DOCSLIB.ORG

The United Nations Dumbarton Oaks Proposals for a General International Organization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 3 Date 06/07/2006 Time 11:09:11 AM S-0981 -0002-03-0000 1 Expanded Number S-0981 -0002-03-00001 Title Items-i n-General files - miscellaneous background info on unofficial publications Date Created 01/10/1943 Record Type Archival Item Container S-0981 -0002: United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) subject files Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit I I I ESSENTIAL FACTS In regard to THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, THE WORLD COURT and the INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION Education Committee THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS October, $1943 ASSOCIATION, Inc. Price, Ten Cents 45 E. 65th St., Now York 21, N. Y. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ASSOCIATION, Inc. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ....... ........ ...... 3 National Headquarters: ............. M em bership . ' ' ...................... 4 ............. 45 East 65th Street New York 21, N. Y. M achinery of the League .. _.............. .. 5 ........... Political Work of the League................ ........ .. .. .. .. 9 Settlem ent of Disputes ......- ...-.. I....... Reduction of Armaments ............ - JOHN H. CLARKE FRANK G. BOUDREAU, M.D. JAMES T. SHOTWELL President The Saar Plebiscite ........... Honorary Presidents M andates .,._........ ........ ...... ...... ........ 20 MRhs. EMMONS BLAINE JOHN W. DAVIS MRS. JAMES LEES LAIDLAW M inorities ..... .. 1 -............ ....... .. .. - 2 1 MICHAEL FRANCIS DOYLE Vice-Presidents The Leagýue's Technical Work .... .... .... .. 22 MANLEY 0. HUDSON HUGH MOORE Economic and Financial Problems.. ........ .. 23 ......... THEODORE MARBURG Chairman, Executive Committee Communications and Transit ......... 1 .....I.. .. .. 2 5 MRS. CARRIE CHAPMAN CArT FREDERICK C. MCKEE H e a lth ..- I......I. " '. ....-. ... ....... .. .. - 2 6 Honorary Vice-Presidents Treasurer Traffic in Opium......... ..... 28 ...... CLARK M. EicHELBERGER Refugees 29 Director Intellectual Cooperation.... 30 The United States and the League of Nations 30 Analysis of the Record..... 32 The League and the Future ...... ....... EDUCATION COMMITTEE .. 33 THE W ORLD COURT ... __ ................... - ...... ..... 39 MRS. DANA CONVERSE BACKUS, Chairman H isto ry ....... .. ... _... ........ .... ........ ........139 HARRY J. CARMAN WILLIAM A. HAMM Jurisdiction .... 39 MRS. HARVET DAVIS ERRING HUNT N. Optional Clause ............ 40 STEPHEN P. DUGGAN WALTER KOTICHNIG The United States and the Court .... .40 CLYDE EAGLETON QUINCY WRIGHT The Future of the Court...._--I.. ...I....... ............. .. 2 TH-E INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION........ 42 Its Purpose...... MRS. HARRISON THOMAS 43 .................... Secretary, Education Committee Organization and W ork ......44 The International Labor Office .. _ . 45 The I.L.O. in War-time ..... ........... 46 ....... LOOKING AHEAD 46 AIDS TO STUDY.. .. 47 181ia ESSENTIAL FACTS In regard to THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, THE WORLD COURT and the INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION A N AMERICAN LEGION parade is marching down Fifth Avenue be- Z~k neath our windows as these words are written. These are the men who twenty-five years ago won (so we thought) the first World E SSENTIALunder the titleFACTS, Manual which for Teachersr, appeared wasfirst prepared in November to meet I92Z5the War. They had been promised it was a "war to end war". To carry need for factual information on the new international institutions, felt out that purpose a League of Nations was set up. Yet the parade is led by teachers of the social sciences in the New York City high schools. by a detachment of young men about to fight in a second World War, The pamphlet has from time to time been brought up to date and re- which has already cost millions of lives and billions of dollars, and will published. In igz6 it was given the title Essential Facts in regard to cost far more before it ends. the League of Nations, the World Court and the International Labor How could it happen? Where were the mistakes? What did the Organization, under which title it appeared in ten subsequent editions. League of Nations accomplish? Where was it right? What does the In 1940 the subject matter was broadened to deal briefly with other League still offer with which we can build anew? These questions must plans for international organization and to discuss the principles which be answered for we cannot afford to fail again. With the modern de- should underlie it. The editions of 1940 and 1941 therefore appeared velopments in the science of war, we cannot even imagine the horrors under the title Essential Facts underlying World Organization. This of a third world conflict. To prevent that final disaster let us take stock current edition confines itself again to the League of Nations, the of our experience of the last twenty-five years so that we may be sure World Court and the International Labor Organization and seeks to this time to build a world order that will endure. make clear the contribution which those organizations can make to the problems growing out of this war. We therefore go back to the THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS title which indicates that fact. Even before 1918 statesmen in different countries began to lay plans While written particularly to supplement the history textbook in the for an organization by which war might be prevented and through schools, Essential Factsr has also found a wide usefulness among other which nations might work together to settle their common problems. groups which need the concise sort of information it supplies. When President Wilson's Fourteen Points were accepted as the basis of an armistice with Germany, the last point suggested the formation The Education Committee is indebted to a Workshop composed of of "a general association of nations . .. under specific covenants three New York City high school teachers of the social sciences, in- for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and cluding Isabel Boyle of Erasmus Hall High School, Paul Balser of territorial integrity to great and small states alike." At the Paris Peace Christopher Columbus High School and Charles Smukier of Forest Conference Wilson became chairman of a commission which drafted Hills High School, for the assistance they gave in the summer of 1943 the League Covenant' and it was because of his firm insistence that the in the revision of the pamphlet. The final preparation of the manuscript Covenant was incorporated as Part I of the peace treaties. As the peace was done by the committee's secretary, Mrs. Harrison Thomas. conference dragged on and the delegates became daily more weary and disillusioned, Wilson was forced back point by point from some of the positions he had taken, but this one objective of a society of nations he would not give up. Doubtless he hoped that if the League could only be established, any mistakes made at the Peace Conference could later be set right through its machinery. x. The full text of the League Covenant may be secured from the League of Nations Association. The purposes for which the League was created are stated in the Canada Iran (Persia) Switzerland preamble to the Covenant: China Iraq *Thailand (Siam) Colombia Ireland Turkey "The High Contracting Parties, Cuba *Latvia United Kingdom In order to promote international cooperation and to achieve inter- *Czechoslovakia Liberia (Great Britain) national peace and security *Deinmark *Lithuania Uruguay by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, Dominican Republic *Luxemnburg *Yugoslavia Ecuador Mexico by the prescription of open, just and honorable relations between Egypt *Netherlands nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law The situation as to the membership of France is interesting. After as the actual rule of conduct among governments, and her collapse the Vichy government in April 1941 notified the League that France would withdraw. Two years are required for withdrawal by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty to take effect. Just before the end of that period in the spring of 1943, obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another, both General de Gaulle and General Giraud sent telegrams to Geneva Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations." notifying the League authorities that the notice of withdrawal made Let us see what this Covenant created and what was accomplished under German pressure could not be legal and that "France continues between World Wars I and 11. to be a member of the League." The puppet government of Albania also sent in notice of withdrawal under Axis pressure, but the notice 1. MEMBERSHIP was not considered valid by League authorities. The 29 Allied and Associated Powers who signed the peace treaties In our study of the League we shall first consider how it was orig- were to be "original members" of the League of Nations. The 13 neu- inally organized and some of the principal events in its history. We tral states were also invited to join. Other self-governing states might shall examine this record in order to see what mistakes helped to con- be admitted later by a two-thirds vote of the Assembly. There have tribute to the tragic situation of the world today. Lastly we shall sum been at one time or another 63 member states, the United States and up just where the League stands today and what contributions it can Saudi Arabia being the only independent nations which have never make to a future world order. joined. From the 30's on, when the trend toward the current war began to set in and the League was losing prestige, 16 states withdrew at vari- 2. MACHINERY OF THE LEAGUE ous times and for various reasons. Some of these withdrawals will be The machinery of the League of Nations consists of three main noted later. The Soviet Union was expelled from the League at a special parts-the Assembly, the Council and the Secretariat. It is important session in December x93 because of her attack upon Finland. Austria to know just what each one of these bodies did, when the League was was of course lost to the League when taken over by Germany.
Recommended publications
  • Nancy Wilson Ross

    Nancy Wilson Ross

    Nancy Wilson Ross: An Inventory of Her Papers at the Harry Ransom Center Descriptive Summary Creator: Ross, Nancy Wilson, 1901-1986 Title: Nancy Wilson Ross Papers Dates: 1913-1986 Extent: 261.5 document boxes, 12 flat boxes, 18 card boxes, 7 galley folders (138 linear feet) Abstract: The papers of this American writer encompass her entire literary career and include manuscript drafts, extensive correspondence, and subject files reflecting her interest in Eastern cultures. Call Number: Manuscript Collection MS-03616 Language: English Access Open for research Administrative Information Acquisition Purchase, 1972 (R5717) Provenance Ross's first shipment of materials to the Ransom Center accompanied her husband Stanley Young's papers, and consisted of Ross's literary output to 1975, including manuscripts, publications, and research materials. The second, posthumous shipment contained manuscripts created since 1974, and all her correspondence, personal, and financial files, as well as files concerning the estate of Stanley Young. Processed by Rufus Lund, 1992-93; completed by Joan Sibley, 1994 Processing note: Materials from the 1975 and 1986 shipments are grouped following Ross's original order, with the exception of pre-1970, special, and current correspondence which were interfiled during processing. An index of selected correspondents follows at the end of this inventory. Repository: Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin Ross, Nancy Wilson, 1901-1986 Manuscript Collection MS-03616 2 Ross, Nancy Wilson, 1901-1986 Manuscript Collection MS-03616 Biographical Sketch Nancy Wilson was born in Olympia, Washington, on November 22, 1901. She graduated from the University of Oregon in 1924, and married Charles W.
  • The Problem of War Aims and the Treaty of Versailles Callaghan, JT

    The Problem of War Aims and the Treaty of Versailles Callaghan, JT

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Salford Institutional Repository The problem of war aims and the Treaty of Versailles Callaghan, JT Titl e The problem of war aims and the Treaty of Versailles Aut h or s Callaghan, JT Typ e Book Section URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/46240/ Published Date 2 0 1 8 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non- commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected] . 13 The problem of war aims and the Treaty of Versailles John Callaghan Why did Britain go to war in 1914? The answer that generated popular approval concerned the defence of Belgian neutrality, defiled by German invasion in the execution of the Schlieffen Plan. Less appealing, and therefore less invoked for public consumption, but broadly consistent with this promoted justification, was Britain’s long-standing interest in maintaining a balance of power on the continent, which a German victory would not only disrupt, according to Foreign Office officials, but replace with a ‘political dictatorship’ inimical to political freedom.1 Yet only 6 days before the British declaration of war, on 30 July, the chairman of the Liberal Foreign Affairs Group, Arthur Ponsonby, informed Prime Minister Asquith that ‘nine tenths of the [Liberal] party’ supported neutrality.
  • Arthur Sweetser Papers [Finding Aid]. Library Of

    Arthur Sweetser Papers [Finding Aid]. Library Of

    Arthur Sweetser Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2013 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms013059 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm78042085 Prepared by Manuscript Division Staff Collection Summary Title: Arthur Sweetser Papers Span Dates: 1913-1961 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1919-1947) ID No.: MSS42085 Creator: Sweetser, Arthur, 1888-1968 Extent: 22,350 items ; 95 containers plus 4 oversize ; 36.6 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Public official and journalist. Correspondence, diaries, memoranda, press releases, newspaper clippings, speeches, articles, scrapbooks, and other papers relating to Sweetser's career in journalism and diplomacy. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Acheson, Dean, 1893-1971--Correspondence. Baruch, Bernard M. (Bernard Mannes), 1870-1965--Correspondence. Comert, Pierre--Correspondence. Croly, Herbert David, 1869-1930--Correspondence. Davis, Elmer Holmes, 1890-1958--Correspondence. Davis, Malcolm W. (Malcolm Waters), 1899- --Correspondence. Drummond, Eric, Sir, 1876- --Correspondence. Fosdick, Raymond B. (Raymond Blaine), 1883-1972--Correspondence. Gerig, Benjamin, 1894-1976--Correspondence. Gilchrist, Huntington, 1891-1975--Correspondence. Grew, Joseph C. (Joseph Clark), 1880-1965--Correspondence. Hambro, Carl Joachim, 1885-1964--Correspondence. House, Edward Mandell, 1858-1938--Correspondence. Hudson, Manley O.
  • Australia in the League of Nations: a Centenary View

    Australia in the League of Nations: a Centenary View

    RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 2018–19 21 DECEMBER 2018 Australia in the League of Nations: a centenary view James Cotton Emeritus Professor of Politics, University of New South Wales, ADFA, Canberra Contents The League and global politics beyond the Empire-Commonwealth . 2 The requirements of membership ...................................................... 3 The Australian experience as a League mandatory ............................ 4 Peace, disarmament, collective security ............................................. 6 The League and the management of international trade and economic policy ................................................................................ 10 The League’s social agenda ............................................................... 11 Geneva as a school for international affairs for some prominent Australians ......................................................................................... 12 The Australian League of Nations Union........................................... 13 The League idea in Australia ............................................................. 14 Discussion of the League in the parliament and the debate on foreign affairs .................................................................................... 16 Conclusions: Australia in the League ................................................ 19 ISSN 2203-5249 The League and global politics beyond the Empire-Commonwealth With the formation of the Australian Commonwealth, the new nation adopted a constitution that imparted to the
  • A History of Global Governance

    A History of Global Governance

    2 A History of Global Governance It is the sense of Congress that it should be a fundamental objective of the foreign policy of the United States to support and strengthen the United Nations and to seek its development into a world federation open to all nations with definite and limited powers adequate to preserve peace and prevent aggression through the enactment, interpretation and enforcement of world law. House Concurrent Resolution 64, 1949, with 111 co-sponsors There are causes, but only a very few, for which it is worthwhile to fight; but whatever the cause, and however justifiable the war, war brings about such great evils that it is of immense importance to find ways short of war in which the things worth fighting for can be secured. I think it is worthwhile to fight to prevent England and America being conquered by the Nazis, but it would be far better if this end could be secured without war. For this, two things are necessary. First, the creation of an international government, possessing a monopoly of armed force, and guaranteeing freedom from aggression to every country; second, that wars (other than civil wars) are justified when, and only when, they are fought in defense of the international law established by the international authority. Wars will cease when, and only when, it becomes evident beyond reasonable doubt that in any war the aggressor will be defeated. 1 Bertrand Russell, “The Future of Pacifism” By the end of the 20th century, if not well before, humankind had come to accept the need for and the importance of various national institutions to secure political stability and economic prosperity.
  • The 1935 Peace Ballot in Wales by Rob Laker, History Masters Researcher, Swansea University Research Placement with WCIA’S ‘Peace Heritage’ Programme

    The 1935 Peace Ballot in Wales by Rob Laker, History Masters Researcher, Swansea University Research Placement with WCIA’S ‘Peace Heritage’ Programme

    1 The 1935 Peace Ballot in Wales By Rob Laker, History Masters Researcher, Swansea University Research Placement with WCIA’s ‘Peace Heritage’ programme "1,025,040 people in Wales voted in the Peace Ballot of 1935… 62.3% of eligible registered voters" The 1935 Peace Ballot was a UK wide poll of Britain’s electorate designed to measure the public’s opinions regarding the key debates in international relations at the time. Despite lacking government sponsorship, the Ballot received extraordinary attention across the United Kingdom – nowhere was engagement higher, however, than in Wales, which quickly came to be recognised as a leading light in the cause of internationalism. Between the wars, a new form of outward-looking patriotism had become an important part of Welsh national identity, as ordinary people worked actively to create a Wales which existed at the centre of the international community. Local branches of the Welsh League of Nations Union were active in every corner of Wales, running cultural events such as ‘Daffodil Days’ – the since forgotten annual custom of selling daffodils in aid of the League – and coordinating networks of local activists. This pride in their nation’s role in the quest for international harmony manifested itself in Welsh responses to the Peace Ballot, producing an overwhelming endorsement for the cause of internationalism. Heddwchwyr.Cymru I Peacemakers.wales 2 The UK Ballot By the end of 1933 it seemed that the international order was unravelling: the World Disarmament Conference had failed to produce results, Germany had withdrawn from the League of Nations, and the organisation had proved itself unable to resolve the Manchuria Crisis.
  • Battle the Balkan·S

    Battle the Balkan·S

    ' - ) LET OFFIC There are two possibilities. One is a part and parcel of the democratic war itself South Slav Federation comp?sed of Serbs, and that they can be of help not only in Croats, Slovenes and Bulgarians with which shortening the war greatly but in solving the other Balkan nations-Rumania, Greece a variety of problems. and Albania - would collaborate. Russia, In the matter of the terrible devastatiqn The which qoes not look sympathetically on the wrought by fascist Italian troops in the Bal­ idea of any bloc federated on the basis of kans or by satellite Bulgarian fascist groups, regionalism, favors this possibility. The the round table has agreed it is vital that other solution is a Balkan Federation, with full restitution be made· for the devastated all the Balkan peoples participating and areas. You have concurred in recommend­ BATTLE renouncing their small nationalisms in .a ing that all resources (particularly those bf federated state within a democratic frame- the Axis nations) be po9led in order· to re­ work, each country ret.aining a ~ imited .establish prosperity and help·the victimized sovereignty. The great powers must' not peoples to cope with the problems of divide the Balkan community into spheres disease, ruined property and so forth. ·for of influence; a united democratic, inde- In the matter of boundary problems the pendent community of the Balkan peoples members of the round table were of the would constitute the firmest of links be- unanimous belief that those areas which tween Russia and the rest of Europe. have ·been occupied by the Axis countries THE BALKAN·S Dolivet - May I now submit the conclu- and which have suffered so terribly from sions we have reached? The round table the enemy should be returned immediately.
  • Nota Bene-- C:\JEH\VASSIL~1\NOTEBO~1

    Nota Bene-- C:\JEH\VASSIL~1\NOTEBO~1

    White Notebook #3 1 Translation of original notes from KGB archival files by Alexander Vassiliev (1993-1996) Translated by Steve Shabad, reviewed and edited by Alexander Vassiliev and John Earl Haynes (2007) [Pagination and formatting track the handwritten original notebook. Phrases in English in the original are italicized. Phrases that were transliterated from English to Russian in the original are in Arial font. Marginal comments in the left margin are chiefly page numbers from the archival file while those in the right margin are Vassiliev’s topic designations, his own comments, or notes to himself. Endnotes were added in translation.] ******************************************************************************************************************* File 55298 “Robert” Undated report by Sound on Bruce Minton (“Informator”): Informator, p.20 Bruce’s primary contact – Gregory Silvermaster, an economist at the Treasury Dept. An expert Silvermaster on sociology, has a command of Russian. Lives with Ludwig Ullmann, who is a friend of his. the White trusts Silvermaster and often asks for his advice, especially on matters pertaining to the same S.U. p.21 9/X – 1940 A report on Bruce Minton was received from Sound. (Real name is Richard Informator Bransten1). Comes from a well-to-do California family; joined the CP during the Calif. strike of 1934. Moved to NY, worked at the mag. “New Masses.” Divorced Louise Bransten and married Ruth McKenney. p.22 On assignment from Browder, he issues the bulletin “In Fact” together with Seldes. At “New Masses” at the same time. Repetition. p.23 Bruce meets with S-ter on a daily basis; the latter informs him of Washinton news. p.29 Report by Sound from 31.03.42 [On the evening of 26.03, Sound met with Greg and his wife.
  • The League of Nations: a Retreat from International Law?*

    The League of Nations: a Retreat from International Law?*

    Journal of Global History (2012), 7, pp. 210–232 & London School of Economics and Political Science 2012 doi:10.1017/S1740022812000046 The League of Nations: a retreat from international law?* Stephen Wertheim Department of History, Columbia University, 611 Fayerweather Hall, 1180 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract During the First World War, civil society groups across the North Atlantic put forward an array of plans for recasting international society. The most prominent ones sought to build on the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 by developing international legal codes and, in a drastic innovation, obligating and militarily enforcing the judicial settlement of disputes. Their ideal was a world governed by law, which they opposed to politics. This idea was championed by the largest groups in the United States and France in favour of international organizations, and they had likeminded counterparts in Britain. The Anglo-American architects of the League of Nations, however, defined their vision against legalism. Their declaratory design sought to ensure that artificial machinery never stifled the growth of common consciousness. Paradoxically, the bold new experiment in international organization was forged from an anti-formalistic ethos – one that slowed the momentum of international law and portended the rise of global governance. Keywords global civil society, international law, international organization, internationalism, League of Nations Alfred Zimmern had reason to be scathing. As one of the chief architects of the League of Nations, he recognized the threat to his vision that lay across the Atlantic during the First World War. The threat arose precisely from the fact that his antagonists, like him, favoured the creation of an international organization to promote peace and cooperation, not least between his Britain and their America.
  • Japan and the League of Nations

    Japan and the League of Nations

    Japanese history Burkman Of related interest (Continued from front flap) THE THOUGHT WAR ment concepts and plans, and the settlement Japanese Imperial Propaganda apan joined the League of Nations in 1920 JAPAN JAPAN J of border disputes in Europe. This study is Barak Kushner as a charter member and one of four perma- enlivened by the personalities and initiatives nent members of the League Council. Until of Makino Nobuaki, Ishii Kikujiro¯, Nitobe 2006, 254 pages, illus. conflict arose between Japan and the organiza- Inazo¯, Matsuoka Yo¯suke, and others in their Paper ISBN: 978-0-8248-3208-7 tion over the 1931 Manchurian Incident, the Geneva roles. The League project ushered League was a centerpiece of Japan’s policy to “Completely individual and very interesting. Kushner’s book is, I think, those it affected to world citizenship and in- maintain accommodation with the Western the first to treat propaganda as a profession in wartime Japan. He follows it spired them to build bridges across boundaries powers. The picture of Japan as a positive and cultures. The author sheds new light on through its various stages and is particularly interested in its popular accep- and the contributor to international comity, however, the meaning and content of internationalism tance—wartime comedy, variety shows, how entertainers sought to bolster is not the conventional view of the country in in an era typically seen as a showcase for dip- their careers by adopting the prewar message, which then filtered down into the early and mid-twentieth century. Rather, lomatic autonomy and isolation. Well into the society and took hold.
  • League of Nations Union Junior Branches in English Secondary Schools, 1919–1939

    League of Nations Union Junior Branches in English Secondary Schools, 1919–1939

    Creating Liberal-Internationalist World Citizens: League of Nations Union Junior Branches in English Secondary Schools, 1919–1939 Name: Dr Susannah Wright Email: [email protected] Address: School of Education, Oxford Brookes University, Harcourt Hill, Oxford, OX2 9AT, UK Twitter: @susannahlwright Abstract The League of Nations Union (LNU) was one among the many organisations, in different countries, that promoted internationalist education among the young in the interwar years. But it was a particularly large and prominent one and appealed to a wide cross-section of teachers and pupils in English schools. LNU junior branches were established in many English secondary schools. Occupying a space at the intersection of youth organisations, a larger political movement, and the school itself, these junior branches were part of a wider agenda of active citizenship through extra-curricular means. Their focus was a liberal- internationalist version of “world citizenship” which accommodated existing loyalties to nation and empire as well as loyalty to the wider international sphere, and which sought peace but would countenance the controlled use of armed force against breaches of international agreements. Case studies of junior branches in two girls’ schools and two boys’ schools draw on school magazines and other relevant sources to shed light on what world citizenship could look like in different school contexts. The traditions and cultures of these different schools, the LNU’s ideals and resources, and changing international events, all emerge as important shapers of junior branch activities, and the response to what junior branches offered. Examining the micro-contexts of junior branches in schools contributes new, grounded, insights to a historiography of internationalist education, indicating ways in which ideals of liberal-internationalist world citizenship were negotiated, promoted, taken up, passed on, altered, and, sometimes, challenged or ignored.
  • UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Cold War Comrades: Left-Liberal Anticommunism and American Empire, 1941-1968 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z1041sr Author Cushner, Ari Nathan Publication Date 2017 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ COLD WAR COMRADES: LEFT-LIBERAL ANTICOMMUNISM AND AMERICAN EMPIRE, 1941-1968 A dissertation presented in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS with an emphasis in AMERICAN STUDIES by Ari. N. Cushner September 2017 The dissertation of Ari Nathan Cushner is approved: _________________________________ Professor Barbara Epstein, chair _________________________________ Professor Eric Porter _________________________________ Matthew Lasar, Ph.D. _____________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Ari N. Cushner 2017 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii INTRODUCTION Cold War Liberalism and the American Century 1 Midcentury Left-Liberal Anticommunism 6 Sources 14 Original Contributions 16 Methods 19 Literature Review 25 McCarthyism and Left-Liberal Anticommunism 28 New York Intellectuals and Neoconservatism 38 Cold War Anticommunism and American Empire 43 Chapter Outline 45 CHAPTER ONE Tragedy of Possibility: From a People’s Century to Cold War Empire 47 Henry Wallace and the Popular Front 51 Free World Association 56 Union for Democratic Action 65 Cold War (and Critics) 68 The 1948 Election 78 End of the People’s Century 90 CHAPTER TWO Following The New Leader: Left-Liberal Anticommunist Routes 95 “The Real Center of Anti-Communist Thought and Activity” 97 Norman Thomas (1884-1968) 113 Sidney Hook (1902-1989) 123 Arthur Schlesinger Jr.