A Memória Do Aventino: a Integração De Cultos Estrangeiros E a Transformação Da Paisagem Religiosa Romana No Século III AEC

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A Memória Do Aventino: a Integração De Cultos Estrangeiros E a Transformação Da Paisagem Religiosa Romana No Século III AEC UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA REITOR LUIZ PEDRO SAN GIL JUTUCA DECANO IVAN COELHO DE SÁ DIRETORA MIRIAM CABRAL COSER DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO A memória do Aventino: A integração de cultos estrangeiros e a transformação da paisagem religiosa romana no século III AEC Jhan Lima Daetwyler 2017 1 Daetwyler, Jhan Lima. D123 A memória do Aventino : a integração de cultos estrangeiros e a transformação da paisagem religiosa romana no século III AEC / Jhan Lima Daetwyler, 2017. 166 f. ; 30 cm Orientadora: Claudia da Rosa Beltrão. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2017. Palavras-chave: 1. História Antiga. 2. República Romana - História. 3. Roma Antiga - 4. Religião. I. Beltrão, Claudia da Rosa. II. Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Sociais. Programa de Pós- Graduação em História. III. Título. CDD – 930 2 A memória do Aventino: A integração de cultos estrangeiros e a transformação da paisagem religiosa romana no século III AEC Dissertação de mestrado submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – PPGH/UNIRIO, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História Social. Integrantes da Banca examinadora: _________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Claudia Beltrão da Rosa – (orientadora) _________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Adriene Baron Tacla – UFF _________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Sonia Regina Rebel de Araújo – UFF _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Deivid Valério Gaia – UFRJ (membro suplente) 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer primeiramente à minha orientadora, Claudia Beltrão da Rosa, que me guiou nesse percurso desde a época da graduação, trazendo-me sempre segurança e oportunidades de reflexões e apoio. Agradeço também às professoras Adriene Baron Tacla e Sonia Regina Rebel de Araújo pelas críticas construtivas, que ajudaram para o aprofundamento e crescimento desse trabalho. Gostaria de agradecer à minha namorada Paolla, pela compreensão em relação aos momentos de estudo que dividiram meu tempo com você, obrigado pela paciência e por ter cuidado de mim quando me preocupei com prazos, com a produção, e com as obrigações do mestrado. Você foi o apoio que precisei para manter a calma. Também agradeço às divindades que regem nosso mundo, que elas possam sempre me guiar no caminho certo. 4 É um mito perigoso pensar que nós somos historiadores melhores que nossos predecessores. Nós não somos. - Mary Beard 5 RESUMO O monte Aventino tornou-se tradicionalmente conhecido como a região de moradia preferível da plebe romana desde sua ocupação. Essa associação construída demonstra ser, na verdade, um tanto equivocada, mas ela foi construída dessa maneira pela memória romana através de suas narrativas históricas. Esse fenômeno pode ser estudado a partir da proposta de Scheid e de Polignac para a análise de paisagens religiosas. Dessa forma, analisaremos a paisagem religiosa que se estabeleceu nessa colina durante o século III AEC. Nesse período, a literatura latina começou a construir a história de Roma, e essas narrativas caracterizaram o monte Aventino como um lugar a parte da cidade. O mito de fundação e os mitos das secessões plebeias contribuíram para moldar essa paisagem religiosa da colina. Além dessas narrativas, os templos construídos no Aventino e as novas divindades introduzidas no século III AEC também transformaram a religião romana, e, por consequência, sua paisagem religiosa. A nova paisagem religiosa do Aventino, composta desses mitos, templos e cultos, jogos, e festivais, forneceu uma identidade própria para a colina. A memória de um Aventino plebeu foi construída nesse momento, e compreender como a paisagem religiosa contribuiu para isso é um fator determinante para entender a sociedade romana nesse período. 6 ABSTRACT The Aventine Hill became traditionally known as the favorite plebs housing since your occupation. This association was built and proves to be, in fact, somewhat wrong, but it was built that way by Roman memory through their historical narratives. This phenomenon can be studied from the proposal of Scheid and Polignac for the analysis of religious landscapes. In this way, we will look at the religious landscape that has settled on this Hill during the 3rd century BCE. During this period, the Latin literature began to build the history of Rome, and these narratives characterized the Aventine Hill as a place outside the city. The myth of foundation and the myths of the plebeians secessions contributed to shaping the religious landscape of the Hill. In addition to these narratives, the temples built on the Aventine and the new deities introduced in the 3rd century BCE transformed the Roman religion, and, consequently, your religious landscape. The new religious landscape of the Aventine, composed of these myths, temples and worship, games, festivals, provided its own identity to the Hill. The memory of a plebeian Aventine was built at that time, and understand how the religious landscape contributed to this is a determining factor for understanding the Roman society during this period. 7 SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS...................................................................................................10 INTRODUÇÃO.............................................................................................................11 CAPÍTULO 1 - ENCONTRANDO O AVENTINO MÍTICO...................................19 1.1 Os Gêmeos e a Loba...............................................................................20 1.2 A Plebe Lendária....................................................................................41 CAPÍTULO 2 - ET IN AVENTINO EGO....................................................................56 2.1 Diana...........................................................................................................64 2.2 Luna...........................................................................................................66 2.3 Mercúrio....................................................................................................66 2.4 Ceres, Liber e Libera................................................................................67 2.5 Juno Regina...............................................................................................68 2.6 Venus Obsequens.......................................................................................69 2.7 Summanus..................................................................................................70 2.8 Consus........................................................................................................71 2.9 Vortumnus..................................................................................................72 2.10 Minerva.....................................................................................................73 2.11 Tempestates...............................................................................................74 2.12 Júpiter Libertas e Flora...........................................................................74 2.13 Honos e Virtus..........................................................................................75 2.14 Hercules Invictus......................................................................................76 2.15 Sol..............................................................................................................78 CAPÍTULO 3 - O SÉCULO DAS MUDANÇAS........................................................81 3.1 Tradição e Inovação Religiosa: acclamatio, euocatio e uotum...........84 3.2 Consultando os Livros Sibilinos: a expiação de prodígios.................98 3.3 O Pomerium..........................................................................................111 8 CAPÍTULO 4 - UMA PAISAGEM RELIGIOSA PARA A PLEBE ROMANA..117 4.1 A Vida Religiosa Comunal: os festivais das divindades do monte Aventino e suas inovações no século III AEC...........................................................119 4.2 A Paisagem Religiosa do Monte Aventino: espaço, sentido e ação..135 4.3 Por que um Aventino Plebeu?.............................................................141 CONCLUSÃO..............................................................................................................146 CORPUS DOCUMENTAL........................................................................................156 BIBLIOGRAFIA.........................................................................................................157 APÊNDICE..................................................................................................................162 9 Lista de Figuras Figura 1: Mapa do território da cidade de Roma, identificando as principais colinas.......................12 Figura 2: Espelho de bronze................................................................................................27 Figura 3:. Representação gráfica do espelho de bronze.............................................................28 Figura 4: A loba capitolina amamentando os gêmeos..........;....................................................29 Figura 5: Moeda romana com a loba amamentando gêmeos.................................................................30 Figura 6: Locais para a tomada dos auspícios..........................................................................37
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