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Historické Základy Environmentalizmu a Environmentálneho Práva (XXV.)

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Historické Základy Environmentalizmu a Environmentálneho Práva (XXV.) Environmentalistika Historické základy environmentalizmu a environmentálneho práva (XXV.) „Neosvojuj si obyčaj, ktorá sa odchyľuje od zvyklostí Germánmi Julblock. Saturnália, ako spomienka na Zlatý kého Santa Clausa, v roku 1773 prvý raz uvedeného v tvojej krajiny.“ vek ľudstva, keď vládol svetu boh sejby a poľnohospo- americkej tlači. Pravdepodobne pod vplyvom holandských (verš 70 z Poučenia z papyrusu Insinger, okolo 300 prnl., ulože- dárstva Saturnus (podľa sero = siatie), končili Larentaliami - kolonistov v Novom Amsterdame (New Yorku) prevzal ného v múzeu v Leidene) oslavami plodnosti Bohyne matky (Acca Larentia), ktorou na seba vlastnosti severského nebeského vykonávateľa bola neviestka Larenta, matka bôžikov spravodlivosti Thora (anglosaského Thunora, germán- Lárov - ochrancov vnútorného i vonkaj- skeho Donara, keltského Taranosa/Turana, laponského šieho environmentu (domácností i polí), Horagellesa), syna matky zeme Fjördyn/Jörd, preháňajú- prenesene dojka zakladateľov Ríma ceho sa po nebi vo voze ťahanom capmi (inde v kočiari - Romula a Réma asi v roku 753 prnl. ťahanom koňmi, na severe v saniach ťahaných sobmi). Počas Saturnálií sa 18. decembra usku- Sv. Mikuláš prevzal v Európe v 10. storočí viac vlastnosti točnili oslavy pôvodne keltskej patrón- Ódina/Wodena. Postupne sa ujala jeho dobročinnosť, pri- ky koní - bohyne Epona (ako Eponalia), čom posudzoval správanie ľudí, najmä detí, aj vo vzťahu k 19. decembra bohyne Ops (ako Opalia; tiež environmentu – vo Veľkej Británii ako Father Christmas, vo 9. decembra) a 21. decembra slávnosti Francúzsku Papa Noel, v Taliansku Babo Natale, v Nórsku bohyne zimného slnovratu Angerona/ Julenissen, vo Švédsku Julttomten, vo Fínsku Joulupukki, Diva (ako Angeronalia/Divalia, ktoré treba v Portugalsku Pai Natel, V Peru Papa Pére a v Holandsku odlíšiť v čase splnu od indických kvázi Sinter Klaas (kvázi Santa Claus). Mikulášske sprievody vianočných pohyblivých sviatkov sve- zakázal v Rakúsko-Uhorsku cisár Jozef II. bez väčšieho tiel – víťazstva nad temnotou Díwálí na úspechu. Týždeň pred nimi 30. novembra na sv. Ondreja sa počesť Lakšmí, resp. Deepawálí, napr. tiež dlho tradovalo odháňanie zlých duchov, trasenie plo- od 27. do 30. októbra 2008, tradova- tov, liatie olova, vinšovanie v medvedích maskách a uvá- ných vyše 5000 rokov). Deň najdlhšej dzalo: „Keď sú na Ondreja kvapky na stromoch, bude veľa noci, ktorý sa považoval aj za Sviatok ovocia“ alebo „Sneh čo na Ondreja spadol, dlho leží, až na lesov, sa veštilo liatím olova, zakáľalo Gregora do potoka beží.“ Na Blízkom východe sa počas a hovorilo „Na Toma, seď doma“ alebo 7. - 13. dňa islamského posvätného mesiaca Zú-l-hidždža „Na sv. Tomáša najdlhšia noc naša“. Po (v decembri 2007) koná púť (hadždž/hidždža) do saud- posune kalendára totiž pripadol na ten- skoarabskej Mekky, spojená s obchádzaním (Tawáf) to deň aj sviatok sv. Tomáša apoštola, okolo Kaaby a sedemkrát prebehnutím (Sa´j) po určenej zabitého kopijou a pochovaného v indic- trase (Mas´a´) medzi kopcami As Safá a Al Marwa na kom Mylapore pri Madráse (roku 1969 počesť Hagar, ktorá hľadala pre syna (praotca Arabov presunutý na 3. júla). Samotný Štedrý deň Ismaela/Ismá´ila) prameň/studňu (Zamzam). Pôvodným starí Slovania nazývali podľa najkratšie- bohom posvätnej Kaaby, ktorú údajne vystaval praotec ho dňa Kračún (od slova krátky alebo Adam po vyhnaní z raja, bol však staroarabský Hubal. neskoršie od slova creatio = stvorenie/ Ten obkolesený modlami podľa počtu dní spočiatku per- zrodenie); odvodene od neho Rumuni sonifikoval Alláha. Na Muhammadov príkaz ponechali s Krăčun, Bielorusi Koročun, Maďari prechodom na islam pri vyschnutej studni v strede Kaaby Stefano de Verona: Klaňanie mágov (1435) v galérii Brera (Milano) Karácsony. V tento deň sa nesmelo bo- len jeho sochu. Po výstupe na planinu Arafát prechádza Zimný slnovrat (21./22. decembra, pôvodne podľa ju- sou nohou znesvätiť zem, dvere sa natierali cesnakom, (19. - 21. decembra 2007) cca 2 mil. pútnikov do doliny liánskeho kalendára 25./26. decembra; na južnej pologuli kropili a vykiadzali sa obydlia a stajne. Na oblievanie ľudí Miná na miesto prvého stretnutia Abraháma/Ibrahima, 20./21. júna), predstavoval sviatok vo väčšine krajín. a statku sa ráno brala voda z potoka, ktorej zvyšok sa Ismaela a Hagar so satanom za účelom jeho kameňova- Napríklad počas najkratšieho dňa (bruma/brevissima) vylieval pod ovocné stromy, aby na jar zakvitli. Po starých nia vo forme stĺpa siedmimi kameňmi (počas tohto aktu v sa konali grécke Dionýzove Brumalia (Bacchove rímske/ obetiach pretrval zvyk udobrovania ohňa, vody a vetra roku 2004 ušliapali 251 pútnikov a v roku 2006 až 345 byzantské presunuli na 24. novembra). V decembri si omrvinkami z jedla, alebo „oferovanie Ježiškovi“ jabĺčok pútnikov; v roku 1997 požiar v stanovom tábore usmrtil v Grécku v rámci sviatku Malé Asclepieia uctili očistných a iných potravín pred jasličkami. Počas sviatkov sa zvon- 343 ľudí). Najdôležitejší trojdňový Veľký sviatok obeto- bohov Asclepia, Apollona a Hygieiu (Veľké Asclepieia cami, zastrašovacími maskami a tancom zaháňala zima a vania Íd al-kabír/Íd al-adhá/Íd al-kurbán sa začína až na 10. 8. Elapheboliona v Epidaure) a v rámci trojnočného koledovalo (z lat. calendae a gr. kalandai). Masky a tanec deň, keď veriaci obetujú cca 700 tis. oviec a 20 tis. kusov sviatku Heracleia Heracla Triespera (nezamieňať s letným charakterizujú dodnes vzťah k environmentu u mnohých dobytka a tiav (mäso poskytnú chudobe). Túto lokálnu sviatkom Heracleia Kynosargous - 10. Metageitniona). Po národov, najmä Ázie, Afriky, Ameriky a Oceánie (napríklad environmentálnu situáciu nemožno považovať za nepod- rímskych naturalistických Faunaliách boha prírody Fauna havajský tanec Hula-hula znázorňuje spojenie nebeského statnú, lebo ovplyvnila environment od Pyrenejského po- (5. decembra) začali 17. decembra výstredné Saturnalia boha dažďa Lono s bohyňou vegetácie Laka). Maskované lostrova cez bývalé turecké panstvo (aj na Slovensku s je- (17. - 23. decembra) v sprievode s vozom boha Saturna, ťa- postavy (anjeli, čerti...) sprevádzajú 5. - 6. decembra aj sv. diným sandžakom so sídlom vo Fiľakove) až po Indonéziu haným pozláteným prasaťom (neskôr známe ako „vianoč- Mikuláša (cca 270 - 350 n. l.), pôvodne biskupa v lykij- a newyorské dvojičky. 12. decembra si Aztékovia uctili né zlaté prasiatko“ pre šťastie), nadväzujúcim na prastaré skom Myre (dnes tureckej Dembre), patróna námorníkov Coatlicue a Tonantzina, v Iráne Mazdaisti/Zoroastrici/ animistické kulty kanca a plodnosti prasnice. Tento deň a detí (nesúvisí s Mikulášom z Antiochie a jeho prívržen- Parsovia Sviatok ohňa a Bahaisti sviatok Masa´íl. Nočné sa aj u Slovanov spájal so zabitím, obetovaním a jede- cami Mikulášovcami/Nicolaitmi, obdobou neskorších falofórie sa uskutočňovali v decembri (26. Poseideônu) ním prasaťa a obsypávaním ovsom pre zaistenie úrody, Adamitov, ktorí sa snažili o kompromis s nekresťanskou medzi Athénami a Eleusiou pri oslave ovocia, prvej ochut- ako sviatok Ovseň/Govseň/Useň. Keďže sa obchádzalo s vierou a presadzovali cestu k spaseniu častým pohlavným návky a fermentácie nového vína Halôa/Haloia s obetova- božským dieťaťom, Srbi ho pomenovali aj Božić. K zvy- stykom). V Rusku sa jeho ekvivalentom stal Dedo Mráz/ ním Démétér Halôa, Dionýsovi, Persephóne a Poseidonovi kom patrilo tiež nosenie a pálenie starého kmeňa/pole- Ded Moroz sídliaci v drevenom paláci vo Veľkom Usťugu; Phytalmios. Falofórie do Eleusie charakterizovali v na/klátika nazývaného Srbmi badnjak, Bulharmi badnik, v Arménsku Dzmer Papik, ktorý viac pripomína americ- decembri (okolo 15. Poseideôna) aj grécke dvojdňové 32 ENVIROMAGAZÍN 2/2008 2-2008.indd 32 5. 6. 2008 15:16:23 Environmentalistika riacu konjunkciu Jupitera a koniec sanice.“ Predjarné dni pred znovuzrodením a sláv- Saturna (podľa Babylončanov nosťami plodnosti/úrodnosti sa aj iné národy venovali a Grékov hviezdy Židov v kon- zbližovaniu, očiste environmentu a pôstu. Rímska oslava junkcii, znamenajúcich narode- svornosti, láskavosti, priateľstva a harmonického vzťahu nie kráľa/mesiáša a predzvesť so všetkým Concordia pripadla na 16. januára (keď „na sv. šťastia - nádeje, kým kométy Marcela zima lezie do tela“) a sviatok živých, odstraňova- boli symbolom nešťastia) v nia rozporov a disharmónie na 22. februára (Caristia/Cara súhvezdí Rýb už 29. mája, Cognatio), neskoršie u kresťanov ako Deň antiochijského Stolca 3. októbra a 4. decembra roku sv. Petra, načas preložený na 18. januára ako Sviatok rímske- 7 prnl., potvrdenej roku 1925 ho stolca sv. Petra (Cathedra Petri). Keď v tento deň mrzlo, Paulom Schnabelom na kli- ľudia verili, že mráz potrvá 40 dní (v južných regiónoch len nopisnej tabuľke zo Sipparu. 14 dní). Po sviatku Felecitas sa v rámci Fornakálií slávili Až okolo roku 680 ich sv. 24. - 26. januára Paganalia (Sementivae). Na sviatok súhvez- Caesarius Arleský označil za dia Pec (Fornax), keď končili Fornacalia (17. februára) sa troch kráľov, ktorých v 9. sto- venovala v Ríme starostlivosť plodinám (napr. figám), ob- ročí pomenovali. Malo by ísť o dobne ako v Athénach počas februárovej slávnosti Diasia Fiľakovský hrad – sídlo jediného tureckého sandžaku na Slovensku arménskeho mystika Gašpara (23. Anthesteriona) na počesť láskavého Dia Meilikhia, (Strážcu-Nosiča pokladu), ba- ktorému obetovali domáce zvieratá alebo chudobnejší Malé/Vidiecke Dionysia (Dionysia ta kat´agrous) spojené s bylonského, resp. arabského kráľa Balát-čar-ussura/hebr. ich napodobeniny z cesta. Diovi Meilikhios pripadol aj ochutnávkou vína. 8. Poseideônu im predchádzali Poseidea. Béltšáccára/Baltazára
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