the socio‐economic development of the rural populations, homegrown resources and the environment. The ensuing evictions to promote these current economic priorities are the structural causes of conflict. Impacts, other than the loss of life and property, include the failure to optimise the economic potential of livestock in the country, ensure equitable development and increase youth employment.

May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

Solutionsfor the Pastoralist Programme includes the ability to tap in and mainstream pastoralists issues with a range of other governance and accountabilitydonor programmes;The PP can also support land use plan initiatives, investigative journalism courses and Master Classes for political appointees. Long‐term solutions require changesin the law.

May 2016 IDC Ltd LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

1 Introduction: Research Background

Irish Aid has funded the Pastoralist Programme operating in 3 regions of Tanzania: Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro. Care International (CI), manages the programme in conjunction with its partner, Tanzanian Natural Resources Forum (TNRF). In turn, they have worked with smaller Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) on the ground in a diverse range of interventions. The Pastoralist Programmes have been about empowerment: to encourage and enable pastoralists to participate in local governance issuesthrough increased awareness of laws, policies and mediation processes;gain access to quality delivery of veterinary services and demand more from Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs); explore practical measures to address climate change. All had a specific emphasis on empowering pastoral women in the decision‐making process, control of land and conflict resolution matters. Land Based Conflicts:One of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of the programme is reduced land based conflict between pastoralists and other user groups. Avaried range of initiatives was developed, but despite notable progress, incidences of land conflict appeared to be increasing in number and intensity. This situational and trends analysis1 is aimed to ascertain if this is the case and if so, what are the causes and what can be done about it. In response to the above, the specific terms of reference were aimed to:  Identify the nature and key driving factors of specific land conflicts, including the historical, political, economic, cultural, policy and regulatory frameworks, causes and key actors/parties involved, and remedial actions taken to redress the conflicts;  Develop a snapshot overview of the current (and potential future?) consequences of the land conflicts on communities, specific groups within the communities (e.g. women and children), the economy of the area, poverty and vulnerability and pastoralism sustainability;  Develop a set of clear recommendations that can be used for shared learning and by the programme team in planning, design and implementation of the programme. The methodology 2 employed included desk research reviewed extracts from the Tanzania Nationalconstitution, laws, policies and implementation plans. It reviewed a range of literature including public documents and statistics, academic research papers as well as CSOs and media reports. Field study targeted Loliondo, Mvomero and Kiteto Districts, which have experienced various high‐profile conflicts in recent times.Over 200 key informants from the district, CSOs, farmers and pastoralists3 were interviewed or participated in Focus Group Discussions were held. A validation workshop was held at Equator Hotel in Arusha on16thof May, 2016and drew 3 government representatives from Kiteto, Loliondo and Arusha councils and 17 NGOs representatives. Conflict trends were identified from several sources. Data wascollected from the Ministry of Livestock (MLVS), which only revealed 14 entries from 1945–2016. Three of the conflicts took place between 1945 and 2005 and the remaining 11 took place post 2005. The latest record listed was in Mvomero

1 See Annex 8 2 See Annex 8.1 – 8.3 3 See Annex 8.4Key Informants Annex 6.18Formal Meeting Register and Appendix 1.2

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA in February 2016. Further research was undertaken as described above to determine the full range of conflicts4.

4 See Annex 6.1

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

Conflict Trends Continued

Due to time constraints, the analysis was limited to 100 incidences of conflict, although indications are that this is only a snapshot of the true extent of conflict incidents to date. In this regard, a resulting summative Chronology Graphswas developed to be indicative of the ‘trend’ only and does not represent an exhaustive list. The report structure continues with an analysis on trends, causes and consequences of conflict. Section 3 coversDrivers of Conflict. Section 4 covers the evaluation questions followed byrecommendations for the pastoralist programme in Section 5. This is followed by some design for implementation. The accompanying annexes provide the case studies, the Conflict Chronology, facts and figures and the bibliography. Additionally, there are a series of appendices that can further verify the findings of this situational analysis or can be used for further research and programme development. Finally, as part of the fieldwork,respondents were asked to capture on camera or voice recordings key messages offering suggestions on the way forward to resolve conflict. This can be accessed at: https://youtu.be/oQ‐D2sg6IbE

Study Constraints:Time and budgetary constraints restricted the sampling of the case studies, analysis of the findings, the chronology and the resulting recommendations. Overall, a three‐week timeframe for completion of the terms of reference, including field studies and analysis on issues so complex and intertwined wasvery unrealistic. As a “Snap Shot’ however, the findings and solutions proffered remain relevant.

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

2: Land Conflict Trends

Land Conflict Trends Current: Land based conflicts have risen exponentially over the last ten years. This has caused death, injury and distress amongst Tanzania’s most vulnerable populations: dispossessed pastoralists, subsistence farmers and women5. The Future: Land based conflict will continue to rise until the proximate and structural causes of land based conflicts pointed out earlier are addressed. Historical Evictions and Conflicts Historically evictions and conflict with Pastoralists include:  The Maasai Agreement of 19586 1,000 Maasai and 50,000 livestock were alienated from their traditional lands in the Serengeti by the British and resettled in Ngorongoro;  Nyerere’s ‘Operation Vijiji’ or the Villagisation Programme in the 1970’s  The 1969 evictions of the Barbaig from Hanang7, perpetrated by the Government to make way for the National Food and Agricultural Corporation (NAFCO). Livestock Conflicts Records: The Min. Livestock and Fisheries (MLVS) records 14 conflicts over the last sixty years. 11 of them were in the last ten years and the latest entry was from February 20168.As their list of conflicts seemed incomplete research was carried out from different sources listed in the bibliography and the Chronology. In reviewing a wider selection of literature9, conflicts exist not only between farmers and pastoralists, but also between pastoralists and pastoralists, village, local and national governments, national developers, opportunists, and local land grabbers,TANAPA, conservationists and international investors. Justice:Some pastoralists have tried to seek justice from the courts to prevent eviction or land grabs, but with alleged political interference in the delivery of justice, it has left many feeling further disenfranchised. Impacts of Conflicts10: The myriad of conflicts and evictions causes:  Loss of life, cattle and crops  Incarceration and cattle theft  Environmental degradation  Suffering of women and children

Future Predictions: The prevailing mind‐set of recent years have portrayed pastoralists as violent trouble‐ makers causing environmental degradation. If evictions are halted, lands taken returned, secure land tenure provided and support given, the domestic livestock industry would become fit for the 21st Century. The Conflict Chronology: The conflict chronology was developed11 to ascertain the prevalence of past and present incidences. What is produced below is an indication of the trends of conflicts and their structural

5 See Annex 6.1 Initial Conflict Chronology 6 LISSU Tundu: Policy and Legal Issues 7 See Appendix 1.01 IDC Field Surveys 2016 8 See Annex 2 and Appendix 2.01 9 See The Bibliography 10 See Annex 6.1 Initial Conflict Chronology 11 See Annex 6.1 Initial Conflict Chronology

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA causes. It illustrates that there was a huge increase in conflict during Kikwete’s administration. The Chronology Graphs: Following the desk review of over 100 documents, a chronology of recorded conflicts developed. This is not an exhaustive list, but it can serve as an indicator of the trends. Graphs below capture 1) Regions of the conflicts, 2) Types of conflicts 3) Chronology of conflicts and 4) Causes of conflicts.

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

CHRONOLOGY OF LAND BASED CONFLICTS IN TANZANIA

OTHERS 1: Pwani, Lindi, MtwaraOTHERS 2: Rape, Extortion, Corruption

OTHERS 4: Abduction, Extortion, Bribery, Corruption,Land Surveys Stopped & Rape.

SUMMARY: TRENDS IN LAND BASED CONFLICTS IN TANZANIA Land based conflicts over use of natural resources has risen exponentially over the last TRENDS IN ten years, causing death, injury and distress amongst Tanzania’s most vulnerable LAND‐ populations: the dispossessed pastoralists, subsistence farmers and women. BASED CONFLICTS Land based conflict will continue to rise until the proximate and structural drivers are addressed.

Section 3: Drivers of Land Conflicts

Background: Tanzania is the largest country in East Africa with a total land area of 94,509,000 ha and an over population of 51 million people (Source: URT census). 80% of all Tanzanians live in the rural areas –predominantly farming, fishing or livestock keeping. There are an estimated 25 million cattle and 22 million smallstocks, mostly reared by pastoralists12 who seasonally migrate to enable sustainable feeding and watering13. Agriculture and Livestock: The Livestock sector contributes significantly in achieving development goals of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP)14.

12 Dr. Yakobo Msanga et al, 2011: Tanzania Dairy Industry: Livestock Sector Development Strategy 13 Community Economic Development & Social Transformation CEDESOTA 2012 14 See Annex6 Facts & Stats

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

It provides livelihood support to 1,745,776 (37%) households and contributes about 13% to the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product. Populations: Records show that:  In 1919 there were 7 million (m) cattle requiring 14m Haof land and approximately the same amount of humans.  In 1991 there were 15m cattle recorded, just over half the human population.  In 2016 there are approximately 25m cattle requiring 50m Ha of land, and 51m people in a finite landmass of 947,303km2 or 94,509,300Ha15.

This exponential growth in both human and livestock populations is unsustainable

IMMEDIATE DRIVERS OF CONFLICTS: Farmers v. Pastoralists: In the three districts visited, incidences of farmer versus pastoralist conflicts were reported: From the farmers perspective they say the conflicts are due to ‘pastoralists’ arrogance and jealousy; bribing officials, corruption of district officers and political interference’. In a few cases, farmers admit that they had planted on known pastoralist land or stock routes. From the pastoralists’ perspective,‘those crops should not have been there in the first place, as it was their land, their pasture or their stock route to water’or,‘the farmer chased the cattle into the field to extort compensation’. Some admit they were careless with the cattle and they had trampled crops mistakenly. Pastoralist v. Pastoralist: Traditional rivalries between pastoralists have increased as land competition becomes more intensified.  Maasai versus Sonjo: There is insecurity and fears of well being on both the Sonjo and Maasai due to the reducing access to land and resources and increasing access to firearms. These insecurities have given rise to conflicts, which have become increasingly violent over the last ten years.  Maasai Tanzania versus Maasai Kenya: Traditionally the Maasai have no boundaries and do not recognise colonial constructs of country borders and thus the issue of cross border rights have no acknowledgeable space in the dialogue of mediation.  Maasai Kenya versus Maasai Tanzania: Thompson Safari’s forced cattle to detour into Kenya to access their dry season water resources. Meanwhile the District are forcing Maasai from Kenya out of Tanzania. This has caused some friction between the two clans, which the district, in a ‘divide and rule’ tactic hasplayed for their own ends. PROXIMATE DRIVERS OF CONFLICT

15 See Annex 6 Facts and Stats

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

EVICTIONS Whereas the 1959 Maasai Agreement of removing pastoralists from the Serengeti has been tainted with allegations of ‘extreme coercion’, there was some attempt to ‘consult’ before eviction and replacement land was offered in Ngorongoro, to use in perpetuity16. Over the last ten years there has been a plethora of evictions of pastoralists from lands to make way for large‐scale agricultural projects, the extractive industries, conservation, or tourism, but there are very few instances where alternative landhas been provided to meet pastoralists needs17. Evictions, past and present have left pastoralists wandering around in search of somewhere to meet their livestock’s daily needs, putting them in direct conflict with on‐going users. Some political appointees such as District Commissioners have not hesitated to evict pastoralists on the basis that: ‘These pastoralists are not from here and should go back to where they came from18’. Conservationism: The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism have been responsible for many forced evictions in the name of conservation. Whereas the protection of wildlife from poaching is a high priority, there is no evidence to show that cattle and wildlife cannot coexist, nor proof that pastoralism causes environmental degradation. Ironically, the evictions from traditional rangelands withoutalternative grazing land allocations have caused environmental damage as the carrying capacity is now well beyond its limit. Power and Influence: There are some who have used their position of power, whether political or financial to take land from pastoralists and smallholder farmers without prior consultation or any compensation, thus violating land administration principles. Where pastoralists have tried to appeal to the District authorities or the law courts, they have failed.This has led to more frustrations, which build up to more tension and the conflicts increase. Investors: Contrary to the National Tourism Policy some investors have taken land without embracing the local host communities. These investors, often backed by the District, have resulted in pastoralists being forcibly evicted from game reserves and more recently the ‘wildlife corridors’surrounding them. Climate Change: Climate change has impacted both Pastoralists and smallholder farmers, as traditional wetlands dry up, driving even more competition for dwindling resources. Alternatives: In those circumstances where plans have been made for alternative lands, they have not necessarily been implemented and funds set aside to develop the provisions required for mass livestock relocations have disappeared.19. Political Influence: Politicians vying for votes on an agenda of ethnic hatred and tribalism have also been a proximate cause of conflict. The killings in Kilosa are an example of this. PROXIMATE DRIVERS OF CONFLICT cont. District and Regional Decision Making: Political appointees are charged with authority over districts and regions have the main agenda of implementing party prioritisations.

16 Ngorongoro Conservation Area Act 1959 17 See Annex 4 18 Rufiji, Ihefu, Bagamoyo 19 See Annex 4.1 Usungu Evictions 2007

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

In some cases, efforts to show loyalty to the party have demonstrated poor decision‐making over land access, which may have been outside the law20. The former administration was very clear on what its economic priorities were and what they were not. In some cases political appointees have favoured large‐scale investment or personal gain over the needs of the people and have enabled conflict to thrive. When resources are shared, then its’ important, that users should know the boundaries. In Tanzania the Planning Act of 200721 provides a solution: In coming together to share the resources and define areas for specific use, peace can ensue. The traditional leaders can then deal with the occasional errant cow or incoming farmer that breaks the rules. Land Use Planning: Unfortunately, due to the lack of budgets, willingness to implement the Land Use Planning Act of 2007 or the human resources to support the Act, the majority of the country still has not started or fulfilled the requirements of Village Land Use Planning (VLUP) process22 over the last twelve years.‘ Even with a VLUP, current practice designates ‘grazing land’ as a ‘communal resource’, which in times of financial constraints (or greed), the occasional leaders or corrupt officials have been known to sell off the land without due process and there is no recourse to justice for pastoralists whose village grazing lands have been usurped. The Land Act has processes in place to ensure that citizens are protected from such evictions, however, where it does cover compensation for land and unexhausted improvements, it does not clearly state the rights of the transhumant herders. Pastoralist infractions on farmland (or vice versa), and most of the ensuing conflicts can be traced to past evictions. The negative political mind‐set 23 towards pastoralism during the previous administration has exacerbated the trend in conflict to alarming proportions. Forceful evictions have become more commonplace in the last ten years due to government policies. STRUCTURAL DRIVERS OF CONFLICT Livestock Development from 2005 President Jakaya Kikwete in his inaugural speech at the end of 2005, stated: “We will take actions to improve our livestock keeping… ‘We are obliged to move away from pastoralism which is turning the whole country into grazing land, neither pastoralists nor cattle are getting any fatter ... we cannot go on with pastoralism in the 21st century24. STRUCTURAL DRIVERS OF CONFLICT As the ‘trustee of all the land in Tanzania’, the President’s speech set the tone for all the land, conservation, investment, agricultural and livestock policies over the last ten years. The interpretation

20 See Annex 3 21 See Section 4 and Annex 5. 22 TRNF Mini Workshop says the majority of Land Use Plan get ‘stuck’ at stage 4, verification by the District. 23 Prime Minster Pinda is quoted as saying “The church should be in the forefront in building community's values because having a big group of people who are not God-fearing is also a problem. We will use Kiteto as a pilot study in peace- making.” 24 KIPOBOTA Clarence: Socio-Economic Contributionof Pastoralismas a Livelihood System In Tanzania:Caseof Selected DistrictsIn Arusha, Manyara And Dares Salaam Regions Oct 2015

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA of the President’s inaugural speech by the various policy makers have focused on, “we cannot go on with pastoralism in the 21st century” rather than, “we will take actions to improve our livestock keeping”. If the aim had been to ‘take actions’ to improve livestock keeping, then there would have been budgets put aside to support change interventions. These might have included: The provision of secure lands, development of livestock infrastructure, extension services and disease control, provision of quality pastoralists’ schools, proper healthcare and family planning. However, the opposite is true25.Budgets for livestock sector in the last ten years have been insufficient to support basic needs, let alone ‘actions for improvement’26. The Livestock Policy 2006, states that the Government will provide livestock officers, the private sector should provide infrastructure, disease control within its borders27, which precludes development of the sector and the opportunity to export. There is no incentive for pastoralists to develop their own infrastructure without security of tenure. There is complete lack of support for the home‐grown livestock industry and despite having over 25m cattle in Tanzania, the government has started to import meat. Corruption: In some cases, greed and personal gain from the village level to the Ministry have subsumed common sense and good governance principles and the basic rights of people are being denied. Conflict thrives in a disabling environment. Economic Prioritisation: Changes in economic priorities, policies and budget supports have made a significant impact on current land users. These changes and the haste in which implementation is imposed, have often denied those most vulnerable the basic rights of consultation. Where land acquisition could be potentially an enabler of economic change, compensation has been insufficient or completely lacking, leaving some of the most vulnerable people to fend for themselves. Desperate people can do most desperate things to ensure their families’ socio‐economic well‐being is protected. The Future: There is little understanding as yet whether the new administration will address the Livestock or Land Policy anomalies. Various CSOs28 are working to address Land Rights and press for change, but this is a long‐term agenda while conflicts need to be addressed now.

25See Annex 6 26 See Annex 6.5 27 See Section 5 The Livestock Policy 28 See Appendix 4.3 Benchmarks for Land Governance

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

The Pastoralist Programme:The complex multi‐facetted causes of conflict demands multi‐faceted solutions and the Pastoralist Programme needs to re‐evaluate other options beyond their current remit to address the structural cases of conflicts.

SECTION 3: SUMMARY STRUCTURAL DRIVERS OF LAND CONFLICTS Presidential In 2005 President KIKWETE in his inaugural Speech said that Announcement there was no room for pastoralists in the 21st Century. Mind sets on Popular and Political mind sets POLITICAL Pastoralism The unelected political appointees that follow political and Political appointees economic agendas without due regard to the law and policies. Economic policies have prioritized large‐scale investment (at Economic Polices any social cost), over the equitable development of the rural populations. Investors are not held accountable for their actions and Investors directly contradict the policies. DCs and RCs seem to support the companies over the people. Wealthy nationals with political backing have been land Local Land Grabs grabbing large tracts of land, disposing pastoralists and smallholders. ECONOMIC Corruption Village Land sales without dues process Despite the many court cases taken against unlawful Lack of Justice evictions, local land grabs, assaults and arrests by the police, few result in justice for the pastoralists. In a country of 25 million cattle and 22 million smaller Importers livestock, Tanzania is importing meat Budgets Lack of livestock infrastructure and disease control Budgets Lack of opportunity to develop added value markets Climate change – reduced productive land and water Environmental resources; Secure Land Tenure Lack of Land tenure EVICTIONS TANAPA Environmental damage is a direct result of TANAPA evictions. TANAPA continues to evict pastoralists from reserves and TANAPA parks. TANAPA could encourage pastoralist to assist in the fight CO‐EXISTANCE against poaching in National Parks Lack of knowledge of Decision Makers lack of knowledge of their roles, POLICIES & rights responsibilities, polices and law to protect their people. REGUATORY Current policies do provide citizens protection but few FRAMEWORKS Lack of a Voice understand land rightsand develop land use plans29 Increasing human populations and need for family planning CULTURAL Over population and education to prepare for a better tomorrow. PUBLIC Lack of public services Pastoralists lack of access to health and education SERVICES

29 See Annex 7 Land Use Planning Review

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

GENDER Lack of Representation Women and youth not embraced in decision making CAPACITY Lack of capacity Skills to prevent or mediate in conflicts MEDIA Poor media coverage Media coverage on conflicts in inaccurate

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

SECTION 4: CASE STUDIES: SNAPSHOTS OF CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT

4.1: SNAPSHOT OF THE DRIVERS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT

DISTRICT KITETO CONFLICT ZONE KIMALA & ILERA

ISSUES CONSEQUENCES RESOLUTIONS

Community & Village Government: 1) Provide information and data to district officials on any criminal Immediate Cause: Farmers & pastoralist have issues in their area as early as possible. been fighting over access to resources, especially VIOLENCE & THEFT 2) Village executive officers (VEO) should be committed to implement during dry season. the land use plan. Both pastoralist and farmers should be responsible for any project in their areas with full participation.

District Government: Plans Proximate Causes: increasing violence over 1) To establish a budget from own sources to handle and sustain land resources exacerbated by large‐scale farmers, LAND GRABBING, LOSS OF conflict resolution. backed by powerful people have come into the LANDS 2) To collaborate with local and international CSOs; District from Chemba, Kongwa and Kondoa. 3) To facilitate peace keeping forums with village leaders

Structural Causes: Political interference, Migrant KITETO DISTRICT has plans to Central Government: Fundraising to facilitate a District Land Use plan farmers, Clashes with investors attract outside investors, for 44 villages, To raise funds for the Ministry of Land to enable the inviting developers to bring in a Project to succeed. range of industries, some of NGOs: which are on lands already 1) Continue to work on reducing conflict; being used by pastoralists. 2) Help raise awareness with the district on land issues; 3) Conducting workshop and seminars to assist the new association called OLENGAPA and help in the formation of other groups

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

4.2: SNAPSHOT OF THEDRIVERS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT

DISTRICT MVOMERO CONFLICT ZONE KAMBALA

ISSUES CONSEQUENCES SUGGESTED RESOLUTIONS

Smallholder Farmers and Pastoralists suggest Land use planning, not trenches. Reassign defunct national Direct Cause of Conflict: Farmers allegedly backed by high VIOLENCE, LOSS OF LIFE, LOSS OF PROPERTY, LOSS OF ranch to pastoralists. CSOs suggest ranking politicians, take over lands inside pastoralist village CATTLE, CROPS including: farmers killed 73 goats Empower them both in knowledge of boundaries, using the ‘Mwano, a youth militia group’. belonging to a widow. law and Land rights, especially women who suffer the most during these conflicts Proximate cause of conflict: 1) The ensuing court case was COURT CASE JUDGEMENTS HAVE BEEN DELAYED FOR delayed for over ten years allegedly due to political influence, YEARS; during which time the powerful farmers continued to take LAND TAKEN FROM PASTORALIST; more land, create violent conflicts. 2) Whilst the court has The current political appointees and TRENCH DUG TO SEPARATE FARMERS & failed to come to any decision, the District has destroyed the District are hopeful that the PASTORALISTS; original land use plan, redrawn the boundaries and is digging development of a dedicated ALLEGED LAND GRABBING BY DISTRICT OFFICIALS, a trench to create division between the original pastoralists agricultural region will resolve POLITICIANS AND THE JUDGE and the new farmers. conflicts. Plans for pastoralists in this development plan appear vague and MVOMERO DISTRICT INTENDS TO GIVE DEFUNCT need to be addressed. Structural Causes of Conflict: The political agendas RANCH TO FARMERS & MAKE THE DISTRICT disenfranchising the pastoralists. AGRICULTURAL BASED ‐ PASTORALISTS WILL BE MOVED AWAY TO DRY LANDS

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

4.3: SNAPSHOT OF THEDRIVERS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT

DISTRICT LOLIONDO CONFLICT ZONE Game Controlled Area No 9

ISSUES CONSEQUENCES RESOLUTIONS

Immediate Cause: During hunting season, Ortello VIOLENCE, LOSS OF LIFE, LOSS OF Land Use planning, Business Corporation guards teamed up with TANAPA CATTLE, FINES including: More direct engagement between District and Pastoralists, and KDU to stop pastoralists grazing and use water Tsh.10,000 for each cattle found Capacity building on land rights. sources in their hunting block. or they are killed. Proximate Cause: District support of the OBC, despite CURRENT STATUS: The people of Loliondo are still awaiting the failing to comply with policies of tourist investments outcome of the Region’s position on the Declaration after three and support of local people. years. Ngorongoro District Council intends to survey all the FORCEFUL EVICTIONS, WOMEN lands in Loliondo and have set a budget of Tsh280m to carry Structural Causes: The District has failed to implement TERRORISED this out. They are currently awaiting the Ministry Surveyors to laws and policies in place. Political interference with commence work. The pastoralists conflicts with OBC and local hindrance of justice and due process. government have quelled for the time being whilst awaiting resumption of the land use plans to start. DISTRICT LOLIONDO CONFLICT ZONE Engusero‐Sambu village Immediate Cause: General insecurity amongst Community Advice: Traditional Maasai conflict resolution pastoralistsdue to no land tenure or support from the mechanisms have relied on elders’ traditional knowledge and District Excess guns in the area. experience. However now some of the youth have an understanding of Tanzanian law and can contribute to the Proximate Cause: The District has failed to listen to the VIOLENCE, LOSS OF LIFE, LOSS OF process. Another recent change has been the introduction of people or provide land security. CATTLE, LOSS OF CROPS women into the meetings and their participation adds a new See Annex 6.1 dimension and provides positive outcomes. The Structural Causes of Conflict: Land Use Planning CSO Advice: Land Use planning,Build Capacity on land rights and Act of 2007 has not been implemented[1]. Many help conflicting parties to mediate peaceful; more direct Villageswith land Use Plans have not been registered. engagement between District and Pastoralists,. Find commonalities to bring them together and demand support to 20

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

sort out conflicting land status

4.4: SNAPSHOT OF THEDRIVERS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT

DISTRICT LOLIONDO cont. CONFLICT ZONE Soitsambu and Thomson Safaris

ISSUES CONSEQUENCES RESOLUTIONS

Community Advice: Traditional Maasai conflict resolution mechanisms have Livestock need to do a 180km relied on elders’ traditional knowledge and experience. However now some Direct Cause: Blockages of livestock detour to reach access to water of the youth have an understanding of Tanzanian law and can contribute to routes to nearby water sources?. during the dry season due to the the process. Another recent change has been the introduction of women into no go zone around the reserve. the meetings and their participation adds a new dimension and provides positive outcomes. Thompson Safaris appear to have Immediate Cause: The lack of backing from DC who has agreed District Advice: The TIC should insist that investors follow the law and policies consultation between investor and host to the buffer zone regardless of to protect pastoralists’ lives and livelihoods. communities; the pastoralists needs.

Structural Cause: Corruption and Pastoralists have their land rights Enforcement of existing policies, good governance principles/legislations to government support for investors over alienated without recourse to ensure effective land administration. pastoralists, justice.

SECTION 4: SNAPSHOT OF THE CONSEQUENCES: CONFLICT NOTES

 Respondents’ advice has only responded to the immediate impacts of the specific conflicts and does not address the root cause of conflicts.  Whereas most of the advice sounds well, the proximate and structural cause of the conflicts to be addressed.  The PP needs to extend its reach to help a wider range of pastoralists. 21

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

SECTION 5: PASTORALIST PROGRAMMERECOMMENDATIONS

ON THE GROUND The Pastoralist Programme has been working with pastoralists and smallholder communities with a range of initiatives, some of which worked directly or indirectly to resolve conflict. These include:

 Providing an understanding of land rights;  Empowering pastoralists women to have a voice;  Training on conflict prevention and mediation;  Encouraging pastoralist representation at the village level.

Recommended:All of these have been useful programmes and need to continue and expand to more pastoralist communities and the youth. Additionally there are other steps that could be embraced within the pastoralist programme to address land based conflicts including:

 Finding the commonalities between smallholder farmers and pastoralists to over come conflicts on shared land resources.  Supporting pastoralist representatives on Land Use Committees.  Support of public services to meet pastoralists’ needs in the future.

Impacts on the ground would be better served if there was an ability to mainstream pastoralist issues with other donor programmes on health, education, land use planning, agriculture and conservation. This could be achieved by seconding pastoralists CSO representatives to other CSOs operating more widely. (HakiArdhi, Haki Elimu etc)

AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL Currently the pastoralist programme is working with various district offices including the livestock department to empower them to work more effectively with pastoralists. Issues covered include:  Disease control and veterinary support  Pastoralist Markets and Abattoirs  Milk Collection points,added value products  Stock routes  Taxation  Land use planning

Recommended:Whereas district budgets are small they could be more effectively used to ensure that tax contributions from the livestock sector are put to:

 Develop and improve livestock facilities;  Stock routes are agreed and marked out;  Land use plans take into account pastoralists grazing and water needs;  Supporting pastoralist representatives on District Councils. AT THE GOVERNMENT LEVEL Currently the pastoralist programme is supporting lobbying to develop a pastoralist policy.

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

Recommended:This could be expanded tolobby for:

 Co‐existence on national reserves,  Revocation of land title from abandoned projects,  Urgent financial support on land use planning  Revitalising of defunct national ranches for keen pastoralist youth to train in ranching.  Master Classes for political appointees on roles, responsibilities and the law. AT THE NATIONAL CSO LEVEL

 Recommended:Advocating for mainstreaming pastoralist issues on all donor supported programmes, including health, education, land rights, agriculture, climate change, to ensure inclusiveness and a more powerful lobby.  Support investigative journalism, media outlets and watchdog organisations to cover pastoralist issues.

SECTION 5: PP REMEDIAL ACTIONS & FURTHER RECOMMENDED ACTIONS

The Way Forward: Whereas the Pastoralist programme as it stands, cannot address all the suggested actions, it is higly recommended that can work the PP work with other CSOs and donor programmes to effect change. Mind Set Changes:Current mind sets need changing. To effect this, it is important to provide the business case to policy makers that promotes the concept of a potentially vibrant livestock sector. Presidential Powers: It is believed from the research undertaken, that the former president unwittingly exacerbated conflicts on the ground over the last ten years. It therefore seems logical to present the case to the new President to really make the changes that are needed. It is the President alone that can order land revocations of abandoned projects and reallocate these lands to pastoralists that have been evicted over the years. It is the President that can address the numerous budget issues that restrain the pastoralist economy from flourishing. It is the President that can order his political appointees, such as the DCs to stop evictions and find sustainable solutions in their own areas. If the President were made aware of the issues, it is believed that the trend could be reversed.

BOX 1: RECOMMENDATIONS TO ADDRESS STRUCTURAL CAUSES OF CONFLICT: LOBBY TO: 1) Implement current policies; 2) Provide alternative lands for evicted pastoralists, with secure land tenure 3) Enforce laws and policies to protect the most vulnerable; 4) Recognise the contribution of that pastoralism plays in the 21st century economy; 5) Revocate of land of abandoned Projects, reallocate to pastoralists; 6) Revive State Ranches for Pastoralists youth to learn modern ranching techniques 7) Address Climate change; 8) Reverse evictions from national reserves, parks etc.;

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

9) Develop Land Use Plans; 10) Find a champion to walk the corridors of power to influence the above; 11) Sponsor investigative journalists to cover Evictions, conflicts and pastoralist issues; 12) Create Master classes for RCs and DCs: roles and responsibilities and laws and policies; 13) Enable support for change, provide health and family planning to pastoralists; 14) Invest ineducation for pastoralists children; 15) Ensure secure land tenure for pastoralists; 16) Advise on pastoralists markets and abattoirs; 17) Demarcate stock routes, water access; 18) Lead on cattle disease control; 19) Support co‐existence of wildlife and pastoralists; 20) Mainstream Pastoralist Issues, linking with other CSOs and donor programmes.

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

MINDSET CHANGES

It is advised that the Pastoralist Programme now expand to address the proximate and structural causes of conflict, which will require the support of key champions who can walk the corridors of power and drive change within government:

 Develop the business case and incentivise the process for measurable results.  Develop multi‐disciplinary task force teams empowered to drive each issue forward  Provide the local informants a hotline to inform the independent watchdog on land take incidences and promote accountability.  Prioritise smallholders and pastoralists economic growth.

SYNERGIZE DONOR SUPPORT

Not all of the initiatives need to be funded under the auspices of the Pastoralists Programme alone, but linkages need be created with other donor support programmes. This will ensure interface between the actors so a more holistic approach can be taken.  Potentially the Pastoralist Programme actors could be seconded to other donor‐funded programmes to enrich their reach, mainstream the issues and ensure understanding of the cultural nuancesfor equitable development and governance. HakiArdhi has been working on land use planning supported by AcT1 (SIDA and DfID) on land use planning. Most informants believe that the key solution is the development of land use plans, but illegal land sales of communal land by village leadership may impact villages’ zoning options and inadequate pastoralist representation on the land use committees would preclude equitable land use. PP programme officers could support HakiArdhi by provision of pastoralist language speakers to ensure proper representation.  Potentially there could be prioritisation of VLUP in areas of high conflict. HakiElimu has been working on the improvement on the quality of education supported by AcT (SIDA and DfID). Potentially there could be a special emphasis on ensuring pastoralist education is also provided for all children. It may include pastoralist’ boarding facilities, peripatetic teachers and catch up classes. HakiElimu has also been working with the SIDA / World Bank Programme known as BRNEd ensuring that direct funding is available to schools to enable improvements. Potentiallythere could be a special emphasis on access to education of nomadic groups, the provision of culturally appropriate books and teaching aids to more fully support the needs of various pastoralists. TGNP has been working on gender equality supported by AcT (SIDA, DfID and SIDA). Potentially there could be a special emphasis on ensuring pastoralist women are factored into the programmes. There are a myriad of donor‐funded programmes that the Pastoralist Programme and its gender component could make linkages, mainstreaming both and making a greater impact. Potentially this could include some secondment arrangement, which would more holistically address the proximate and structural causes of conflicts in the medium and long term.

LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

SECTION 6: CONCLUSIONS OF THECS&T ANALYSIS

THE SCOPE OF WORK The main purpose of this evaluation was to improve the effectiveness in resolving land conflicts and document lessons for shared learning providing a clear set of recommendations that can be used by the programme team. Conclusions on the Direct Causes of Conflicts: It was assessed that the Pastoralist Programme empowerment interventions have been successful in addressing empowerment as a whole, especially with women. They have also been successful in specific interventions on conflict and these should continue and be expanded where possible. It was suggested that this could include widening the reach to more pastoralists minority groups and the youth. Additionally it would be helpful to find commonalities between pastoralists and smallholders so they work together to find solutions and then collectively work with the District Authorities. The primary recommendation was to mainstream pastoralist issues with other donor programmes. Conclusions on the Proximate Causes of Conflicts: It was assessed that the proximate causes of conflicts was more complex. Whereas the pastoralist programme generally has been working with the district on improving services and infrastructure for pastoralists, more emphasis now needs to be in land use planning and ensuring pastoralist representation during the process. Furthermore, it was assessed that specific interventions are required to enable district officials and local political appointees follow current policies, roles, responsibilities and safeguards, which appear to be lacking at the moment. Sponsoring Master Classes for DCs and other heads might be useful in this regard, but how to initiate a programme is more problematic and follow up strategies are needed to initiate this before action is taken. Conclusions on the Structural Causes of Conflicts: It was assessed that structural causes of the conflicts primarily relate to political, economic and conservationist priorities that do not envision that pastoralism has a future in the 21st century. As a result evictions of pastoralists have escalated exponentially over the last ten years. These evictions, without provision of alternative lands and resources have been the major cause of the conflicts seen on the ground. This is further exacerbated by climate change, minimal budgets, lack of change interventions to assist pastoralist youth in learning about more modern livestock keeping. Additionally, the failure to provide adequate health and education, precludes pastoralist children of today fro having more opportunities in the future. Eliminating the structural causes of conflicts is paramount to halt the rising trend on the ground. There are a series of suggestions that have been made to address the structural causes, but all go well beyond the remit of the current Pastoralist Programme. Each suggestion needs a further review and a strategy developed with the PP partners of what is actually possible. Two suggestions could be considered more easily than the others. 1) Mainstreaming pastoralist issues in other donor programmes and, 2) supporting investigative journalism to at least expose to the public the impacts of the evictions. It was concluded the champion to resolve land‐based conflicts in Tanzania is the President, as he has the power to make some fundamental changes. A strategy with the donors and partners of the current programme needs to be developed to follow this approach.

Summary Report - IDC Ltd. – March 2016

ANNEX 1: ACRONYMS

CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi C EDESOTA Community Economic Development & Social Transformation CODERT Community Development and Relief Trust COSITA Community Support Initiatives Tanzania CSO Civil Society Organisation DC District Commissioner DED District Executive Director DILAPS Dar es Salaam Institute of Land Administration and Policy Studies DLO District Land Officer ESARO Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office ESRF Economic Social Research Foundation GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographical Information System Hon. Honourable (Member of Parliament) HUDESA Human Development Strategies Association ICUN The International Union for Conservation of Nature IDC LTD International Development Consultancy Limited ILO International Labour Organization ILO Convention No. 169 IPS Inter Press Service IUCN The International Union for the Conservation of Nature IWGIA International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs KM2 Square Kilometers LGCA Loliondo Game Controlled Area LIDA Livestock Development Association LPI Land Policy Initiative LSDP Livestock Sector Development Programme LUP Land Use Plan MDA Ministries, Departments & Agencies MN Meeting Note MoU Memorandum of Understanding MP Member of Parliament MUWAMBA Muungano wa Ushirika wa Wafugaji Wilaya ya Mbarali NAFCO National Agriculture and Food Corporation

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ANNEX 1: ACRONYMS cont

NARCO National Ranching Corporation NCA Ngorongoro Conservation Area NLUPC National Land Use Planning Commission OBC Ortello Business Corporation OCD District Police Commanding Officer PAICODEO Parakuiyo Pastoralists Indigenous Community Development Organization PINGO’s Pastoralists Indigenous NGOs Forum PM Prime Minister Prof. Professor RC Regional Commissioner RAS Regional Administrative Secretary SN Serial Number TALIRI Tanzania Livestock Research Institute TAPHGO Tanzania Pastoralist and Hunter Gatherers Organisation TNRF Tanzania Natural Resource Forum, Arusha TOR Terms of Reference TPCF Tanzania Pastoralist Community Forum TPDF Tanzania Peoples Defence Forces TSAF Tanzania Social Action Fund Tshs Tanzanian Shillings TZPPG Tanzania Pastoralists’ Parliamentary Group UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 UN United Nations UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization URT United Republic of Tanzania VEO Village Executive Officer VICOBA Village Community Banking VLUP Village Land Use Plan VSG Veterinary Specialist Group (IUCN) WCA Wildlife Conservation Society, New York WEO Ward Executive Officer WODSTA (Women Development for Science and Technology Association)

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Summary Report - IDC Ltd. – March 2016

ANNEX 2: GOVERNMENT RECORDS OF CONFLICT

CONFLICT INCIDENCES

DATE DISTRICT INCIDENCE SOURCE / EFFECTS ACTION TAKEN Source of Conflict between Maasai The Conlficts led to the loss of many The government has been taking pastoralists community and lives, theft of livestock and burning of various steps to resolve all conflicts Agropastoralist (wasonjo) in Ngorongoro houses from these two community every time they occur for instance 1945 ‐ NGORONGORO district is over land and cattle rustling. providing education on the importance 2013 of having good relations, noting the boundaries, several meetings and having good neighborliness Sources of conflict between farmers and Due to the conflict 52 people were The government has been taking pastoralits were pastoralist graze their killed and many others run away from various steps to resolve all conflicts 2000 ‐ KILOSA cattle on farms and farmers not realizing their home. every time they occur for instance 2014 pastoral villages as villages valid and thus planning of land use including arbitrary cultivate in the area of pastures. control of animal importation.

Source of conflict between farmers and During the eviction of pastoralists in Prime Minister's Statement prescribes the investor of hunting Ortelo Business hunting area cause destraction of that pastoralists should continue to live Company (OBC) is when investor needed property and 200 houses were fired. in the area when the Government is 07/02/05 NGORONGORO the removal of all citizens from the area seeking a sustainable solution on that he uses for hunting which is almost 1,500 confilct. hectares, which was Game Controlled Area. There was fighting farmers and In the conflict 5 people were killed, Brawls border between Kilindi district pastoralists in border villages in Kilindi 75 houses were fired total of 150 and Kiteto. Settlement was done to district and Kiteto. The source of the acres of various crops were identify the actual border between the 07/01/08 KILINDI conflict was contested border. destroyed and burnt, 300 cows, 106 two districts, which has scaled down the goats and 90 sheep lost. problem. .

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ANNEX 2: GOVERNMENT RECORDS OF CONFLICT

CONFLICT INCIDENCES

DATE DISTRICT INCIDENCE SOURCE / EFFECTS ACTION TAKEN The Conflict occurred between farmers The crisis led to the death of a farmer Parliamentary Committee on and pastoralists in the small town of and 6 houses were fired, 3 cows and Agriculture, Livestock and Water in Ikwiriri Rufiji district, Coast Province, the 120 goats were cut down swords and collaboration with the leadership of source of violence was due to death of 200 cattle were lost (property of Coast Province participated in the one farmer who found the children of pastoralist) resolution. Moreover Rufiji district 06/01/12 RUFUJI pastoralist herders near his farm and tested and allocate pasture in the village drove them away. In expelling collapsed of Muyuyu and relocate Pastoralists and was taken to the hospital died. from Ikwiriri to go into isolated areas. farmers and pastoralists claim they have killed their colleague and initiate violence. Conflict between the investor GRUMETI At a time when pastoralists were Company Ltd and Pastoralists. Source expelled by company's employees were Pastoralists in different times have with their cattle, 20 cows died from 2012 ‐ SERENGETI been grazing within the area owend by drowning river. Furthermore incident 2013 company deals hunting that lie close to 164 cattle of pastoralists of Isenye their villages. village Serengeti District had disappeared. 7 Villages from Kiteto district isolate a More than 34 people were killed in The Prime Minister and the leadership grazing areas in the forest of social communal clashes between farmers of Manyara Region held a meeting with protection of Emborley Murtangos and pastoralists. citizens from both sides and decide all 1/12/13 (133,000 hectares), farmers stormed and Invaders of forest reserve they have to KITETO because they lived for many years,They obey court order and out of the 31/01/14 demanded they had a legal right to own reserve. Pastoralist and farmers have that land. Source of conflict was started to leave. pastoralists incorporate animal in the park and feed on crops . 31

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ANNEX 2: GOVERNMENT RECORDS OF CONFLICT

CONFLICT INCIDENCES

DATE DISTRICT INCIDENCE SOURCE / EFFECTS ACTION TAKEN There was a conflict between pastoralists One person was killed, two wounded District Defense and Security and farmers of Murero and Lalagi villages and 25 hectares of crops were Committee stepped in to stop the of Hanang District. Pastoralists of Lalagi destroyed in the fighting fighting. claimed that the area of conservation 10/01/13 HANANG forest Murero (the mother village Lalagi) is belong to them. The source of conflict was farmers from Murero village cultivated in the reserve. Pastoralists entered and they wanted to use force to take them out. The source of the conflict was a contesting There was fighting between farmers Ministers of Agriculture and Fisheries, of Mgongola River basin which pastoralists and pastoralists of Mvomero district. Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives, of Kambala village claim that lies in their 7 people were killed after clashes. Home affairs, Lands, Housing and 12/01/13 MVOMERO village and farmers they do not recognize Human Settlements Development, the village . Water with regional leadership intervened to resolve the conflicts Source of conflict was the river have a 5 people were killed in clashes Respective area received a visit from the tendency of shifting frequently so part of between farmers from Igunga and leadership of Ministry and the regions Kishapu district was taken to be the part pastoralists from Kishapu district where it was found that the problem 03/01/14 IGUNGA Igunga district. contested grazing area of was a territorial dispute between the Magalata(Kishapu) and Isakamaliwa districts.The next step was to review the (Igunga). boundaries and planning of land use in conjunction with the relevant Council.

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ANNEX 2: GOVERNMENT RECORDS OF CONFLICT

CONFLICT INCIDENCES

DATE DISTRICT INCIDENCE SOURCE / EFFECTS ACTION TAKEN Fighting between farmers and herders at Source farmers accuse herder to Police arrest 16 herders accused for Dihinga village Kanga ward enter cattle into pulses farm and murder and 3 farmer accused for kill asked him to pay Tsh 200,000/= cattle. Effects: Allegedly a herder instead of 11/12/15 paying cash, he came back with a to MVOMERO group of herders and attacked 12/12/2015 farmers with arrows. 1 person died and 4 people were injured. 72 cattle were killed by hacked and 80 cattle were injured Fighting between farmers and herders Source herders of Ngaite harmlet Police are investigating to identify those leasing farms to farmers at Tindiga B responsible for the violence. village. The Village leader with the villagers went to review sites claimed 15/12/2015 KILOSA to be of herders then they had been invaded and beaten by herders Effect 11 farmers were injured and admitted to hospital One farmer killed and cattle hacked at Source of Conflict was a farmer to The Masaai herders arrest one farmer Kimbiga village in Kilosa district snatch cattle who entered on his who has committed murder and farm. handed him to the Police. 15/09/2015 KILOSA Effects Police are investigating to identify those One farmer was struck by a Maasai responsible for hacked cattle. boy who died, 109 cattle hacked and died. This act was carried out by

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

farmers retaliation for killing of their colleague

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ANNEX 2: GOVERNMENT RECORDS OF CONFLICT

CONFLICT INCIDENCES

DATE DISTRICT INCIDENCE SOURCE / EFFECTS ACTION TAKEN Livestock killings The group of youth farmers invided Minister of Agriculture Livestock and Masaai herders and killed 70 goats. Fisheries visited the scene and talked to the citizens of the two sides and give 02/08/16 MVOMERO insructions to the leaders of the Morogoro region to address concerns that cause conflict SOURCE: MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK and FISHERIES

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Summary Report - IDC Ltd. – March 2016

ANNEX 3: CASE STUDIES 1: LAND CONFLICT IN KITETO IN MANYARA REGION

KITETO OVERVIEW Kiteto District Environment30 Kiteto District in Manyara Region covers an area of 16,685 km2,31and is divided into 7 divisions, 19 Wards with 58 villages and 210 sub villages. It is generally arid to semi – arid, has only one rain season between January and May and has an average rainfall of 500mm per annum. The District has a land‐ based economy of mainly agriculture and livestock keeping32. There are also forestry, beekeeping and mining activities. Transhumance pastoralism dominates the livestock industry and this contributes about 38% of the economy in the district. Kiteto has traditionally been an area for livestock and pastoralism and it is only in recent times that have farmers come in large numbers. Kiteto District Support District records show that there are currently 315,225 cattle in Kiteto, (Indigenous 315,131, improved 594), 227,468 goats, (Indigenous 225,921, improved 1,547) and 82,397 sheep. At present the average milk produced per cow is 1 to 1.5 litres per day. In order to increase this, the cattle need access to water33, which is limited during the dry season. Whereas livestock keeping is essential for the local economy, the livestock infrastructure is wholly insufficient. Last year the District Livestock Office applied for an annual budget of TSH 123,000,000 but only received one third of this amount. Without taking poultry and fisheries into the count, this equates to only TSH61 budget support for the listed numbers of cattle, goats and sheep. There are seven local livestock markets, only one ‘temporary’ abattoir and 3 slaughter slabs. The Livestock has potentially a large team34, but they have no budgets to support their routine activities, training or provide livestock facilities. The Min. of Livestock’s record for vet meds demonstrates there is only enough budget to cater for 500,000 livestock (2%) for the whole country35 which could be used in its entirety in Kiteto District. Considering the economic importance of livestock to the Kiteto economy, the aim to control disease, build capacity of pastoralists in modern techniques, it would appear that the District Livestock Officers There are 80 primary schools in the District, of which 30 are in pastoralist villages. However these schools have a ratio of one teacher per 60 students and a serious shortage desks and teaching materials. Kibaya has the only primary boarding school36. Access to health services is also a serious concern. The District has only one Hospital and 16 Dispensaries ‘on paper’. However in reality, most buildings are ‘unfinished’, without qualified staff and have few medicines or diagnostic equipment37. Access to family planning services are said to be ‘difficult’, especially in the remote areas and the scattered nature of the transhumance pastoralists.

30 See Appendix: 3.1.1 Kiteto District Documents Listing 31 34.1% of the whole area of Manyara Region, bordered by Simanjiro District in the North, Kilindi District in the East, Gairo and Kongwa Districts in the South, Chamwino and Kondoa Districts in the West 32 See Appendix: 3.1.2 Kiteto Public Services & Infrastructure Graphs 33 See Appendix: 3.1.3 Water Projects ENG & SWH 34 The district has only one Veterinary Officer, 4 animal scientists and 31 field workers 35 See Appendix: 2.08 MDA Disease Control 36 See Appendix: 3.1.4 Partimbo Stats 37 Among those 16 Dispensaries, 2 are Rural Health Centers (Sunya and Engusero); and 14 are owned by Government and the rest 2 are under private ownership (Loolera and Chapakazi). 7 unfinished Dispensaries: Katikati, Ilera, Olkitikiti, Engung’ongare, Asamatwa, Bwagamoyo, Loltepes. 37

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Current regional policy favours large agricultural projects, although there is little evidence this is working. Without investment to optimise the livestock economy, family planning provision and quality education, the next generation are being precluded from developing alternative sustainable livelihoods envisioned by the country’s leaders. Kiteto: History of Conflict Case Study 1: Emboley Murtangos Forestry Reserve v Farmers and District In 2002:38 a pilot programme was introduced by ICUN to develop the first ever formalized Forestry Conservation Reserve with co‐existent pastoralists in an area known as Emboley Murtangos Reserve (EMR). The development initiative included capacity building of both the District and participating pastoralists on forestry and rangelands management which aimed to conserve resources more effectively. As part of this process, a participatory land use plan was undertaken. In 2003: The Forestry Conservation land was surveyed and the district approved the plans. The pilot programme was deemed as a great success and there were plans to roll it out elsewhere. However, political events were to change this. In 2005: Hon. Kikwete came to power and announced in his inaugural speech that pastoralism has no place in 21st century Tanzania and that the way forward was large scale agriculture. In 2006: It was noticed that some farmers had entered the Forestry Reserve and were cultivating large tracts of land. The Pastoralists requested them to leave and when they refused to do so, the District assisted the pastoralists in their eviction, allegedly with help of funds from the pastoralists. In 2007: Fifty farmers, some with allegedly ‘high political connections’39, took the District to court and won their right to claim land within the reserve, despite that none of the claimants or witnesses came from Kiteto District and regardless of the approved land use plans. In 2010: The District won their appeal and the farmers were ordered out of the reserve. In 2011: The police come to the area to evict the farmers, however, following a call from ‘someone high up’ they withdrew and no further action was taken. In 2011: The farmers, empowered by the ‘lack of power’ of the police and alleged funding from ‘powerful people’ cleared more land; and in response to some cattle eating their maize stalks, which had already been harvested, went out and slashed the legs of several cattle. There followed a series of violent and retaliatory responses. Kiteto Changing Narrative The Prime Minister intervened and set up the ‘Bishop’s Commission’, however the legacy or the narrative changed in the process: The Forest Reserve with equitable co‐existence with pastoralist families no longer fit with the current political discourse. History has been re‐written:

"The church should be in the forefront in building community's values because having a big group of people who are not God‐fearing is also a problem”. Hon.Pinda Prime Minister

Kiteto Impact of Conflict

38 2007 ICUN 39 During the case it was alleged that the complainants were merely acting on behalf of the beneficiary owners, the MP of Kongwa, Jobu Ndugai and later, the MP for Chalinze, Ridhiwani Kikwete. 38

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Conflict inevitably brings distress to all the victims as well as economic and social impacts. Women are particularly affected by these conflicts as they cannot leave their children or elderly to face any kind of marauder, whether pastoralists or farmer. As bomas and huts are burnt down, they are left to face the consequences and rebuild their homes and ensure their children get enough food to eat. The DC on Impacts of Conflict The death of 39 people was a great loss to both pastoralists and farmer communities. It means loss of income and hardship. With each and every conflict, more hatred emerges. Some pastoralist families have migrated to other areas to avoid this continual fighting. NGO View of the Impacts of Conflict The NGOs are angry by the Bishop’s Commissions Report as it blames conflict on the Pastoralists. Conflict has bought economic depression and there is increased tribalism, annulment of land use plans and requirement to re‐asses land use needs. Women and children are suffering the most.

Kiteto Current Status The District Commissioner On Measures That Have Worked To Combat Conflict ‘We have established a mediation organ consisting of both farmers and pastoralist. We are raising funds to complete the LUP (already started, we are training VEOs on implementation of Land Law no. 5 of 1999.Whereas the conflict has temporarily subsided, it has been decided that a new Land Use Plan needs to be developed so the farmers can be secured. The District Lands Officer ‘75,000 hectares would still be reserved for the Pastoralists out of the original 300,000’. Pastoralists of Emboley Murtangos Reserve The pastoralists feel let down by the Government, which failed to provide protection and the district that has failed to safeguard their livelihoods. Meanwhile, everyone has been ordered out of the Forestry Reserve.

Kiteto Related Conflicts The research team went to two villages where violence has taken place to discover the status on the ground. Currently the situation is more settled as land use plans are being redrawn. KITETO: Case Study 2: KIMANA & ILERA: Pastoralists v Farmers and District The team went to Partimbo Ward to visit two villages, Kimana and Ilera, where conflicts between farmers and pastoralists have also become violent. The Direct Causes of Conflict include: Farmers and pastoralist have been fighting over access to land and water resources, especially during dry season. Each incident has sparked reprisals and each reprisal has been disproportionate to the initial ‘offence’. The Proximate Causes of Conflict include: Political promises were announced for the election, one candidate promising to give the disputed land to the pastoralists and the other to the farmers heightening tensions40. The Structural Causes of Conflict include:

40 As many of the pastoralists were not registered to vote, the politician advocating for more agriculture won the election 39

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Failure of the village implement the Land Use Planning, political bias against pastoralism and the failure to recognise the economic value of pastoralism and invest in the livestock sector.

Kiteto Stakeholder Views The DC believes that climate change has reduced crop production in neighbouring villages outside and that has caused an influx of both farmers and pastoralists into the area. This has added stress to the already strained resources especially in areas such as Emboley Murtangos which is very fertile; There has also been political interference assisting farmers invade grazing lands. The outsiders do not know village boundaries and should not extend farming activities to forest reserves. The District officials41added that the increasing violence42 over shared water and land resource uses has been exacerbated by large‐scale farmers, backed by powerful people have come into the District from Chemba, Kongwa and Kondoa. The Farmers43 say that Pastoralists are jealous if they see anybody do better than themselves. The Maasai call us farmers “ORUMEICK” which means “trouser‐wearers’ and when a Maasai child cries its parent rebukes him and says ‘Orumeick’ is coming to ‘get them’. The `Pastoralists say that farmers have invaded their lands and planted over their stock routes. The CSOs say that political interference has caused some conflict and the increasing population has overstretched the diminishing resources. Migrant farmers from other regions seeking for areas suitable for crop cultivations. Wealthy investors from Dar es Salaam and government officials have become local land grabbers and bought up cheap land for farming.

Kiteto Solutions to Resolve Conflicts

KITETO: District Land Officer Conflict Resolution Plan Central Government: Fundraising to facilitate a District Land Use plan for 44 villages. To raise funds for the Ministry of Land to enable the Project to succeed District Government: To establish a budget from own sources to handle and sustain land conflict resolution. To collaborate with local and international CSOs To facilitate peace keeping forums NGOs Continue to work on reducing conflict Help raise awareness with the district on land issues. Conducting workshop and seminars to assist the new association called OLENGAPA and help in the formation of other groups Community & Village Government: Provide information and data to district officials on any criminal issues in their area as early as possible.

41 See appendix 3.1.5 District responses 42 See Appendix: 3.1.7 Kiteto Conflict Survey 43 See Appendix: 3.1.6 Main Survey Kiteto

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Village executive officers (VEO) should be committed to implement the land Use Plan. Both pastoralist and farmers should be responsible for any project in their areas with full participation.

Kiteto Future Planning The Kiteto District Profile 44 has plans to attract outside investors. It has published district opportunities and invites developers to bring in a range of industries, some of which are on lands already being used by pastoralists.See Appendix 2.12

CASE STUDIES 2: LAND CONFLICT IN MVOMERO – MOROGORO REGION

The Morogoro Region is known for its good climate and geographical attributes attracting both agricultural and pastoral activities. Morogoro has been facing a number of land‐based conflicts between the pastoralists and farmers in Kilosa, Kilombero and Mvomero Districts, but since 2005 these have escalated in both number and intensity. Background to the Mvomero District Mvomero District has a population of 312,10945and characterized by high rainfalls, all‐season rivers and fertile soils, attracting both crop cultivation and livestock keeping, all vying for the same water and land resources. The district occupies a total area of 732,500 ha. The area suitable for agricultural activities is 549,375 ha. The present cultivated area is 247,219 ha. This is equal to 45% of the total area. The area that is suitable for livestock rearing is 266,400 ha. The Maasai Pastoralists have been recorded in the area since the 1880s. The residents of now Kambala Village have been there since the 1950s46. The Maasai have settled permanently in the village of Kambala and herded livestock there in a seasonal rotation, making use of the Mgongola wetlands in the dry season and the higher ground in the wet season. Kambala and Mkindo Villages in Mkindo Ward have been in conflict since 2006. Mvomero: Kambala Village – Case Study – Community Perspective A Brief History: The Maasai pastoralists were already in the area at the time of Villagisation.

1974: The pastoralist village of Kambala was officially recognized. 1986: Kambala’s geographical boundaries were surveyed with its neighbours. 1989: Kambala was provided with a Certificate of Occupancy 1993: Kambala village prepared a LUP for the village, which included pastures, access to the rivers and some small agricultural land. 2006: Pastoralist villagers took invading farmers to court 201? DC Arnold Mtaka of Mvomero allowed a further five hundred farmers to farm in Kambala. 2013, The District resurveyed the boundaries of Kambala without consultation. 2014: The Land Commissioner removed 3000 Ha from the original village.

44 Appendix 2.12 Kiteto District Profile 45 2012 Census 46 The date provided here is different to the from the Mvomero District Profile Version 3, which states: ‘In 1980’s other tribes including Maasai, Sukuma, Pogoro, Kaguru and Mang’ati/Barbeig migrated to Mvomero in search of pastures for their livestock’. 41

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2015: The District dug a trench to demarcate the boundaries 2016: The trench continues to be dug, the court case is still not concluded

Mvomero: Causes of Conflict

Direct Cause of Conflict: Farmers allegedly backed by high ranking politicians, take over lands inside pastoralist village boundaries, using the ‘Mwano, a youth militia group’. Proximate cause of conflict: 1)The ensuing court case was delayed for over ten years allegedly due to political influence, during which time the powerful farmers continued to take more land, create violent conflicts. 2) Whilst the court has failed to come to any decision, the District has destroyed the original land use plan, redrawn the boundaries and is digging a trench to create division between the original pastoralists and the new farmers. Structural Causes of Conflict: The political agendas disenfranchising the pastoralists.

Mvomero: Stakeholder Views

The DED: George Mkindo confirmed that the trench is simply a way of zoning off Kambala Village to act as a buffer zone between pastures and farms but allowing livestock access to water. The District: The District Council for Mvomero agrees the situation has been ‘quite complex’. They insist that everything has been done and the changes made have been carried out according to the laws of the country. With regards to the Trench, the DED The Farmers: Smallholder farmers in the area believe that the trench was unnecessary and the main issue has been the big farmers with political backing.

The Pastoralists: The Kambala pastoralist believe that the District Officers have abused their power and authority to steal land and create conflicts where there were none before, they have actively encouraged violence and division over the last ten years. They assert that The DC, the RC and DED are all involved for their own gain. The then RC – Mzindakaya, Judge Kimicha, MP Simidu, they have all taken land in Kambala and that’s why the trench was built.

The CSOs: Political manipulations and poor investments policies, which allow local investors to grab villager’s land. There also say there is low awareness amongst the stakeholders on the importance of legal ownership of land and procedures for its acquisition and climate change has reduced water resources. Some of the pastoralist leaders have exacerbated the conflict.47

Mvomero: Issues

The Law & Justice48(See Appendix 3.2.) High‐ranking politicians and powerful businessmen are allegedly backing the farmers invading Kambala and perverting the course of justice. Changing the Narrative: The case became less about ‘farmers from outside invading our land’ and more about a boundary dispute between Kambala and Mkindo and Dihombo’.

47 The NGOs mentioned that the Kambala Chairman was opinionated and made issues worse rather than being conciliatory 48 See Appendix 3.2.1 IWGIA Report 23 Tanzanian Pastoralist Threatened P 55 2016: This report on the events in Kambala is able to provide far more detail between 1970s and 2015 than this Situational Analysis can provide. 42

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Lack of Consultation: During the re‐surveying of the boundaries, the Kambala pastoralists were not consulted and there was also no consultation relating to the digging. Mvomero: Impacts of Conflicts

Loss of Properties and Lives In the year 2015/2016 conflicts between pastoralists and farmers at Kambala village caused cows to be killed, 1 person killed and 3 policemen injured. In 2016, 73 goats belonging to a widow were killed by farmers. Women and Children Suffer In the illegal operations from MWANO49groups which led to fights, women hide in the bushes while their men went to fight. Hostility between the Government and the Pastoralists The agony that pastoralists is going through has caused unhealthy relationship as they consider themselves unwanted, unrecognized, mistreated and unworthy of anything, by their very own government. The one thing that could, would and should have been their redeemer and refuge is abandoning them.

Mvomero: Current Status The trench has separated the pastoralists from the Mgongolo Wetlands for pastures and the river for water, which they depend on for their cattle during the dry season. The Secondary school they built in Mkindo Villageis also on the other side of the trench. Without the support of the District or the Courts the pastoralists of Kambala Village feel disenfranchised and hopeless and conflict will continue to protect their lands and rights despite the wall. Mvomero: Case Study 2: The Mela Village Conflict Mvomero: A Brief History: In the 1980s some pastoralists approached the District to be allocated land, which was agreed, although there were a few farmers living on the land at the time and they were provided with small compensation. Over the years the number of farmers and pastoralists have increased, so too have the cattle and crops. The scarcity of land and water resources has been a cause of minor conflicts. Mvomero: Causes of Conflict

Direct Causes: Farmers and pastoralists complete over reducing use of natural resources Proximate Causes: Lack of support from the District and interfering political agendas. Structural Causes of Conflict: The District failure to develop land use plans and mediate conflict.

Mvomero: Stakeholder Perceptions The DED believes that the District is better for farming than pastoralism.

49 The MWANO are a group of vigilantes organized by outside farmers to protect their assets, but have also know to extort mney from farmers, and cause much of th problems in the area. 43

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Land Officers believe that new land use plans will be drawn up prioritising agriculture. The disused ranches will also be used for agriculture, because they are more suitable for farming and pastoralists will be moved to semi arid areas. The Farmers believe that the pastoralists are arrogant and their leaders corrupt and are increasing the numbers of cattle by inviting their friends to join them. The Pastoralists believe that the farmers have purposefully planted crops to prevent them getting water and they get favours and support from the government which are not provided to them. Both sides are equally angry with the District for not assisting them when requested. They are also angry for not providing basic public services such as health and education as well as access to markets. Each believes that the other side is getting a better deal. The CSO UMWEMA on Mela believes that the Government has not been supportive and that land use plans would solve many of the on‐going disputes. They also believe that pastoralists have exceeded the carrying capacity of land and they have caused a lot of their own problems.

Mvomero: Solutions

The District believes that land use planning will resolve conflicts and have created a 13‐man multi‐ disciplined team to carry this out including: building, forestation, agricultural, pastoral, statistics, community development and water sports and recreation and GIS operators. The CSO UMWEMA50believes that the government should listen to all sides before drawing conclusions. Their current stance is fuelling conflict. The cattle population is should be reduced and some pastoralist leaders should be less arrogant. Reassign failed NARCO farms to Pastoralists; the District should provide public services such as health and education, access to markets and infrastructure, training and other support. The village leadership should work with the district in conflict resolution mechanisms

Mvomero: On‐Going Initiatives UMWEMA has been addressing conflicts through sensitization on the importance of land ownership in 12 villages; capacity building village councils in mediations; advising councils more inclusive decision making and involving all parties in conflict, not just farmers; empowering pastoralists to appoint better representatives of their people and women in VICOBA (Village Community Banking) to generate Income through various activities. The District is considering making the whole District into an agricultural area in which all pastoralists would have to move from their current locations.

CASE STUDY 3: LAND CONFLICT IN LOLIONDO: ARUSHA REGION Loliondo District Environment

50 It was observed in the field that there is a strong bond between the organization and had respect with the t District Council officials.

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Loliondo is the administrative centre for Ngorongoro District in Arusha Region. The whole District has a population 174,27851. Loliondo has eight wards52 and twenty‐five villages that form the Loliondo Game Controlled Area (GCA). The average rainfall ranges between 800mm to 1,000 mm per annum. Loliondo is also part of the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, hosting nearly three million wildebeest, zebra, gazelles and antelope. With the onset of the short rains, the wildebeest head south into Tanzania, passing through Loliondo, outside the boundaries of SNP. This brings in tourists and several lodges have been set up taking large tranches of land from the conservation reserves. Loliondo: Livelihoods Today more than 80% of the Loliondo population depend on pastoralism, just as they have done for several hundred years. Whereas the Sonjo were the indigenous population of the area, the Maasai who are transhumance pastoralists have now become the majority ethnic group. The Sonjo practice combined livestock keeping and crop cultivation and live in the area in the Sonjo hills between Loliondo and Lake Natron.

Loliondo: Livestock Statistics District records show that there is an estimated 383,387 cattle, 2,500 are an improved breed. There are 629,884 goats, (15,000 improved) and 632,483 sheep (40,000 improved). Dairy cows produce 1,650 litres a day and 1,050 hides are harvested per annum. Loliondo: District Budgetary Support Whereas the Central Government has an annual livestock budget, this is only to carry out National Livestock Policy and some specific programmes. The livestock offices at the District level have to raise their own funds, some of which come from the district coffers, but most of it has to be found from the private sector, NGOs or livestock keepers. If a private sector group wants to provide financial support for livestock, it has to be paid directly into the District Finance Office, before it can be allocated to the Department. This bureaucratic procedure delays access to needed funds in a time sensitive area. The Serengeti National Park (SNP) is one of the private sector groups that does support the Livestock Office. It provides rabies vaccines and transport to the outlying villages in‐kind and so does the Frankfurt Geological Society. This avoids any time wasting and ensures the vaccines are received in a timely manner. Oxfam has just started a programme in Loliondo to support markets, working directly with the pastoralists also to avoid the bureaucracy of the District. This system however precludes the opportunity for District Livestock officers’ development. The Oxfam Markets programme started in 2015 and its’ focus is to developing markets, abattoirs and added value products in the existing open markets. Ngorongoro District Council has a Livestock Development Fund and in this year’s budget its has a Tsh15m budget to support the million livestock, equating to only TSH 15 per head. The District has 4

51 2012 Census 52 8 Wards:Orgosorok, Enguserosambu, Oloirien / Magaiduru, Soitsambu, Oloipiri, Ololosokwan, Arash and Maaloni. 45

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livestock development centres, but currently they have only 29 livestock officers where 72 are required to be to be fully functional. The District also has 67 cattle troughs and several charcoal dams which are natural, and 30 cattle dips, many of which are non functional. This is wholly insufficient to support the needs of almost 400 thousand (k) cattle and another 600k small stock. There are three cattle markets in Loliondo Division; Oldonyo Sambu, which was constructed in 2014 from the District Agriculture Development Programme (DADPS); There are 12 slaughter slabs in the district and one abattoir in Wasso which has just been constructed, but will not start to be start to be functional until July 2016.

Box 3.3.1 Lost Opportunities Since there are no proper abattoirs, pastoralists are forced to sell live cows, which means they do not get the full value and they miss the opportunity selling other by‐ products such as skin. Daniel Rogei, Chairperson Livestock Development Assoc. (LIDA).

There are 66 primary schools in the District and 30 Secondary schools, which have a student teacher ratio between 1:40 and 1:70 students, a shortage of classrooms, desks and teaching materials. The District has only one hospital, 5 Health Centres and 23 dispensaries, but most are under equipped and undermanned.

Loliondo: History of Conflict There is a history of disputes in the area between Loliondo pastoralists, agriculturalists, foreign investors, and government officials53. Some disputes have resulted in violence. Residents have experienced human rights abuses, extortion and intimidation, loss of property and they believe, a lack of protection under the law54. Since 2007 these conflicts have increased in intensity and frequency, and although there has been some lull in the last year, this is because decisions that will affect those living in the GCA are currently on hold. The table below is a brief snap shot if the conflicts.

BOX 3.3.2 Chronology of Conflicts in Ngorongoro District55 1921 Serengeti ‐Maasai land was declared a game controlled area; 1954 Negotiations between Maasai traditional leaders and the British began; 1958 An agreement was signed between the Maasai and the British providing the Maasai right to live in the Ngorongoro area in perpetuity; 1958 / 9 Serengeti was declared a national park and NCA established; 1975 Maasai evicted out of Ngorongoro crater, 4,000 affected; 1979 NCA listed a world heritage site by UNESCO without Maasai knowledge and evicted from the archaeological sites; 1984 Sukenya farm, 10,000 acres are alienated for TBL for barley production and Maasai are evicted; 1990 All the villages in Loliondo obtained title deeds; 1992 Govt. leased 19 village lands for hunting without community consent;

53 Michael Echieng: 2008 Conflicts in Ngorongoro District: Causes, consequences and possible solutions. 54 See Appendix 3.3.1;Ngorongoro DC; Loliondo, Dodoma Facts 55 Source: A combination of documents and field surveys collated in the Appendix Chronology 2.5 46

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2007 Maasai are evicted from Oldonyo Sambu as illegal immigrants; 2009 Wildlife Management Act of 2009; 2010 The DC ordered a mass eviction in Loliondo, 300 homes were burnt and the livestock was decimated; 2010 Govt. proposed LUP, allegedly funded by OBC aimed at creating a1500km2 wildlife corridors taking village lands without consultation; 2011/12 Revocation of village land titles by the District; 2013 Land commissioner ordered for the surrender of titles and declaration of 1,500 Km2 to be a wildlife corridor; 2013 Due to the public outcry of this land take, the Prime Minister ordered new participatory land use plans to be developed. 2014 The Ministry of lands order the surveys to be stopped without explanation; 2104 The Minister for Natural Resources and Tourism offered inhabitants of the contested area compensation of 1 Billion shillings, which was rejected; 2014 Following more public outcry, President Kikwete used social media to confirm there has never been, nor ever will be a plan to evict pastoralists; 2016 FEB: The Ngorongoro District Council began re‐surveying the land again, but the RAS halted aspirations again.

Loliondo: Background According to Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999, all land in Loliondo Division is classified as Village Land. The same land is also under Game Controlled Area.56 (GCA) that since 1992 has been leased to the Ortello Business Corporation. Loliondo: Causes of Conflict

The Immediate Cause of Friction: During hunting season Ortello Business Corporation guards teamed up with TANAPA and KDU to stop pastoralists grazing and use water sources in their hunting block. Esero village are furious about this as it is their land and they have to pay a Tsh.10,000 fine for each cattle found in the area. If they fail to pay this fine, their cattle are killed. Proximate Cause of Friction: OBC was given the ‘concession’ to open a hunting operation, they were not given the land, which remains in the hands of the villagers, but no consultation process was undertaken. In 2008 central government and OBC convinced villages to sign an MoU in which villages would leave an area for wildlife. Only three villages out of nine signed this MoU. Despite the refusal to sign, OBC deposited 25,000/‐ to villages’ accounts57. OBC uses this MoU as basis for eviction and stopping cattle to use area.

56 KIPOBOTA Clarence. 2013 The State of Pastoralists’ Rights in Tanzania Parakuio Pastoralists Indigenous Community Development Organization978-9987-9726-1-6 www.iwgia.org 57 NANGIRIA Samwel, 2008 Resource Based Conflict in Ngorongoro District. Ngorongoro District Council. 47

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Structural Causes of Conflict: The District has failed to implement laws and policies in place. Political interference in hindered justice and due process.

Loliondo: Stakeholders Perspectives on the Causes of Conflict

The President: Following media reports that the Maasai were about to be evicted from the area, Kikwete sent a tweet stating ‘There has never been, nor will they ever be any plan by the government of Tanzania to evict the Maasai people from their ancestral land’. Interestingly, Loliondo is not an ancestral land. District Perspectives: The District Council feel that the DC were has failed to engage and listen to people’s concerns, which has exacerbated conflict and distrust; OBC lacks the capacity to manage community engagement and instead have used unreasonable force; political interference has exacerbated conflict. The DC was notably not available to comment. Community Perspectives: Pastoralists The communities generally felt that government sided with the corporations over their own citizens.

Loliondo: Current Status

Following the public outcry against the evictions, the former Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda, wrote to Arusha Regional Commissioner on May 2013 explaining his government position was to revisit Declaration pertaining to the Loliondo GCA5859. The people of Loliondo are still awaiting the outcome of the Region’s position on the Declaration after three years. Ngorongoro District Council intends to survey all the lands in Loliondo and have a budget of Tsh280m to carry this out. They are currently awaiting the Ministry Surveyors to commence work. The pastoralists conflicts with OBC and local government have quelled for the time being whilst awaiting resumption of the land use plans to start.

Loliondo: Conflicts 2: Farmers And Pastoralists Loliondo: Background The eastern part of Ngorongoro District Sale Division is home to agro pastoralist tribe of Batemi and the Maasai following evictions from elsewhere. They have been in dispute over the years. Maasai pastoralists from the Loita clan in Enguserosambu village have been in dispute with Batemi farmers from Kisangiro village over unclear village boundaries. District Land, Natural Resource, and Environment Officer, Mr Byorushengo60, attributes this conflict to the fact that the land has not been properly surveyed. There have been reports of Batemi farmers expanding their farms into Enguserosambu, thus invading pastures or blocking important routes to water sources. There are also reports of Maasai pastoralist letting their cattle loose onto Batemi farms. Loliondo: Causes of Conflict:

58 See Appendix 3.3.2 Prime Minister’s letter to Arusha RC on 30th May 2013. 59 https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/tanzania/dispossession-and-land-tenure- tanzania-what-hope-courts 60 See Appendix 3.3.3; MN Loliondo Land Officer Interview Byorushengo, Ngorongoro 15th March 2016 48

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Immediate Cause: General insecurity amongst pastoralists faced with no security of tenure or support from the District and an excess of guns on both sides. Proximate Cause: The District has failed to listen to the people or provide land security. The Structural Causes of Conflict: Land Use Planning Act of 2007 has not been implemented61. Many with Village land Use Plans have not been registered. Loliondo: Current Status The conflicts are on‐going62 and promises of developing land use plans have not materialised. Loliondo Conflicts 3 Tourism And Pastoralists Loliondo: Background Another conflict between villages and investors involves the village of Soitsambu and Thomson Safaris (TS), which leased 12,600 acres of Sukenya Farm from Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL). Soitsambu village had already been in dispute with TBL over the acquisition of the land and were further angered by its lease to Thompson Safaris63. The village claims that TS has been expanding this farm to include village land, thus denying pastoralists the right to use their land and access water resources. Loliondo: Causes of Conflict Direct Cause: Blockages of livestock routes to water. Immediate Cause: The lack of consultation between investor and host communities; Structural Cause: Corruption and government support for investors over pastoralists, Loliondo: Stakeholders Perceptions

The District Perspective: Investment in the area needs to be reviewed as it has so far failed to provide benefits to the people. Instead it has bought hardship and given the district a bad reputation. If the TIC wants to be effective in attracting investment here, then it should ensure that investors engage more effectively with local government authorities. After a lot of pressure, the Ngorongoro District Council has finally formed a task force to deal with all land conflicts. It is comprised of district officials who provide professional advice, elders of both Batemi and Maasai tribes.

Loliondo: Solutions

Community Advice: Traditional Maasai conflict resolution mechanisms have relied on elders’ traditional knowledge and experience. However now some of the youth have an understanding of Tanzanian law and can contribute to the process. Another recent change has been the introduction of women into the meetings and their participation adds a new dimension and provides positive outcomes. District Advice: The TIC should insist that investors follow the law and policies to protect pastoralists lives and livelihoods. CSOs Advice: Capacity build conflicting parties to mediate peacefully.

61 See Appendix 3.3.4 Loliondo Maps 62 See appendix 3.3.6: MN Loliondo Wasso Village Chairman; Interview with Revocatus Parapara. 15th March 2016 63 See Appendix 3.3.8 MN Loliondo: Enguserosambu FGD with Elders 16th March 2016 49

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ANNEX 4.1: USUNGU EVICTION

PST RESPONDENT DISTRICT ROLE TEL NO Retired Kilosa District Joakim Materu Lindi Livestock Officer REF ITEM COMMENT 1 WHY and WHEN was there a decision to move Pastoralists from Usungu Plains to Lindi

The reason given for the 2006‐7 evictions of pastoralists from the Ihefu Wetlands in Usungu Plains, Mbarali District Mbeya Region, was due to environmental degradation and over grazing. There were just too many pastoralists.

2 WHAT plans were put in place by WHOM to move them Following meeting with the Ministry and District Livestock officers, a plan was put into process to ensure that grasslands, access to water, were present in Lindi. That the District would undertake PLUM with the Host villages, supply cattle dips, markets, stock routes and dams. The Pastoralists moving would have better access to education, health and infrastructure would be supported by the District Council. 3 WHAT was the process and TIME involved? The Eviction notice was given, passes would be provided by the District Livestock Officer for cattle to move through different districts to reach Lindi. Alternatively, if cattle were found roaming, they would be confiscated and owners fined 30,000 for each head of cattle. 4 WHAT was the BUDGET put aside and what did it cover? The district was provided funds to support the plan. re was no special budget form the Ministry instead the District Council spend out of its budget which caused a lot of corruption. And they used the money received from the fine collected from the pastoralists captured

cattle. The money was directed to pay the officials like policemen and building of Bomas for cattle which were captured. 5 HOW MANY PSTs AGREED / FORCED to move? This was a forced eviction. There was no consultation with the pastoralists before hand. The

order was give and they had to move or face cattle confiscation and heavy fines. 6 WHEN WERE YOU TRANSFERED TO LINDI AND DID YOU FIND EVERYTHING AS PLANNED I shifted to Lindi in 2009. I found things are completely different from what we expected. The environment was unfriendly and torturing for the PST who managed to get there. The hosts were not welcoming and kind to the PST.

The LUP conducted in the area did not involve both sides instead only farmers, so the area allocated for PST was not suitable for their cattle survival. Hence many PST did not stay longer in the area, many cattle died. 7 WHAT WAS NOT IN PLACE? All of the basic Livestock infrastructures like dams, cattle dip and trough were not there. The social services like school, dispensaries and water were not in place in the area allocated for PST.

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8 OVERVIEW: WHAT LESSONS COULD BE LEARND FROM THIS IN THE FUTURE Politicians are not serious with land division and do not consider pastoralists as an economic

activities. 8.1 PLANNING LUP to be done all over the country with involvement of PST and not just farmers. This will

reduce conflicts 8.2 BUDGET SAFEGUARDS AND AMOUNT

The budget is very low compared to the activities hence it should be topped up. The District

cannot afford the expenses of LUP, it has to come form the Central Government.

8.3 CONSULTATIONS WITH LOCAL PEOPLE / HOSTS It is important for the two sides to be consulted and involved in the process form A‐Z since these two groups will always live together an depend on each other. Involvement is important

ad they live together they depend on each other. It is good to understand their willingness and wishes. 8.4 LAND SURVEYS & WATER ACCESS Land surveys and mapping of water access should base on the number of the cattle and looking at the Climate factor. Water access can not be depending on river or dams only but other sources like underground and rain water tapping is to be developed. 8.5 LIVESTOCK INFRASTRUCTURE: DIPS MARKETS / INCREASED DISTRICT LIVESTOCK HR Development of these infrastructure should be in a cost sharing form so as to bring the feeling of ownership to PST but this could go smoothly if PST. In contributing to funds, its better that they are provided with security of tenure. 8.6 PUBLIC SERVICES PROVISION Dispensaries, Schools, Roads and Water were not provided (clean) 9 MESSAGE TO LIVESTOCK PLANNERS & POLICY MAKERS PST should have a place within the country's plans, they should not isolate them as they are outcasts and they are not important in the economy and have right to land tenure. They should be catered for like other Tanzanians. There should be the presence of PST Land Act which states on the pastures and all important issues on livestock as they have Acts for mining etc. 10 OTHER COMMENTS There is a tendency for the livestock sector to be moved around in the different Ministries, which means there is no continuity, no intention to support the sector. It needs as much attention as the agriculture sector and there should be a Ministry of Livestock in its own right.

Summary Report - IDC Ltd. – March 2016

ANNEX 4.2: HANANG EVICTIONS HIST REGION Manyara DISTRICT Hanang TITLE FIRST TEL 1.01 Dominic 1.04 M / F M 0766 988 891 NAME NO TEL 1.02 SURNAME Dancan 1.05 MRT‐ST 0784 779 096 NO 1.03 POSITION Katesh 1.06 KDZ E‐M 2 Hanang: NAFCO History Brief STATUS 1.10 ROLE 2.1 Status of land before NAFCO Excellent 2.2 Pastures Excellent HANANG PRE NAFCO STATUS 2.3 Water Access Excellent 2.9 SCHOOLS Provision Fair 2.4 Seasonal Movement Rare 2.10 HEALTH SERVICES Fair 2.5 Cattle Dips 2 in 50 km 2.11 EXTENSION SERVICES 2.6 Dams Fair 2 COMMENTS 2.7 Troughs Fair Cattle were in an excellent condition due to 2.8 Salt Licks 5 in 50 km availability of pasture 3 NAFCO LAND TAKE When did NAFCO take the How much notice was 3.1 1968 3.9 None Land given? Was Force used to 3.2 How much land was taken? 101,000 acre 3.10 Yes evict? Where were PSTs told 3.3 By whom? Canadians 3.11 No where to go? 3.4 By whose authority? NAFCO/GOVT 3.12 Was more land taken? No Are NAFCO Still 3.5 Which PSTs were displaced Bargaig 3.13 No Operating? Investors How many pastoralists If Not, who has the 3.6 700 families 3.14 and few displace? land locals Investors Who uses the land 3.7 How many cattle displaced? 7000 families 3.15 and few now? locals Who re‐distributed 3.8 Was there any consultation? NO 3.16 Government the land? 4 CURRENT STATUS OF PSTs IN HANANG 4.1 Any Current Conflicts? Investors Vs. Neighbour PSTs 5 COMMENTS 4.2 Latest Land Takes? Investors Approach to land Take Even that a small land that 4.3 Government policy Today? was not returned to PST. 4.4 IS District Funding Adequate No Today it is used for small scale farming. Did any PSTs go to 4.5 Yes Bagamoyo?

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ANNEX 5: POLICY BRIEF

POLICY YEAR REF ITEM COMMENT

Communal land is where grazing can take place, but this right is Village Land Use Plans should include grazing unprotected against encroachment. 1997: THE LAND POLICY 4.2.27 areas for pastoralists and this will be (2004) guaranteed against encroachment. It can then be taken for investment, sold off by the village council or can be planted upon by local farmers without consultation with the pastoralists.

As of 2013, only 800 villages out of 12,000 nationwide had been surveyed and granted land certificates, which allow them (as villages) to have proper VLUPs. 1.4 million ha land for grazing A Village Land Certificate is issued to protect LAND USE 2007 1997: livestock has been allocated in 266 villages in 15 regions common property regimes. PLANNING ACT (2004) The updated 2010 legislation requires the specification of suitable grazing land, (not communal land), which has not been enacted.

Security of tenure for pastoralists in pastoral land areas will be guaranteed by appropriate NARCO defunct ranches have been sold off to private individuals measures including gazetting to protect

grazing land from encroachment. NATIONAL LAND 1997 7.3.0 POLICY Certificates of Village Land will be issued to Actuality: NAFCO lands have not been reverted to the Barbaig protect common property regimes. evicted.

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POLICY YEAR REF ITEM COMMENT

Underutilized or neglected former pastures will be reclaimed and restored to pastoralists, when not in conflict with national interests. NATIONAL LAND 1997 7.3.0 POLICY When any activity other than pastoralism ceases in rangelands (eg. abandoned ranch) that land will revert to its original land use.

Shifting agriculture and nomadism will be prohibited.

Incentives to proper pastoral land stewardship including the provision of infrastructure like water supply and cattle dips should be provided and modern transhumant pastoralism will be encouraged.

Reality: Infrastructure, education and stock routes NATIONAL LAND 1997 7.3.3 have never been provided. POLICY Cattle movement will be regulated through coordinated planning and the provision of stock routes and other mechanisms.

Pastoralists and Agriculturalists / peasants will be educated on good land management and utilization.

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POLICY YEAR REF ITEM COMMENT

Veterinary services encompass delivery of animal health services, control and eradication of trans‐boundary animal diseases; vector and vector borne diseases; other disease of economic importance; zoo sanitary inspectorate services; veterinary public health and food safety services.

Animal Health Services Delivery. The main aim of animal health services is to control, eradicate and prevent the introduction of animal diseases. Control of Trans‐boundary Animal Diseases (TADs) and diseases of economic importance NATIONAL and zoonotic diseases is the responsibility of the 2006 Reliance on private sector for disease control LIVESTOCK POLICY Government.

Control of non‐TADs is the responsibility of the private sector and other stakeholders. The private sector is also responsible for the supply of veterinary medicines and other inputs Issues

Animal health service delivery is constrained by weak private sector, inadequate infrastructure, high‐cost of veterinary inputs, inadequate technical support services and low adoption of technologies

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POLICY YEAR REF ITEM COMMENT Policy strategies for ensuring land for tourism include: Collaborating with the relevant stakeholders in identifying and setting aside specific areas for tourism development and investment in collaboration with the relevant land authorities

Making it mandatory that all proposed land allocations for tourism investment are approved after an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies have been carried out, approved and appropriate licence issued as a measure to NATIONAL ensure sound environmental protection. These are aimed to protect communities but rarely 1999 5.6 TOURISM POLICY enforced. Putting into place mechanisms to ensure that developers and investors in the tourist industry enter into written agreements with the local authorities/communities in the areas they intend to invest in or develop. The agreement will stipulate the benefits that these communities will obtain from the alliance(s) or agreement(s) and providing for mechanisms for dispute settlement in the event of conflict of interests.

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POLICY YEAR REF ITEM COMMENT

Most tourist attractions lie within local communities or in

their vicinities and in most cases coexist side by side with the COMMUNITY communities e.g. in the wildlife areas. Some tourist These provisions are rarely enforced and rarely PARTICIPATION IN 1999 5.9 attractions such as the sea or lakes, are sources of livelihood implemented NATIONAL while others have great spiritual significance to the members TOURISM POLICY within the communities.

It is for such reasons that it is imperative for communities living within or around these areas to be fully involved in the development and management of these attractions and in addition, to get a share of the income generated from tourist activities within their areas.

Policy strategies for community participation include: Educating and sensitising communities to appreciate and value tourist attractions. Educating and sensitising individuals, public and private institutions to identify, understand, value, protect and develop the national's cultural heritage.Emphasis during

training should be placed on the relationship between tradition, customs, natural resources, the environment and the country's development plans.

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POLICY YEAR REF ITEM COMMENT

The National water policy provides for equal and fair access for water resources for the benefit of all Tanzanians including Actuality: Pastoralists are evicted from sources of WATER POLICY 2002 pastoralists to reduce conflicts and increase contribution of water. the sector to the economy.

THE WILDLIFE This appears to preclude grazing form all reserves, but the Part CONSERVATION 2009 actual wording says that grazing activities require written No written permission have ever been granted 3.15 ACT permission from the warden first.

44.2 A breach of condition subject to a fixed term shall arise‐ upon any breach arsing from any condition subject to which any right of occupancy has been granted, the right of 45.1 occupancy shall become liable to be revoked by the President the President shall note revoke a right of occupancy save for 45.2 the good cause, in this subsection ‘good cause’ shall include, The right of the president to revoke the certificate of NATIONAL LAND Act No occupancy, if there is failure to carry out the POLICY 4 1999 the land subject of the right of occupancy has been 45.3 conditions abandoned for not less that two years Breach of a condition that is a subject of a right of 46.4 occupancy. (3) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) above, 46.6 the president may revoke the right of occupancy if in his opinion it is in the public interest to do so.

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ANNEX 6: FACTS AND STATS

ANNEX 6.1: CONFLICT CHRONOLOGY CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 185 TNRF LOLIONDO LOLION Serengeti BACKGROU Maasai lived in MAASAI N/A 0 TOURISM DO (NP) ND MAASAI Serengetti IDC FIELD Serengeti / Maasai 191 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern Maasai under SURVEYS NA NA NA land was declared 9 DO Villages Villages ment control of British March 2016 a game controlled Rights of Occupancy SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL issued to 192 RURAL The Politics of 8 ISTS / GOV LAND ORDINANCE alienate land. 3 AREAS Land in Tanzania FARMERS Natives hold land under 'customary law' Loss of many Wasonj lives, theft of 194 Min Livestock NGORO o Agro‐ Cattle NA Maasai Gov Version livestock and 5 Stats NGORO pastora Rustling houses burnt lists burning Negotiations IDC FIELD between Maasai 195 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern SURVEYS NA NA NA traditional leaders Uncertain times 4 DO Villages Villages ment March 2016 and the British began IDC FIELD Colonia Serengeti was 195 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST SURVEYS NA l NA NA declared a 8 DO Villages Villages March 2016 Govern national park and 61

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ment NCA established

Safeguards promoting the interests of NGORONG Maasai citizens NGORO Colonial Gov ORO of TNZ engaged 195 TNRF LOLIONDO NGORO Serengeti COL. PSTs creates Serengetti NA MAASAI CONSERVA in cattle 9 TOURISM LOLION NP GOV Resettled Park to secure TION AREA ranching and DO wildlife / ecology ACT dairy industry within the Conservation Area Relevancy of Mobility in a Attempted to Disequalibrium RANGE "domesticate 196 Tanzania RURAL DEVELOPMENT & Pastoralists" by 24 LIVESTOCK GOV UTR POLICY 4 Pastoralists AREAS MANAGEMENT forcing them Hunters & ACT into sedentary Gatherers Org lifestyle Fact Sheet Ruaha National IWGIA REPORT ECOLOGICA USANG Park created, 196 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL DISTRIC L 27 U / EVICTION incorporating part 4 Pastoralists ISTS T DESTRUCTI IHEFU of the Ruaha Threatened ON Game Reserve

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 1. Regulating land tenure new SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL LAND TENURE 196 RURAL village The Politics of 16 ISTS / GOV (VILLAGE 5 AREAS settlements Land in Tanzania FARMERS SETTLEMENT) ACT established on virgin land 2. Rights of SUNDET occupancy PASTORAL LAND TENURE 196 2004The Politics RURAL granted to a 16 ISTS / GOV (VILLAGE 5 of Land in AREAS Rural FARMERS SETTLEMENT) ACT Tanzania Settelement Commission UTR Village VILLAGISAT population (73‐ ON PST 2009 Kilossa PARAK 75) 2,000,000 to Marginal Killings UYIO PST FIGHT over 9,000,000. 196 land for Villagisation Act Benjaminsen, 434 KILOSA FARMERS PASTO FRMS OVER PST expanded 7 PSTs 1975 Maganga & RALIST LAND livestock grazing Cultivated Abdallah S areas, destroying lands and farmer crops wetlands Farmers killed extended 1. Government SUNDET 2004 PRESIDENT resources in 196 RURAL PASTORAL PRESIDENT The Politics of 26 GOV CIRCULAR rural 9 AREAS ISTS CIRCULAR #1 Land in Tanzania #1 development to concentrate on

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starting ujamaa villages 2. Those who resists ujamaa SUNDET 2004 PRESIDENT 196 RURAL PASTORAL PRESIDENT policies denied The Politics of 26 GOV CIRCULAR 9 AREAS ISTS CIRCULAR #1 provision of Land in Tanzania #1 government services Basotu PST RANGE PST 1994 plains, EVICTION 197 HANAN NAFCO DEVELOPMENT & 1000s of Barbaig Scattering of the 2 Thousands BARABAIG DUE TO UTR ACT 0 G (GOV) MANAGEMENT evicted Dead.docx of AGRIC ACT barabaig INVESTOR Barabaig beaten up, fined and imprisoned. RANGE 1000s of Barbaig IWGIA REPORT GOV GIVES 40,000 DEVELOPM evicted. 197 23 Tanzanian HANAN BALANGD NAFCO MASS HA OF 19 BARABAIG ENT & Villages burnt 0 Pastoralists G A (GOV) EVICTION PASTORALIST MANAGEM down, dams Threatened LAND TO NAFCO ENT ACT destroyed Several 1000s Barabaig homeless Nyerere: OECD (2013) population “Overview of required to live progress & UTR VILLAGISATION 197 RURAL RESETTLEM in ujamaa policy 27 CHUNYA GOV VILLAGISAT PROGRAMME 2 DWELLERS ENT villages within 14 challenges in ON ENFORCED months. Mtwara Tanzania”, OECD Region was Policy Reviews, villagised in 64

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1970. In 1972 villagisation operations were executed in Kigoma Region and Chunya District

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Villagisation OECD (2013) effectively “Overview of translated into progress & UTR NYERERE: Live in 197 RURAL RURAL an appropriation policy 28 GOV PRESIDENTI villages is an 3 AREAS DWELLERS of all customary challenges in AL ORDER order” lands in Tanzania”, OECD practical, if not Policy Reviews, legal, terms. RIDEP Regional 1. International SUNDET 2004 Integrated donors should 197 The Politics of 38 N/A GOV TNZ POLICY Development empower district 3 Land in Tanzania Plans: Attract and regional foreign assistance administration 2. World Bank SUNDET 2004 197 commited most The Politics of 38 N/A GOV TNZ POLICY RIDEP 3 resources to Land in Tanzania RIDEP 3. Played key SUNDET 2004 197 role in guiding The Politics of 38 N/A GOV TNZ POLICY RIDEP 3 emergence of Land in Tanzania villages 2010 Impacts of 1. Expands Government RESTRICTIO cultivation & WILDLIFE 197 Policies on Past RURAL PASTORAL N EVICTION wildlife reserves, 8 GOV UTR ACT CONSERVATION 4 Livelihood in AREAS ISTS & reducing dry ACT 1974 Semi Arid Areas LANDLESS season grazing of Tanzania zone.

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Forced migration to find alternative resources ‐ Conflict in new areas. 2. Preventing RESTRICTIO trans‐boundary 2010 Impacts of WILDLIFE 197 RURAL PASTORAL N EVICTION migrations Government 8 GOV UTR ACT CONSERVATION 4 AREAS ISTS & disrupting Policies… ACT 1974 LANDLESS seasonal grazing patterns 3. 3.5m ha RESTRICTIO (34,605 km ) of 2010 Impacts of WILDLIFE 197 RURAL PASTORAL N EVICTION pastoralists land Government 8 GOV UTR ACT CONSERVATION 4 AREAS ISTS & gazetted as Policies… ACT 1974 LANDLESS Game Controlled Areas; 4. Min. for Natural Resources & RESTRICTIO Tourism can 2010 Impacts of WILDLIFE 197 RURAL PASTORAL N EVICTION make decisions Government 8 GOV UTR ACT CONSERVATION 4 AREAS ISTS & on land use Policies… ACT 1974 LANDLESS without consulting users, village, district or Parliament 5. National Parks 2011 Linkage of WILDLIFE 197 RURAL PASTORAL & game reserves livestock & Land 8 GOV UTR ACT CONSERVATION 4 AREAS ISTS established, Policies of TNZ ACT 1974 forcing

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pastoralists from traditional grazing lands

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 NEC ratified the proposal and Politics Of Land PASTORAL 197 RURAL VILLAGISATION called for it to be In Tanzania ‐ 45 ISTS / GOV UTR POLICY 5 AREAS Policy’ implemented Geir Sundet FARMERS ‘throughout the country. Maasai IDC FIELD LOCAL resettlement out 197 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST MAASAI MAASAI SURVEYS NA Govern POWER of Ngorongoro 5 DO Villages Villages EVICTIONS EVICTIONS March 2016 ment crater, 4,000 affected. OECD (2013) “Overview of Aimed to allow progress & PASTORAL the Village 197 RURAL LOCAL 1979 the Village policy 39 ISTS / UTR ACT Council 9 AREAS GOV Act was amended challenges in FARMERS ‘financial self‐ Tanzania”, OECD reliance' Policy Reviews, NCA listed a world IDC FIELD heritage site by 197 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern LAND SURVEYS NA UNESCO without 9 DO Villages Villages ment INSECURITY March 2016 Maasai knowledge.

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PST Commercial farm 1999 Historical EVICTION LAND GRAB expansion by the 198 USANG SANGU & PST economy on Land Rights 3 GOV DUE TO INTERNATI State, 55,000 Ha 0 U MAASAI verge of collapse Struggles GOV AGRIC ONAL of land including PROJECT grazing lands Ignores Ngorongor Intergrating PST o Pastoralist EVICTION conservatio Government 198 NGORO PASTORAL LOCAL Livelihoods & 4 DUE TO n act and ordered EVICTION 0 NGORO ISTS GOV Wildlife GOV AGRIC GAME pastoralists out Conservation PROJECT CONTROLL ED AREA ACT PST Grazing EVICTION LAND GRAB Barbaig forced 198 TNRF LOLIONDO HANAN Giving land to 5 lands in BARABAIG GOV DUE TO INTERNATI from ancestral 0 TOURISM G NAFCO Hanang AGRIC ONAL lands INVESTOR Results of the PST 1990 PST GOV GIVES 40,000 evictions ‐ there Barbaig EVICTION LAND GRAB 198 HANAN BALANGD NAFCO HA OF is a decline in Documentary 9 BARABAIG DUE TO INTERNATI 0 G A (GOV) PASTORALIST cattle numbers. Transcript by AGRIC ONAL LAND TO NAFCO Worsening life Charles Lane INVESTOR quality Smallholders ask permission to IDC FIELD Small holders join farm on the 198 MVOME LAND SURVEYS NA Kambala NA NA NA and co‐operate edge of 0 RO SECURITY March 2016 with PSTs Kambalas Land. Village leadership agree

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Loliondo made Village Land RESTRICTIO UTR Controlled by 198 TNRF LOLIONDO LOLION ARUSHA MAASAI GOV N OF LAND VILLAGISAT Government 0 TOURISM DO DECARATION USE ON Officials & political appointees

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Serenge GAME 198 TNRF LOLIONDO ti Allows grazing in MAASAI GOV UTR ACT CONTROLLED 0 TOURISM LOLION GCA AREA ACT DO Barabaig Barabaig takes 1999 Historical 198 HANAN grazing NAFCO COURT COURT Gvt land take from NAFCO to court Land Rights 3 BARABAIG 1 G lands in (GOV) ACTION ACTION 1970 for Giving land Struggles Hanang to NAFCO 2011 Linkages & Reversing Synergies communist era NATIONAL 198 Between The RURAL state‐owned 2 FARMERS GOV UTR POLICY AGRICULTURAL 3 Lands and Food AREAS poor land POLICY Production management Sectors and production 1. Direct land Intergrating PST conflict: land Pastoralist EVICTION WILD LIFE 198 RURAL PASTORAL WILDLI AGRIPOL POLICY fragmentation & Livelihoods & 9 DUE TO CONSERVA 3 AREAS ISTS FE 1983 agriculture Wildlife CONSERVA TION expansion Conservation TION threatens

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wildlife migration routes and PST land uses 2. Arusha Regional authorities Intergrating PST encouraged Pastoralist EVICTION WILD LIFE 198 RURAL PASTORAL WILDLI AGRIPOL POLICY people & Livelihoods & 9 DUE TO CONSERVA 3 AREAS ISTS FE 1983 investors to start Wildlife CONSERVA TION agricultural Conservation TION production in the Loliondo Division Intergrating PST 3. Village lands Pastoralist EVICTION WILD LIFE became a target 198 RURAL PASTORAL WILDLI AGRIPOL POLICY Livelihoods & 9 DUE TO CONSERVA area for 3 AREAS ISTS FE 1983 Wildlife CONSERVA TION immigrants and Conservation TION outside investors PST 1990 Faltering trust in Barbaig LAND local/national 198 HANAN BALANGD NAFCO COURT Court rules against Documentary 13 BARABAIG APPROPRIA government, 4 G A (GOV) ACTION pastoralists Transcript by TION Fear of investing Charles Lane in livestock Sukenya farm, LOCAL 10,000 acres 198 LOLION SOITSAMB NCA PST MAASAI Asserts OXFAM 2008 NA Govern alienated for TBL No consultation 4 DO U VILLAGE Villages EVICTIONS rights ment for barley production. IDC FIELD Local District Kambala Village 198 MVOME LAND SURVEYS NA Kambala NA NA NA Recognises was officially 5 RO SECURITY March 2016 Kambala Village recognized as a

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village.

Village’s IDC FIELD geographical 198 MVOME LAND Kambal Village SURVEYS NA Kambala NA NA NA boundaries was 5 RO SECURITY Surveyed March 2016 surveyed in with its neighbours.

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Loss of access to Court appeal of grazing, water & 1999 Historical 1923 Land burial sites 198 HANAN NAFCO COURT COURT Land Rights 3 BARABAIG Ordinance Reduced land 6 G (GOV) BATTLE ACTION Struggles (Barabaigs aren't resources natives) increasing conflict Village Council failed to show 2008 OPTIONS historical legal FOR PSTS TO LAND 198 HANAN NAFCO COURT Court rules against allocation of SECURE THEIR 55 BARABAIG APPROPRIA 6 G (GOV) ACTION pastoralists land LIVELIHOODS IN TION PST failed to TANZANIA prove nativity to TNZ 1. Village land SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL OVERLAPPI use planning 198 RURAL 1987‐2002 PARTY The Politics of 63 ISTS / GOV NG LAND generally 7 AREAS PROGRAMME Land in Tanzania FARMERS USE allocated haphazardly with 72

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few checks & balances 2. Policy failed to gain SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL OVERLAPPI momentum, was 198 RURAL 1987‐2002 PARTY The Politics of 63 ISTS / GOV NG LAND ill‐conceived and 7 AREAS PROGRAMME Land in Tanzania FARMERS USE of doubtable legal status ‐ led to policy vacuum 3. Partial reversal of SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL OVERLAPPI 198 RURAL 1987‐2002 PARTY villagisation The Politics of 63 ISTS / GOV NG LAND 7 AREAS PROGRAMME showed flaws in Land in Tanzania FARMERS USE existing legal framework Court case LOCAL COMPANY 198 LOLION SOITSAMB NCA PST MAASAI between Taking them to OXFAM 2008 NA Govern STOPS 7 DO U VILLAGE Villages EVICTIONS Soitsambu village court ment OPERATING and TBL Pastoralists Court evicted action 1999 Historical MAASAI Gvt clears Livestock trading 198 MKOMA against Land Rights 5 PARAKUY GOV EVICTION Mkomazi Game economy 8 ZI GR 1952 land Struggles U Reserve collapse permit Lost course case holders against evictions 2008 OPTIONS Gov gives more FOR PSTS TO LAND 198 HANAN NAFCO COURT Court awards Pastoralist land SECURE THEIR 56 BARABAIG APPROPRIA 8 G (GOV) ACTION nominal victory to foreign LIVELIHOODS IN TION investor TANZANIA

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Court: 2008 OPTIONS 1. GOV has FOR PSTS TO LAND 198 HANAN NAFCO COURT Ruled against priority in Food SECURE THEIR 56 BARABAIG APPROPRIA 9 G (GOV) ACTION pastoralists Security LIVELIHOODS IN TION 2. The suit is TANZANIA bad in law

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 The Village Council 1 trespasser SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL 198 BOUNDARY designated two sued The Politics of 77 BABATI Endagwe ISTS/FAR GOV EVICTION 9 DISPUTE areas as ‘Village Court ruled law Land in Tanzania MERS Forest’ invalid Evictions ruled 2008 OPTIONS illegal & FOR PSTS TO LAND compensation 198 HANAN NAFCO COURT Abuse of the SECURE THEIR 246 BARABAIG APPROPRIA award 9 G (GOV) ACTION process of court LIVELIHOODS IN TION National court TANZANIA overrules Paltry damages IDC FIELD Kambal Village Village gets Right 198 MVOME LAND SURVEYS NA Kambala NA NA NA gets Cert of of Occupancy 9 RO SECURITY March 2016 Occupancy Certificate. Farms built near water, 1999 Historical LAND preventing 199 LAND Gvt gives land to Land Rights 1 N/A MAASAI GOV APPROPRIA access for 0 GRABBING investor Struggles TION Maasai cattle50,000 land alienated

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Rangers take cattle into IWGIA REPORT Nationa Park and 199 23 Tanzanian MIKUMI PASTORAL TANAP CORRUPTI 59 EXTORTION N/A order penalties 0 Pastoralists NP ISTS A ON from herd Threatened owners for tresspassing 1. Leadership of SUNDET 2004 INVESTMENT the country 199 RURAL ECONOMIC The Politics of 65 VILLAGERS GOV PROMOTION changed in face 0 AREAS CRISIS Land in Tanzania POLICY 1990 of "retreat from socialism" 2. Land administration changed SUNDET 2004 INVESTMENT dramatically, as 199 RURAL ECONOMIC The Politics of 65 VILLAGERS GOV PROMOTION land officials 0 AREAS CRISIS Land in Tanzania POLICY 1990 were instructed that priority lay with assisting investors 3. Village not available for SUNDET 2004 INVESTMENT commercial 199 RURAL ECONOMIC The Politics of 65 VILLAGERS GOV PROMOTION activities by 0 AREAS CRISIS Land in Tanzania POLICY 1990 investors, except for joint ventures 4. Plenty of SUNDET 2004 INVESTMENT 199 RURAL ECONOMIC excess land said The Politics of 65 VILLAGERS GOV PROMOTION 0 AREAS CRISIS to be available Land in Tanzania POLICY 1990 for investors to

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lease

5. Plentiful land was SUNDET 2004 INVESTMENT 199 RURAL ECONOMIC accomplished by The Politics of 65 VILLAGERS GOV PROMOTION 0 AREAS CRISIS noting villagers Land in Tanzania POLICY 1990 lay claim to 'too much' land All the villages in Integrating Tanapa 199 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern All villages are Loliondo Pastoralists NA joins 0 DO Villages Villages ment given title deeds obtained title livelihood, 2014 villages deeds

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Due to the conflict 52 199 Min Livestock Patorali people were NA KILOSA Farmers Land Use Gov Version 0 Stats sts killed and many others run away from their home. Kambala request DC to ask repect Rising Big their boundaries, IDC FIELD Land tension DC Fails to support 199 MVOME Farmer he refused, but SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala encroachm between village rights. RC 0 RO s from the RC wrote March 2016 ent PSTs and does outside and informed Farmers them to follow due process.

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Unlicensed IWGIA REPORT LOCAL cultivation of 199 23 Tanzanian MVOME PASTORAL FARME GOVERNM ENCROACH Village Land Use rice on village 55 Kambala 1 Pastoralists RO ISTS RS ENT LAND MENT Plan (VLUP) land Threatened GRABBING Village Chairman killed 1. Too limited SUNDET 2004 OVERLAPPI REDUCING REGIONAL TOWN 199 RURAL capacity in The Politics of 74 VILLAGERS GOV NG LAND VILLAGER PLANNING 1 AREAS villages to carry Land in Tanzania USE LAND DIRECTIVES out directives 2. Surveys normal BEFORE land use determination, SUNDET 2004 OVERLAPPI REDUCING REGIONAL TOWN against border 199 RURAL The Politics of 74 VILLAGERS GOV NG LAND VILLAGER PLANNING disputes during 1 AREAS Land in Tanzania USE LAND DIRECTIVES demarcation Villages are normally share borders with no 'spare land' 3. Land administration SUNDET 2004 OVERLAPPI REDUCING REGIONAL TOWN 199 RURAL was performing The Politics of 74 VILLAGERS GOV NG LAND VILLAGER PLANNING 1 AREAS few regulatory Land in Tanzania USE LAND DIRECTIVES duties satisfactorily SUNDET 2004 REDUCING REGIONAL TOWN 4. Increased 199 RURAL LAND The Politics of 74 VILLAGERS GOV VILLAGER PLANNING reports of 1 AREAS GRABBING Land in Tanzania LAND DIRECTIVES landgrabbing 199 SUNDET 2004 RURAL LAND LAND REGIONAL TOWN 5. Grazing Land 74 VILLAGERS GOV 1 The Politics of AREAS OWNERSHI GRABBING PLANNING are seen as

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Land in Tanzania P DIRECTIVES communual, without ownership, Grazing land deemed a 'free land'

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 a. Confusion of ownership due PST 2009 Kilossa to overlapping PRIVATIZATION Killings RURAL OVERLAPPI land 199 POLICIES the Benjaminsen, 430 KILOSA POPULATI GOV NG LAND UTR POLICY classificationsb. 1 ownership of sisal Maganga & ON USE Overlaps estates. Abdallah legislative bodies determining land management Courts tended to LOCAL 199 LOLION SOITSAMB NCA PST MAASAI side with Court gives TBL MAASAI OXFAM 2008 NA Govern 1 DO U VILLAGE Villages EVICTIONS large right of occupancy EVICTIONS ment corporation s BEFORE ANNULMENT OF ORTELL LAND TENURE O Intergrating ACT BUSINE Pastoralist LAND GRAB Granted 2. Allegations of 199 NGORO SS LAND Livelihoods & 12 VILLAGERS INTERNATI concession to corruption and 2 NGORO CORPO GRABBING Wildlife ONAL hunting company patrimony have RATIO Conservation been made N about the OBC (OBC) lease since it was initiated in 1992

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

BEFORE ANNULMENT OF LAND TENURE ORTELL ACT: O Intergrating 1. Considerable BUSINE Pastoralist LAND GRAB Granted revenue to the 199 NGORO SS LAND Livelihoods & 12 VILLAGERS INTERNATI concession to Government as 2 NGORO CORPO GRABBING Wildlife ONAL hunting company well as support RATIO Conservation for anti‐ N poaching, and (OBC) also support for development projects Intergrating TOURIS Pastoralist LAND GRAB 199 NGORO M LAND LIBERALISATION Small holders & Livelihoods & 15 OBC INTERNATI 2 NGORO COMPA GRABBING REFORM PST affected Wildlife ONAL NIES Conservation a. The Act was almost immediately challenged & voided in court LAND TENURE ACT void. b. The SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL LAND 199 RURAL 22 of 1992 Attorney The Politics of 85 ISTS / GOV OWNERSHI 2 AREAS (Established General Land in Tanzania FARMERS P Villages) . appealed the decision c. The Court of Appeal upheld the Arusha ruling and annulled the

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

Act in December 1994 OECD (2013) “Overview of LAND TENURE ACT SECTION 3(1). progress & PASTORAL OVERLAPPI 199 RURAL 22 of 1992 Customary rights policy 86 ISTS / GOV NG LAND UTR ACT 2 AREAS (Established to land hereby challenges in FARMERS USE Villages) . extinguished. Tanzania”, OECD Policy Reviews,

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 SECTION 4. No compensation for lost land OECD (2013) under section 3 “Overview of LAND TENURE ACT of this Act. progress & PASTORAL LAND 199 RURAL 22 of 1992 Pastoralists policy 86 ISTS / GOV OWNERSHI UTR ACT 2 AREAS (Established essentially lost challenges in FARMERS P Villages) . their long‐ Tanzania”, OECD standing, clan‐ Policy Reviews, based customary rights to rangelands. Govt. leased 19 IDC FIELD LOCAL village lands for 199 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST MAASAI CORRUPTI MAASAI SURVEYS NA Govern hunting without 2 DO Villages Villages EVICTIONS ON EVICTIONS March 2016 ment community consent 200 Maasai homesteads LOCAL burnt Govern 20,000 people 199 TNRF LOLIONDO LOLION NCA PST NCA PST MAASAI VILLAGE LGA and OBC evict NA ment affected 2 TOURISM DO Villages Villages EVICTIONS LAND ACT pastoralists and 50,000 livestock OBC dispaced Grazing & Water access taken

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

IWGIA REPORT Govern Loliondao THE LAND 199 23 Tanzanian LOLION NCA PST ment LAND TAKE GOV gives Villagers not Hunting TENURE 2 Pastoralists DO Villages and EVICTIONS concession to OBC consulted Block ACT 1992 Threatened OBC 2007 IHEFU PASTORALI Eviction of more 199 tanzania_policy_ PASTORAL Ruaha River Dries 30 WETLAN GOV ST UTR POLICY than 1000 3 study_report.pd ISTS for first time DS EVICTION pastoralists f Allegedly the RC and other LAND senior LGA APPROPRIATION officers BY POLITICAL were given APPOINTEES SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL LOCAL land by the REGIONAL TOWN 199 MONDU CORRUPTI (RC etc): The Politics of 76 Lolkisale ISTS / Govern DC and the PLANNING 3 LI ON Loss of nearly Land in Tanzania FARMERS ment impact is DIRECTIVES 19,000 acres once a title through re‐ has been allocation to 71 issued it outsiders can only be revoked by president ILLEGAL & LOCAL Loss of nearly EXCESS USE Govern 28,000 acres SUNDET 2004 PASTORAL LAND OF REGIONAL TOWN 199 MONDU ment through re‐ The Politics of 76 Lolkisale ISTS / APPROPRIA POLITICAL PLANNING 3 LI and allocation to 17 Land in Tanzania FARMERS TION POWER / DIRECTIVES villager European CORRUPTI s ranchers ON

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2

PST 2009 Kilossa Rudewa LOCAL POLITICIAN 38 farmers klled Killings Ward Councillor 199 Mbuyuni, MAASA GOVERNM S STIRRING district Benjaminsen,Ma 433 KILOSA FARMERS elect promised to 3 Twatwatw I ENT LAND ETHNIC commander ganga and evict Maasai a GRABBING DIVISIONS sacked Abdallah.docx elders arrested LUP prepared for the village, IDC FIELD Land Use Plan 199 MVOME LAND including SURVEYS NA Kambala NA NA NA Prepared for 3 RO SECURITY pastures, access March 2016 Village to the rivers & agric land. Enforcement of 2007 policy against IHEFU Electricity 199 tanzania_policy_ PASTORAL unregulated 30 WETLAN GOV EVICTIONS UTR POLICY Rationing in the 5 study_report.pd ISTS mobility Eviction DS country f of more than 1000 pastoralists Policy sees Simanjiro and 2008 OPTIONS Kiteto as FOR PSTS TO reservoir for 199 REGIONAL SECURE THEIR 27 KITETO FARMERS GOV UTR ACT surplus 7 AUTHORITIES ACT LIVELIHOODS IN population, TANZANIA causing massive influx of immigrants

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

Intergrating Ngorongoro DC 1. Village Pastoralist PASTO OVERLAPPI LOCAL by‐laws/land use 199 NGORO governments Livelihoods & 6 FARMERS RALIST NG LAND CORRUPTI plans for village‐ 8 NGORO were selling off Wildlife S USE ON lands & resources land Conservation governance 2. The by‐laws Intergrating Ngorongoro DC and the land use Pastoralist PASTO OVERLAPPI LOCAL by‐laws/land use 199 NGORO zones helped Livelihoods & 6 FARMERS RALIST NG LAND CORRUPTI plans for village‐ 8 NGORO resolve conflicts Wildlife S USE ON lands & resources & developed Conservation governance tourism activities 4. Community resource mangement, helping PST 2007 PASTO pastoralists 199 tanzania_policy_ NGORO POACHING WILDLIFE POLICY 19 WILDLIFE RALIST UTR POLICY secure 8 study_report.pd NGORO /HUNTING 1998 S ownership and f longterm use rights of wildlife and natural resources 5. Reduced PST 2007 reliance on PASTO 199 tanzania_policy_ NGORO POACHING WILDLIFE POLICY poaching/huntin 19 WILDLIFE RALIST UTR POLICY 8 study_report.pd NGORO /HUNTING 1998 g activities to S f supplement subsistence PST 2007 6. Optimism that PASTO 199 tanzania_policy_ NGORO POACHING WILDLIFE POLICY wildlife, forests, 19 WILDLIFE RALIST UTR POLICY 8 study_report.pd NGORO /HUNTING 1998 plants and S f grasses will be

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conserved

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Usangu Game IWGIA REPORT USANG Reserve gazetted, 199 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL DISTRIC PST 27 U / EVICTION incorporating 8 Pastoralists ISTS T EVICTIONS IHEFU Usangu/Ihefu Threatened wetlands 1. The Village NGORO general PST 2007 CUSTOMARY NGORO, 52 assembly 199 tanzania_policy_ PASTORAL CERTIFICATES OF 16 KITETO, pastoral GOV UTR CCRO provides 9 study_report.pd ISTS OCCUPANCY SIMAJIR villages guidelines on its f (CCRO) O land resource management 2. Acquisition of NGORO customary rights PST 2007 CUSTOMARY NGORO, 52 and registration 199 tanzania_policy_ PASTORAL CERTIFICATES OF 16 KITETO, pastoral GOV UTR CCRO of village lands 9 study_report.pd ISTS OCCUPANCY SIMAJIR villages with the f (CCRO) O commissioner of lands 3. Increased pastoral security NGORO PST 2007 CUSTOMARY of tenure to NGORO, 52 199 tanzania_policy_ PASTORAL CERTIFICATES OF land, elimination 16 KITETO, pastoral GOV UTR CCRO 9 study_report.pd ISTS OCCUPANCY of SIMAJIR villages f (CCRO) encroachment, O increased access to grazing

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resources

Policy sees Simanjiro and Severe human IWGIA REPORT Kiteto as reservoir REGIONAL rights violations 200 23 Tanzanian SIMAJIR Kimotorok PASTORAL TANAP BOUNDARY for surplus 65 AUTHORITI reported 1 Pastoralists O Village ISTS A DISPUTE population, ES ACT 1000 homes Threatened causing massive burnt down influx of immigrants Bye Law Limitng PST use to desinated PST Villages ‐ 5 livestock routes defined for PST 2009 Kilossa 2001: by‐law markets Killings PASTO OVERLAPPI limiting pastoral 200 UTR BY a. areas alloced Benjaminsen, 430 KILOSA FARMERS RALIST NG LAND use to designated 1 LAW to pastoralists Maganga & S USE villages ‐ fine + are not large Abdallah prison enough b. cultivated areas in wetlands have been extended regardless Tarangi IWGIA REPORT — Boundary Con re NP & BOUNDARY VILLAGE 1,000 homes 200 23 Tanzanian SIMAJIR PASTORAL encroachment tinui Kimotorok Mkung ENCROACH DESTRUCTI burned down by 1 Pastoralists O ISTS onto village land ng unero MENT ON TANAPA. Threatened by . GR

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

10 killed first, 60 houses set Inclusive land Establishment of REGIONAL ablaze 200 use plan needed FARME RESETTLEM district land and 3 KITETO MAASAI AUTHORITI 20 further 2 for farmers, RS ENT housing tribunals ES ACT killings herders in Kiteto (2003) Destruction of livelihoods

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 PAICODEO 2013 Politician owned Report on the LAND 200 PASTORAL PRIVATISAT Reallocation of company given state of PST 32 N/A GOV APPROPRIA 2 ISTS ION ownership lion‐share of human right in TION land TNZ Approved Plans, Emboley Pastoralists surveys and a IDC FIELD Emboley Murtango 200 Reserve Forestry Reserve SURVEYS NA KITETO Murtango s NONE NONE PSTS and ICUN 2 Developme combining co‐ March 2016 s Pastoralist nt existance with s PSTs a. PSTs not consulted on establishement WAMI b. PST no longer MBIKI RANGE allowed to graze IWGIA REPORT WILDLIF RS / in the WMA; 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL Establishment of 63 E ARAB rangers shoot 3 Pastoralists ISTS WMA MANAG HUNTE cattle and burn Threatened EMENT RS temporary AREA bomas c. Harrassment & violence caught people IWGIA REPORT USANG ECOLOGICA Residents 200 PASTORAL PRESID Electricity cuts and 23 Tanzanian 27 U / EVICTION L evicted despite 5 ISTS ENT rationing Pastoralists IHEFU DESTRUCTI licenses

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Threatened ON Forcibly resettled Fines of $14,000 for refusal Livestock confiscations Maasai cross border due to falling pastoral 2012 Land PASTORALI 200 RURAL WASGONJ MAASA land, causes Conflicts East 34 ST N/A 5 AREAS O (KENYA) I conflict with Africa Paper EVICTION Wasonjo (sedentary people) Confrontation between PST and farmer leads IWGIA REPORT to killing LAND 2006 court case 200 23 Tanzanian Mabweger PASTORAL FARME VIOLENT & Local militia (The 56 KILOSA COMPETITI filed with High 5 Pastoralists e ISTS RS DEADLY Mwano) drove ON Court delayed Threatened away 1600 cattle, 1000 livestock, and set 70 houses ablaze Prime Gov Version OBC 200 Min Livestock NGORO Farmer Minister NA Pastorliats GCA in requiredg more July 5 Stats NGORO s Backs land Evictions KIKWETE IDC FIELD Emboley MP of Kongwa 200 announces KIKWETE comes to SURVEYS NA KITETO Murtango NA NA NA MP of Chilinze 5 pastrolism power March 2016 s Kikwete has no

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

place in 21st century Tanzania CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Gov Version Ngaite 11 farmers were Farmers leasing 200 harmlet Pastora injured and Min Livestock NA KILOSA Farmers their land came to 5 Tindiga B lists admitted to review but were village hospital beaten The group of youth farmers 200 Min Livestock MVOME Livestock NA invided Masaai 5 Stats RO killings herders and killed 70 goats. The crisis led to the death of a farmer and 6 houses were fired, 3 cows and 200 Min Livestock Patorali NA RUFUJI Ikwiriri Farmers Violent Gov Version 120 goats were 5 Stats sts cut down swords and 200 cattle were lost (property of pastoralist) WALSH 2007 USANG NATIONAL National Anti‐ 2006 ‐2007 200 PASTORAL Pastoralism and 11 U MBARALI GOV EVICTION ANTI‐ Livestock People settled in 6 ISTS Policy Processes KILOMB LIVESTOCK Operation Usangu and

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

in Tanzania ERO OPERATIO launched by the Kilombero N Vice President’s valleys should Office. leave immediately Herders with 100+ cattle removed, 16,000 cattle herded out 300,000 cattle and hundres of PST moved out 'voluntarily' IDC FIELD 1,500 livestock PST VIOLENT SURVEYS USANG impounded, fine EVICTION EVICTION NATIONAL ANTI‐ 200 INTERVIEW U GAME PASTORAL of tsh 15.5 12 MBARALI GOV DUE TO FROM LIVESTOCK 6 WITH LIVESTOCK RESERV ISTS million GOV AGRIC GAME OPERATION OFFICER MBEYA E 70,000 PST PROJECT RESERVES March 2016 Moved to Lindi Major spillover conflicts in districts of resettlement 16 villages disbanded VIOLENT 218,000 IWGIA REPORT PASTORAL EVICTION NATIONAL ANTI‐ livestock 200 23 Tanzanian MBARAL 13 ISTS/FAR GOV EVICTION FROM LIVESTOCK removed 6 Pastoralists I MERS GAME OPERATION Legal and human Threatened RESERVES rights violations Alienation of village lands

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

National Anti‐ IWGIA REPORT Livestock USANG NATIO LAND GRAB Forcible 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL Operation 27 U / NAL EVICTIONS INTERNATI Removal of 6 Pastoralists ISTS launched by the IHEFU PARKS ONAL Patsoralists Threatened Vice President’s Office.

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Similar to IWALANJI No loss of land & IWGIA REPORT property was 200 23 Tanzanian MBARAL PASTORAL CORRUPTI Operation Save compensated 34 Manawala GOV EVICTION 6 Pastoralists I ISTS ON Kilombero Valley Cattle rounded Threatened up, herders beaten, and large sums of money taken Records show IWGIA REPORT Parakuiyo BACKGROU 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL DISTRIC pastoralistsi in 37 KILOSSA Parakuya EVICTIONS ND 6 Pastoralists ISTS T Morogoro PARAKUIYO Threatened Region before 1850 Rangers kidnap IWGIA REPORT 06/ children & 23 Tanzanian MIKUMI PASTORAL TANAP CORRUPTI 28/ 59 EXTORTION N/A women then Pastoralists NP ISTS A ON 05 force families to Threatened pay for release TC employers Thomp Thompson burnt down son/LO changes TBL gives land to 200 LOLION SOITSAMB NCA PST MAASAI homes and OXFAM 2008 NA CAL land use Thompson 6 DO U VILLAGE Villages EVICTIONS possessions. Govern from agric Tanzania Limited Beatings, ment to tourism shootings,

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

harassment, exjudicial arrest. Emboley Eviction of IDC FIELD Emboley Murtango Farmers EVICTION Invasion of 200 FARME SURVEYS NA KITETO Murtango s EVICTION invading TRESPASS IN PST farmers into 6 RS March 2016 s Pastoralist Forestry LANDS forestry reserves s Reserve MWAN MWANO O activities Vigilant COURT IDC FIELD become more 200 MVOME es ACTION More SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala NO ACTION violent. Kambala 6 RO 'Big AGAINST Violence March 2016 takes 17 Farmer FARMERS farmers. to s from court. outside IWGIA REPORT Eviction from USANG NATIO 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL PST Usangu/Ihefu, and 27 U / NAL EVICTIONS 7 Pastoralists ISTS EVICTIONS disbandment of 16 IHEFU PARKS Threatened villages human rights IWGIA REPORT FOREIG Court of Appeal of Vilima violations 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL N BOUNDARY DESTRUCTI Tanzania ruling 65 BABATI Vitatu loss of property 7 Pastoralists ISTS INVEST DISPUTE ON ignored by local Village 40 homes burnt Threatened OR authorities down IDC FIELD LOCAL 200 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST MAASAI VILLAGE Pastoral villages vs MAASAI SURVEYS NA Govern 7 DO Villages Villages EVICTIONS LAND ACT local govt EVICTIONS March 2016 ment Governme LOCAL nt supports President ignores Farms changes 200 LOLION SOITSAMB NCA PST MAASAI OXFAM 2008 NA Govern companies grievance by hands to 7 DO U VILLAGE Villages EVICTIONS ment over villages Thompson villages 96

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Farmers IDC FIELD Emboley file suit 200 FARME COURT COURT ACTION BY SURVEYS NA KITETO Murtango DISTRICT against 7 RS ACTION PSTs March 2016 s District for Eviction 40 houses burnt Court of Appeal IWGIA REPORT FOREIG of Tanzania VILLAGE VILLAGE 200 23 Tanzanian Kimotorok N ruling ignored by BABATI DATOGA DESTRUCTI DESTRUCTI Court orders halt 7 Pastoralists Village INVEST local authorities ON ON Threatened OR human rights violations loss of property 200 Min Lands Land Use Planning 7 Act of 2007. 8 farmers killed 2014 Tanzania ethnic hatred, Struggles to End Sided with Maasai dwindling 200 Clashes MAASA CORRUPTI in driving farmers resources, poor 2 KILOSA FARMERS VIOLENCE 8 Between I ON off lands, took land Farmers and bribes management Herders Makoye and population growth 2013 Assessing Some PASTORALI 200 Dynamics of PASTORAL PST Pastoralists 3 IHEFU GOV ST Formal eviction 8 Forced Livestock ISTS EVICTIONS evicted from EVICTION Movements Mbeya settled in 97

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

Songea, Tunduru and Namtumbo Ruvuma and Coastal regions instead ‐ reluctant to move aftewards Caused by 2013 Assessing government PST fallen into 200 Dynamics of PASTORAL FARME BOUNDARY LANDLESS 9 N/A eviction scheme + poverty 8 Forced Livestock ISTS RS DISPUTE EVICTEES limited regional Water shortage Movements funds PST 2009 NAFCO LAND GRAB Councillor of Land disputes 200 HANAN Lands Audit 24 FARMERS GOV INTERNATI Bassotu ward remained 8 G Farms .pdf ONAL informed LHRC unresolved People IWGIA REPORT USANG Ruaha MP permanenetly 200 23 Tanzanian U PASTORAL Local expands border 24 MBARALI EVICTION excluded for the 8 Pastoralists KILOMB ISTS GOV incorporating NP Boundary Threatened ERO Usungu GR disputes incres Forcible IWGIA REPORT BOUNDARY Removal of USANG NATIO 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL DISPUTES / Expansion of Patsoralists 27 U / NAL EVICTIONS 8 Pastoralists ISTS LAND Ruaha NP Boundary IHEFU PARKS Threatened PRESSURE disputes increase

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Area's Donor projects abandoned Existing hunting IWGIA REPORT PASTORAL LAND blocks 200 23 Tanzanian RUAHA LAND Disbanded villages 33 ISTS / GOV APPROPRIA discontinued 8 Pastoralists NP GRABBING for creation of NP FARMERS TION Ruaha NP Threatened boundary markers encroach on village land Arrests of PAICODEO 2013 protestors Report on the POLITICIANS 200 PASTORAL CORRUPTI Cows and goats state of PST 36 KILOSA GOV EXTORTION STIRRING ETHNIC 8 ISTS ON taken away human right in DIVISIONS Livestock held TNZ hostage 8 farmers killed 2014 Tanzania ethnic hatred, Struggles to End dwindling POLITICIANS 200 Clashes PASTORAL FARME VIOLENT & resources, poor 103 KILOSA STIRRING ETHNIC 8 Between ISTS RS DEADLY land DIVISIONS Farmers and management Herders Makoye and population growth 200 IDC FIELD Emboley FARME COURT Farmers DISTRICT NA KITETO DISTRICT 8 SURVEYS Murtango RS ACTION win case ORDERED TO PAY

Draft Report SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON LAND BASED CONFLICTS IDC Ltd. – March 2016

March 2016 s even FINE BY COURTS though they have no evidence More than 34 Gov Version: people were Farmers lived in killed in 200 Min Livestock Forestry Pastoralist Farmer NA KITETO Violent the Forestry communal 8 Stats Reserve s s Reserve for many clashes between years farmers and pastoralists. Intergrating 1. Prohibits both Pastoralist OVERLAPPI WILDLIFE 200 NGORO agriculture and Livelihoods & 8 WILDLIFE LOCALS NG LAND UTR ACT CONSERVATION 9 NGORO livestock grazing Wildlife USE ACT II in GCAs Conservation 2. No land falling Intergrating under the village Pastoralist OVERLAPPI WILDLIFE 200 NGORO land can be Livelihoods & 8 WILDLIFE LOCALS NG LAND UTR ACT CONSERVATION 9 NGORO included in the Wildlife USE ACT II game controlled Conservation areas Extortion & forced sale of livestock IWGIA REPORT POLICE Operation Mabweger DC & DED District 2,000 PST 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL /FIELD EVICTION Remove 23 KILOSA e leaderssupported affected 9 Pastoralists ISTS FORCE EXTORTION PST from Mbwade by Ujaki Militia 20,000 livestock Threatened UNIT Kilosa taken and sold $500,000 paid in fines

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Houses burned down IWGIA REPORT PASTORALI 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL DISTRIC Operation Remove More evictions, 37 KILOSSA EVICTIONS ST 9 Pastoralists ISTS T Pastoralists no where to go EVICTION Threatened

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Armed rounding up of livestock and driving away IWGIA REPORT POLICE Operation of animals 200 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL /FIELD Remove DC Sanctions 41 KILOSA Mbwade EVICTION $31,000 fines 9 Pastoralists ISTS FORCE PST from removal of PSTs without receipts Threatened UNIT Kilosa PST forced to slaughter livestock IWGIA REPORT Boundary 7 herders 200 23 Tanzanian Kimotorok PASTORAL TANAP ABUSE OF 71 KITETO encroachment by robbed. 1000 9 Pastoralists Village ISTS A POWER NG, GR homes burnt Threatened Aimed to IDC FIELD protect Wildlife 200 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern LAND SURVEYS NA wild life but Management Act 9 DO Villages Villages ment INSECURITY March 2016 meant PST of 2009. evictions

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300 homes were LOCAL Wildlife The DC ordered a 200 TNRF LOLIONDO LOLION NCA PST NCA PST MAASAI burnt and the NA Govern manageme mass eviction in 9 TOURISM DO Villages Villages EVICTIONS livestock was ment nt Act Loliondo decimated. MWAN Despite the O evidence, the Vigilant COURT Support case drags on. IDC FIELD 200 MVOME es ACTION from COURT FAILS TO Famers' lawyers SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala 9 RO 'Big AGAINST powerful SETTLE CASE turn the case March 2016 Farmer FARMERS actors from a land s from invasion to a outside boundary issue Violence, huts burned Evictions LAND TAKE LAND GRAB WILDLIFE 200 TNRF LOLIONDO LOLION Continued MAASAI GOV VIOLENT INTERNATI CONSERVATION 9 TOURISM DO Harassment by EVICTIONS ONAL ACT II Gov, Police, Private Security Guards Kilombero , Ulanga & Kilosa Kilombe Districts in WILDLIFE Major Evictions 200 PINGOs Forum ro, Ramsar PASTORAL DISTRIC VIOLENT & CONSERVA MANAGEMENT and Human 9 PowerPoint Ulanga site (Tz‐ ISTS T DEADLY TION AUTHORITY Rights Violations & Kilosa 2000) & establish ment of WMA 200 IWGIA REPORT Opereshe PASTORAL Local PST Operation to KILOSA 9 23 Tanzanian ni Onda ISTS Gov EVICTIONS remove PSTs

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Pastoralists Wafugaji Threatened

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 PAICODEO 2013 WILDLIFE Report on the 201 PASTORAL TANAP ABDUCTIO CONSERVA 6 villagers state of PST 13 TARIME ABDUCTION 0 ISTS A N TION ACT disappeared human right in II TNZ SUNDET 2004 WILDLIFE 149 cattle & 20 201 Mikumi PASTORAL TANAP CORRUPTI The Politics of 41 KILOSA EXTORTION MANAGEMENT goats seized and 0 NP ISTS A ON Land in Tanzania AUTHORITY killed CORRUPTI ON Govt. proposed Allegedly LUP, allegedly Local Gov funded by OBC working on IDC FIELD LOCAL LAND TAKE aimed at creating 201 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST behalf of LAND SURVEYS NA Govern THREATEN a 1500km2 wildlife 0 DO Villages Villages OBC to get INSECURITY March 2016 ment ED corridor taking more village lands access to without any land not consultation; support svillagers LOCAL Alleged Local villages IDC FIELD Govern LAND TAKE 201 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST corruption Land use plans lose 1500km2 SURVEYS NA ment THREATEN 0 DO Villages Villages of local developed for wildlife March 2016 and ED officials corridor OBC 103

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SOITSAMB Thompson MEDIA ‐ U LOCAL changes Court case ‐ 201 THOMPSON LOLION NCA PST MAASAI NA VILLAGE/S Govern land use Pastoralist village Land insecurity 0 SAFARI LAW DO Villages EVICTIONS UKENYA ment from agric against Thompson SUIT FARM to tourism Eviction caused Prime 07/ Gov Version OBC destraction of Min Livestock NGORO Farmer Minister 02/ NA Pastorliats GCA in requiredg more property and Stats NGORO s Backs 05 land 200 houses were Evictions burnt down Police stand IDC FIELD Emboley DISTRICT 201 FARME COURT POLICE CAME TO back, to stop SURVEYS NA KITETO Murtango DISTRICT WINS 0 RS ACTION EVICT FARMERS eviction. Village March 2016 s APPEAL feel powerless PAICODEO 2013 20 Year old Report on the 201 PASTORAL LOCAL VIOLENT & CORRUPTI Maasai warrior state of PST 11 KILOSA No action taken 1 ISTS GOV DEADLY ON killed by police human right in officer TNZ PAICODEO 2013 Government Report on the officials took 201 MVOME PASTORAL LOCAL CORRUPTI DISTRICT TAKE state of PST 14 Kambala EXTORTION government seal 1 RO ISTS GOV ON AWAY RIGHTS human right in from village TNZ chairperson

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Massive extortion, corruption $430,000 paid in fines 3,000 people Operation made landless Save 2,000 people Kilombero IWGIA REPORT lost KILOMB PASTORAL Valley: 201 23 Tanzanian EVICTION DISTRICT land/property 24 ERO ISTS / GOV clear 1 Pastoralists EXTORTION EXTORTION Extensive VALLEY FARMERS Ramar site Threatened violation of for human rights, conservatio arrests & killings n Reduced land for agriculture and livestock production, increased food shortages IWGIA REPORT TANAP Forcible WILDLIFE 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL A 38 KILOSSA Removal of EVICTION MANAGEMENT Forced evictions 1 Pastoralists ISTS DISTRIC Patsoralists AUTHORITY Threatened T IWGIA REPORT KILOMB PASTORAL Reaction to Regional and Court stopped 201 COURT 23 Tanzanian 50 ERO ISTS / GOV 2012 district leaders eviction of 1,994 1 CASE Pastoralists VALLEY FARMERS evictions by continued to residents from

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Threatened 'Operation supervise the 50 villages Save evictions Kilombero regardless of the Valley' court order 2 TANAPA ranger IWGIA REPORT attempted to 201 23 Tanzanian GONABI PASTORAL TANAP PST arrested in 60 RAPE VIOLENCE rape married 1 Pastoralists SI ISTS A defending his wife PST woman, co Threatened wife already killed Politically Government supported IWGIA REPORT authorities ignore encroachment 201 23 Tanzanian Murtango PASTORAL FARME BOUNDARY ENCROACH Court ruling 65 KITETO by large farms 1 Pastoralists s Vilage ISTS RS DISPUTE MENT denouncing Killings & other Threatened farmers as illegal human rights immigrants violations Major Evictions PASTORALI WILDLIFE and Human 201 PINGOs Forum Makao PASTORAL TANAP MEATU EVICTIONS ST CONSERVATION Rights Violations 1 PowerPoint WMA ISTS A EVICTION ACT II Arrested by the Game Rangers IWGIA REPORT Killings & other 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL FARME VIOLENT & LAND GRAB KITETO human rights 1 Pastoralists ISTS RS DEADLY LOCAL violations Threatened Brutal Clashes ‐ 201 PINGOs Forum PASTORAL TANAP CORRUPTI burning of KILOSA Dumila EXTORTION N/A 1 PowerPoint ISTS A ON pastoralists properties

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Pastoralist Despite long IWGIA REPORT s: Datoga, history of PASTORALI BACKGROU LOCAL GOV 201 23 Tanzanian Sukuma, PASTORAL DISTRIC pastoralists in 37 KILOSSA ST ND EVICTS ALL 2 Pastoralists Gogo, ISTS T the area, they EVICTION KILOSSA PASTORALISTS Threatened Kamba were branded and Iraqw as' invaders' IWGIA REPORT KILOMB Forcible Forcible 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL DISTRIC Operation Save 38 ERO EVICTIONS Removal of Removal of 2 Pastoralists ISTS T Kilombero Valley ULANGA Patsoralists Patsoralists Threatened 2005 INVASION Mvomero District IWGIA REPORT LEGAL PASTORAL OVERLAPPI Council bylaws 201 23 Tanzanian MVOME LOCAL CASE Fines on grazing 55 Kambala ISTS/FAR NG LAND prohibit livestock 2 Pastoralists RO GOV BECOMES by herds MERS USE entering cultivated Threatened BOUNDARY fields DISPUTE BY LOCAL GOV Children taken IWGIA REPORT CHILDREN Police returned from fields to 201 23 Tanzanian Kimotorok PASTORAL TANAP ABDUCTIO 71 KITETO ABDUCTIO the children to police station. 2 Pastoralists Village ISTS A N N their homes 750 homesteads Threatened burned down Revocation of IDC FIELD LOCAL 201 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST CORRUPTI village land titles / LAND SURVEYS NA Govern LAND TAKE 2 DO Villages Villages ON Certificates by the INSECURITY March 2016 ment Govt.

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At a time when pastoralists were expelled by company's employees with their cattle, 20 Gov Version PST cows died from 201 Min Livestock SERENG GREMI Grazing on land drowning river. NA Farmers Eviction 2 Stats ETI TI belonging to Furthermore Gremeti incident 164 cattles of pastoralists of Isenye village Serengeti District had disappeared. MWAN Meanwhile O violent attacks Vigilant COURT Support continue against IDC FIELD 201 MVOME es ACTION from COURT FAILS TO Kambala SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala 2 RO 'Big CONTINUE powerful SETTLE CASE livestock and March 2016 Farmer S actors women. There s from were outside retaliations. PASTORALIST get Kilombero 201 PINGOs Forum COURT Court Ruling not no justice from Case 2 PowerPoint RULING Implemented legal system.. No.219 Hopeless Kilindi, 201 PINGOs Forum COURT Court Ruling not KILINDI hearing 2 PowerPoint RULING Implemented No. 165

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Serial murders Revealed: DISTRICT Destruction of 201 Government FARME BOUNDARY ETHNIC 1 KITETO MAASAI TAKELAND FROM livelihoods, fear, 3 takes blame on RS DISPUTE TENSION PSTs abandonment of Kiteto Killings houses Overlapping PST 2013 CHARC claims to land OVERLAPPI 201 PASTORALIST BAGAM PASTORAL OAL LAND Charcoal 3 NG LAND N/A 3 MARKET OYO ISTS PRODU CLAIMS producers rape USE REPORT IDC CERS PST women and girls PST & PST 2013 FARMERS Cattle stolen, 201 PASTORALIST BAGAM PASTORAL VILLAG LAND 3 TIT FOR N/A legs cut, and 3 MARKET OYO ISTS ERS CLAIMS TAT hidden in bushes REPORT IDC REPRISALS PST & Villagers PST 2013 FARMERS barricaded dams 201 PASTORALIST BAGAM PASTORAL VILLAG LAND 3 TIT FOR N/A so their cattle 3 MARKET OYO ISTS ERS CLAIMS TAT can not access REPORT IDC REPRISALS water PST Land for 2000 cattle PST 2014 Corruption Land Use Plan reduced to 201 PASTORALIST BAGAM PASTORAL VILLAG of Land use 3 Matipwili LAND GRAB undertaken by BEE 47acres to make 3 MARKET OYO ISTS ERS plan advsor Paid consultant. way for village REPORT IDC paid by BEE sugar outgrowers

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IWGIA REPORT PASTORALI Operation to evict Forcible 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL DISTRIC 38 KILOSSA EVICTIONS ST all pastoralists Removal of 3 Pastoralists ISTS T EVICTION from the district Patsoralists Threatened IWGIA REPORT District Council PST ignored the 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL LOCAL COURT ordered all 'illegal' 52 N/A EVICTION order to vacate 3 Pastoralists ISTS GOV CASE PST to vacate the district Threatened district Police opened fire Village leaders IWGIA REPORT DISTRIC Cattle forcibly complicit, refuse 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL T VIOLENT & sold for fraction 53 N/A EVICTION to recognise 3 Pastoralists ISTS COUNC DEADLY of worth pastoralist village Threatened IL Village leaders residents re‐allocated vacated PST land IWGIA REPORT High Court 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL HIGH COURT 53 N/A EVICTION injunction on the 3 Pastoralists ISTS COURT CASE land evictions Threatened

CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Penalties on DSTRIC DISTRICT livestock owners IWGIA REPORT PASTORAL T ENDORSES for damaging 201 23 Tanzanian MVOME CORRUPTI 55 Kambala ISTS/FAR PRAISE EXTORTION EXTOTION & crops 3 Pastoralists RO ON MERS S VIOLENCE Mwano would Threatened MWAN AGAINST PST slaugter PST O livestock and

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VIGILA hold feasts NTES Intimidation & extortion by Mwano IWGIA REPORT MWAN PASTORAL Supported by vigilantes, 201 23 Tanzanian MVOME O INTIMIDATI CORRUPTI 56 Kambala ISTS / district level supported by DC 3 Pastoralists RO VIGILA ON ON FARMERS government 2000 Mwano Threatened NTES fighters invaded Kambala village land Deadly clashes ‐ IWGIA REPORT MWAN PASTORAL Mvomero DC 8 people died 201 23 Tanzanian MVOME O VIOLENT & 57 Kambala ISTS / VIOLENCE declared Mwano 33 Mwano 3 Pastoralists RO VIGILA DEADLY FARMERS illegal members Threatened NTES arrested Game rangers opened fire on IWGIA REPORT SELOUS herdsmen 201 23 Tanzanian GAME PASTORAL TANAP VIOLENT & 59 VIOLENCE N/A Shot & killed one 3 Pastoralists RESERV ISTS A DEADLY of the herders Threatened E Killed 18 head of cattle Guards approached and IWGIA REPORT SELOUS killed 7 cattle 201 23 Tanzanian GAME PASTORAL TANAP VIOLENT & 60 VIOLENCE N/A Killed one herder 3 Pastoralists RESERV ISTS A DEADLY Burned body to Threatened E get rid of evidence

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IWGIA REPORT SELOUS 201 23 Tanzanian GAME PASTORAL TANAP VIOLENT & TANAPA guards 60 VIOLENCE N/A 3 Pastoralists RESERV ISTS A DEADLY killed herders Threatened E 2000 livestock detained on bail 10 cattle died 7 cattle killed. IWGIA REPORT 250 homesteads 201 23 Tanzanian Kisondoko PASTORAL TANAP CORRUPTI burnt 73 KITETO EXTORTION 3 Pastoralists Village ISTS A ON Community Threatened belongings burned Property destroyed or burned

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Continuous land conflict due to resource PST FIGHT competition IWGIA REPORT PASTO FARMER LOCAL GOV a. Insuffiicient 201 23 Tanzanian 430 KILOSA FARMERS RALIST LAND Violent EVICTS ALL land for PST 3 Pastoralists S EXTENSION PASTORALISTS b. cultivated Threatened S areas in wetlands have been extended regardless Land commissioner 201 PINGOs Forum LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern CORRUPTI LAND NA LAND TAKE ordered for 3 PowerPoint DO Villages Villages ment ON INSECURITY surrender of village titles NATIONAL IDC FIELD EVICTIONS and The PM orders 201 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern LAND SURVEYS NA TEMP INTERNATI new participatory 3 DO Villages Villages ment INSECURITY March 2016 HALTED ONAL LUPs PRESSURE Emboley VIOLENCE IDC FIELD Emboley Murtango NO VIOLENCE 201 SURVEYS NA KITETO Murtango s NA NA SUPPORT NO ACTION CONTINUES 3 March 2016 s Pastoralist FROM UNCERTAINTY s LOCAL GOV

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There was fighting between farmers and Access to Gov Version 201 Min Livestock MVOME Pastora pastoralists of NA Kambala Farmers Mgongola Villagers do not 3 Stats RO lists Mvomero River recognise Kambala district. 7 people were killed after clashes. MWAN Large farmers O MWANO attack pay MWANO Vigilant VIOLENCE Big Farmers IDC FIELD cows, women, vigilantes to stop 201 MVOME es & Land engage SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala youth. District Kamballa cows 3 RO 'Big encroachm MWANO March 2016 does not help from accessing Farmer ent VIGILANTES Village water. They do s from so violently. outside Whilst case was MWAN undecided the O DC sent a further POLITICAL DC gets Vigilant Support 500 farmers IDC FIELD INTERFERE permission to 201 MVOME es from backed by 'big SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala NCE IN send more 3 RO 'Big powerful people' onto March 2016 COURT farmers into Farmer actors Kambala Land. ACTION Kambala s from Despite outside objections, the Court agreed LOCAL GOV GIVES HUNTING LICENCE LAND TAKE LAND GRAB Morew Evictions 201 PINGOs Forum LOLION PASTORAL GOV VILLAGE LAND TO VIOLENT INTERNATI Human Rights 3 PowerPoint DO ISTS OBC FOREIGN EVICTIONS ONAL Violations INVESTOR ‐ OBC Hunting Tourism

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Emboliey e 201 PINGOs Forum Brutal Clashes in KITETO Murtangu VIOLENCE 3 PowerPoint tit for tat killings s in Kiteto District IWGIA REPORT RC & DC declare 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL KILOSA illegal PSTs will be 3 Pastoralists ISTS removed Threatened IWGIA REPORT Operation to evict 201 23 Tanzanian MOROG PASTORAL all PSTs from 3 Pastoralists ORO ISTS District Threatened IWGIA REPORT Militia operate 201 23 Tanzanian MVOME PASTORAL dealdy clahshes in 3 Pastoralists RO ISTS Kimbaala Threatened IWGIA REPORT 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL TANAP Conservati Gonabisi TANAPA Lethal 3 Pastoralists ISTS A on Threatened PASTORAL TANAPA ISTS ARMY OPERATIO ENFORCES Residents given 201 BAGAM CHARLOAL IDC REPORT TANAP EVICTIONS N OPERATION 24 rs to leave 3 OYO PRODUCE A TOKAMEZA TOKAMEZA Bomas burnt RS OUTSIDE NP SMALLHO

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LDERS

Korogwe Burning down of 201 PINGOs Forum KOROG LAND GRAB pastoralists Brutal Clashes 3 PowerPoint WE LOCAL ’ homestead s Tanzania Struggles to End PASTORALI VILLAGE DISTRICT TAKE 10 people killed 201 Clashes MAASA STS INVADE 1 KITETO FARMERS DESTRUCTI LAND FROM Homes set 4 Between I FARMER ON FARMERS ablaze Farmers & VILLAGE Herders 15 killed People's militia Inclusive land protect Maasai OVERLAPPI DISTRICT TAKE 201 use plan needed MAASA VIOLENT & District 1 KITETO FARMERS NG LAND LAND FROM 4 for farmers, I DEADLY authorities USE FARMERS herders in Kiteto forced inhabitants to leave 2014 Tanzania CORRUPTI Struggles to End Ethnic hatred ON / DISTRICT TAKE 201 Clashes MAASA VIOLENT & Dwindling 1 KITETO FARMERS OVERLAPPI LAND FROM 4 Between I DEADLY resources NG LAND FARMERS Farmers and 10 farmers killed USE Herders Makoye

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Inclusive land Infighting in local OVERLAPPI DISTRICT TAKE 201 use plan needed LOCAL BOUNDARY government & 1 KITETO MAASAI NG LAND LAND FROM 4 for farmers, GOV DISPUTE communities USE FARMERS herders in Kiteto 15 killed IWGIA REPORT TANAPA PASTORALI 201 23 Tanzanian PASTORAL DISTRIC encounters, often Human rights 38 KILOSSA Mkumi EVICTIONS ST 4 Pastoralists ISTS T lethal, near abuses EVICTION Threatened protected areas. a. Kambala village boundaries revoked & IWGIA REPORT PASTORAL LAND Morogoro Land redrawn 201 23 Tanzanian MVOME LOCAL COURT 58 Kambala ISTS / APPROPRIA and Housing Court b. Farmers 4 Pastoralists RO GOV CASE FARMERS TION ruling allowed more Threatened opportunity to acquire village land

Min of lands order IDC FIELD LAND 201 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern the surveys to be LAND SURVEYS NA SURVEYS 4 DO Villages Villages ment stopped without INSECURITY March 2016 STOPPED explanation THREATS President Kikwete IDC FIELD INTERNATI 201 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST Govern STOPPED tweeted "There is LAND SURVEYS NA ONAL 4 DO Villages Villages ment LAND no plan to evict INSECURITY March 2016 PRESSURE SRVEYS the pastoralists"

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CONTINUE

The Minister for Natl Res & Nation ALLEGED IDC FIELD Tourism offers 201 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST al CORRUPTI LAND SURVEYS NA BRIBERY compensation of 1 4 DO Villages Villages Govern ON & INSECURITY March 2016 Billion shillings, ment BRIBERY which was rejected. Planned co‐ existant PST & Forest Conservati Emboley on area Development of IDC FIELD Emboley Murtango reversed, alternative Land 201 Govern UNCERTAI LAND SURVEYS NA KITETO Murtango s PSTs only Use Plans 4 ment NTY INSECURITY March 2016 s Pastoralist given intergrating s 75,000 Ha farmers from the priginal 300,000 HA is official plans.

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Emboley IDC FIELD Emboley Murtango AWAITING 201 Reduced LAND SURVEYS NA KITETO Murtango s NA NA DECISIONS FROM 4 Conflict INSECURITY March 2016 s Pastoralist GOVERNMENT s 5 people were killed, 75 houses were fired total of 150 acres of Village 201 Min Livestock Patorali BOUNDARY various crops NA KITETO KILINDI Farmers Boundary Gov Version 4 Stats sts DISPUTES were destroyed fights and burnt, 300 cows, 106 goats and 90 sheep lost. MWAN O DED orders POLITICAL Vigilant Support Kambala The DED ordered IDC FIELD INTERFERE 201 MVOME es from Certificate of the original SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala NCE IN 4 RO 'Big powerful Occupancy to be Kambala CoO to March 2016 COURT Farmer actors destroyed. New be destroyed ACTION s from boundary set outside MWAN POLITICAL Support Land survey re‐ Without IDC FIELD 201 MVOME O INTERFERE from done by District Kambala SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala 4 RO Vigilant NCE IN powerful witout village Knowledge or March 2016 es COURT actors participation participation,

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'Big ACTION the court order Farmer the resurvey of s from the village. The outside conclusion was that Kambala had 3000Ha more land and it was taken. 5 people were killed in clashes between farmers from Igunga and Magalata pastoralists KISHAP GOV VER 201 Min Livestock & Pastora from Kishapu NA U Farmers Riverflow causing 4 Stats Isakamali lists district IGUNGA Boundary Issue wa contested grazing area of Magalata(Kishap u) and Isakamaliwa (Igunga). District and Why land Regonal PASTORALI 201 clashes continue MAASA VIOLENT & Government 7 killings KITETO FARMERS ST 4 unabated in I DEADLY evictons 100 houses EVICTION Kiteto District Heavy presence of abandoned the police PST 2016 Police Distrust of 201 Terrorise CHEMB PASTORAL CORRUPTI CORRUPTI officials 1 POLICE Claims ignorance 5 Villagers The A ISTS ON ON Law enforcers Guardian.docx elecit bribes

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 PSTs & Small holders Bagamoyo previously EcoEnergy DC & agreed to accept PASTORAL wins court DC & BAGMOYO Old BAGM land offered by 201 BAGAM ISTS ATTEMPTE case saying ECOENERGY (BEE) IDC Report 2015 Razaba OYO BEE, now being 5 OYO SMALL D EVICTION no‐one ATTEMPT TO Ranch ECOEN told no land is HOLDERS should be EVICT PST ERGY available, they on Project should go back site to where they cam from PST 2013 PST & PASTORALIST PASTO FARMERS 201 BAGAM LAND Destruction of MARKET 3 FARMERS RALIST TIT FOR N/A 5 OYO CLAIMS crops REPORT S TAT IDC.docx REPRISALS Overcharged KIPOBOTA 2016 fines Study on Received official Loss of 201 MKURU PASTORAL LOCAL CORRUPTI socioeconomic 13 EXTORTION receipt of $36 out livelihoods for 5 GUSI ISTS GOV ON contribution of of $500 PST Pastoralism Loss of receipt by govt IWGIA REPORT Man killed in a PASTORAL BUSINE 201 23 Tanzanian MVOME LAND ENCROACH Protection was not struggle over 58 Kambala ISTS / SS 5 Pastoralists RO GRABBING MENT provided land Reprisal FARMERS PEOPLE Threatened injuring over 100

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PSTs 38 houses burnt 266 men, women & children left homeless Goal of Policy OECD (2013) was to provide “Overview of land for progress & PASTORAL 201 Investment commercial policy 79 N/A ISTS/FAR GOV UTR POLICY 5 Promotion Policy developers challenges in MERS contradicting the Tanzania”, OECD Arusha Policy Reviews, Declaration Denied accusations SOITSAMB , but MEDIA ‐ U admits Court finds on 201 THOMPSON LOLION Thomp MAASAI The Maasai will NA VILLAGE/S Farmers illegal behalf of 5 SAFARI LAW DO son EVICTIONS go back to court UKENYA transfer of Thompson SUIT FARM land by governmen t One person was killed, two Gov Version: wounded and 25 201 Min Livestock HANAN Lalagi & Pastora NA Farmers Farmers planted in hectares of 5 Stats G Murero lists PST land crops were destroyed in the fighting 201 Min Livestock Pastora PSTs took Gov Version NA KILOSA Kimbiga Farmers 5 Stats lists revenge & farmer took cattle

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then on land, hit boy Farmers who died took revenge

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CONFLI PAG VILLAGES / YEA CONFLICT CT TYPE OF RELATED EVENT/ GOV DOC E DISTRICT PP IMPACTS R PARTY 1 PARTY CONFLICT CAUSE ACTION NO Impacted 2 Source farmers accuse herder to enter cattle into pulses farm and asked him to pay Tsh 200,000/= Effects: Allegedly a herder instead of paying cash, Gov Version he came back 201 Min Livestock MVOME Pastora Farmers demand NA Dihinga Farmers with a group of 5 Stats RO lists for compensation herders and over lost pulse attacked farmers with arrows. 1 person died and 4 people were injured. 72 cattle were killed by hacked and 80 cattle were injured MWAN Boundary divide The District sent POLITICAL O Support with a trench, in bulldozers to IDC FIELD INTERFERE 201 MVOME Vigilant from precluding access dig a big trench SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala NCE IN 5 RO es powerful for Kambala PST to between March 2016 COURT 'Big actors wetlands and Kambala and ACTION Farmer school theor access

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s from routes to the outside wetlands. The trench in MWAN March 2016 is O 11km long and POLITICAL Vigilant Support Trench continues 700m wide. It IDC FIELD INTERFERE 201 MVOME es from to be built. The also seprates SURVEYS NA Kambala Kambala NCE IN 5 RO 'Big powerful case has still not Kambaal for the March 2016 COURT Farmer actors been decided secondary ACTION s from school they built outside with their own money FEB: The local gov ALLEGED Living in IDC FIELD LOCAL LAND began resurveying 201 LOLION NCA PST NCA PST CORRUPTI uncertainty due SURVEYS NA Govern SURVEYS the land but then 6 DO Villages Villages ON & to the local March 2016 ment STOPPED the RAS stopped it BRIBERY government. again SOITSAMB Thompson MEDIA ‐ U changes 201 THOMPSON LOLION NCA PST Thomp MAASAI Maasai intend to NA VILLAGE/S land use No land security 6 SAFARI LAW DO Villages son EVICTIONS appeal UKENYA from agric SUIT FARM to tourism

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ANNEX 6.2: MDA CATTLE POPULATIONS 1919‐1993

CATTLE POPULATION YEAR 1919‐ CATTLE POPULATION YEAR 1919‐ CATTLE POPULATION YEAR 1919‐ HUMAN POPULATION YEAR 1950 ‐ 1994 1994 1994 2050

YEAR TOTAL YEAR TOTAL YEAR TOTAL YEAR TOTAL 1919 3,147,442 1949 6,373,000 1995 1950 7.65 1925 4,472,000 1950 6,113,000 1996 1960 10.1 1926 4,479,000 1951 6,263,000 1997 1970 13.59 1927 4,705,625 1952 6,474,000 1998 1980 18.86 1928 4,813,063 1953 6,633,000 1999 1990 26.33 1929 4,867,000 1954 6,488,000 2000 2000 34.76 1930 5,170,162 1955 6,755,000 2001 2010 41.89 1931 5,336,000 1956 7,005,000 2002 2020 49.99 1933 4,853,000 1957 7,057,000 2003 2030 56.53 1935 4,793,000 1958 7,417,000 2004 2040 62.09 1937 5,035,000 1959 7,720,000 2005 1938 5,087,000 1960 7,940,000 2006 SOURCE: 1939 5,190,000 1961 8,016,000 2007 http://www.africapedia.com/TANZA NIA:‐POPULATION‐TRENDS 1940 5,263,000 1962 8,176,000 2008 1941 5,592,000 1964 8,783,000 2009 1942 5,888,000 1965 9,997,000 2010 1943 5,844,000 1966 10,500,000 2011

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CATTLE POPULATION YEAR 1919‐ CATTLE POPULATION YEAR 1919‐ CATTLE POPULATION YEAR 1919‐ HUMAN POPULATION YEAR 1950 ‐

1994 1994 1994 2050 YEAR TOTAL YEAR TOTAL YEAR TOTAL YEAR TOTAL 1944 5,745,000 1971 8,000,000 2012 1945 6,082,000 1978 12,000,000 2013 1946 6,420,000 1979 12,101,926 2014 1947 6,370,000 1984 12,500,000 2015 21,000,000 1948 6,425,000 1993 13,600,000 1949 6,373,000 1994 15,644,806

SOURCE: LIVESTOCK SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 2011

CATTLE POPULATION GROWTH 1950 ‐2015 % Increase HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH % Increase

1950 2015 65 years 1950 2015 65 years

6,113,000 21,000,000 14,887,000 7,650,000 44,000,000 36,350,000

Percentage Increase 243.53 Percentage Increase 475.16

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ANNEX 6.3: MDA LIVESTOCK LOCATIONS & NOS

Table F. 11: Number of Indigenous Cattle by Category of Cattle and Region, Tanzania, 1st October, 2008 Category of Indigenous Cattle Region Male Female Bulls Cows Steers Heifers Total calves calves Shinyanga 1,336,814 1,006,672 85,576 565,170 303,826 337,201 3,635,260 Tabora 671,932 601,684 50,931 393,741 186,277 219,080 2,123,645 Mwanza 593,054 584,516 36,889 348,566 175,959 231,918 1,970,901 Mara 484,718 620,406 25,453 248,344 150,161 153,487 1,682,569 Singida 472,867 597,208 53,194 128,893 172,413 159,740 1,584,313 Manyara 456,137 588,876 25,109 200,534 173,180 204,653 1,648,488 Arusha 418,592 675,516 48,152 172,695 190,154 211,404 1,716,514 Dodoma 367,651 403,894 37,570 145,191 95,099 117,310 1,166,715 Rukwa 293,488 254,775 10,260 77,290 72,193 91,694 799,700 Mbeya 265,210 269,541 10,729 95,644 60,383 86,405 787,912 Morogoro 221,605 166,090 21,077 113,006 47,620 59,077 628,475 Iringa 167,163 154,311 7,869 41,703 37,740 50,488 459,275 Kagera 126,401 379,585 13,060 126,077 67,974 100,115 813,212 Tanga 103,593 267,204 16,240 127,482 86,407 87,188 688,114 Kilimanjaro 56,227 119,573 12,836 50,349 38,631 43,555 321,171 Pwani 36,306 92,682 8,756 37,820 24,772 25,274 225,610 Kigoma 22,538 61,942 1,319 32,664 13,684 21,852 154,000 Ruvuma 14,448 25,963 1958 6,784 4,956 7,660 61,768 Male Female Region Bulls Cows Steers Heifers Total calves calves Mtwara 3,721 8,983 458 1,505 305 2,442 17,415 Lindi 3,554 9,947 811 5,242 2,780 4,116 26,450 Dar es salaam 1,218 1,762 303 1,311 579 934 6,108 Tanzania 2,920,01 1,905,09 2,215,59 20,517,61 6,117,238 6,891,131 468,550 Mainland 1 4 2 6 Tanzania 2361.82 31,104 58,061 24,972 14,910 17,334 148,744 Zanzibar 8 2,944,98 1,920,00 2,232,92 20,666,36 Tanzania 6,148,341 6,949,192 470,912 3 5 7 0 Source: National Bureau of Statistics, (Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census 2007/08)

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ANNEX 6.4: MDA NARCO STATS

RESPONDENTS PST CODE RESPONDENT NAME DESIGNATION TEL NO 0767‐926 846/ MDA MDA 3 Bwire Kafumu Acting General Manager 0652‐409 494 STATS PRIVATE 1 Cattle in TNZ GOV RANCHES SMALL HOLDERS PASTORALISTS RANCHES 25.8 Mil. 54,000 12,681 0 0 Total Land in Total Private Total Gov Total Snmall 2 Total PSTs TNZ Ranches Ranches Holders 522,003 Ha 286,235 235,768 0 0 Cattle Holding PSTs Marginal 3 In Ranch In Ranch PSTs Good Land Capacity Land Good Land 174,001 95,413 78,589 0 0 Water Vets required Vets Required 4 Requ'd Extension Cattle P/Dip Cattle P/Salt Lick Abbatiores p/head Services

Water Vets Available Vets Available Available Cattle Available Salt 5 Available Extension Abbatiores Dips Licks p/head Services 20‐30lts 12 Y 12 Y Gov Cattle Private Cattle 6 PST Markets Gov Abatoires Private Abatoires Markets Markets

Meat Meat from Gov Meat from 7 Consumption Meat from PSTs Meat Imports Ranches Private Ranches TNZ

Milk Products Milk from Gov Milk from Private 8 Milk from PSTs Imported Milk Consumption Dairies Dairies TNZ

GDP PSTs By 9 GDP TNZ GDP AGRIC GDP LIVESTOCK GDP PSTs Products (leather)

10 COMMENTS

Other Data is awaited!

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ANNEX 6.5 MDA NATIONAL BUDGET NATIONAL BUDGET & LIVESTOCK & FISHERIES NATIONAL BUDGET & AGRICULTURE YEAR NATIONAL BUDGET LIVESTOCK % YEAR NATIONAL BUDGET AGRICULTURE % 2015/2016 22,495,492,000,000 6,881,040,400 0.03 2015/2016 22,495,492,000,000 1,001,400,000,000 4.45

2014/2015 19,600,000,000,000 6,614,262,700 0.03 2014/2015 19,600,000,000,000 1,084,700,000,000 5.53

2013/2014 18,248,983,000,000 4,718,022,500 0.03 2013/2014 18,248,983,000,000 908,100,000,000 4.98

NATIONAL BUDGET & EDUCATION NATIONAL BUDGET & HEALTH YEAR NATIONAL BUDGET EDUCATION % YEAR NATIONAL BUDGET HEALTH % 2015/2016 22,495,492,000,000 3,870,200,000,000 17.20 2015/2016 22,495,492,000,000 1,821,100,000,000 8.10

2014/2015 19,600,000,000,000 3,465,100,000,000 17.68 2014/2015 19,600,000,000,000 1,588,200,000,000 8.10

2013/2014 18,248,983,000,000 3,127,900,000,000 17.14 2013/2014 18,248,983,000,000 1,498,000,000,000 8.21

NATIONAL BUDGET & TRANSPORT NATIONAL BUDGET & WATER YEAR NATIONAL BUDGET TRANSPORT % YEAR NATIONAL BUDGET WATER % 2015/2016 22,495,492,000,000 2,428,800,000,000 10.80 2015/2016 22,495,492,000,000 573,500,000,000 2.55 2014/2015 19,600,000,000,000 2,139,020,000,000 10.91 2014/2015 19,600,000,000,000 665,100,000,000 3.39 2013/2014 18,248,983,000,000 2,177,300,000,000 11.93 2013/2014 18,248,983,000,000 747,600,000,000 4.10

Ministry of Livestock officer stated in March 2016 in Interview:' We rarely get up to 30% of the budget allocated'

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ANNEX 6.6 NATIONAL PARKS TANZANIA

NAME KM Sq HA TYPE PARK / RESERVE DISTRICT DATE EVICTIONS DATE 1929 grassland plains, savanna, Serengeti NATIONAL PARK Serengeti District 1959 YES 1959 14,763 1,476,300 riverine forest & woodlands 1981

Ruaha River Ruaha NATIONAL PARK Mbarali District 1964 YES 10,300 1,030,000 volcanic highlands, montane forest,grassland, bushland, small Ngorongoro Ngorongoro NATIONAL PARK YES 8,320 832,000 wooded areas, salt lake in the center, District and Ngoitokitok Spring. Alluvial plain of the river basin Mkata,savannah, grassland plains, Morogoro Mikumi NATIONAL PARK 1975 YES 2010 3,230 323,000 spectacular rock formations of the Region mountains Rubeho and Uluguru,

Ruangwa NATIONAL PARK Ruangwa District 9,000 900,000

Tarangire Mountains NATIONAL PARK Manyara Region 1970 2,850 285,000 Katuma River, seasonal Lake Katavi, Katavi NATIONAL PARK Mpanda District 1951 4,471 447,100 Lake Chada and floodplains Savannah, Mangrove forest, Bagamoyo Saadani NATIONAL PARK 2002 YES 2013 1,100 110,000 Wami River and Indian ocean, District Tropical rainforest, mountain forest, miombo woodland, grassland and Morogoro Udzungwa NATIONAL PARK 1994 1,990 199,000 steppe, Udzungwa Mountains and Region Sanje Waterfalls Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro NATIONAL PARK 1973 754 75,350 Region Mahale Miombo Forest & montane forest 1985 Mountains 1,613 161,300 132

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Rubondo Forest, open grasslands 1977 Island 240 24,000

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NAME KM Sq HA TYPE PARK / RESERVE DISTRICT DATE EVICTIONS DATE

Kitulo Lake, forest and grasslands NATIONAL PARK Kigoma Region 2002 413 41,290

Manyara Lake Manyara NATIONAL PARK Arusha Region 2009 330 33,000 Mount Meru,Jekukumia River, Arusha NATIONAL PARK Arusha Region 1973 YES 137 13,700 Ngurdoto crater, Momella Lakes, Gombe Grassland,hills, steep slopes, NATIONAL PARK Kigoma District 1943 Stream 52 5,200 river valleys and Lake Tanganyika Saa Nane 2.18 Lake Victoria NATIONAL PARK Mwanza District 2013 NA Island 218 Rocky acacia‐clad hills, ground water forests, swamps, lowland rain forest, 1922 Selous Miombo woodlands, sand rivers, GAME RESERVE Lindi region 44,800 4,480,000 1982 wooded grasslands, Rufiji River and remote forests. Floodplain,Grass swamps, Miombo Shinyanga Kigosi woodland, Nikonga, Kigosi and GAME RESERVE 8,000 800,000 Region Gombe Rivers Floodplain, wetland, Miombo

Moyowosi woodland,Malagalasi, Moyowosi, GAME RESERVE Kibondo District 6,000 600,000 Kigosi, Gombe and Ugalla River. Biharamulo and Burigi ‐ Lake Burigi GAME RESERVE Karagwe District Sumbawanga Uwanda GAME RESERVE 1971 5,000 500,000 District Maswa ‐ Maswa District Kizigo ‐ Manyoni District Umba ‐ Lushoto District

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Biharamulo Biharamulo ‐ District

Mkomazi Lushoto District 2006 3,254 325,400 Mount ‐ Part of Arusha National Park NATIONAL PARK Arumeru District YES Meru

Ngorongoro Arusha Region YES 8,292 829,200 Ngorongoro ‐ National Heritage Site 1 & 2 Arusha Region YES

NAME KM Sq HA TYPE PARK / RESERVE DISTRICT DATE EVICTIONS DATE Ngorongoro ‐ Forest Reserve Arusha Region YES 1959 Ngorongoro Conservation Area Arusha Region YES 8,288 828,800 1979 Loliondo ‐ YES Ibanda ‐ Karagwe District 646 covering 28% of the country http://www.unep‐ wcmc.org/#?country=TZ&dashboard=show

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ANNEX 6.7 MDA LAND AVAILABLE FOR LIVESTOCK

Surveyed allocated land for Livestock Number of surveyed No Region District Allocated Area (Ha) vilages 1 Arusha Arumeru 7 3,767.40 Karatu 1 852.71 Monduli 3 13,707.59 Longido 11 110,267.22 2 Dodoma Chamwino 4 17,360.68 Kondoa 5 1,632.98 Kongwa 1 398.9 Mpwapwa 3 5815.38 3 Geita Geita 2 535.49 Chato 1 582 4 Iringa Iringa (v) 11 7,477.96 Kilolo 3 1,162.51 Mufindi 7 13,549.81 5 Kagera Bihalamulo 2 5,714.40 Bukoba (V) 1 386.12 Karagwe 2 4,807.51 Missenyi 2 4,653.25 Muleba 11 16,162.60 Ngara 4 2,695.27 6 Katavi Mpanda 16 16,231.20 7 Kigoma Kasulu 1 713 Kibondo 1 101 Kigoma (v) 27 20,014.86 8 Lindi Kilwa 27 54,804.41 Lindi (v) 16 5,249.30 Liwale 9 115,028.60 Nachingwea 14 34,833.17 Ruangwa 2 146.26

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Number of surveyed Allocated Area No Region District vilages (Ha) 9 Manyara Babati 20 13,636.62 Mbulu 4 37,703.25 Babati 1 7,588.34 Kiteto 3 10,688.41 10 Mara Bunda 3 964.21 Musoma (v) 2 663.06 Serengeti 5 10,387.88 Tarime 3 122.89 11 Mbeya Chunya 16 451,580.66 Ileje 2 135.08 Mbarali 18 41,027.81 Mbeya (v) 5 6,563.19 Mbozi 1 193.3 12 Morogoro Kilombero 28 45,974.01 Kilosa 7 24,960.23 Morogoro(v) 28 27,898.41 Mvomero 2 7,592.70 Ulanga 23 26,877.36 13 Mtwara Mtwara (v) 12 1,508.44 Nanyumbu 6 6,790.68 Tandahimba 3 1,022.22 Newala 2 223.32 14 Njombe Njombe 3 1,017.12 Ludewa 3 2,670.25 15 Pwani Bagamoyo 22 53,106.91 Kisarawe 21 49,033.39 Mafia 5 580.66 Mkuranga 8 3,176.26 Rufiji 30 41,077.49 Kibaha 5 7,451.63 16 Rukwa Nkasi 3 2,368.86 Sumbawanga (v) 1 42.8

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Number of Allocated Area No Region District surveyed vilages (Ha) 17 Ruvuma Mbinga 1 19 Namtumbo 18 23,985.81 Songea 8 20,029.95 Tunduru 7 4,006.31 18 Shinyanga Kishapu 1 678.26 19 Simiyu Bariadi 2 2,149.10 Meatu 1 8,713.50 20 Singida Manyoni 10 27,316.00 Singida (v) 3 1,162.41 Iramba 1 2,664.10 21 Tabora Sikonge 2 1,828.14 Urambo 14 18,944.53 Uyui 3 8,258.62 22 Tanga Handeni 4 1,120.19 Kilindi 2 398.6 Korogwe 2 26.57 Mkinga 15 39,702.73 Muheza 1 261.51 Pangani 4 2,941.54 Tanga (v) 1 320.5 Total 80 589 1,507,806.39 Source: National Land use planning commision

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ANNEX 6.8 MDA LIVESTOCK PRODUCE STATS

Production of Livestock and Poultry Products; Tanzania Mainland, 2007‐2013

Product Unit 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 MEAT Beef Tonne 180,629 218,976 255,178 243,943 262,606 289,835 299,851 Mutton/Lamb Tonne 80,936 81,173 82,884 86,634 103,709 111,106 115,652 Pork Tonne 31,721 33,307 36,000 38,180 43,647 47,246 50,814 Chicken Tonne 77,280 77,250 78,168 80,916 93,534 84,524 87,408 Meat Total Tonne 370,566 410,706 452,230 449,673 503,496 532,711 553,725

MILK Traditional Dairy catles Litres (000) 945,524 980,000 1,012,436 997,261 1,135,422 1,255,938 1,297,775 Graded breed Dairy cattle Litres (000) 475,681 520,000 591,690 652,596 608,800 597,161 623,865 Milk Total Litres (000) 1,421,205 1,500,000 1,604,126 1,649,857 1,744,222 1,853,099 1,921,640

HIDES & SKINS Catle Number 1,979,710 2,500,000 1,650,000 1,500,000 2,500,000 2,800,000 2,900,000 Goats Number 1,600,000 1,900,000 2,700,000 2,400,000 2,400,000 3,400,000 3,600,000 Sheep Number 1,216,920 1,500,000 1,250,000 650,000 200,000 650,000 700,000 Total hides and skins Number 4,796,630 5,900,000 5,600,000 4,550,000 5,100,000 6,850,000 7,200,000 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives

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ANNEX 6.9 MDA LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Production of livestock products from 2008/09 ‐ 2014/04

Product 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/2014 Meat (Tonne) Beef 225,178 243,943 262,606 289,835 299,581 309,353 Mutton/ Lamb 82,884 86,634 103,709 111,106 115,652 120,199 Pig 36,000 38,180 43,647 47,246 50,814 79,174 Chicken 78,168 80,916 93,534 84,524 87,408 54,360 Total 422,230 449,673 503,496 532,711 553,455 563,086 Milk ('000' litres) Traditional Dairy catle 1,012,436 997,261 1,135,422 1,255,938 1,297,775 1,339,613 Graded breed dairy 591,690 652,596 577,962 597,161 623,865 650,570 Total 1,604,126 1,649,857 1,713,384 1,853,098 1,921,640 1,990,183 Eggs ('000') Egg 2,806,350 2,917,870 3,339,566 3,494,584 3,725,200 3,899,568,750 Source: Ministry of Agriculture,Food Security and Cooperatives, 2014

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ANNEX 6.10 MDA MEAT PRODUCTION

YEAR PRODUCT PRODUCTION EXPORT IMPORT IDC COMMENT

2008 / Beef 139.8 2009 243,943 MEAT PRODUCTION IS STEADILY 2009 / INCREASING Beef 36.9 2010 262,606 2010 / Beef 20.3 IDC COMMENT 2011 289,835 2011 / Beef 31.6 2012 299,581 MEAT EXPORT IS DECREASING 2012 / Beef 126.2 335.77 2013 309,353 2013 / Beef 2.8 574.69 IDC COMMENT 2014 319,112 2014 / Beef 49.69 921.09 2015 MEAT IMPORT IS MAJORLY 2015 / INCREASING Beef 50.19 1831.55 2016 STATS FROM MIN LIVESTOCK

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ANNEX 6.11 MDA DAIR PROCESSING

Dairy Processing 2013/2014 Capacity Region and No Processing Capacity SN Dairy (Litters per Status of Daires (Littles per day) % Day) 1 Dar es Salaam Azam Dairy 3,000 Operating 2,000 67 (7) Tommy Dairy 15,000 Operating 0 0 Profate Dairy 2,000 Operating 400 20 Investment Manow Dairy 1,000 Operating 300 30 Dairy Daily 500 Operating 200 40 Milk com 2,000 Operating 1,000 50 Tan Dairies 15,000 Operating 6,000 40 Sub Total 38,500 9,900 26 2 Pwani (3) Chawakimu Operating 1,000 500 50 Cooperative Mother Dairy Ltd Operating 1,500 1,000 50 (Rufiji) SADO Farm Dairy 1,000 Operating 500 50 Sub Total 3,500 2,000 57 3 Tanga (4) Tanga Fresh Ltd 50,000 Operating 48,000 96 Ammy Brothers Ltd 2,000 Operating 1,000 50 Irente Farm 1,000 Operating 500 50 Montensory Sister’s 1,000 Operating 300 30 Sub Total 54,000 49,800 92 4 Arusha (14) Northern Operating 45,000 4,500 10 Creameries International Dairy Operating 5,000 3,000 60 Products Mountain Green Operating 1,500 750 50 Dairy Agape Dairy Group 500 Operating 200 40 Jitume Dairy Group 300 Operating 150 50 Idafaso Dairy Group 300 Operating 100 33 Inuka Dairy Group 300 Operating 500 167 Arusha Dairy Operating 5,000 2,500 50 Company Kijimo Dairy Operating 1,000 300 30 Cooperative Ayalabe Dairy Operating 1,500 300 20 cooperative Society Uvingo Dairy 1,000 Operating 500 50 Prince Food Operating 1,000 900 90 Technologies Grand Demam 2,000 Operating 200 10 Longido (Engiteng) 500 Operating 400 80 Sub Total 64,600 14,300 22

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5 Manyara (3) Terrat (Engiteng) 500 Operating 250 50 Orkesumet Operating 500 400 80 (Engiteng) Naberera (Engiteng) 1,000 Operating 450 45 Sub Total 2,000 1,100 55

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Capacity Region and No Processing Capacity SN Dairy (Litters per Status of Daires (Littles per day) % Day) 6 Kilimanjaro Nronga Women 8,000 Operating 2,000 11 (11) West Kilimanjaro 2,000 Operating 1,000 50 Mboreni Women 1,000 Operating 300 30 Marukeni 1,000 Operating 450 45 Ng'uni Women 1,000 Operating 350 35 Foo Dairy 1,000 Operating 300 30 Kalali Women 1,000 Operating 550 55 Same (Engiteng) 500 Operating 300 60 Fukeni Mini Dairies 3,000 Operating 1,800 60 Kilimanjaro Operating 15,000 4,000 17 Creameries Kondiki Small Scale Operating 4,000 1,000 25 Dairy Sub Total 39,500 12,150 31 7 Mara (6) Musoma Dairy 120,000 Operating 20,000 17 Victoria Maziwa Operating 1,500 1,000 67 Mara Baraki Sisters 3,000 Operating 2,100 70 Nyuki Dairy 1,000 Operating 500 50 Mara Milk 15,000 Operating 8,000 53 AFRI Milk 500 Operating 200 40 Sub Total 141,000 31,800 23 8 Njombe (1) CEFA Njombe 6,000 Operating 3,800 63 Sub Total 6,000 3,800 63 9 Mwanza (2) Mwanza Mini Dairy 3,000 Operating 500 17 Tukwamuane Dairy 500 Operating 200 40 Sub Total 3,500 700 20 10 Kagera (11) Kagera Milk Operating 3,000 400 13 (KADEFA) Kyaka Milk Plant 1,000 Operating 450 45 Bukoba Market Milk Operating 500 300 60 Bar Bukoba Market Milk Operating 500 300 60 Bar Soko Kuu Mutungi Milk Bar 800 Operating 200 25 Salari Milk Bar 800 Operating 200 25 Kashai Milk Bar 800 Operating 200 25 Del Food 1,000 Operating 300 30 Kikulula Milk Operating 1,000 500 50 Processing Plant Kayanga Milk Operating 1,000 300 30 Processing Plant MUVIWANYA 1,000 Operating 350 35

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Sub Total 11,400 3,400 30

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Capacity Region and No Processing Capacity SN Dairy (Litters per Status of Daires (Littles per day) % Day) 11 Morogoro (2) SUA 3,000 Operating 200 7 Shambani Operating 2,500 1,500 60 Graduates Sub Total 5,500 1,700 31 12 Tabora (2) Uhai Mazingira Operating 200 100 50 (Sikonge) New Tabora Dairies 16,000 Operating 300 2 Sub Total 16,200 400 2.5 13 Iringa (1) ASAS Dairy 12,000 Operating 6,000 50 Sub Total 12,000 6,000 50 14 Mbeya (1) Mbeya Maziwa 1,000 Operating 600 60 Ushirika wa maziwa Operating 2,000 1,200 60 wa Vwawa Sub Total 3,000 1,800 60 15 Dodoma (1) Gondi Foods 600 Operating 300 50 Sub Total 600 300 50 16 Singida (1) Singidani Dairy 500 Operating 200 40 Sub Total 500 200 40 17 Lindi (1) Narunyu Sisters 500 Operating 300 60 Sub Total 500 300 60 18 Shinyanga (2) Saweka Cooperative 200 Operating 150 75 Dr. Alphonce 500 Operating 100 20 Sub Total 700 250 36 Total Dairies 74 403,000 139,800 35 Source: Ministry of Agriculture Foodsecurity and Cooperatives

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ANNEX 6.12: STATUS OF MILK PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

Milk production for the year 2014/20115 was around 2.06 bilion litres, of which 70% comes from local cattle and the remaining 30% from improved cattle (pure dairy breeds and their crosses). Over the last two decades total milk production has been increasing at the rate of about 2.8% per annum largely due to increase in cattle population rather than increase in productivity. Table No 1: Milk production from 2005‐2015 (per 000,000 lts) 2005/ 2006/ 2007/ 2008/ 2009/1 2010/1 2011/1 2012/1 2013/1 2014/1 YEAR 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 Amoun 1386. 1412. 1421. 1500 1602.1 1650 1740 1850 1920 2,000 t (lts) 4 8 2

Processing Processing is done by small, medium scale industries with the capacity to process around 500 to 50,000 per day. Up to date there are 82 dairy industries with the capacity producing a total of 651,500 per day however these industries are processing only 26% of their capacity (167,620 liters per Day). Table No2: Milk Processing (litres) from 2010 to 2015 Year Milk processing per year (ltrs) 2010/11 40,464,000

2011/12 46,944,000 2012/13 48,708,000 2013/14 50,328,000 2014/15 60,145,200

Milk products consumption 1,809 million (year 2012) but milk consumption per person per year up to date is approximately 45ltrs/person/year Milk from PSTS 1,340 milion litres in 2012 Imported Milk 26million litres (data of year 2012)

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ANNEX 6.13 MDA LIVESTOCK SHARE OF GDP

Table E. 7: Shares of Gross Domestic Product at Current Market Prices by Economic Activity (Monetary and Non‐ monetary); Tanzania Mainland, 2004 – 2013 Economic Activity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012r 2013p Monetary Gross domestic product at market prices 83.6 84.1 84.5 84.8 84.1 86.2 85.1 85.8 86.4 86.6 Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 17.2 16.2 15.3 15.1 14.9 15.7 13.9 14.6 15.1 15.2 Crops 12.5 11.5 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.3 10.1 9.8 10.2 10.4 Livestock 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.2 Forestry and hunting 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 2.0 0.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 Fishing 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Industry and construction 19.9 19.7 19.6 19.9 19.8 20.7 21.3 20.6 21.0 21.0 Mining and quarrying 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.3 Manufacturing 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.6 9.0 8.4 8.4 8.5 Electricity, gas 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 Water supply 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Construction 7.2 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 Services 38.8 39.1 40.0 40.2 39.9 40.0 40.4 41.0 41.0 41.6 Trade and repairs Hotels 11.4 11.0 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.1 and restaurants 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 Transport 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.8 Communications 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Financial intermediation 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

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Economic Activity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012r 2013p Real estate and business services 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.6 Public administration 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.8 Education 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Health 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 Other social and personal services 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Gross value added before adjustments 77.3 76.5 76.1 76.4 75.7 77.8 76.9 77.7 78.5 79.1 lessFISIM ‐0.9 ‐0.9 ‐0.9 ‐1.0 ‐1.0 ‐1.2 ‐1.1 ‐1.2 ‐1.1 ‐1.2 Gross value added at current basic prices 76.5 75.6 75.2 75.4 74.7 76.6 75.8 76.5 77.4 77.9 Add Taxes on products 7.2 8.6 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.3 9.0 8.7 Non‐monetary Gross domestic product at market prices 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.2 15.9 13.8 14.9 14.2 13.6 13.4 Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 12.3 11.4 11.0 10.8 10.8 8.9 10.2 10.0 9.6 9.3 Crops 9.9 9.0 8.6 8.3 8.3 8.1 7.7 7.7 7.4 8.6 Livestock 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 0.5 0.8 1.4 1.3 1.2 Forestry and hunting 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 Fishing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Industry and construction 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 Water supply 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Construction 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 Services 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.8 Real estate and business services 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.8 Total Gross Domestic Product at current market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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Source: National Bureau of Statistics ANNEX 6.14 MDA LIVESTOCK MARKET PRICES

Table E. 8: Gross Domestic Product at Constant 2001 Market Prices by Economic Activity; Tanzania Mainland, 2004 ‐2013 Economic Activity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012r 2013p Agriculture, Hunting and 3,017,988 3,148,384 3,268,238 3,399,648 3,554,488 3,669,646 3,824,428 3,960,673 4,129,431 4,306,789 Forestry Crops 2,262,725 2,361,930 2,457,373 2,567,955 2,698,921 2,790,684 2,913,474 3,015,446 3,157,172 3,299,244 Livestock 503,000 525,109 537,498 550,398 564,708 577,922 597,572 620,877 640,125 664,449 Forestry and hunting 252,263 261,345 273,367 281,295 290,859 301,039 313,382 324,350 332,135 343,095 Fishing 185,543 196,676 206,510 215,734 226,521 232,637 236,126 238,960 245,890 251,299 Industry and 2,204,619 2,433,261 2,639,902 2,889,519 3,138,241 3,357,703 3,633,664 3,883,366 4,184,808 4,500,597 construction Mining and quarrying 254,000 295,000 341,000 377,559 386,998 391,642 402,331 411,182 443,154 473,731 Manufacturing 977,000 1,071,000 1,162,000 1,263,435 1,388,515 1,499,596 1,618,064 1,744,273 1,887,303 2,032,179 Electricity and gas 240,708 263,218 258,347 286,507 301,978 327,344 360,733 366,144 388,113 405,190 Water supply 49,557 51,700 54,905 58,474 62,333 65,824 69,955 72,753 76,682 80,439 Construction Construction 683,354 752,343 823,650 903,544 998,416 1,073,297 1,182,581 1,289,013 1,389,556 1,509,058 Services 5,182,094 5,596,784 6,035,932 6,527,561 7,085,136 7,594,661 8,214,209 8,860,652 9,567,176 10,351,802 Trade and repairs Hotels 1,486,931 1,585,906 1,736,631 1,906,821 2,097,503 2,254,816 2,439,711 2,637,328 2,840,402 3,076,155 and restaurants 285,732 301,873 314,921 328,859 343,658 358,779 380,664 398,175 417,287 443,576 Transport Communications 588,574 627,951 661,000 703,965 752,539 797,691 853,529 910,715 975,376 1,035,850 Financial intermediation 169,158 200,900 239,537 287,684 346,659 422,577 515,967 614,001 740,485 909,316 Real estate and business 184,775 204,694 228,000 251,280 281,120 306,339 337,356 373,453 422,748 474,324 services

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Public administration 1,141,014 1,226,790 1,316,000 1,408,120 1,508,097 1,610,647 1,723,392 1,835,413 1,958,386 2,083,722 Education 871,169 970,786 1,033,488 1,102,951 1,180,158 1,232,313 1,312,414 1,401,658 1,482,954 1,559,099 Health 215,910 224,547 235,774 248,742 265,905 284,704 305,402 328,002 349,322 369,792 Economic Activity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012r 2013p Other social and 151,370 163,572 177,520 193,142 210,525 224,654 240,058 253,021 267,190 282,196 personal services Gross value added 87,461 89,765 93,061 95,998 98,974 102,141 105,716 108,887 113,025 117,772 before adjustments lessFISIM 10,590,244 11,375,105 12,150,582 13,032,462 14,004,385 14,854,646 15,908,427 16,943,651 18,127,304 19,410,487 Gross value added at ‐106,931 ‐119,497 ‐137,287 ‐158,292 ‐175,704 ‐190,990 ‐208,370 ‐231,708 ‐261,135 ‐289,598.50 2001 basic prices Add Taxes on products 10,483,313 11,255,608 12,013,295 12,874,170 13,828,681 14,663,656 15,700,057 16,711,943 17,866,169 19,120,889 Gross Domestic Product at Constant 2001 market 756,422 812,482 867,868 927,751 999,664 1,057,645 1,128,507 1,201,860 1,289,596 1,368,261.10 prices 11,239,735 12,068,090 12,881,163 13,801,921 14,828,345 15,721,301 16,828,563 17,913,803 19,155,765 20,489,150 Source: National Bureau of Statistics

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ANNEX 6.15 MDA REGONAL IMPROVED CATTLE BREEDS

Table 3: Breakdown of Improved Breed 2010/2011 – 2013/2014 Improved Breed Improved Breed Region Improved Breed 2010/2011 Improved Breed 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 Mwanza 20,000 26,800 32,900 47,100 Shinyanga 24,000 32,000 39,300 54,400 Kagera 2,000 2,846 3,350 13,800 Total Lake Zone 46,000 61,633 75,550 115,300 Tabora 2,000 2,580 3,100 7,480 Singida 1,600 2,146 2,600 6,930 Dodoma 2,000 2,775 3,400 7,860 Total Central Zone 5,600 7,501 9,100 22,270 Arusha 4,000 5,360 6,500 15,180 Manyara 2,400 3,216 3,900 12,250 Total Northern Zone 6,400 8,576 10,400 27,430 Rukwa (SAAFI) 480 729 800 1,000 Iringa Mark Taylor arm) 220 290 350 500 NARCO Ranches 40,000 53,500 65,800 8,500 Grand Total 98,700 132,246 162,000 175,000 Source: Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, 2014

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ANNEX 6.16: MDA GDP ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 2009‐2013

Table E. 22: Percentage Shares of Gross Domestic Product by Economic Activity; Tanzania Zanzibar 2009‐ 2013

Description 2009 2010 2011 2012r 2013p

GDP at market prices 100 100 100 100 100

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 30.8 32.4 32.2 30.2 31

Industry 13.1 12.6 12 11.7 11.1

Services 44 42.8 44 45.3 44.1

Adjustment to market prices 12.1 12.2 11.8 12.8 13.8

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

Crops 20.8 21.2 20.9 18.9 19.7

Livestock 4.5 4.7 4.2 3.8 3.8

Forestry and hunting 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3

Fishing 5.2 6.2 6.7 7.1 7.2

Industry

Mining and quarrying 1 1 1 1.1 1

Manufacturing 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.4 3.3

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Description 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Electricity gas and water supply 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6

Construction 6.6 6 5.6 5.7 5.3

Services

Trade and repairs 8.4 8.8 9.7 9.4 9.3

Hotels and restaurants 7.2 7.3 7.3 6.5 6.3

Transport and communications 11 9.1 9.2 9.6 9.3

Financial intermediation 1.7 2.1 2 1.9 1.9

Real estate and business services 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

Public administration 9.1 9.1 8.8 9.8 9.4

Education 4.1 3.9 4.6 5.5 5.3

Health 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.4

Other social and personal services 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Adjustments to Market Prices

Taxes on products 12.1 12.2 11.8 12.8 13.8

Source: Office of Chief Government Statistician

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ANNEX 6.17: FORMAL MEETING REGISTER

FORMAL MEETING REGISTER PROJECT: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: PASTORALIST & FARMER CONFLICT SUB SN DATE REGION DISTRICT PLACE WARD VILLAGE AIM INFORMANT Nos VILLAGE 1 11/3/2016 Pwani Bagamoyo IDC Office Dunda Mwanakalenge Block P Training IDC Team 10 Corridor 2 14/3/2016 Arusha Arusha TNRF Office Themi Themi Workshop CSOs 13 Area KINAAPA 3 14/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto NA NA NA FGD CSOs 10 Office UMWEA 4 14/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero NA NA NA Workshop CSOs 7 Office 5 15/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs DC & DAS 2

6 15/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs DLO 1

7 15/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs DVLO 4

8 15/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs AO 1

9 15/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs DWT 1

10 15/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Irela NA FGDs & IDVs PST M 4

11 15/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Irela NA FGDs & IDVs PST W 1

12 15/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero District Office NA NA NA IDVs DED 1 13 15/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero Village Mkindo Kambala NA FGDs & IDVs PST W 14 14 15/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero Village Mkindo Kambala NA FGDs & IDVs PST CC 3 15 15/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero Village Mkindo Kambala NA FGDs & IDVs PST YL 3

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16 15/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero District Office NA NA NA IDVs DC 1 SUB SN DATE REGION DISTRICT PLACE WARD VILLAGE AIM INFORMANT Nos VILLAGE Wasso 17 15/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Olorien/Magaiduru Wasso FGDs & IDVs CSO 6 North 18 15/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Olorien NA NA FGDs & IDVs VW 10

19 15/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Maaloni NA NA FGDs & IDVs DLO 9

20 16/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs DED 1

21 16/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs DWT 1

22 16/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs DE 1

23 16/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Irela NA FGDs & IDVs FRM M 2

24 16/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Irela NA IDVs FRM W 2

25 16/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero Village Hembeti Msufini NA FGDs & IDVs FRMs CC 9

26 16/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero Village Hembeti Msufini NA FGDs & IDVs FRMs W 1

27 16/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero Village Hembeti Msufini NA FGDs & IDVs PST W 10

28 16/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero Village Hembeti Msufini NA FGDs & IDVs YL 8 29 16/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero District Office NA NA NA IDVs LVST 1 30 16/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero District Office NA NA NA IDVs DLO 1 Olorien/ Wasso 31 16/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Wasso FGDs & IDVs CC 3 Magaiduru North Olorien/ Wasso 32 16/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Wasso FGDs & IDVs DLNRO 1 Magaiduru North 33 16/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Olorien Wasso Wasso FGDs & IDVs VL 1

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North

34 16/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Olorien Lopolun Lopolun FGDs & IDVs PST W 5 SUB SN DATE REGION DISTRICT PLACE WARD VILLAGE AIM INFORMANT Nos VILLAGE 35 16/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Enguserosambu NA NA FGDs & IDVs VL 9

36 17/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs DM 1

37 17/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Kimana NA FGDs & IDVs PST M 3

38 17/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero Village Mangae Mela NA FGDs & IDVs PST CC 9

39 17/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero District Office NA NA NA IDVs AO 1

40 17/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero District Office NA NA NA IDVs EO 1 Olorien/ Wasso 41 17/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Wasso FGDs & IDVs DCDO 1 Magaiduru North Olorien/ Wasso 42 17/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Wasso FGDs & IDVs DLVO 1 Magaiduru North Olorien/ Wasso 43 17/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Wasso FGDs & IDVs Agric O 1 Magaiduru North 44 17/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Enguserosambu Enguserosambu Ndulele FGDs & IDVs CC 2

45 17/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Maaloni Loswash Loswash FGDs & IDVs YL 2 OCD &OC 46 18/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto District Office NA NA NA IDVs 1 CID 47 18/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Kimana NA FGDs & IDVs PST W 3

48 18/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Kimana NA FGDs & IDVs FRM M 2 UMWEA 49 18/3/2016 Morogoro Mvomero NA NA NA Feedback CSOs 4 Office

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50 18/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Enguserosambu Enguserosambu Ndulele FGDs & IDVs VE 1 51 19/3/2016 Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Kimana NA FGDs & IDVs FRM W 2

52 19/3/2016 Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Enguserosambu Enguserosambu Ndulele FGDs & IDVs VY 4

LEGEND District Administrative District Livestock& Officer Commending Agric O Agriculture Officer DAS DLFO OCD Secretary Fisheries officer District Officer Commending of AO Agricultural Officer DEO District Education Officer DWT District Water Technician OC CID Criminal Investigation Department CC Council Chairman DED District Executive Officer FGDs Focus Group Discussions PST M Pastoralist Man

Civil Society District Land and Natural CSO DLNRO FRM M Farmer Man PST W Pastoralist Woman Organisation Resources Officer Civil Society CSOs DLVO District Livestock Officer FRM W Farmer Woman PST YL Pastoralist Youth Leader Organisations DC District Commissioner DM District Magistrate NA Not Applicable VY Village Youth

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ANNEX 7: LAND USE PLANNING REVIEW

There is a general opinion at all levels that Land Use Planning will resolve many of the current conflicts. The Processes to develop a land use plan include: 1) A boundary survey is required to obtain village land certificate from the District and a pre‐ required of this is to settle any outstanding border issues; 2) A socio‐economic survey is undertaken to ascertain the current status quo and demographics; 3) A village land use committee is set up with representatives of the whole community, including at least three women, for them to decide their priorities and concerns and develop a draft template of the new land use plan; 4) This is presented to the village assembly for discussion where they have the opportunity to make modifications and adjustments, or return the plan for to re‐think the plan drawing.64 5) Once agreed by the Village assembly, It is then presented to the district authority for approval; 6) Finally it is registered with the central government land authorities. Post Land Use Plan Once the plans have been agreed with the district:

o The District can install beacons to mark the area, each beacon having a designated number which can be checked in district records for any future land dispute; o The plan can also be enforced with village by‐laws and fines levied for those crossing boundaries illegally. A Land Use plan requires land for:

 Residential areas, including land for natural growth,  Livelihoods (agriculture and forestry, and commercial areas including markets, services and eateries),  Public services areas (health centres, schools, cemeteries and playgrounds),  Forestry or other conservation areas,  Land for access infrastructure  Land to access natural resources including water resurces  Communal areas.

64 According to Geoffrey of TNRF, most of the plans get stuck at Stage 4 and approvals are rarely provided by the District. 160

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ANNEX 7: LAND USE PLANNING REVIEW cont.

Whereas a Land Use Plan is not about ownership, ownership does affect the outcomes. Challenges in Village Land Use Planning This research concurred that Village Land Use Planning undertaken as a participatory process will to a large extent resolve many of the direct causes of conflict. However it is not a simple solution and there are many issues that need to be resolved first. Funds, Human Resources and Time The primary reasons for the Land Use Planning Act of 2007 not bingn implemented across the country is due to the lack of funds, stretched human resources to help facilitate the participatory process and the time it takes. Communal Land Most often the grazing land and the communal land are deemed as one and the same thing65. Situation 1: If ‘communal land’, previously used for grazing has been sold off by village leadership without due process, what land is available in the village to re‐allocate for grazing land? Situation 2: Whereas there has been an update to the 2007 Land Use Planning Act, which clearly states pastoralist land should be designated as such rather than just ‘communal land’, it has yet to be implemented. New land use plans could further preclude security of any tenure for pastoralists. Inclusive Representation Example 3: Although many pastoralist live in the village, few are on the Village Council or on the land use committees. Adequate representation is required along with capacity building to ensure that pastoralists rights are catered for. Example 4: Even when an advisor is present to support the development of theLand Use Plan, if they are being paid for by a company wanting land for investment, there is a conflict of interest.

ANNEX 7: LAND USE PLANNING REVIEW cont.

65 Section 2 of the Land Act defines general lands as all public land which is not reserved or ‘unoccupied or unused village land.” The Village Land Act does not include this phrase. The Land Act can be a loophole for state agencies to Transfer of “idle land” to the category of general land, from which it can be made accessible to investors. Once village land is converted to general land, it cannot be converted back.

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Inter Village Land Use Plans Land needs to ensure to ensure the plan takes into account water access and stock routes, which may traverse other village boundaries. This means several VLUPs should be undertaken together and be a joint submission? Access to Stock Routes and Water Access Plans that benefit pastoralists also ensure maintenance of livestock routes to key grazing areas, ensure a large area of common grazing land, as well as individual plots for either farming or grazing for both farmers and pastoralists. They need to follow through with markers so that these stock routes are clearly seen to exist. Time & Costs According to informants a VLUP can cost between Tsh. 17‐30m; According to the Loliondo District where none of their villages have plans or have been surveyed, they hold funds of Tsh. 280m to carry out the process, which would only partially cover the VLUP costs. Examples of Previous Land Use Planning Emboley Murtangos: It is understood there was a recognised land use plan at the time for the pastoralists’ co‐existent arrangement in the forestry reserve agreed by the District. It is understood that they have now been evicted and the Land Plan. Kambala: Again there was a land use plan for a pastoralist village, purportedly approved and registered with the District and which included access to their secondary school and water resources. Now there is an 11km trench cutting them off from this land. In both cases, a Land Use Plan has not provided any security of tenure. Recommendations 1. Prior to the agreeing to a land use plan, the villages should get some form of training (HAKIARDHI) to ensure full representation, planning tools and equitable decisions are made without disenfranchising the minorities. 2. Land Sales should be checked prior to VLUPs to ensure any land sold followed due process and the title revoked if this has not been the case. 3. Land Use Planning should map out stock routes and access to water and markets in a joint Land Use Planning agreement between neighbouring villages. 4. All stock routes, grazing areas and water resources reserved for the pastoralists should be marked and security of tenure is provided.

ANNEX 8: TERMS OF REFERENCE

Conflict Situational and Trends (CS & T) Analysis

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in Pastoralist Programme Land Conflict in Tanzania

EVALUATION PURPOSE. The main purpose behind this is to improve the effectiveness in resolving land conflicts and documenting lessons for shared learning. In this respect, the conflict situational and trend analysis aims at meeting the following specific objectives:‐ EVALUATION QUESTIONS. To identify and document the nature and key driving factors of specific land conflicts, including the historical, political, economic, cultural, policy and regulatory frameworks causes and key actors/parties involved and remedial actions taken to redress the conflicts; To develop a snapshot of the current (and potential future?) consequences of the land conflicts on communities, specific groups within the communities (e.g. women and children), the economy of the area, poverty and vulnerability and pastoralism sustainability; and On the basis of the above, to develop a set of clear recommendations that can be used for shared learning and by the programme team in planning, design and implementation of the programme. SCOPE OF WORK The conflict situational and trends analysis seeks to understand the situation and trends of land resource conflict in Tanzania by looking at structural, proximate and immediate causes, identifying the different stakeholders/actors and the relation between them with strong eye being put to explore gender‐based conflicts, identifying conflict dynamics, driving factors (pertinent activities escalating and exacerbating the conflicts), time and frequency of occurrences, measures and mechanisms employed in addressing the conflicts. The question of access to resources including contestations in relation to agricultural activities, mining and reservations areas should also be explored together with it’s the land related policies existing in Tanzania. The Consultant should also make a comprehensive assessment of the overall land conflicts situation to explore historical background and determine if specific types of land conflicts are increasing, stable or decreasing over recent years since the commencement of the PP. Emphasis should be given to getting accurate information as much as possible. The consultant will also be responsible to share cases (examples in different forms like video, photos etc) on how land related conflicts are managed as recommendations.

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ANNEX 8.1: WORK PLAN Week 1: Desk Review – 6 days  Study the political, economic, cultural and historical context of conflicts arising;  Review the laws and policies in Tanzania that relate to land use and shared resources;  Assess the impacts of these laws and policies that support or exacerbate conflict;  Reveal implementation of policies & their effectiveness on the ground as it relates to conflict;  Gauge the trends and types of conflict;  Map stakeholders within land resource conflict scenarios; Week 2: Field Studies In Three Different Regions ‐ 4 days and 2 days travelling  Provide a snapshot of the situation on the ground in three different regions in Tanzania including Arusha, Morogoro and Manyara;  Illustrate the findings using case studies, videos and photos;  Identify current support mechanisms in place to avoid conflict and their effectiveness;  Explore types of gender conflict and gender input in resolving conflict;  Assess the impacts of conflicts on livelihoods, social cohesion and the most vulnerable; Week 3: Data Collation and Draft Report ‐ 3 days  Review including the structural, proximate and immediate causes of conflict and their dynamics, (official responses which may escalate the situation), time and frequency of occurrences, conflict resolution methodologies;  Develop a set of clear recommendations that can be used for shared learning and by the programme team in planning, design and implementation of the programme.  Validation Workshop ‐ 1 day

LIMITATIONS BUDGET There are many limitations to undertake this TOR as expressed in the pre‐discussion meeting at the Care offices. The TOR is extensive and yet the budget target was too small to fulfill in its entirety. TIMING As consultants we normally pre‐plan everything before going out to the field. As within the TOR, the first week was put aside for a) Desk research, b) Meetings with Ministries in DSM c) planning and developing bespoke survey instruments for potential respondents. At the beginning of the third week these details are still not confirmed. It is advised, that future TORs should provide adequate time and budgets sufficient to cover consultants and all logistical costs.

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ANNEX 8.2: SURVEY DEVELOPMENT & TRAINING

SURVEY INSTRUMENTS &TRAINING The variety of survey instruments and techniques were employed in this evaluation. See Appendix 3 Training was held with the team going to the field to ensure they optimize the visits. This included review of the TOR, the issues, the instruments and the reporting. Each questionnaire was reviewed and played out using role‐play and translating them to Swahili to ensure intent of the Questions. Training was also held on health and safety, fulfilling protocols, gender sensitivity, body language, listening, scribing, observations, transect walks and recordings. Within the villages, women were interviewed separately, either in Focus Group Discussions, or individually depending on the circumstances. Constrained by time and budget in the field of 4 days in 3 different regions of the country, reliant on others to set up the meetings in the District and villages, precluded any sampling methodology. Triangulation of data was balanced by interviews with the various parties on the ground, from the reports and studies available. Meeting notes will be captured including venue, aim, attendees, discussion and outcomes. PROTOCOLS At the National level, there are a range of protocols to fulfil, and despite the provision of a ‘Letter of Introduction from Care’, this was deemed insufficient by the MDAs to: a) hold interviews and b) collect necessary data. However it emerged that the PS was required to approve the research and following additional letters of request to meet officers and obtain information. Three weeks later, one Ministry has responded, but due to time availability only one interview has taken place. to date and the latest promise of data (hard copy) is at the end of Week 3. At the regional Level, permission for the District officers is required from the DED, but it has been revealed that this has yet to be requested. EVALUATION MATRIX Despite the major limitations in budget, timing and planning, as experienced consultants one makes the best of the opportunities available and the circumstances on the ground. So whereas we did not know whom we will be seeing, where we were going and what we would find on the ground, three weeks into the 15‐day consultancy, it is believed that some useful information emerged. EVALUATION TEAM IDC undertook situational analysis with 12 team members in the field, three back office ata collators and 2 analysts.

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ANNEX 8.3: DATA COLLECTION, COLLATION & ANALYSIS SURVEY INSTRUMENTS &TRAINING The variety of survey instruments and techniques were employed in this evaluation. See Appendix 3 Training was held with the team going to the field to ensure they optimize the visits. This included review of the TOR, the issues, the instruments and the reporting. Each questionnaire was reviewed and played out using role‐play and translating them to Swahili to ensure intent of the Questions. Training was also held on health and safety, fulfilling protocols, gender sensitivity, body language, listening, scribing, observations, transect walks and recordings. Within the villages, women were interviewed separately, either in Focus Group Discussions, or individually depending on the circumstances. Constrained by time and budget in the field of 4 days in 3 different regions of the country, reliant on others to set up the meetings in the District and villages, precluded any sampling methodology. Triangulation of data was balanced by interviews with the various parties on the ground, from the reports and studies available. Meeting notes will be captured including venue, aim, attendees, discussion and outcomes. PROTOCOLS At the National level, there are a range of protocols to fulfil, and despite the provision of a ‘Letter of Introduction from Care’, this was deemed insufficient by the MDAs to: a) hold interviews and b) collect necessary data. However it emerged that the PS was required to approve the research and following additional letters of request to meet officers and obtain information. Three weeks later, one Ministry has responded, but due to time availability only one interview has taken place. to date and the latest promise of data (hard copy) is at the end of Week 3. At the regional Level, permission for the District officers is required from the DED, but it has been revealed that this has yet to be requested. EVALUATION MATRIX Despite the major limitations in budget, timing and planning, as experienced consultants one makes the best of the opportunities available and the circumstances on the ground. So whereas we did not know whom we will be seeing, where we were going and what we would find on the ground, three weeks into the 15‐day consultancy, it is believed that some useful information emerged. EVALUATION TEAM IDC undertook situational analysis with 12 team members in the field, three back office ata collators and 2 analysts.

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ANNEX 8.4: KEY INFORMANTS

The stakeholder interviews for this research on the National Level include: CARE International KITETO Land Rights Advocates District Officials: District Commissioner (DC); Ministry of Agriculture District Executive Director (DED) Ministry of Livestock District Department Officers: Livestock, Water Engineer and Agricultural. Workshop Attendees in Arusha Law Enforcement Officers: Police and Led by TNR, District court Resource Management Zone Plan P.34 The key informants at District Level included: Farmer and Pastoralist Villages: Leaders, TNRF Elders, Women& Youth CARE Partners: Field Workers KINAPA Farmer and Pastoralist Villages: Leaders, Elders, Women& Youth MVOMERO District Officials: District Commissioner (DC); District Officials: District Commissioner (DC); District Executive Director (DED), District Executive Director (DED) and OCD District Department Officers: Land, District Department Officers: Land, Agricultural, Livestock and Community Educational and Agricultural Development Officers Farmer and Pastoralist Villages: Leaders, Law Enforcement Officers: Police and local Elders, Women& Youth courts, Local Conflict Officer CSO’s: UMWEMA Private Investors: CEO and Security Village Council personnel LOLIONDO The key informants at the Community Level Farmer and Pastoralist Villages: Leaders, included: Elders, Women& Youth District Department Officers: Livestock and District Lands Natural Resources & Environment Officers (DLNO) Council chairpersons

REGION DISTRICT PLACE WARD VILLAGE Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Ilera Manyara Kiteto Village Partimbo Kimana Morogoro Mvomero Village Mkindo Kambala Morogoro Mvomero Village Hembeti Msufini Morogoro Mvomero Village Mangae Mela Olorien/ Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Wasso Magaiduru Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Olorien Lopolun Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Enguserosambu Enguserosambu

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Arusha Ngorongoro Loliondo Maaloni Loswash ANNEX 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY AWINIA Christopher Dr. 2014 The Pastoralist Programme Care, Tanzania Natural Resource Forum & Irish Aid

BENJAMINSEN Tor A., MAGANGA Faustin P. & ABDALLAH Jumanne Moshi 2006 The Kilosa Killings: Political Ecology of a Farmer‐Herder Conflict in Tanzania Research Gate www.researchgate.net

CARE Tanzania & TNRF 2011 Proposal for Management Agency for Pastoralist Program in Tanzania (PP) 2011 – 2015 Submitted to:The Embassy of Ireland/Irish Aid Dar es Salaam

CARE Tanzania & TNRF 2014 Annex 2: PP Revised Logical Framework with Targets Dar es Salaam

CARE Tanzania & TNRF 2014 Final Report: Strategy for Refocusing of the Pastoralist Programme in line with Mid Term Review Recommendations Pastoralist Programme Dar es Salaam

CHAMA CHA WAFUGAJI TANZANIA (CCWT) 2016 RE: Pastoralist Evictions To Permanent Secretary, Prime Minister’s Office Dar es Salaam

CHACHANGE Chambi 2009 The State of the NAFCO, NARCO and Absentee Landlords’ Farms/Ranches in Tanzania Land Rights Research and Resources Institute (LARRRI/HAKIARDHI) Dar es Salaam www.udadisi.blogspot.com

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF TRUST (CODERT)

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2013 Project Proposal for Land Rights Advocacy for Agro‐Pastoralists’ Socio‐Economic Empowerment Geita District www.codert‐tz.org

COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION (CEDESOTA) 2012 Proposal for Empowerment of Pastoralist and Agro‐pastoralist Communities for Livelihood Improvement in Meru District Submitted to: The Country Director, CARE International Tanzania Arusha, Tanzania

COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION (CEDESOTA) 2014 Project Proposal for Policy Advocacy for Pastoralists and Agro‐pastoralists Livelihood Improvement in Tanzania Submitted to: The Country Director, CARE International Tanzania Arusha, Tanzania

DISTRICT EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 2015 Socio‐Economic Profile Loliondo ‐ Arusha [email protected]

DONDEYNE Stefaan, LENAERTS Lutgart, BREUSERS Mark, BAUER Hans, HAILE Mitiku & DECKERS Jozef 2014 This Pasture is ours since Ancient Times. The Interplay of Social, Political and Geographical Space along the Afar‐Tigray Regional Boundary www.researchgate.net

ELLIOT Fratkin 1999 Land, Resources and Environment Maasai and Barabaig Herders Struggle for Land Rights in Kenya and Tanzania

EMAYO ERETO MAASAI YOUTH 2012 Proposal on Formation of Pastoralists Network and Advocacy Capacity Building in Kilindi District Submitted to Country Director, Care International Tanzania Kilindi, Tanga

FRANKSA DM, DAVIS R, BEBBINGTON AJ, ALI SH, KEMP D & MARTIN S 2014 Conflict Translates Environmental and Social Risk into Business Costs www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

GIDABUDAY Francis Wilhelm 2015 Conflict between Pastoralists and Farmers in Morogoro Region ARUSHA

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ANNEX 10: LIST OF AVAILABLE APPENDICES 1.1 Situational Analysis Field Work Itinerary 1.2 Signed Meeting, Training & Workshop Registers 2.1 IDC MN on Hanang vs NAFCO 2.2 MDA Min of Livestock Vision & Mission 2.3 MDA Disease Control 2.4 MDA Development Programme 2.5 Kiteto District Investment Profile 2.6 IDC Usungu Evictions Stats 2.7 Land Laws in Tanzania Bibliography 4.1 Kiteto District 4.1.1 Kiteto District Documents Listing 4.1.2 Kiteto Public Services & Infrastructure Graphs 4.1.3 Water Projects ENG & SWH 4.1.4 Partimbo Stats 4.1.5 District Responses 4.1.6 Main Survey Kiteto 4.1.7 Kiteto Conflict Survey 4.1.8 Kiteto DC Land conflict Court Cases ENG & SWH 4.1.9 Kiteto District Cooperatives ENG & SWH 4.2 Mvomero District 4.2.1 Extract from IWGIA Report 4.2.2 Population of Hembeti Ward 4.2.3 District Profile Formalization Plan 4.2.4 Land Conflicts in Mvomero 342.5 Mvomero Villages and Ward 4.3 Ngorongoro District 4.3.1 Brief Loliondo Timelines 4.3.2 MN Loliondo Land Officer 4.3.3 MN Loliondo Council Chairman 4.3.4 Brief Wasso Village V1 4.3.5 MN Enguserosambu Village PSTC 4.3.6 MN Enguserosambu V5 3.3.7 MN Loliondo Maaloni Village 4.3.8 Loliondo Maps 4.3.9 MN Loliondo Enguerosambu 4.3.10 Loliondo Public Services 4.3.11 MN Loliondo District Veterinary Officer 4.3.12 MN Loliondo Land Officer 4.3.13 MN Loliondo Lopolun Village 5 Recommendations 5.1 Mkomazi Game Reserve Wikipedia Extract 5.2 MDA Min Livestock Organigram 5.3 MVIWATA & ILS NES Workshop 5.4 IWGIA Report 23 Recommendations Extract

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