1040 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 13 By Mr. TOLLEFSON: dom comes. In the dear Redeemer's 1ng paper); to the Committee on Interior H. R. 3047. A bill for the relief of Elmer E. name. Amen. and Insular Affairs. Johnson; to the Committee on the Judiciary. PUBLICATION ENTITLED "FEDERAL POWER By Mr. TEAGUE: COMMISSION REPORTS, VOLUME 9" H. R. 3048. A bill for the relief of Tatyana THE JOURNAL A letter from the Chairman, Federal Power Karapancsa; to the Comii,littee on the Judi Commission, Washington, D. C., transmit On request of Mr. KNOWLAND, ·and by ciary. ting, for the information of the Senate, a .By Mr. WARBURTON: unanimous consent, the reading of the copy of the Commission's newly issued pub H. R. 3049. A bill for the relief of Roman J. Journal of the proceedings of Tues lication entitled "Federal Power Commission Halla; to the Committee on the Judiciary. day, February 10, 1953, was dispensed Reports, Volume 9" (with an accompanying By Mr. WATTS: with. · document); to the Committee-on Interstate H. R. 3050. A bill for the relief -of Kenichi and Foreign Commerce. Kaneko; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. WILSON of California: MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT REPORT OF CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD H. R. 3051. A bill for the relief of Jj:ugenie A letter from tbe Chairman, Civil Aero Hoch, and her child, Yolanda Hoch; to the Messages in writing. from the Presi nautics Board, Washington, D. C., transmit-· Committee on the Judiciary. dent of the United States submitting ting, pursuant to law, a report of that Board nominations were communicated to the for the fiscal year 1952 (with an accompany PETITIONS, ETC. Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre ing report); to the Committee on Interstate taries. and Foreign Commerce. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions USE OF CERTAIN CERTIFICATES BY OFFICERS OP and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE THE ARMED FORCES. and referred as follows: A letter from the General Counsel, Office 51. By Mr. BETTS: Petition of S. S. A message from the House of Rep of the Secretary of Defense, transmitting a Weaver, requesting consideration of certain resentatives, by Mr. Maurer, its reading draft of proposed legislation to authorize alleged copyrights set forth therein; to the clerk, announced that the House had the use of certificates by officers of the Armed Committee on the Judiciary. agreed, without amendment, to the con Forces of the United States, in connection 52. By Mr. CANFIELD: Resolutions of the current resolution (S. Con. Res. 1,2) ex with certain pay and allowance accounts of executive board and general executive coun pressing sympathy for the peoples of the military and civilian personnel (with an cil of the New Jersey State Federation of accompanying paper); to the Committee on Labor, affiliated with the American Federa Netherlands, Great Britain, and Belgium in the disaster suffered by them. ~med Services. tion of· Labor, favoring restored residential REPORT ON CONTRACTS NEGOTIATED BY NATIONAL mail delivery service at the earliest possible ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS date; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. ENROLLED BILL SIGNED A letter from the Executive Secretary, Na· 53. By Mr. JENSEN: Petition of Ellen tional Adyisory Committee for Aeronautics, The message also announced that the Washington, D. C., reporting, pursuant to Mayo, recording secretary, and 136 other Speaker had affixed his signature to the members of the Departmental Club, Corning, law, that no contracts were negotiated by Iowa, urging amendment of the election laws enrolled bill colleagues will recall the discussion of my estimation this is one of the finest Patents. 4 that measure at the time the bill was appointments to an· executive office the Mr. BEALL. Mr. President, I should referred to the committee. President has made; arid I gladly add lik_e to add· my personal endorsement of At the time the committee reported my word to that of the committee for :Mr. Watson. He lived in my -old con Senate bill 243 to the Senate for favor which I atn reporting, in-the hope that gressional district for a number of years. able action, it· called attention to the his nomination will be · promptly con I have had the opportunity to come need for a man of outstanding ability to firmed. in contact with him on several occasions. handle the difficult assignment of State The PRESIDING OFFICER. The I know him to be a very competent and Department reorganization. The com question is, Will the Senate advise and efficient lawyer, and I am conijdent he mittee noted the rapidity with which the consent to the nomination of Donold B . . will serve in his new capacity with the State Department had grown and the Lourie to be Under Secretary of State same distinction · with which he has many criticisms that have beep directed for Administration? · served in many other capacities in the against it for overexpansion of person The nomination was confirmed. past. nel and for overlapping offices and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The duties. ·. In short, the committee be question is, Will the Senate advise and lieves the Department is in need of AIR FORCE consent to the nomination of Robert streamlining and that the Under Secre The Chief Clerk read the nomination Clement Watson to be Commissioner of tary of State for Administration will be of H. Lee White to be Assistant Secretary Patents? required to spend much of his time on of the Air Force. . The nomination was confirmed. that task. · . Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, The PRESIDING· OFFICER. That After hearing Mr. Lourie, the com the junior Senator from New Jersey rises cotnp~etes the Executive Calendar. mittee believes that he will be able to to commend the President of the United Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I handle his difficult assignment. He . States· upon the character and quality ask that the President be immediately brings to the State Department a wealth of the nomination of H. Lee White to notified of all nominations confirmed of ·broad administrative experience he Assistant Secretary of the Air Force. this day. which should. be helpful in improving Although· Mr. White· was born in New The PRESIDING OFFICER. With the administration of our foreign rela York and is therefore a native son of out objection, the President will be noti tions. He comes · without prejudice or that great State, we of New Jersey are fied forthwith. past record to defend, and~ therefore, very proud, indeed, to claim him as an should be able to take an objective and. adopted son of New Jersey. fair view of departmental operations I predict that New Jersey and the LEGISLATIVE SESSION and needs.· ·He has a rich background Nation will one· day review the record of . Mr. K_NOWLAND. Mr. . President, :r ·of business ·and executive experience. H. Lee White as Assistant Secretary -of move that the Senate resume the con Mr. Lourie st.arted with .the Quaker Oats the Air Force with a deep sense of par sideration of legislative business. Co. as a statistics clerk on.. July 13,' 1922. donable pride. I am confident that the Step by · step he rose _to the presidency, The motion was agreed to; and the record he will write in the high office to Senate resumed the consideration of leg which office . he attained on November which he has been appointed will mark islative business. 21, l947. Iri the course of this rise he him as the great American I know him became the advertising manager, the to be at this moment when he is entering sales manager, the vice president in upon the high and lofty position which ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT TO charge of sales, and the executive vice .he will soon take over. · MONDAY president successively, prior to attain Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Presi ing the presidency. In addition, he dent, I merely wish to add a word to the Mr .. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I holds a number of important business remarks of the Senator from Oregon and ask unanimous consent that when the directorships., notably with the Mickel of. my distinguished colleague [Mr. Senate completes its business ·today it berry Food Products Cos., the Grocery HENDRICKSON] with regard to Mr. White. stand in adjournment until Monday next. Manufacturers of America, Inc., the I am glad to identify myself w~th the United States Gypsum Co., the Illinois high recommendations which they have The PRESIDING OFFICER. . With Central Railroad Co.; and the Mathiesen given to · this distinguished gentleman. · out objection, it is so ordered. & Hegdler Zinc Co., of Illinois. His busi I do not know him well personally, but · ness record is one of energy and initia:.. since his· name. came to us, - ~nd I was NINETY-FOURTH ANNIVERSARY OF tive and industry. aske~ to check m my State_With regard THE ADMISSION OF OREGON TO Once again the committee wishes to to his background and record, I took call attention to the importance of the great pains to inquire in ·quarters where THE UNION new office and the need for providing people would know the caliber of Mr. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, tomor- the best talent available to fill that im White. I am happy to report that from row, February 14, 1953, is the 94th birth portant office. The committee is satis every source I heard only the highest day of the State of Oregon. It was on fied that President Eisenhower has found kind of recommendation, both as to his February 14, 1859, that President such talent in Mr. Lourie and recom character and his ability. So I am glad Buchanan signed the bill admitting mends speedy action on the nomination to add my word in commendation of this Oregon to the Union, a victorious end by the Senate in order that Mr. Lourie worthy citizen of New Jersey, and to ing to a long struggle. The Oregon Ter may embark upon his task immediately. urge the prompt confirmation of his ritory, the subject through decades of ·If I may add a personal word, it so nomination. conflicting claims by Spain, France, Rus- happens that when Mr. Lourie was an The PRESIDING OFFICER·. The sia, England, and. the United States, had undergraduate at Princeton University question is, Will the Senate advise and beccme American in 1846. England, the I was executive secretary of that-insti consent to the nomination of H. Lee last remaining contestant, then signed a tution, under the last President Hibben. White to be 'Assistant Secretary of the treaty recognizing the 49th parallel of I have known Mr. Lourie since he en Air Force? north latitude as the dividing line be- tered college as a freshman, and I fol The nomination was confirmed. tween Canada and the . United States, lowed him through his brilliant career west of the Rocky Mountains, giving up as an undergraduate studerit.. He was its former insistence on the Columbia one of the boys to whom I, as one of the PATENT OFFICE River as the boundary. This clarifica-: administrative officers of the university; 'The Chief Clerk read the nomination tion of America's title to the territory was very close. I have naturally of Robert Clement Watson to be Com- gave a new impetus to the agitation for watched his career with great· interest missioner of Patents. official territorial status, an agitation 1062 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE • February 13 that had gone on, pressed by a few per virtual representative of the English sity, one of the leading educational in sistent people, in Congress and out, since Government, could wield undisputed stitutions, not only of my State, but of 1820. In that year Representative Dr. power, This power he used with admi the West. John Floyd, of Virginia, had attempted rable restraint, faithfully and honestly On February 14, the birthday of the to have a committee appointed to look serving the interests of his company and State ·of Oregon will be fittingly cele into the matter of occupying the Colum his government, and working whole brated by the presentation to the United bia River, and in 1822 he had again urged heartedly for peace and justice. A Cath States, to stand in honor L'l the United Congress to take action in the matter of olic in his childhood, Dr. McLoughlin States Capitol, of statues of these two Oregon Territofy-the first bill applying seems to have been at least nominally a pioneer heroes . of Oregon. I hope all the name Oregon to the land. member of the Church of England my hearers will take the occasion to From 1827 through 1831, the subject through his adult life, until 1842, when read the excellent summary of the early was kept before Congress, and thus indi he returned to the Catl).olic Ghurch, be history of the Territofy and State, pre rectly before the people, through the ef ing received by his friend, Father Blan pared by Dr. Burt Brown Barker, chair forts of Hall J. Kelley, a Boston school chet. Through his years of :Power, man of the -Oregon Statuary Commit t~acher, who, through Representative whether as Anglican or as Catholic, Dr. tee, entitled "Oregon, Prize of Discov Floyd, Senator Everett, of Massachusetts, McLoughlin was noted for the hospitable ery, Exploration, Settlement," with its and Senator Benton, of Missouri, had welcome and opractical help which he splendid summary of· the achievements several petitions presented to Congress gave to missionaries, Protestant and of these two great men. I have, of asking recognition of the Oregon Terri Catholic, whether English, French, or course, drawn upon this valuable book tory. It is a pleasure to pause here and American. Even the agricultural set let in the preparation of this talk, but do honor· to the name of Mr. Kelley, a man tlers, who came in 1843 and after, and there is much of interest that I have to whose energy and public spirit Oregon whose activities Dr. McLoughlin well not had time to include. and the other States formed from the knew would mean the end of the vast Mr. President, I should like to take Oregon Territory owe much. I recognize wilderness the Hudson's Bay Company a brief moment to pay my sincere trib him as typical of the great number of must maintain for its fur business-even ute to this great citizen of my State, citizens who realize that government is these farmers, the bane of the frontiers Dr. Burt Brown Barker, the author of the business of everyone, and who, what man and fur trapper, he welcomed as this historic narrative. He is noted for ever their position in life, think out the friends, gave them what h~lp they the outstanding service he has rendered problems of government and make their needed, and lent them money and sup as vice president of the University of thinking known to those in official posi plies. He could not have prevented their Oregon. He is also a distinguished law tion to act. I like particularly, in. this coming, and the eventual loss of the land yer, a eal humanitarian, and a keen connection, to reflect on the fact that by both England and the Hudson's Bay student of Oregon history. I suppose Mr. Kelley, not content with writing to Company, to the settlers from the United that no man in America knows as much his own Representative and Senators, States; but a man of smaller mind would about the history of the Hudson's Bay sought out like-minded men in Congress, not have perceived the inevitable devel Company and Dr. McLoughlin's relation representing Virginia and Missouri, who opment of the area, and a man smaller to the activity of that company in help- were of a mental scope to match the of soul would have made the difficulties ~ng to develop the great Pacific North continentwide expansion of the United of the early settlers, already great, al west as dqes Dr. Burt Brown Barker. States. most insurmountable. Dr. McLoughlin Mr. President, I ask unanimous con By 1843, while the Territory was still stands for what we like to remember sent that at the close of my remarks under the joint occupancy of England about the history of Oregon-the 'devel there be printed in the RECORD a copy and the United States, it had set up its opment from a truly paternal rule to a of the letter which I sent to all Sen own provisional government. On August rule by the people; the peaceful transi ators, dated February 13, and the text 14, 1848, President Polk signed the bill tion from British and joint occupation of the historic narrative entitled "Ore which he had been urging since 1846, to to American territorial status; the pro gon, Prize of Discovery, Exploration, and grant Territorial status to the Oregon tection of the interests of Indian and Settlement," written by Dr. Burt Brown country, and on March 3, 1849, the last settler alike ; and the impartial support Barker. day of Polk's administration, the Gov of the civilizing influence of religion, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there ernor he had appointed, Joseph Lane, without distinction as to creeds. · objection? The Chair hears none, and took office, having the good fortune to Among the missionaries welcomed it is so ordered. · find the Territory already provided with and aided by Dr. John McLoughlin was pilferage to members of t~e A.~· of L. long questions involved in developing and by such great conservationists as Teddy shoremen's union. maintaining a sound conservation pro Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, and George In its move to stir the A. F. of L. council gram for our country. Norris. Out of this long struggle, which into action on the removal of MORSE from the Senate Labor Committee, the Portland Coun Such·a program is necessary if we are took place in bitter. fights in and out of cil urged that' all international unions also to keep faith with the 'historic work in the halls of Congress, a great national be enlisted in the drive to get him pack. the field of conservation conducted by electric power policy was.. evolved during two liberal and sound conservationists-= the last generation. Teddy Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. I THE EVOLUTION OF OUR NATIONAL POWER POLIC'Y' ' AMERICA'S NATURAL RESOURCES plan .to deliver this series of speeches This na tiona! power policy was slow in ELECTRIC POWER POLICY because I am satisfied that the natural developing. At tim.es it seemed as if it Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish resources planks of the Republican plat neve.r would materialize. However, after now to address myself to another subject~ form, if enacted into legislation by . the endless and weary battles, a national pol Mr. President, it is very important Eisenhower administration, would prove icy was. formulated· in plainly written that I do some of my committee work to be a serious threat to a sound con laws of Congress that told our people, all on the ftoor of the Senate, because I am servation program, and, would constitute agencies of the Federal Government, and well aware of the fact that, it being in fact, a wasting of the economic and the world, that at last the United States Friday afternoon, a good many of my defense potentialities of the streams and was on its way to preserving its natural colleagues necessarily are out of the city forests and public domain of . our resources and water power for the bene and will perhaps appreciate my doing my country. fit of all the people. What were these ftoor committee work in their absence, LEADERSHIP OF THE UNITED STATES TODAY policies, and what did Congress say? but making available to them in the Today, America stands as a foremost DAMS SHALL GENERATE ELECTRICIT'Y' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the results of that leader of the democracies in the world. The first great pillar in our national work. Nations large and small look to us for power policy, I might say our basic one, I wish to announce tliat today I shall guidance. and aid. With the threat of arose when Federal dams were first con give the first of a series of speeches in communism challenging the free peoples structed, although no power use was the Senate on the general subject of our throughout the world, the United States made of their priceless waters. It is natural resources and their development cannot afford to falter in its dedication hard to believe that for many years ·an and use. I shall dedicate these speeches to the democratic quest for constant im .these potential low-priced billions of to one of the great liberals of our his provement of the· lot of the people. kilowatt-hours were wasted to America. tory, one of the great students of natural All of us recognize the great political It is a cliche of economics that the labor resource problems, and one of the great contributions that our democracy has of a human being is perishable, and, if est statesmen who ever trod the floor of made to our world. These facts are well unused, is gone forever. It is equally the Senate of the United States. · I refer, known: America, the industrial giant, true that water emptied into the seas of course, to thelate great Senator from has done as much to foster and protect .has a potential for power every bit as Nebraska, George Norris. We cannot fill this political heritage of all freemen. his shoes, Mr. President, but we can try Our technological attainments give us perishable. Once it has rushed beyond to walk in his footsteps. We can note the tools with which to win the battles river ·banks, it is beyond recall. and follow his footprints of statesman against armed aggression, and the strug After a historic struggle, Congress pro ship. I believe it to be very important, gle in civilian life for -ever-higher stand vided that Federal dams should include at this particular time, with all the con· facilities for generating electricity. This ards of living. was a long time ago. It first occurred fiicting proposals which one hears with WHAT IS THE BASIS OF OUR INDUSTRIAL MIGHT? reference to what should happen to our in the Reclamation Act of 1906, and has natural resource·s, that we reflect on For generations, infant America strug been continued ever since. gled along in an inconspicuous way, PUBLIC PREFERENCE IN POWER SALES some of the great lessons and teachings while other nations assumed leadership of George Norris, because I hold to the in the world of industry and trade. Let us now consider the next principle view that, conservationist that he was, Then suddenly a young giant America that was determined by Congress for he was thinking decades ahead on the leaped to the fore as a leader of free men our national power policy. The Gov question of the kind of heritage and leg everywhere. ernment is· developing public property acy we would leave to American· boys It is true that we·have developed men streams and vast networks of rivers-: and· girls a ·century hence, from the of great technical genius. Also, we have belonging to the people. It is doing so standpoint of the natural resources of made undreamed improvements in tools with funds that are derived from all the . our country. The great Norris recog and in industrial arts that shot us for people. Therefore, it is both logical and nized that the streams, forests, and pub-· ward generations in a few brief decades. reasonable that such public property; de lie domain of the United States belong But upon what were all these things veloped with public funds, should grant to the people of the United States, and based? What really made possible our a preference to the same public--or their that the people of each generation hold vast mass production in recent years? public or nonprofit agencies--wbich those resources as trustees for Ameri I believe one of the answers will be found made such construction possible. cans yet to· be born. in the great prime mover, electric power. It seems incredible, Mr. President, that Because I feel. so deeply about the after a generation of struggle, we problem of conserving, preserving, and PRIVATE INITIATIVE AND INVESTMENT should still hea·r today the generation-old protecting the natural resources of our Many factors enter into this unparal private-utility chant that the privately country for generations of Americans yet leled record of achievement. Private owned and publicly operated utilities · unborn, I propose today to give the first initiative and industry are of basic im should be treated alike in receiving the of a series of speeches which I shall de portance. We must recognize the vast use of power generated by public liver in the months ahead on the entire and steady accomplishments of private projects. problem of· na~ural resources. industry here and throughout the world, The public-preference principle is no CONGRESSIONAL ELECTRIC POWER POLICY down through the years. But this alone accidental development in congressional Mr. President, as ·r have· just said, the is not enough to account for the tremen law. It has a long and honorable his natural resources of the country are held dous strides the United States has made tory, based upon years and years of by the people of our generation in trust recently. study which culmibated into law. In the for the happiness and welfare of future THE GREAT CONSERVATIONISTS Reclamation Act that was passed in generations of Americans. We must look for something more than 1906, Congress stated. this principle of We must be on gu~trd against any and private initiative and private accom preference in power sales to public agen all attempts to waste and exploit these plishments-great as these things are. cies· and cooperatives. Congress did so resources for selfish economic interests During the past five decades there has again in the Raker Act. A similar pol of' those who are inclined to place their been a constant struggle between those icy was followed in the Federal Water profits above the . general . welfare. who believed that our natural resources Power Act of ·1920, and in the Boulder Therefore, I propose to deliver in the and water power were for the benefit of Canyon Act of 1928. When Congress Senate from time to time-over the next all the people, and ·those who believed passed the Tennessee Valley Act of 1933, few months, a series of speeches deal that they were for private exploitation. the public-preference policy was reiter ing with some of the vit_al problems and The fight on behalf of the people was led ated. .The same was true of the Rural • 1070 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 13 Electrification Act of 1936, the Bonne Mr. MORSE. I completely agree with built by the Bureau of Reclamation. ville Act of 1937, and the Fort Peck Act the Senat.or from Alabama, and I com We have there eight cooperatives which, of 1938. mend the Senator from Alabama and by their united efforts, have secured a Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will the Senator from Illinois [Mr. ~ouGLAS], loan from the Government of $9,500,- the Senator from Oregon yield to me? both of whom are now on the floor and 000, making the total of nearly $25,- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. both of whom have been so kind as to 000,000. . PAYNE in the chair) . Does the Senator contribute to my discussion of this prob I want my distinguished friend from from Oregon yield to the Senator from lem for the fights they have put up on Oregon to know that that takes care Illinois? the ' floor of the · Senate for years in of 35,000 farmers in the very center of Mr. MORSE. I yield. s..upport of the basic principle I have just North Dakota, farmers who never could Mr. DOUGLAS. Did I correctly un enunciated. They are in SUP.Port of our have obtained electric power had the derstand the Senator from Oregon to mutual view that it is the obligation of Government, as the Senator has sug say that the preference for municipal the Congress of the United States to pro gested, not stepped in to help them. and cooperative power was first estab tect the heritage of all the people in the Furthermore, these loans are amor lished when Theodore Roosevelt was natural resources of this country. Let tized. Within 45 years, those farmers President of the United States? me say to my friend from Alabama that are going to own that line. They are Mr. MORSE . . The principle of it was if we do not remain constantly on guard, going to own the steam plant, and they established in 1906. the movement which is under way to are going to get the power from Gar Mr. DOUGLAS. It was established in exploit our natural resources will take rison Dam, one of the greatest dams the Reclamation Act, which the late Sen the form of law. That is the way the now being built. The fight is on now ator New lands, of ·Nevada, had a great selfish end of private interests will be in North Dakota, the very fight my dis deal to do with, I believe. accomplished. If we are not on our tinguished friend has just mentioned, Mr. MORSE. That is correct. . guard, when multiple-purpose dams, to namely, whether under the so-called Mr. DOUGLAS. So it did not begm be built with the taxpayers' money, are preference clause the private utilities are in 1933, under Franklin Roosevelt, but being authorized, there will be inserted to get an .advantage over farm lines began under Theodore Roosevelt. · Is in the authorization act a sleeper claus~ owned by the farmers' cooperatives. that correct?. which will give to the private utilities the Mr! MORSE. I thank the Senator Mr. MORSE. That is correct. power at bus bar. If the private utili from North Dakota for his contribution Congress continued these clearly enun ties are given the power at bus bar, then to this discussion. I am sure I need ciated views in the Reclamation Act of we might as well give them the dam, not say to the people of North Dakota 1939 · and 5 years later the preference because if they control the power at bus anything about the record of the Sen clau~e was continued in the Flood Con bar, then we might as well give them the ator from North Dakota in supporting trol Act of 1944. Thus, the next pillar dam, because if they control the power public-power developments. I am sure in our national electric pow~r policy, at bus bar, they control the dam. It the people of his State kriow his fine namely, public preference to public non-;, would be cheaper for them to get their record, and I think it was one of the profit bodies, is a long and well-estab . bus-bar proposal through than to own main reasons why he was returned to lished congressional doctrine. the dam. That is why the Senator from the Senate last November by the very LOW INTEREST RATES Alabama and the Senator from Illinois complimentary vote he ·received across and other liberal Senators have fought 'so North Dakota. Natural resources are the property of hard during our terms in the Senate all the people, and must be preserved All I want to say to my friend from for the building of Government trans North Dakota-and I say it to him as and ~eveloped for their benefit. mission lines to load centers, because Mr. President, I hope that by the time a Republican-is that the Independent without a gridback system of Govern Party welcomes him at this session of .I conclude the series of speeches which ment-built transmission lines to load I intend to make in the Senate during the Congress, to stand with it, as it centers, then the dams are made really will stand with him, in the fight we the next few months, ,I shall at least and in fact the property of the private have broadened the understanding of are going to have to make, in my judg utilities at bus bar. That raises the ment, to protect the people of the United the American people so that they will question of entering into fair, equitable, indubitably realize that they, and they St~tes from certain groups within the and reasonable contracts with all dis Republican Party that are out to exploit alone own the streams and the other tributors of power, including private great' natural resources of the United the streams of America for the bene utilities. . . , fit of the private utilities. States. Those resources do not belong Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the to the private utilities of our country. Mr. President, I wish to repeat that Senator yield? natural resources are the property of air The forests do not belong to the lumber Mr. MORSE. I shall yield to the Sen companies of our country, to be used for the people, and must be preserved and ator from North Dakota in a moment. developed for their benefit. It is proper exploitation purposes. The public do My record speaks for itself. I have sup main does not being to those who would and reasonable that the Government ported on the floor of the Senate pro utilize its own agencies in developing seek to so use it that they would change posals which will give to private utilities the western plains of America into an programs for the preservation of those fair contracts. But, Mr. President, the resources. eroded China. The public domain be protection of the legitimate rights of the longs to the people of our generation in Consequently, under a wise congres private utilities does not mean an emas sional policy, 'the Federal Government trust for future generations of Ameri culation of the preference clause. It cans, and in the great natural-resouJce has used its own lending power in order does not mean that the Government is to make available to public projects, the fight which will be waged in this Con to use the taxpayers' money to build the gress against an administration which, low interest rates which the Government dams and· generate the power, and then itself enjoys. Accordingly, another vital in my judgment; unless it is checked, discriminate in favor of the private util will exploit our natural resources for link in a congressional-power policy has ities. Aftet all, it is the interest of the been the granting of low interest rates selfish interests, I see an arousing of -the taxpayers that ought to come first, and American people to a clearer understand to borrowers, where Government funds the preference cla1:1se is included to pro are used for the development of public ing of their vested interest in their own tect the ownership of the publ1c in pub natural resources. • property, or the supplying of essential licly generated power. ·I now yield to public electric power services not avail Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the the Senator from North Dakota. Senator yield? able previously at reasonable rates. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I wish The soundness of this policy is at Mr. MORSE. I yield to the Senator to thank the distinguished Se:r:ator from Alabama. tested to by the fat:1;that such loans have from Oregon, not only for yielding to made possible large scale development of Mr. HILL. When the Government me, but for giving me an opportunity public resources and widespread use. of builds a dam across a river or stream, it to tell him how much I appreciate what is, of course, the money of all the people power generate a fight ' Mr. President, that is dramatics in said to my Republican friends that they against devious attempts to take away · social and economic action. It is a should not forget this basic tenet of Re from the American people their control ' miracle which has taken place before publicanism-that it is the duty of ana over their own property, represented by 1 the -eyes of the American people in the tion composed of self-governing people, their heritage and their legacy in the short span of years from 1935 to 1952- such as ours, to do for all the people what natural resources of our country. I an increase in the electrification of the needs to be done to advance their gen Mr. President, I say that although farms of America from 10.9 to 88.1 eral welfare, what they cannot so well do we have made great progress since 1935, percent. for themselves, and which, by doing for that is not enough, Electric rates were Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the them, will vastly increase the economic formerly far too high, Use was not free Senator from Oregon yield? wealth and productivity of our Nation. or . widespread because the rates were Mr. MORSE. I yield. Oh, it is not possible to get away from prohibitive. So Congress forged the next Mr. HILL. Is it not true that the that social concept and economic con essential link in its Federal power policy. part which the REA has played in this cept of the great Lincoln in regard to This related to the sale of such power. marvelous development of rural elec the relationship of government to the In various acts, Congress provided that tricity has not cost the Federal Govern economic needs of the people. Yet we such power be sold at the lowest possible ment or the taxpayers anything? hear references to creeping socialism, rates consistent with sound business Mr. MORSE. The Senator is correct. some trying to delude the American peo principles. This basic c_ongressional It has not cost the taxpayers anything. ple into thinking that when the Gov principle was set forth in the Tennessee n has been self-liquidating in nature. ernment constructs great multiplepur Valley Authority Act of 1933, the Bonne But I say it has done more than that; pose dams and builds great grid-back ville Act of 1937, the ·Fort Peck Act of it has created for the taxpayers of transmission lines, it is participating in 1938, and the Flood Control Act of 1944. America a tremendous wealth, because creeping socialism. How .wise Congress was can now be out of this program there has been de Let us not forget what happened just judged by the vastly lowered costs since rived the wealth-creating production a few short months ago. Let us not for- this policy was adopted-which are less 1072 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD=:- SENATE February 13 than half what they formerly were- have a corps of men and women, finely has such a marvelous record of collec and the resulting tremendous upsurge in trained public servants, who should be a tions. And remember, these loans were popular consumption of all kinds. source of real pride to any democracy. made in the heretofore underdeveloped ENCOURAGING WIDE USAGE AND PREVENTING Here We have a great Operating Organiza- .areas of rural America. MONOPOLY tion. The men and women have been I am sure Senators will be interested One essential still remained in a sound trained for years, at tremendous cost to to know that in the 17 years of the ex Federal power policy. Accordingly, in our Government, in order to perform istence of REA only a little more than the development of congressional elec- these technical tasks. They stand ready $40,000 has been written off as uncal• tric power policy, the next principle and willing to serve the American people lectible. enunciated by Congress was that where now as they always have before. This REA SETS THE PATTERN a· Federal project generates power, in has been one of our main sources of As a result of our wise congressional disposing of it the marketing policies strength and inspiration in carrying out power policy-in this case loans to local should be designed to encourage the wid- the policies that have been enunciated organizations of rural citizens-REA set est possible use of such power, and, at by the Congress in the various acts. on the pattern for the private utilities as the same time, to prevent its monopoly. Federal power. • wi!I.I. Whereas previously these utilities ThiS principle WaS embodied in the Ten- WHAT THE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRA- had almost completely disregarded local nessee Valley Authority Of 1933, the TION HAS ACCOMPLISHED customers-except at prohibitive rates Rural Electrification Act of 1936, the Let us glance at a single typical illus- and charges which the country folks Bonneville Act of 1937, ·the Fort Peck tration of power · progress, the Rural could not afford to pay-now they .began Act of 1938, and the Flood Control Act Electrification Administration, which competing fiercely with the REA cooper of 194.4. . now serves about 4 million consumers in atives for this newly developed rural PIONEERING WORK OF FEDERAL AGENCIES 46 States, Alaska, and the Virgin IslandS. business. Laws that Congress passes are often With .an average of 5 persons to the What are the results of this proved legislative mandates indicating the geh- family, this program is serving about Federal power policy in the case of REA? eral outline which national policies 20 million people today. In 1935 before the REA was started, should follow-blueprints for the work In 1935, when the Government sought only about 10 percent of the rural areas to be undertaken. When such legislation to aid the people in the rural sections and farms had high-line or central-sta exists, it is usually the technical knowl- who were living in dismal kerosene dark tion electric service. Today, thanks to edge, initiative, resourcefulness, plan- ness, the usual cry went up: "It can't be a wise congressional power policy, nearly rung, trial and error of the responsible done.'' There was good reason to accept 90 percent of the rural residents of this executive agencies that translate the this conclusion. For nearly a quarter country have such electric service. And blueprints into actual Federal power pro- of a century the private utilities had at rates which are half or less of what grams. Consequently, when we speak attempted to do a similar job. Only they formerly paid. · of the development of a congressional · they had gone down the main highways Truly, electricity is now the perennial, power policy, we have to examine the for the most part, leaving the backroads cheap, uncomplaining hired hand of the operation of the executive agencies and and hinterland farm country to the countryside. Need any finer illustration departments that carry out these con- primitive and hand-labor methods of be·given of the proven and tested nature gressional laws. their grandfathers. of a wise congressional power policy? We must pay tribute to the Federal So pursuant to Federal law, REA was The overwhelming facts speak forcefully executives and the corps of civilian em- given the supposedly impossible job of for themselves. ployees who are responsible for manning going into such backwoods territory In the words of Norris, the father of these Federal agencies. Many of the where there were only 2 or 3 potential national electric power policy: How marvelous that this water, which once tremendous achievements that have consumers to the mile. Surely, no more . went waste-d to the sea, can be put to work taken place in the field of national power · · difficult task could have faced any Fed in this way to make life easier for human and federally aided power programs are eral agency. Ye~ with courage, re ity-lighten the burden of the woman at attributable to the techn~al know-how sourcefulness, and technical skill, REA her washtub and in the kitchen, to ease the of these agencies. waded in. Look at what this Federal labor and toil of the farmer in his barn, to Our Nation has been slow to develop a agency has done for some 20,000,000 turn factory wheels which will provitie pay tradition of public service which can be American rural resided\;s as a result of rolls and produce things to add to human our surest safeguard against venality and the enlightened power policy of your comfort and security. sloth in Government. The men and Congress. TECHNICAL KNOW-HOW women who have dedicated themselves In 1935, when the REA began its op As a result of this tremendous accom to providing cheap and plentiful power erations, a mile of rural line cost about plishment in all the Federal agencies for the people have also contributed to $2,000, according to the Federal Power having to do with the conservation and the creation of a tradition of unselfish Commission. In a comparatively short development of our water and power devotion to the public welfare. This is a time, this healthy young REA agency was resources, there is available today a vast little recognized but important by- building a mile of line for $1,000, and in field of technical knowledge that was not product of public power. some instances as low as $600. in existence previously. In a real sense While such persons generally could Moreover, it was a better mile of line. of the word, these agencies have been earn several times as much pay in private Whereas the previous "battleship" con pioneers. , They have drawn the best industry, a devotion to their Govern- struction was designed for city use, the from private technology, and by adapta ment -and the people compels them to REA pioneers. designed an entirely new tion and creation, they. have increased, give their best, year in and year out, type of line t?at was specifically adapted tremendously, the technological ·base of regardless of the low pay and the often to rural terntory. our power knowledge. humiliating circumstances that com- In addition, the REA program through New problems and new situations have monly accompany work for the Govern- coo]i)eratives is a model in local democ been a constant challenge. From wise ment, such as an attack upon them by racy and· private ownership. Equally policies of .field work and experimenta the Congress, going so far as even to deny important, the rural folks are paying tion by Federal agencies, we have de them pay for a period of months, while back tbeir Federal loans promptly. veloped our technical grasp on power they devote themselves unselfishly and The total repayments of principal and matters. It is impossible to estimate the patriotically to the development of the . interest on these loans have been $394 value of such technical knowledge and natural resources of our country. Of million. This sum includes $50 million its benefits to the public users and pri course, I refer to the Michael Straus that were paid before they were actually vate industry alike. case, and I digress to pay my respects to due and only $722,000 were delinquent. TECHNICAL AID FOR THE PEOPLE Michael Straus for the interest he has This means that only one-fifth of 1 From the beginning of our Govern manifested in the people's stake in the percent of the total amount loaned is ment to date, Congress has attempted to Nation's natural resources. more than 30 days overdue. Let mere- pass legislation to provide essential pub Notwithstanding all this, in the vari- peat that figure-one-fifth of 1 percent. lic services that would enable it to do ous Federal agencies that administer the I venture the opinion that no bank or for all the people things that they could national electric power policy today, we financial institution in the United States not do for themselves. 1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE 1073 In the field of national electric power PUBLIC POWER PREFERENCE A-ND PUBLIC: POW~ EVALUATION OF MUTUAL SECURITY policy, the same thing has been true. TRANSMISSION LINES-RESOLUTION OF WASCO PROGRAM Instead of being the helpless victims of COUNTY POMONA POWER COMMITTEE, THE DALLES, OREG. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I would their own lack of technical information, like to discuss one further item, which or being denied better ways of living be Mr. President, I now present for ap propriate reference and ask unanimous is unrelated to the subject which I have cause they could not afford engineering just discussed, and which involves some advice in order to attain such ends, now consent to have printed in the RECORD a ·resolution adopted by the Wasco floor-committee work which I need to do the people, or their agents, can turn to today. their Government departments for tech County Pomona Power Committee of nical aid in the field of power. This is a The Dalles, Oreg., favoring continuation I refer to a release issued by the Di very healthy sign of democracy. It per.:. of public preference prov1sions in Fed rector for Mutual Security, Mr. Stassen. mits the people to be educated, and then eral power legislation and congressional It is release No. 28. I wish to comment to do things for themselves. authorization for the construction of on the release by reading from and as Again let· us take the illustration of Government transmission facilities for sociating myself completely with there the REA. This is no nationwide Federal · bringing public power to nonprofit coop marks. which were made last night by bur.eaucracy. On the contrary, it con eratives and public bodies. I request Frank Edwards over the Mutual Broad sists of local organizations of local peo that the resolution be printed ih the casting· System, in regard to the problem ple, governing themselves. It is a good RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks. which is represented by this release. example of self-government of a free There being no objection, the resolu Mr. Edwards said last night: people put to work in developing their tion was referred to the Committee on In recent weeks the Senate has performed own economic life. Public Works and ordered to be printed commendably by refusing to approve the in the RECORD, _as follows: nomination of various agency officials until They choose their own board of dir-ec • those appointees had complied with the law. tors and president. They hire their own Whereas in a democracy the government is not something different and apart from They were not · confirmed until they .had employees to manage their own projects the people, but is, instead, the representa severed their financial relations with firms and they lay down the policies that shall tive and instrumentality of the people, and doing business with the Government. be pursued. what the government owns the people own; Tonight I have before me some documents This is democracy at work. It is a far and, therefore, the government must always which disclose a situation which merits im cry from the claims of bureaucracy and use ·government property for the greatest mediate Senate attention. Washington domination that the public benefit of the largest number ·of the people; Mr. Harold Stassen, the Director for Mutual power opponents describe in charges and · Security, has named a group of 55 business Whereas this basic principle of democracy and financial executives who ·are to make an which have no relation to the actual has, since the days of Theodore Roosevelt evaluation of the multibillion-dollar MSA facts. . and continuing without interruption to date, program, at public expense. This group will Every form of liberty and freedom we always been a part of the law of the land be divided into 11 separate teams, 1 team possess today is the result of a long and applicable to the hydroelectric generating to each country. The findings of these 55 bitter struggle against ruthless and facilities constructed• and operated by the men will determine how and where addi selfish enemies. Once such freedoms are Government, by virtue _of the provisions in tional billions of taxpayers' dollars shall be established they become the very essence different statutes under which the people, spent in foreign-aid programs. through governmental subdivisions or mu Mr. Stassen says: "The very essentlality of of our liberty, and freemen should fight tual self-help organizations such as coop the program, coupled with the fact tliat it to preserve them. eratives,- have been given the first right to involves a large expenditure of public funds, Throughout the land, selfish forces are purchase the electric power generated _by requires that its operations be subjected to at work seeking to confuse the people, their Government-operated dams; and constructive examination by persons of com and trying to make them believe that the Whereas to retain the integrity of this petence and experience who are in a position highly profitable interests of a few are basic democratic principle, it is essential that to make an objective and independent judg the same as the needs of all the people the relationship between the Government ment." who use electricity. ·In·over a generatio-n and the people be direct, and without any Any Senator who is interested will find intervening agent in the position of a toll those words of Mr. Stassen's on page 3 of of time, the people and their represent taker to profit bo_th from the operations of DMS No. 28, available at his office. atives in Congress have forged out a wise the Government and the people, and, as a national resources program that is de- . practical matter, it is absolutely necessary I shall make it available in the CoN . .signed to preserve our possibly dwindling that the Government construct all tr.ansmis CRESSION AL RECORD in a moment. It Will heritage of natural resources and power sion facilities which are needed to bring the show who are some of the men who have for all the people. power to the geographical points where it can been chosen to exercise their independ- be taken and used by people's organizations; ent judgment. - It is a wise policy which has ripened and into rich accomplishments, It is a Whereas eastern Oregon has been mutually Mr: Edwards goes on to say: sound policy that assures America of benefited by this basic law, giving farmers' Just who are these men whom Mr. Stassen continued progress in the forward march organizations the power to deliver to the has chosen to make what he calls an objec of democracy. widely scattered farms and ranc;tles in this tive and independent judgment? Do they Low -electric rates, more productive area, and without this benefit the coopera qualify and, if so, on what grounds? tives could not receive wholesale power at I have before me another very interesting farms, arduous tasks made lighter, com cost for delivery to these farms: Now, there- - document covering the financial commit fort and leisure, thriving and expanding fore, be it . ments of Mutual Security Administration, industry are but !>Orne of the results. Resolved by the delegates to the Wasco setting forth the list . of banking houses But we cannot afford to plume ourselves County Pomona Grange No. 11, regularly as which have handled more than $5 billion upon the past. sembled at Cherry Park Grange, this 3d day worth of MSA expenditures on a commission Intelligent as we Americans are, we of February 1953, That the Congress be urged basis. might as well admit that we continually to continue to protect the interests of the Upon comparing the list of financially in people, as the owners of Government power terested institutions with the list of men underestimate the growing needs for generating facilities, in their long-estab selected by Mr. Stassen for Operation Tycoon, electric power for basic industries,' vital lished right of first purchase of Government I find some very interesting connections. both to defense and to the civilian econ generated power, through their public bodies For example: On the team which will go to omy. We underestimated in World War and nonprofit cooperatives created by the France at public expense to evaluate MSA II and we underestimated in the present people for that purpose; and be it further performance is Mr. Orson Adams, vice presi crisis. It is time we got out of the habit Resolved, That the Congress also be urged dent of the First National Bank of Boston. of inadequate power programing. to make this right of first purchase by the Checking against the record, I find that Mr. people a realistic fact instead of only a Adams' bank has handled $101 million worth Our experience shows that we have a the.oretical right by authorizing the con of MSA funds. basically sound program: We must use struction, by Government power-marketing that program to meet our continuing agencies, of all transmission facilities needed Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will problem with the boldness and imagina to bring this power to publi-c bodies and non the Senator from· Oregon yield? tion that characterize our people. If profit cooperatives, and by appropriating the Mr. MORSE. I yield. we will-and we must-then we shall necessary moneys therefor. Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, th-e WASCO COUNTY POMONA POWER t.ruly .keep faith with the great Teddy COM..l\4ITTEE, Senator from Oregon is making a very ltoosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, and the WALTER J. WEBB, Master. interesting speech. However, I did not great George Norris. LILLIE Q. TINDALL, Secretary. quite hear what the operation is to be XCIX---68 1074 .· CO~GRESSIOrfAL RECORD...::. SENATE February 13 called. Is it Operation Typhoon or Op in the program: Belgium, Denmark, France, . Members: Mr. Paul E. Miller, director, eration Tycoon? Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, agricultura:I extension service, University Turkey, and the United Kingdom; Cambodia, of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn.; Mr. Newton Mr. MORSE. It is Operation Tycoon, Laos, and Vietnam-the Associated States of Franklin Korhumel, president, Korhumel but I will tell the Senator what I think Indochina; the Republic of China on Formo Steel & Aluminum Co., 2424 Oakton Street, it will result in. It will result in Opera sa; and the Philippines. Evanston, Ill.; Mr. Henry Bradford Arthur, tion Typhoon, because it will fiood this The evaluation group, which will serve economist, Swift & Co., C'hicago, Iii. country with a lot of propaganda, which without compensation, is headed by Mr. elar FORMOSA ·will make the rich boys richer before we ence Francis, chairman of the board of Gen Team leader: Mr. Harry Amos Bullis, chair get through with it. eral Foods Corp. Mr. Francis has selected 54 man of the board, · General Mills, Inc., · 400 Going back to Mr. Edwards' broadcast, associates to assist: him in the study. The Second Avenue S., Minneapolis, Minn. group will divide itself into 11 teams. The Members: Mr. Norwood Francis Allman, he says: mutual-security program will be studied in On the team which will visit Belgium is senior partner (Allman, Kops, and Lee, each country by a separate team, except for American law firm of Shanghai, China), 390 Mr. Russell wardburgh, vice president of Holland and Belgium which will be studied Guaranty Trust Co. of New York City. His Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y.; Mr. Clin by a single team, and the Associated States ton Morrison, vice president, manager, and bank has handled more than $421 million of Indochina which will be studied by one worth of mutual-security commitments. director, the Holding Co., 1119 First National team. · Soo Line Building, Minneapolis, Minn.; , Mr. The team which will make what Mr. Stas The entire study group will meet·in Wash sen calls an independent and objective eval Raymond Tyson Moyer, deputy director, divi ington February 9 and 10 for background dis sion of overseas activities, the Ford Founda uation of MSA expenditures in the Philip~ cussion with Government officials responsible pines will have as a member Mr. David Grove, tion, 914 East Green Street, Pasadena, Calif.; for administration of the mutual-security Maj. Gen. William Arthur Worton, USMC Bank of America, San Francisco. The Bank program. The teams will .then go to their of America, accordin·g to the official records, (retir.ed), care of Jonathan Club, 545 South respective countries. It is anticipated that Figueroa Street, Los Angeles, .Calif• .. has done more than $388 million worth Of the reports of the vartous teams will be re business in MSA commitments. ceived in Washington toward the latter part FRANCE . The list goes on and on. The records are of March. The preparation of the final re Team leader: Mr. Joseph Peter Spang, Jr., available to any Senator who is interested. port will be supervised by Mr. Francis, who president, the Gillette Co., 15 West First Mr. Stassen has selected men who are asso will himself probably visit France, Germany, Street, Boston, Mass. ciated with concerns handling fabulous Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Members: Mr. Orson Adams, Jr., vice presi amounts of MSA financial commitments. dent, First National Bank of Boston, 67 Milk He says he expects them to render an ob Each team, within the area under its study, will look into the operations of the Street, Boston, Mass.; Mr. Norbert A. Bog jective and independent judgment. dan (now ln France) , director of finance, Not only does Stassen select men whose mutual-security program, including the cur rent status of the different parts-both mili Ford International, 445 Park Avenue, New banks are doing billions of dollars' worth of York, N.Y.; Mr. Robert March Gaylord, presi business with MSA, but nowhere on the list tary and economic-of the program, the ef fectiveness of the program, and the effec dent, Ingersoll Milling Machine Co., Rock- will you find the name of a single representa . ford, Ill.; Mr. Malcolm Chilson Stewart, gen tive of small business, farmers, or wage tiveness of United States organization and personnel. The group will look into, among eral counsel, the Gillette Co., 15 West First • earners-the groups which make up the bulk Street, Boston, Mass. of the Nation's taxpayers, the millions of other m atters, the «nilitary end-item and training programs, the offshore procurement GERMANY men and women who provide the MS~ funds. In case any Member of the United States program, the use of defense-support goods or Team leader: Mr. Reuben Buck Robertson, Senate is interested in Operation Tycoon commodities financed by the Mutual Secu Jr., president, the Champion Paper .& Fibre and the relationships between its members rity Agency, the productivity program in Eu Co., Hamilton, Ohio. and the MSA money, it might be well to rope, and other major elements of the mu Members: Mr. Matthew L. Devine, care of check further into this matter. tual-security program. Cresap, McCormick & Paget, 100 West Mon The Senators who did such a commendable Mr. Stassen, in announcing the appoint roe, Chicago, Ill.; Mr. Bruce D. Henderson, job in dealing with the financial affairs of ment of the evaluation group, said: general manager, purchases and traffic, West Mr. Wilson and his teammates might ask "I am delighted that this group of dis inghouse Electric Corp., 401 Liberty Avenue, some questions concerning Operation Tycoon. tinguished Ameri<:
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