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Japan and the League of Nations Japanese history Burkman Of related interest (Continued from front flap) THE THOUGHT WAR ment concepts and plans, and the settlement Japanese Imperial Propaganda apan joined the League of Nations in 1920 JAPAN JAPAN J of border disputes in Europe. This study is Barak Kushner as a charter member and one of four perma- enlivened by the personalities and initiatives nent members of the League Council. Until of Makino Nobuaki, Ishii Kikujiro¯, Nitobe 2006, 254 pages, illus. conflict arose between Japan and the organiza- Inazo¯, Matsuoka Yo¯suke, and others in their Paper ISBN: 978-0-8248-3208-7 tion over the 1931 Manchurian Incident, the Geneva roles. The League project ushered League was a centerpiece of Japan’s policy to “Completely individual and very interesting. Kushner’s book is, I think, those it affected to world citizenship and in- maintain accommodation with the Western the first to treat propaganda as a profession in wartime Japan. He follows it spired them to build bridges across boundaries powers. The picture of Japan as a positive and cultures. The author sheds new light on through its various stages and is particularly interested in its popular accep- and the contributor to international comity, however, the meaning and content of internationalism tance—wartime comedy, variety shows, how entertainers sought to bolster is not the conventional view of the country in in an era typically seen as a showcase for dip- their careers by adopting the prewar message, which then filtered down into the early and mid-twentieth century. Rather, lomatic autonomy and isolation. Well into the society and took hold. Using almost entirely primary materials, which have not this period is usually depicted in Japan and 1930s, the vestiges of international accommo- before been translated, Barak re-creates the wartime world in which propagan- abroad as a history of incremental imperial- dationism among diplomats and intellectuals da was the truth. In so doing, he has given us an eminently readable account of ism and intensifying militarism, culminating are clearly evident. in war in China and the Pacific. Even the an unknown aspect of the war and has defined our understanding of it.” â —Japan Times LEAGUE Empire’s interface with the League of Na- Japan and the League of Nations is based on JAPAN tions is typically addressed only at nodes of exhaustive documentary inquiry into gov- confrontation: the 1919 debates over racial ernment documents and the unpublished A Choice Outstanding Academic Title and the equality as the Covenant was drafted, and the manuscripts of Japanese diplomats and other JAPAN’S COLONIZATION of KOREA 1931–1933 League challenge to Japan’s seizure League participants in Washington, London, Discourse and Power of northeast China. and Geneva. Japanese diplomats, League func- Alexis Dudden LEAGUE of NATIONS tionaries, and journalists with League experi- This volume fills in the space before, between, ence were interviewed in the early phase of the 2004, 232 pages, illus. MPIRE AND ORLD RDER and after these nodes and gives the League of E W O , 1914–1938 research. It is an entirely fresh look at Japan’s Cloth ISBN: 978-0-8248-2829-5; paper ISBN: 978-0-8248-3139-4 relationship the legitimate place it deserves in international behavior in the shifting context Japanese international history of the 1920s of the interwar years, a drama that Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University NATIONS and 1930s. It also argues that the Japanese has long-term consequences. “Students of Japan’s history, domestic politics, and international relations will cooperative international stance in the de- find this text extremely valuable, as will readers of theorists such as Roland cades since the Pacific War bears noteworthy Barthes, Michel Foucault, and Gayatri Spivak. Essential. All levels/ continuity with the mainstream international libraries.” accommodationism of the League years. In â —Choice Geneva affairs, Japan was no “silent partner.” The Empire regularly sent to meetings of the Jacket photographs: Nitobe Inazo¯ (right) with delegates to the Fourth Conference of the League Assembly and Council its ranking T HOMAS W. B URKMAN is research professor Institute of Pacific Relations, Shanghai, 1931 (from Mainichi Photobank), and signatures diplomats in Europe. It had consequential in Asian studies at the University of Buffalo, on the Treaty of Versailles, 1919. input in the drafting of the Covenant and the SUNY. Geneva Protocol, the formulation of disarma- Jacket design by Santos Barbasa Jr. University of Hawai‘i Press Thomas W. Burkman (Continued on back flap) Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822-1888 www.uhpress.hawaii.edu jack mech.indd 1 10/23/07 10:49:31 AM Japan and the League of Nations Burkman000fm.indd i 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM Burkman000fm.indd ii 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM Japan and the League of Nations Empire and World Order, 1914 –1938 Thomas W. Burkman University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu Burkman000fm.indd iii 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM © 2008 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burkman, Thomas W. Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and world order, 1914 – 1938 / Thomas W. Burkman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8248-2982-7 (hardcover : alk.paper) 1. League of Nations — Japan. 2. Japan — Foreign relations — 1912 – 1945. I. Title. JZ4871.5.J3B87 2007 341.22'52 — dc22 2007019796 University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources Designed by Paul Herr Printed by The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group Burkman000fm.indd iv 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM To Norman Pollock and Roger Des Forges Burkman000fm.indd v 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM Burkman000fm.indd vi 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Note on Japanese and Chinese Names xv 1. The World War I Experience 1 2. The Idea of a League 29 3. The Great Debate 43 4. Making the Covenant Palatable at Paris 60 5. The Geneva Years 104 6. The Japanese Face at Geneva: Nitobe Inazō and Ishii Kikujirō 142 7. Crisis over Manchuria 165 8. Japan as an Outsider 194 Epilogue: Internationalism and International Organization in Interwar Japan 210 Notes 223 Sources 261 Index 281 Burkman000fm.indd vii 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM Burkman000fm.indd viii 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM Acknowledgments The guidance and assistance of others in this project on Japan and the League of Nations extends over a career in Japanese history. For help in the early stages during graduate school, I owe deep gratitude to Roger Hackett, Roger Dingman, Ernest Young, Bradford Perkins, Naomi Fukuda, William Hoover, Warren Cohen, and Jerry Voris Burkman. In the fi rst stints of research and consultation in Japan, Hosoya Chihiro opened to me his Hitotsubashi University graduate seminar, his personal library, and his invaluable connections. I am also indebted to Nakami Mari, Kurokawa Shūji, James Morley, David C. S. Sis- sons, Makino Sumiko, Asō Kazuko, Yoshida Ken’ichi, Takemi Tarō, Itō Harumasa, Ōkubo Toshikane, Satō Seizaburō, Eto Shinkichi, Mitani Taichirō, Oka Yoshitake, Miwa Kimitada, Ikei Masaru, Asada Sadao, Ogata Sadako, Takeuchi Tatsuji, Mi- yake Masaki, Chō Yukio, Fujiwara Akira, Kibata Yōichi, William Carter, and Ian Nish. I acknowledge the invaluable help of archivists: the National Diet Library’s Hirose Yoshihiro, Unno Yoshirō of the Foreign Ministry Archives, the Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation’s Igarashi Takashi, and Sven Welander of the United Nations Library in Geneva. As the project progressed, I received critical and helpful input from many scholars, including Georges Oshiro, John Howes, Frederick Dickinson, Gary Al- linson, Kitaoka Shin’ichi, Dick Stegewerns, Itō Michiko, Shibata Shin’ichi, Martin David Dubin, Katagiri Nobuo, Hoshino Toshiya, Rustin Gates, Jessamyn Abel, Klaus Schlichtmann, and Hirano Kenichirō. Mitsuaki Shimojo, Hiyoshi Nohoko, and Miyazawa Naomi helped in the reading and translation of diffi cult documen- tary materials. In the fi nal stages of revision and editing, I was aided by the advice of Akira Iriye, Kevin Doak, Roger Des Forges, Robert Kane, Claude Welch, and Richard Sme thurst. Through a manuscript workshop, the University at Buff alo’s Baldy Cen- ter for Law and Social Policy enabled a critical review prior to publication. Li Zhen and Mary Anne Lang of the University at Buff alo Asian Studies Program provided invaluable research and secretarial assistance. Taga Toshiyuki and Takeko Nitobe ix Burkman000fm.indd ix 9/24/07 10:27:09 AM x Acknowledgments Katoh helped locate photographs. The publisher, the University of Hawai‘i Press, practiced patience and provided unmatched editorial expertise through Patricia Crosby, Keith Leber, and freelancers Rosemary Wetherold and Lori Paximadis. RoutledgeCurzon, Perseus Books Group, and Princeton University Press gener- ously granted permission to include previously published segments. A number of institutions provided fi nancial support: the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Center for Japanese Studies and the Rackham School of the University of Michigan, Colby College, the College of Arts and Letters of Old Dominion University, the U.S. Department of Education Fulbright Program, the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, Hamilton College, and the College of Arts and Sciences of the University at Buff alo. Tokyo University and Seijo Univer- sity provided visiting research appointments at key junctures. Special thanks go to Ōkuma Hiroshi of Seijō University and bibliographer Frank Joseph Shulman, who were close to the project at its inception and believed in it to its completion. They were unstinting in their help at various stages.
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