February 2018 Volume 45, No. 2
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Transcript What was the Parentalia? Dr Emma-Jayne Graham: The Parentalia was a nine-day Roman festival that took place every year between 13th and 21st February. During the festival families would gather together to celebrate, to remember and to appease the dead. Initially in their homes but also in the cemetery. The main purpose of the Parentalia seems to have been to make sure that the restless dead were content in the afterlife. That they stayed in their graves and that they didn’t terrorise the living. The first eight days of the Parentalia saw people in their homes performing rituals of purification. And for this reason we know very little about these private aspects of the festival. But, on the final day, known as the Feralia they would congregate in the cemetery and honour the dead with a very public display of offerings, of prayers and of flowers. Culminating in a great banquet held right there in the cemetery outside the tomb and in the company of their ancestors. And some tombs were equipped with small ovens. Meaning that fresh bread could be made right there on the spot ready for the occasion. And individual graves also sometimes had tubes inserted into them so that the dead could receive their share of the wine, of the honey and of the bread that their relatives were enjoying. The poet Ovid writes about the Parentalia in his work on the Roman calendar and he describes it as an inauspicious time for business and for weddings. Because it was a moment when the unlucky shades of the dead were very close to the world of the living. -
The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina
The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina Abstract The Roman calendar was first developed as a lunar | 290 calendar, so it was difficult for the Romans to reconcile this with the natural solar year. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, creating a solar year of 365 days with leap years every four years. This article explains the process by which the Roman calendar evolved and argues that the reason February has 28 days is that Caesar did not want to interfere with religious festivals that occurred in February. Beginning as a lunar calendar, the Romans developed a lunisolar system that tried to reconcile lunar months with the solar year, with the unfortunate result that the calendar was often inaccurate by up to four months. Caesar fixed this by changing the lengths of most months, but made no change to February because of the tradition of intercalation, which the article explains, and because of festivals that were celebrated in February that were connected to the Roman New Year, which had originally been on March 1. Introduction The reason why February has 28 days in the modern calendar is that Caesar did not want to interfere with festivals that honored the dead, some of which were Past Imperfect 15 (2009) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487 connected to the position of the Roman New Year. In the earliest calendars of the Roman Republic, the year began on March 1, because the consuls, after whom the year was named, began their years in office on the Ides of March. -
VIII Part of His Work Le Tibre, Fleuve De Rome Dans L'antiquite, 1953)
VIII THE GODDESS CERES AND HER ROMAN MYSTERIES France continues to enrich us with books, doctos, Jupiter, et laboriosos, on the history of Roman religion and dealing with individual gods and goddesses. We have had in succession A. Bruhl on Liber Pater (1953), J. le Gall on Tiberinus Pater (in the second part of his work Le Tibre, fleuve de Rome dans l'Antiquite, 1953), R. Schilling on Venus (1954), J. Gage on Roman Apollo (1955), and now H. le Bonniec has joined them with a book of nearly five hundred pages on the goddess Ceres.1 And it is no wonder that with such men as Jean Bayet and Georges Dumezilleading the way, to name only those to whom this particular author owes so much, many young French classicists should have been stirred to study the history of Roman religion. It is a phenomenon of which we outsiders gratefully reap the fruits. Now I had good reason indeed to read this book with special interest. Twelve years ago I investigated the real meaning of the expression Initia Cereris and devoted eighteen pages to what I thought was the answer. 2 Le Bonniec repeatedly refers to this short article,3 with the purpose it seems of refuting it, as it befits a disciple of Dumezil, of course because I had dared in this 'etude tres suggestive' (p. 28) to attribute the origin of the goddess Ceres to some numen of fertility. '11 n'est pas de these plus fausse', so we read at the conclusion of the first part,' 'que celle qui pretend rendre compte, a partir de numina specialises, de la genese des grandes divinites romaines.' Here I must point out, or rather repeat, that I have nowhere maintained that all the Roman gods 1 Henri Le Bonniec, Le Culte de Ceres a Rome (Etudes et Commentait'es XXVII), Paris, Klincksieck, 1958. -
The Grave Goods of Roman Hierapolis
THE GRAVE GOODS OF ROMAN HIERAPOLIS AN ANALYSIS OF THE FINDS FROM FOUR MULTIPLE BURIAL TOMBS Hallvard Indgjerd Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo This thesis is submitted for the degree of Master of Arts June 2014 The Grave Goods of Roman Hierapolis ABSTRACT The Hellenistic and Roman city of Hierapolis in Phrygia, South-Western Asia Minor, boasts one of the largest necropoleis known from the Roman world. While the grave monuments have seen long-lasting interest, few funerary contexts have been subject to excavation and publication. The present study analyses the artefact finds from four tombs, investigating the context of grave gifts and funerary practices with focus on the Roman imperial period. It considers to what extent the finds influence and reflect varying identities of Hierapolitan individuals over time. Combined, the tombs use cover more than 1500 years, paralleling the life-span of the city itself. Although the material is far too small to give a conclusive view of funerary assem- blages in Hierapolis, the attempted close study and contextual integration of the objects does yield some results with implications for further studies of funerary contexts on the site and in the wider region. The use of standard grave goods items, such as unguentaria, lamps and coins, is found to peak in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Clay unguentaria were used alongside glass ones more than a century longer than what is usually seen outside of Asia Minor, and this period saw the development of new forms, partially resembling Hellenistic types. Some burials did not include any grave gifts, and none were extraordinarily rich, pointing towards a standardised, minimalistic set of funerary objects. -
The Roman Cemetery at Ostia/Portus As a Lived Environment Author: E-J Graham Pages: 133–143
Paper Information: Title: The Quick and the Dead in the Extra-Urban Landscape: The Roman Cemetery at Ostia/Portus as a Lived Environment Author: E-J Graham Pages: 133–143 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2004_133_143 Publication Date: 31 March 2005 Volume Information: Bruhn, J., Croxford, B., and Grigoropoulos, D. (eds) 2005. TRAC 2004: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Durham 2004. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Copyright and Hardcopy Editions: The following paper was originally published in print format by Oxbow Books for TRAC. Hard copy editions of this volume may still be available, and can be purchased direct from Oxbow at http://www.oxbowbooks.com. TRAC has now made this paper available as Open Access through an agreement with the publisher. Copyright remains with TRAC and the individual author(s), and all use or quotation of this paper and/or its contents must be acknowledged. This paper was released in digital Open Access format in April 2013. The quick and the dead in the extra-urban landscape: the Roman cemetery at Ostia/Portus as a lived environment E-J Graham Introduction The urban cemeteries of the Roman world have often been described as ‘cities of the dead.’ The organisational and structural similarities between the so-called ‘streets of tombs’ which developed on the outskirts of major Italian urban areas such as Rome, Ostia and Pompeii, and the spaces within the city walls themselves have been highlighted by scholars wishing to demonstrate that the living city ‘found its double in these ‘cities of the dead’’ (Koortbojian, 1996: 232). -
The Burial of the Urban Poor in Italy in the Late Republic and Early Empire
Death, disposal and the destitute: The burial of the urban poor in Italy in the late Republic and early Empire Emma-Jayne Graham Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield December 2004 IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ www.bl.uk The following have been excluded from this digital copy at the request of the university: Fig 12 on page 24 Fig 16 on page 61 Fig 24 on page 162 Fig 25 on page 163 Fig 26 on page 164 Fig 28 on page 168 Fig 30on page 170 Fig 31 on page 173 Abstract Recent studies of Roman funerary practices have demonstrated that these activities were a vital component of urban social and religious processes. These investigations have, however, largely privileged the importance of these activities to the upper levels of society. Attempts to examine the responses of the lower classes to death, and its consequent demands for disposal and commemoration, have focused on the activities of freedmen and slaves anxious to establish or maintain their social position. The free poor, living on the edge of subsistence, are often disregarded and believed to have been unceremoniously discarded within anonymous mass graves (puticuli) such as those discovered at Rome by Lanciani in the late nineteenth century. This thesis re-examines the archaeological and historical evidence for the funerary practices of the urban poor in Italy within their appropriate social, legal and religious context. The thesis attempts to demonstrate that the desire for commemoration and the need to provide legitimate burial were strong at all social levels and linked to several factors common to all social strata. -
Ritual Cleaning-Up of the City: from the Lupercalia to the Argei*
RITUAL CLEANING-UP OF THE CITY: FROM THE LUPERCALIA TO THE ARGEI* This paper is not an analysis of the fine aspects of ritual, myth and ety- mology. I do not intend to guess the exact meaning of Luperci and Argei, or why the former sacrificed a dog and the latter were bound hand and foot. What I want to examine is the role of the festivals of the Lupercalia and the Argei in the functioning of the Roman community. The best-informed among ancient writers were convinced that these were purification cere- monies. I assume that the ancients knew what they were talking about and propose, first, to establish the nature of the ritual cleanliness of the city, and second, see by what techniques the two festivals achieved that goal. What, in the perception of the Romans themselves, normally made their city unclean? What were the ordinary, repetitive sources of pollution in pre-Imperial Rome, before the concept of the cura Urbis was refined? The answer to this is provided by taboos and restrictions on certain sub- stances, and also certain activities, in the City. First, there is a rule from the Twelve Tables with Cicero’s curiously anachronistic comment: «hominem mortuum», inquit lex in duodecim, «in urbe ne sepelito neve urito», credo vel propter ignis periculum (De leg. II 58). Secondly, we have the edict of the praetor L. Sentius C.f., known from three inscrip- tions dating from the beginning of the first century BC1: L. Sentius C. f. pr(aetor) de sen(atus) sent(entia) loca terminanda coer(avit). -
Magic in Private and Public Lives of the Ancient Romans
COLLECTANEA PHILOLOGICA XXIII, 2020: 53–72 http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.23.04 Idaliana KACZOR Uniwersytet Łódzki MAGIC IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LIVES OF THE ANCIENT ROMANS The Romans practiced magic in their private and public life. Besides magical practices against the property and lives of people, the Romans also used generally known and used protective and healing magic. Sometimes magical practices were used in official religious ceremonies for the safety of the civil and sacral community of the Romans. Keywords: ancient magic practice, homeopathic magic, black magic, ancient Roman religion, Roman religious festivals MAGIE IM PRIVATEN UND ÖFFENTLICHEN LEBEN DER ALTEN RÖMER Die Römer praktizierten Magie in ihrem privaten und öffentlichen Leben. Neben magische Praktik- en gegen das Eigentum und das Leben von Menschen, verwendeten die Römer auch allgemein bekannte und verwendete Schutz- und Heilmagie. Manchmal wurden magische Praktiken in offiziellen religiösen Zeremonien zur Sicherheit der bürgerlichen und sakralen Gemeinschaft der Römer angewendet. Schlüsselwörter: alte magische Praxis, homöopathische Magie, schwarze Magie, alte römi- sche Religion, Römische religiöse Feste Magic, despite our sustained efforts at defining this term, remains a slippery and obscure concept. It is uncertain how magic has been understood and practised in differ- ent cultural contexts and what the difference is (if any) between magical and religious praxis. Similarly, no satisfactory and all-encompassing definition of ‘magic’ exists. It appears that no singular concept of ‘magic’ has ever existed: instead, this polyvalent notion emerged at the crossroads of local custom, religious praxis, superstition, and politics of the day. Individual scholars of magic, positioning themselves as ostensi- bly objective observers (an etic perspective), mostly defined magic in opposition to religion and overemphasised intercultural parallels over differences1. -
On the Months (De Mensibus) (Lewiston, 2013)
John Lydus On the Months (De mensibus) Translated with introduction and annotations by Mischa Hooker 2nd edition (2017) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................. v On the Months: Book 1 ............................................................................... 1 On the Months: Book 2 ............................................................................ 17 On the Months: Book 3 ............................................................................ 33 On the Months: Book 4 January ......................................................................................... 55 February ....................................................................................... 76 March ............................................................................................. 85 April ............................................................................................ 109 May ............................................................................................. 123 June ............................................................................................ 134 July ............................................................................................. 140 August ........................................................................................ 147 September ................................................................................ -
Ünnepek a Keresztény És a Pogány Kor Határán Vallásantropológiai Tanulmányok Közép-Kelet-Európából 6
Tóth Anna Judit ÜNNEPEK A KERESZTÉNY ÉS A POGÁNY KOR HATÁRÁN VALLÁSANTROPOLÓGIAI TANULMÁNYOK KÖZÉP-KELET-EURÓPÁBÓL 6. Sorozatszerkeszt PÓCS ÉVA Tóth Anna Judit ÜNNEPEK A KERESZTÉNY ÉS A POGÁNY KOR HATÁRÁN Balassi Kiadó . Budapest Készült a Pécsi Tudományegyetem Néprajz–Kulturális Antropológia Tanszékén. Az ezekhez az eredményekhez vezető kutatás az Európai Kutatási Tanács részéről, az Európai Közösség hetedik keretprogramjából (2007–2013), az EKT 324214. számú támogatási megállapodása alapján finanszírozásban részesült. A könyv kiadását támogatta az Európai Kutatási Tanács az Európai Közösség hetedik keretprogramjából (2007–2013), az EKT 324214. számú Népi vallás a keleti és nyugati kereszténység határán: folyamatosság, változások és kölcsönhatások című projekt keretében. A borítón XIV. századi kódexlap részlete MS Bodl. 264 fol. 21v. (Oxford Bodleian Library) © Tóth Anna Judit, 2017 ISSN 1418-2734 ISBN 978-963-456-011-1 Tartalom KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS . 9 1. BEVEZETÉS . 11 2. A KÉSŐ ÓKOR VILÁGA. 21 3. A KLASSZIKUS RÓMAI NAPTÁR RENDSZERE . 31 4. KALENDAE IANUARIAE A római újév . 35 Újév a korai császárkorban . 36 A Kalendae a késő császárkorban. Naptári források . 40 5. A KALENDAE MEGÜNNEPLÉSÉNEK FORRÁSAI Libanios . 43 Asterios . 56 Pacianus . 61 Ambrosius/Szent Ambrus . 62 Ióannés Chrysostomos/Aranyszájú Szent János. 63 Augustinus/Szent Ágoston . 68 Petrus Chrysologus/Aranyszavú Szent Péter . 70 Turini Szent Maximus/Maximus Taurinensis . 74 Antiochiai Izsák . 75 Arles-i Caesarius . 76 Vita Hilari . 81 Ióannés Lydos . 82 Gázai Chorikios . 84 Bragai Márton . 85 Sevillai Isidorus. 86 Pseudo–Turini Maximus . 87 Dasios-acta . 88 Bíborbanszületett Konstantin . 96 6. EGY ÚJ ÜNNEP KIALAKULÁSA A köztársaságkori Kalendae tovább élő elemei . 104 Principium anni . 104 Strena és a zöld ág – előjelek. 108 Új elemek, amelyek nem vezethetők le a régi Kalendaeból . -
Historické Základy Environmentalizmu a Environmentálneho Práva (XXV.)
Environmentalistika Historické základy environmentalizmu a environmentálneho práva (XXV.) „Neosvojuj si obyčaj, ktorá sa odchyľuje od zvyklostí Germánmi Julblock. Saturnália, ako spomienka na Zlatý kého Santa Clausa, v roku 1773 prvý raz uvedeného v tvojej krajiny.“ vek ľudstva, keď vládol svetu boh sejby a poľnohospo- americkej tlači. Pravdepodobne pod vplyvom holandských (verš 70 z Poučenia z papyrusu Insinger, okolo 300 prnl., ulože- dárstva Saturnus (podľa sero = siatie), končili Larentaliami - kolonistov v Novom Amsterdame (New Yorku) prevzal ného v múzeu v Leidene) oslavami plodnosti Bohyne matky (Acca Larentia), ktorou na seba vlastnosti severského nebeského vykonávateľa bola neviestka Larenta, matka bôžikov spravodlivosti Thora (anglosaského Thunora, germán- Lárov - ochrancov vnútorného i vonkaj- skeho Donara, keltského Taranosa/Turana, laponského šieho environmentu (domácností i polí), Horagellesa), syna matky zeme Fjördyn/Jörd, preháňajú- prenesene dojka zakladateľov Ríma ceho sa po nebi vo voze ťahanom capmi (inde v kočiari - Romula a Réma asi v roku 753 prnl. ťahanom koňmi, na severe v saniach ťahaných sobmi). Počas Saturnálií sa 18. decembra usku- Sv. Mikuláš prevzal v Európe v 10. storočí viac vlastnosti točnili oslavy pôvodne keltskej patrón- Ódina/Wodena. Postupne sa ujala jeho dobročinnosť, pri- ky koní - bohyne Epona (ako Eponalia), čom posudzoval správanie ľudí, najmä detí, aj vo vzťahu k 19. decembra bohyne Ops (ako Opalia; tiež environmentu – vo Veľkej Británii ako Father Christmas, vo 9. decembra) a 21. decembra slávnosti Francúzsku Papa Noel, v Taliansku Babo Natale, v Nórsku bohyne zimného slnovratu Angerona/ Julenissen, vo Švédsku Julttomten, vo Fínsku Joulupukki, Diva (ako Angeronalia/Divalia, ktoré treba v Portugalsku Pai Natel, V Peru Papa Pére a v Holandsku odlíšiť v čase splnu od indických kvázi Sinter Klaas (kvázi Santa Claus). -
Newsletter Nov 2011
imperi nuntivs The newsletter of Legion Ireland --- The Roman Military Society of Ireland In This Issue • New Group Logo • Festival of Saturnalia • Roman Festivals • The Emperors - AD69 - AD138 • Beautifying Your Hamata • Group Events and Projects • Roman Coins AD69 - AD81 • Roundup of 2011 Events November 2011 IMPERI NUNTIUS The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland November 2011 From the editor... Another month another newsletter! This month’s newsletter kind grew out of control so please bring a pillow as you’ll probably fall asleep while reading. Anyway I hope you enjoy this months eclectic mix of articles and info. Change Of Logo... We have changed our logo! Our previous logo was based on an eagle from the back of an Italian Mus- solini era coin. The new logo is based on the leaping boar image depicted on the antefix found at Chester. Two versions exist. The first is for a white back- ground and the second for black or a dark back- ground. For our logo we have framed the boar in a victory wreath with a purple ribbon. We tried various colour ribbons but purple worked out best - red made it look like a Christmas wreath! I have sent these logo’s to a garment manufacturer in the UK and should have prices back shortly for group jackets, sweat shirts and polo shirts. Roof antefix with leaping boar The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland. Page 2 Imperi Nuntius - Winter 2011 The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland.