1040 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 13 By Mr. TOLLEFSON: dom comes. In the dear Redeemer's 1ng paper); to the Committee on Interior H. R. 3047. A bill for the relief of Elmer E. name. Amen. and Insular Affairs. Johnson; to the Committee on the Judiciary. PUBLICATION ENTITLED "FEDERAL POWER By Mr. TEAGUE: COMMISSION REPORTS, VOLUME 9" H. R. 3048. A bill for the relief of Tatyana THE JOURNAL A letter from the Chairman, Federal Power Karapancsa; to the Comii,littee on the Judi­ Commission, Washington, D. C., transmit­ On request of Mr. KNOWLAND, ·and by ciary. ting, for the information of the Senate, a .By Mr. WARBURTON: unanimous consent, the reading of the copy of the Commission's newly issued pub­ H. R. 3049. A bill for the relief of Roman J. Journal of the proceedings of Tues­ lication entitled "Federal Power Commission Halla; to the Committee on the Judiciary. day, February 10, 1953, was dispensed Reports, Volume 9" (with an accompanying By Mr. WATTS: with. · document); to the Committee-on Interstate H. R. 3050. A bill for the relief -of Kenichi and Foreign Commerce. Kaneko; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. WILSON of California: MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT REPORT OF CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD H. R. 3051. A bill for the relief of Jj:ugenie A letter from tbe Chairman, Civil Aero­ Hoch, and her child, Yolanda Hoch; to the Messages in writing. from the Presi­ nautics Board, Washington, D. C., transmit-· Committee on the Judiciary. dent of the submitting ting, pursuant to law, a report of that Board nominations were communicated to the for the fiscal year 1952 (with an accompany­ PETITIONS, ETC. Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre­ ing report); to the Committee on Interstate taries. and Foreign Commerce. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions USE OF CERTAIN CERTIFICATES BY OFFICERS OP and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE THE ARMED FORCES. and referred as follows: A letter from the General Counsel, Office 51. By Mr. BETTS: Petition of S. S. A message from the House of Rep­ of the Secretary of Defense, transmitting a Weaver, requesting consideration of certain resentatives, by Mr. Maurer, its reading draft of proposed legislation to authorize alleged copyrights set forth therein; to the clerk, announced that the House had the use of certificates by officers of the Armed Committee on the Judiciary. agreed, without amendment, to the con­ Forces of the United States, in connection 52. By Mr. CANFIELD: Resolutions of the current resolution (S. Con. Res. 1,2) ex­ with certain pay and allowance accounts of executive board and general executive coun­ pressing sympathy for the peoples of the military and civilian personnel (with an cil of the New Jersey State Federation of accompanying paper); to the Committee on Labor, affiliated with the American Federa­ Netherlands, Great Britain, and Belgium in the disaster suffered by them. ~med Services. tion of· Labor, favoring restored residential REPORT ON CONTRACTS NEGOTIATED BY NATIONAL mail delivery service at the earliest possible ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS date; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. ENROLLED BILL SIGNED A letter from the Executive Secretary, Na· 53. By Mr. JENSEN: Petition of Ellen tional Adyisory Committee for Aeronautics, The message also announced that the Washington, D. C., reporting, pursuant to Mayo, recording secretary, and 136 other Speaker had affixed his signature to the members of the Departmental Club, Corning, law, that no contracts were negotiated by Iowa, urging amendment of the election laws enrolled bill

colleagues will recall the discussion of my estimation this is one of the finest Patents. 4 that measure at the time the bill was appointments to an· executive office the Mr. BEALL. Mr. President, I should referred to the committee. President has made; arid I gladly add lik_e to add· my personal endorsement of At the time the committee reported my word to that of the committee for :Mr. Watson. He lived in my -old con­ Senate bill 243 to the Senate for favor­ which I atn reporting, in-the hope that gressional district for a number of years. able action, it· called attention to the his nomination will be · promptly con­ I have had the opportunity to come need for a man of outstanding ability to firmed. in contact with him on several occasions. handle the difficult assignment of State The PRESIDING OFFICER. The I know him to be a very competent and Department reorganization. The com­ question is, Will the Senate advise and efficient lawyer, and I am conijdent he mittee noted the rapidity with which the consent to the nomination of Donold B . . will serve in his new capacity with the State Department had grown and the Lourie to be Under Secretary of State same distinction · with which he has many criticisms that have beep directed for Administration? · served in many other capacities in the against it for overexpansion of person­ The nomination was confirmed. past. nel and for overlapping offices and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The duties. ·. In short, the committee be­ question is, Will the Senate advise and lieves the Department is in need of AIR FORCE consent to the nomination of Robert streamlining and that the Under Secre­ The Chief Clerk read the nomination Clement Watson to be Commissioner of tary of State for Administration will be of H. Lee White to be Assistant Secretary Patents? required to spend much of his time on of the Air Force. . The nomination was confirmed. that task. · . Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, The PRESIDING· OFFICER. That After hearing Mr. Lourie, the com­ the junior Senator from New Jersey rises cotnp~etes the Executive Calendar. mittee believes that he will be able to to commend the President of the United Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I handle his difficult assignment. He . States· upon the character and quality ask that the President be immediately brings to the State Department a wealth of the nomination of H. Lee White to notified of all nominations confirmed of ·broad administrative experience he Assistant Secretary of the Air Force. this day. which should. be helpful in improving Although· Mr. White· was born in New The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ the administration of our foreign rela­ York and is therefore a native son of out objection, the President will be noti­ tions. He comes · without prejudice or that great State, we of New Jersey are fied forthwith. past record to defend, and~ therefore, very proud, indeed, to claim him as an should be able to take an objective and. adopted son of New Jersey. fair view of departmental operations I predict that New Jersey and the LEGISLATIVE SESSION and needs.· ·He has a rich background Nation will one· day review the record of . Mr. K_NOWLAND. Mr. . President, :r ·of business ·and executive experience. H. Lee White as Assistant Secretary -of move that the Senate resume the con­ Mr. Lourie st.arted with .the Quaker Oats the Air Force with a deep sense of par­ sideration of legislative business. Co. as a statistics clerk on.. July 13,' 1922. donable pride. I am confident that the Step by · step he rose _to the presidency, The motion was agreed to; and the record he will write in the high office to Senate resumed the consideration of leg­ which office . he attained on November which he has been appointed will mark islative business. 21, l947. Iri the course of this rise he him as the great American I know him became the advertising manager, the to be at this moment when he is entering sales manager, the vice president in upon the high and lofty position which ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT TO charge of sales, and the executive vice .he will soon take over. · MONDAY president successively, prior to attain­ Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Presi­ ing the presidency. In addition, he dent, I merely wish to add a word to the Mr .. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I holds a number of important business remarks of the Senator from Oregon and ask unanimous consent that when the directorships., notably with the Mickel­ of. my distinguished colleague [Mr. Senate completes its business ·today it berry Food Products Cos., the Grocery HENDRICKSON] with regard to Mr. White. stand in adjournment until Monday next. Manufacturers of America, Inc., the I am glad to identify myself w~th the United States Gypsum Co., the Illinois high recommendations which they have The PRESIDING OFFICER. . With­ Central Railroad Co.; and the Mathiesen given to · this distinguished gentleman. · out objection, it is so ordered. & Hegdler Zinc Co., of Illinois. His busi­ I do not know him well personally, but · ness record is one of energy and initia:.. since his· name. came to us, - ~nd I was NINETY-FOURTH ANNIVERSARY OF tive and industry. aske~ to check m my State_With regard THE ADMISSION OF OREGON TO Once again the committee wishes to to his background and record, I took call attention to the importance of the great pains to inquire in ·quarters where THE UNION new office and the need for providing people would know the caliber of Mr. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, tomor- the best talent available to fill that im­ White. I am happy to report that from row, February 14, 1953, is the 94th birth­ portant office. The committee is satis­ every source I heard only the highest day of the State of Oregon. It was on fied that President Eisenhower has found kind of recommendation, both as to his February 14, 1859, that President such talent in Mr. Lourie and recom­ character and his ability. So I am glad Buchanan signed the bill admitting mends speedy action on the nomination to add my word in commendation of this Oregon to the Union, a victorious end­ by the Senate in order that Mr. Lourie worthy citizen of New Jersey, and to ing to a long struggle. The Oregon Ter­ may embark upon his task immediately. urge the prompt confirmation of his ritory, the subject through decades of ·If I may add a personal word, it so nomination. conflicting claims by Spain, France, Rus- happens that when Mr. Lourie was an The PRESIDING OFFICER·. The sia, England, and. the United States, had undergraduate at Princeton University question is, Will the Senate advise and beccme American in 1846. England, the I was executive secretary of that-insti­ consent to the nomination of H. Lee last remaining contestant, then signed a tution, under the last President Hibben. White to be 'Assistant Secretary of the treaty recognizing the 49th parallel of I have known Mr. Lourie since he en­ Air Force? north latitude as the dividing line be- tered college as a freshman, and I fol­ The nomination was confirmed. tween Canada and the . United States, lowed him through his brilliant career west of the Rocky Mountains, giving up as an undergraduate studerit.. He was its former insistence on the Columbia one of the boys to whom I, as one of the PATENT OFFICE River as the boundary. This clarifica-: administrative officers of the university; 'The Chief Clerk read the nomination tion of America's title to the territory was very close. I have naturally of Robert Clement Watson to be Com- gave a new impetus to the agitation for watched his career with great· interest missioner of Patents. official territorial status, an agitation 1062 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE • February 13 that had gone on, pressed by a few per­ virtual representative of the English sity, one of the leading educational in­ sistent people, in Congress and out, since Government, could wield undisputed stitutions, not only of my State, but of 1820. In that year Representative Dr. power, This power he used with admi­ the West. John Floyd, of Virginia, had attempted rable restraint, faithfully and honestly On February 14, the birthday of the to have a committee appointed to look serving the interests of his company and State ·of Oregon will be fittingly cele­ into the matter of occupying the Colum­ his government, and working whole­ brated by the presentation to the United bia River, and in 1822 he had again urged heartedly for peace and justice. A Cath­ States, to stand in honor L'l the United Congress to take action in the matter of olic in his childhood, Dr. McLoughlin States Capitol, of statues of these two Oregon Territofy-the first bill applying seems to have been at least nominally a pioneer heroes . of Oregon. I hope all the name Oregon to the land. member of the Church of England my hearers will take the occasion to From 1827 through 1831, the subject through his adult life, until 1842, when read the excellent summary of the early was kept before Congress, and thus indi­ he returned to the Catl).olic Ghurch, be­ history of the Territofy and State, pre­ rectly before the people, through the ef­ ing received by his friend, Father Blan­ pared by Dr. Burt Brown Barker, chair­ forts of Hall J. Kelley, a Boston school­ chet. Through his years of :Power, man of the -Oregon Statuary Commit­ t~acher, who, through Representative whether as Anglican or as Catholic, Dr. tee, entitled "Oregon, Prize of Discov­ Floyd, Senator Everett, of Massachusetts, McLoughlin was noted for the hospitable ery, Exploration, Settlement," with its and Senator Benton, of Missouri, had welcome and opractical help which he splendid summary of· the achievements several petitions presented to Congress gave to missionaries, Protestant and of these two great men. I have, of asking recognition of the Oregon Terri­ Catholic, whether English, French, or course, drawn upon this valuable book­ tory. It is a pleasure to pause here and American. Even the agricultural set­ let in the preparation of this talk, but do honor· to the name of Mr. Kelley, a man tlers, who came in 1843 and after, and there is much of interest that I have to whose energy and public spirit Oregon whose activities Dr. McLoughlin well not had time to include. and the other States formed from the knew would mean the end of the vast Mr. President, I should like to take Oregon Territory owe much. I recognize wilderness the Hudson's Bay Company a brief moment to pay my sincere trib­ him as typical of the great number of must maintain for its fur business-even ute to this great citizen of my State, citizens who realize that government is these farmers, the bane of the frontiers­ Dr. Burt Brown Barker, the author of the business of everyone, and who, what­ man and fur trapper, he welcomed as this historic narrative. He is noted for ever their position in life, think out the friends, gave them what h~lp they the outstanding service he has rendered problems of government and make their needed, and lent them money and sup­ as vice president of the University of thinking known to those in official posi­ plies. He could not have prevented their Oregon. He is also a distinguished law­ tion to act. I like particularly, in. this coming, and the eventual loss of the land yer, a eal humanitarian, and a keen connection, to reflect on the fact that by both England and the Hudson's Bay student of Oregon history. I suppose Mr. Kelley, not content with writing to Company, to the settlers from the United that no man in America knows as much his own Representative and Senators, States; but a man of smaller mind would about the history of the Hudson's Bay sought out like-minded men in Congress, not have perceived the inevitable devel­ Company and Dr. McLoughlin's relation representing Virginia and Missouri, who opment of the area, and a man smaller to the activity of that company in help- were of a mental scope to match the of soul would have made the difficulties ~ng to develop the great Pacific North­ continentwide expansion of the United of the early settlers, already great, al­ west as dqes Dr. Burt Brown Barker. States. most insurmountable. Dr. McLoughlin Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ By 1843, while the Territory was still stands for what we like to remember sent that at the close of my remarks under the joint occupancy of England about the history of Oregon-the 'devel­ there be printed in the RECORD a copy and the United States, it had set up its opment from a truly paternal rule to a of the letter which I sent to all Sen­ own provisional government. On August rule by the people; the peaceful transi­ ators, dated February 13, and the text 14, 1848, President Polk signed the bill tion from British and joint occupation of the historic narrative entitled "Ore­ which he had been urging since 1846, to to American territorial status; the pro­ gon, Prize of Discovery, Exploration, and grant Territorial status to the Oregon tection of the interests of Indian and Settlement," written by Dr. Burt Brown country, and on March 3, 1849, the last settler alike ; and the impartial support Barker. day of Polk's administration, the Gov­ of the civilizing influence of religion, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there ernor he had appointed, Joseph Lane, without distinction as to creeds. · objection? The Chair hears none, and took office, having the good fortune to Among the missionaries welcomed it is so ordered. · find the Territory already provided with and aided by Dr. John McLoughlin was ~ Nootka and began to fortify it. Martinez headed around Cape Horn for Nootka Sound. in the region Drake called New Albion, a seized their vessels and the stage was set for As Captain Gray sailed north along the region students contend easily fits the de­ a war between Britain and Spain. But the Oregon coast, he noted what he thought to scription of the coast of southern Oregon. war never materialized. Spain backed be mouths of'rivers, but was never close During the 16th and 17th centuries of down aad the matter was settled by arbi­ enough to be certain. He and Hendricks fables and myths, such names as Terra tration. Meanwhile the rich fur trade had gathered a cargo of furs. These were taken Incognita and New Albion were attributed grown brisk and competition keen. to China and traded for a cargo of tea and to lands now recognized as parts of Ore­ On his return to England in 1790, after · silk, which was taken to Boston. gon. Returning adventurers of these two failing to discover the Columbia, Meares In September of 1790 a second voyage was centuries caused many. writers to weave fan­ published a pamphlet in which he indicated organized, and in June 1791 Gray was quar­ ciful stories of legendary cities, such as that he still felt that there was the long­ tered at Clayoquot Sound near Nootka, Axa and Quivira, ·and place them in the sought Northwest Passage, connecting the where an unhappy winter was .spent. In the newly discovered western coast of • America. Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. It was a spring of 1792 Captain Gray, in the Colum­ In 1601 a map appeared on which the tradition hard to kill. Accordingly, England bia, sailed south along the coast of Oregon fabled city and kingdom of Quivira . was .determined once more to explore that possi­ and California. The weather was unpropi­ placed · in approximately the same location bility fully and settle it finally. tious and he turned north again. It proba­ as that indicated as New Albion by Sir Capt. George Vancouver was given the bly was on his return trip that he met Van­ Francis Drake. commission. He was to examine and survey couver, on Apri130, near the Strait of Juan de But no name, similar in sound or spelling minutely the Pacific Coast, from latitude Fuca, and discussed with him his experience to the name Oregon, has been found on any 30" to 60• ; and, specifically, he was in­ in searching for the Columbia River, · and map, or in any book, until it was used by structed to inquire into "the nature and doubtless was told by Vancouver that the Maj. Robert Rogers in 1765, when, in a docu­ extent of any water communication which river did not exist. ment to King George III he proposed to seek may tend in any considerable degree to facil­ Gray had seen what he thought to be out the Northwest Passage. In this docu­ itate an intercourse for the purpose of com­ mouths of rivers, as he had passed up and ment he described his route as being "from merce between the northwest coast and the down the coast, and determined to return, the Great Lakes toward the head of the Mis­ country on the opposite side of the conti­ hoping in such openings to find furs in the sissippi, and from thence to a river called by nent." That certainly was a commission hands of Indians where traders had not been. the Indians Ouragon." broad enough to cover any rivers of extent On May 7, 1792, he entered one such harbor Major Rogers did. not hiinself attempt such flowing into the Pacific from about Mexico which now bears his name. Proceeding a journey, but the following year ht! out­ on the south, to Alaska on the north. Qua­ down the coast, trading as he went, on May 11 lined a similar expedition with Jonathan dra, Heceta and Meares had stopped and he found himself in a great body of river Carver as the draftsman of the party. This examined ·the breakers at the mouth of the water completely covered with whitecaps. expedition also never materialized. Columbia River; and maps since 1601 had Being venturesome, he .steered in and reck­ Subsequently both Rogers and Carver- re­ indicated the presence of a river at or near lessly did what careful mariners seldom do, tur~ed to England. In the interval before the present site of the Columbia. But its namely, thrust the prow of his vessel into his return, Rogers appears to have learned ~xistence had never positively been deter­ white breakers. But fortune was with him more local geographical details. In 1772 he mined. Val\couver no had his chance. and he crossed the· bar· successfully and addressed another petition to the King. In In January, 1791, he 'sailed away in com­ found himself in the mouth of the river this one he outlined the proposed journey, mand of the sloop-of-war Discovery of 400 which had appeared on maps from· 1601, saying in part: "About the 44.- of latitude tons burden, and a much lighter armed and had been observed by Quadra, Meares, to cross-into a branch of the Missouri and tender Chatham in command of Lieutenant and . Vancouver surely, and probably by stem that northwesterly to the source, to Broughton. He had ample equipment and others. cross then a portage, into the great river personnel for a scientific voyage of discovery. Captain Gray remained and traded with Ourigan." Thus he outlined a course which, He spent the winter in the Hawaiian Islands, . the Indians in the lower reaches of the river in general, was subsequently followed by and on April 17, 1792, arrived-off the coast near . its mouth until May 20 when he re­ Lewis and Clark. Likewise he introduced of California, at latitude 39". Heading crossed the bar and sailed north where later for the first time the word Ouragon or Ouri­ northward he reached Cape Orford, Oreg., he met and told the astonished Vancouver gan, which, with a slight change of spelling April 24. of his discovery. Unwilling to believe Gray's was to become Oregon. On the evening of Apr-il 26, under clear story, Vancouver the following October re­ But -the change was not to come at the skies and with conditions peculiarly satis­ turned to the mouth of the river. He was hands of Rogers, but by the work of his factory for observation, he was at the point never able to cross the bar in the Discovery, associate, Carver, who had returned to Eng­ which Captain Meares had described so but Lieutenant Broughton in the Chatham land with him. accurately. He was especially interested in was successful in doing so. Meares' description; and also he wanted to In 1778 Carver published his book of Trav­ Thus the Columbia River was diScovered els. It is in this book that -the present prove or disprove the assertion of Heceta and named by Capt. Robert Gray, after he spelling is found. In the text, for the first that there was a river at this point. All crossed the bar at the mouth on May 11, day of the 27th he sailed, along the coast, time so far as is now known, he used the 1792, 300 years after the discovery of Amer­ expression "River Oregon or River of the describing the landmarks so accurately that ica by Columbus. This discovery became his positiDn is easily identified. He appeared West." He claimed to have learned the a very vital issue in the subsequent con­ word from the Indians, with whom he lived to be following Meares' description. After tention that Oregon was property of the noon he identified Cape Disappointment and on the upper reaches of the Mississippi River United States by virtue of discovery, and in 1766-67. But no student has been able Deception Bay. He was now at the mouth that, too, after the coast south of parallel of the Columbia. At this point his log read: to find any Indian word of a similar sound 42 and north of parallel 49 had been known for the basis of such a spelling. "The sea has now changed from its natural for more than 100 years. to river-colored water; the probable conse­ This book of travels was so popular that quence of some streams falling into the bay, II. ORIGIN OF THE NAME OREGON" it was reissued in other editions and forms in or into the ocean to the north of it, through The discoveries of Columbus and Vespu­ Paris, Edinburgh, Dublin, Philadelphia, New the low land. Not considering this opening cius caught the imagination of Europe and York, and elsewhere. Although Carver wrote worthy of more attention, I continued ()ur . writers began to dream of romantic new fr.r­ of the river, he never saw it, and it remained pursuit to the northwest being desirious to away lands. for Capt. Robert Gray, an American, to enter embrace the advantage of the breeze and Comparatively soon after the publication it in 1792, 300 years after the discovery of pleasant weather so favorable to our exam- · of the voyages of Vespucius, Sir Thomas America. He gave it the name of his vessel, ination of the coast... · · More published his Utopia in 1516, and in Columbia, entirely oblivious, so far ·as known, Thus Vancouver, with charts and the it placed the scene of his dreamland in a of the name Oregon given it by Captain Meares' log and the evidence of Heceta at region far beyond- the farthermost reach Carver. hand, and with the discolored river water of any land seen by Vespucius. He imaged Thus the name Oregon was used first for under his vessel giving full evidence of the a new world with higher and broader polit­ a river. It was definitely changed to desig­ presence of the rive! which he specifically ical aspirations. nate the land, in a bill brought into Congress sought, considered it not "worthy of more After a lapse of more than 100 years, Sir b¥ Representative John Floyd, of Virginia, attention," and passed up another oppor­ Francis Bacon published his New Atlantis on January 18, 1822. In this bill he pro­ tunity of history. in 1629. By this time Balboa had discov­ posed the creation of Oregon Territory. No_vi, a new · group of merchant traders, ered the Pacific Ocean, the Spaniards had The young poet William Cullen Bryant also interested in breaking into the highly ravaged Mexico and Peru and visited a part apparently was· impressed with Carver's profitable fur trade, must be introduced. of the western sJ:;ore of America. ·Sir Fran­ book, and in 1817 he gave added popularity A small group of six Boston merchants in cis Drake in turn had ravaged the Spaniards to the name when he wrote in his poem, 1787 organized a company, for the purpose and in 1578, landed,. claimed the country in Thanatopsis: of entering the field as traders in the North­ the name of the English king, and named west Pacific. They purchased two small ves­ · "Where rolls the Oregon and hears no sound it New Albion (New England). Thus the Save his own dashings, yet the dead are sels: a full-rigged ship called Colum'f?ia, o:f name was applied to the Pacific coast maiJ.y there.'' 1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1065 Many scholars have speculated on origins 1819, by the terms of which Spain relin­ petition signed by the settlers in the Willam· of the name, but to date no satisfactory ex­ quished all rights to the territory north of ette Valley, asking that Congress interest planation has been found. 42° north latitude. In 1820 Representative itself in the Territory. They had fears as to Thus a new land, which had had a myth­ Dr. John Floyd, of Virginia, had a committee what might happen under the powers of joint ical existence for two centuries, was finally report out a bill favoring the appointment occupancy, with the great Hudson's Bay Co., materialized and given a new name of liquid of a committee to look into the matter of of London, becoming more and more domi­ sound and romantic significance, Oregon. occupying the Columbia River. Nothing nant in the Territory. lli. HOW THE OREGON COUNTRY BECAME A PART came of it. In 1822 he again urged Congress Meanwhile, Senators Linn and Benton, of OF ;t'HE UNITED STATES to take action touching on Oregon Territory. Missouri, had taken an unusual interest in This is the bill in which the name Oregon the Oregon Question. Petitions came up The purpose of this chapter shall be to was first applied to the land. In 1824 he show how the district west of the Rocky from several State legislatures, urging Con­ . presented, and had passed in the House, a gress to interest itself in Oregon. When Lee Mountains and north of 42°, became a part bill to provide a territorial government for of the United States. This district is known arrived in Washington, the petition which he Oregon. It . was tabled in the ,Senate. had brought from the settlers in Oregon was historically as the Oregon country. It en­ Meanwhile the State Department had been joys the rare distinction of being the only presented. Both Senators Benton and Linn successful in writing a treaty with Russia, supported it, and also .made public addresses part of the United States which was neither by which she surrendered all territorial purchased nor fought for in war. It came and wrote articles about Oregon. Lee spoke claims south of 54°40'. Thus, by the trea­ extensively throughout New England to large rather as a result of what is broadly called ties of 1819 and 1824, both Spain and Russia colonizatlon. audiences. But Congress was adamant. No bowed out of the Oregon country, · leaving amount of agitation caused its Members to (a) Government action contend for it. · take more than a passive interest. A13 a result of the Revolutionary War, the The Territory involved was 880 miles long, In 1840 Lee returned to Oregon with a Mississippi River became the western bound­ 550 miles wide and contained 450,000 square large delegation of missionaries and mission ary of the United States by the Treaty of miles. It was more than six times the size assistants such as a physician, teachers, Paris (1783). of New England, and 30,000 square miles farmers, carpenters, mechanics, and a black­ Following the discovery of the Columbia larger than all the then southern States. smith. He set up a new mission center in River (1792), the Louisiana Purchase (1803) While these steps were being taken by the what is now Salem. He also brought with pushed the western boundary from the Mis­ new government, .the fur trade was being him a sawmill and a grist mill, and had sissippi River to the summit of the Rocky reorganized. In 1821 came the coalition of thus the making of a community, over and Mountains. the two great fur companies, the North West beyond merely a religious mission among the When President Jefferson organized the Company, a Canadian group, and the Hud­ son's Bay Company, of London. After the India~s. well-known Lewis and Clark Expedition (b) Local action (1804-06) and sent. it overland across the coalition, they continued and did business under the name of Hudson's Bay Company. At this juncture, and while Congress was Rocky Mountains, it became evident th~t adamant in its refusal to give any recognition the western boundary of the United States In 1824, Dr. John McLoughlin, a chief fac­ tor of Hudson's Bay Company, was given to Oregon, an event happened which was must again move west even to the Pacific destined to develop into a local government, Ocean. control of all the business west of the Rocky Mountains. The headquarters was changed different both in its origin and outgrowth How this came to pass is the next part of from that in any other region of the United this story. from Astoria to what is now Vancouver, Wash., and the busines& was greatly ·States. · John.Jacob Astor, with his Pacific Fur Co., Ewing Young, a settler, died on February followed the Lewis and Clark expedition and extended. Thus the matters stood in 1827, when the 15, 1841. He had prospered in Oregon and established a fur-trading post at Astoria in left considerable property, both real and per­ 1811. It was the first successful American commissioners agaln met to try to settle the boundary line from the crest of the Rocky sonal. In the personal property was live­ settlement on the newly discovered Colum­ stock. These at once presented the problem bia. Following close on the heels of this Mountains westward to the Pacific Ocean. Again, as in 1818, the American commis­ of herding to prevent their scattering, tres­ ·new settlement came the North West Co. passing and being appropriated by neighbors. men, also seeking to be the first to explore sioners argued that the line continue west on parallel 49, from the point where it To complicate the problem he had died with­ and settle the new territory. The race be­ out known heirs in Oregon, and no State or tween the North West men and the Astor stopped in 1818, and the British again argued that it continue on that line west to the government to which his property could pass men w:as a close one; the Astorians winning by escheat, existed. by 2 months. The party of Astorians wlio Columbia River, and then that it follow the won, was waterborne, around Cape Horn, Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. They dead­ The Americans locally we.re more or less while the North West men came overland to locked again on the issue, and in the end governmental conscious. The missionaries decided to renew the old agreement, and among them were especially so, as they had the headwaters of the Columbia, and then allow the Territory to be subject to joint come from States with established forms of down the river to its mouth. Imagine their government. surprise and disappointment on their arrival occupation, reserving to each party the right there to find the Americans erecting a trad­ to terminate the agreement by giving a The predominant group in the country was ing post. notice of 1 year. the Hudson's Bay Company and its ex-em­ Diplomacy having failed, nature had to ployees. This group had had a civil adminis­ The American .victory was short-lived. As take its course. During the period 1827-31, a result of the War of 1812, Astor's partners tration granted by an . act of Parliament of one Hall J. Kelley, a school teacher of Boston, at Astoria, fearing they would be victims of July 1821. Acting under it, law and order had the English warship en route to capture working through Representative Floyd, of b~en welt" preserved in the Territory. But it them, sold out the company to their rivals, Virginia, until the latter's retirement in 1829, was not entirely satisfactory to the temper the North West Co. in 1813. Thus, the first and.also through Senators Edward Everett, of and aspirations of the Americans, who had American settlement in the new Oregon Massachusetts, and Thomas H. Benton, of always before them the fact that they were in country ·came to an end. Missouri, had several petitions presented to a territory open to joint occupancy; they were Napoleon, hard pressed by England, sold Congress asking recognition of the Oregon constantly planning ways and means to the United States Louisiana without defined country. Nothing came of them. However, strengthen their position. northern bounds. It became necessary to in this way the subject was kept before Con­ Clearly the death of Ewing Young raised determine the northern boundary of the gress and indirectly before the people. the problem of civil administration. They Louisiana Purchase. England was anxious In 1834 the Missionary Society of the Meth­ had none. Congress had failed them, al­ to know how far to the north this· purchase odist Episcopal Church sent the Reverend though as late as 1840 they had set forth in a was supposed to extend. Each country ap­ Jason Lee with four assistants as the first petition to Col}gress the dire need they had pointed commissioners, and in 1818 they Protestant missionaries to Oregon. They for civil jurisdictional authority. Following fixed the boundary between the United States were received kindly by Dr. McLoughlin. He the funeral of Young, the settlers present dis­ and present Canada on the 49th parallel of assisted them to locate their mission on the cussed the situation, and called a meeting to north latitude, from Lake of the Woods Willamette River, 10 miles. north of the pres­ be held on February 18, 1841. At that meet­ west to the crest of the Stony (Rocky) ent Salem, Oreg. ing, most of the settlers of the valley were Mountains. They could not agree on the In the interval, Dr. McLoughlin had great­ present, and a committee of organization of line beyond that point. The American com­ ly extended the activities of the Hudson's Bay nine persons, representing all the different missioners insisted on following that same Co., so that in addition to its extensive fur elements in,the valley, was chosen. Dr. Ira L. parallel west to the Strait of Georgia. The business it had large acreage of grain, and a Babcock was elected supreme judge, with Er.glish insisted on following that parallel special farm for cattle. Also, it manufac­ probate powers. They also elected a person to the upper reaches of the Columbia, thence tured and sold lumber and flour, and did to act as clerk and recorder, and one to act as down that river to the Pacific Ocean. some business in packing salmon. sheriff, and eight to act as constables. In Being unable to resolve this difference, the Following the advent of Rev. Jason Lee in the absence of a code of laws, the supreme pa:rties decided to leave the land west of the 1834, there came other missionaries in 1835, judge was instructed to act lri accordance Rocky Mountains .open to joint occupation 1836, and 1837. Also, there came a number with the laws of the State of New York. The for a period of 10 years. of American fur traders and trappers. An meeting adjourned to meet the following Following the convention of 1818, the active trade in furs by Americans grew up June 1. On April 15, Judge Babcock ap­ young American Government took its first along the coast. All this activity became evi­ pointed the Reverend David Leslie, one of the step to protect its interest in this new terri­ dent to Lee, and in 1838 he returned east of Methodist missionaries, to act ·as adminis• tory by entering into a treaty with Spain in the Rocky Mountains. J{e carried with him a trator of the estate of Ewing Young. 1066 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:...... SENATE February 13 In this primitive way, the settlers made a was set up over against the more or less existence for 28 years and for about 25 of start of self-government. The start advanced patrenalistic system of the powerful Hud­ those years had been controlled by the Hud­ haltingly, as the committee on organization son's Bay Company. It was the rule of the son's Bay Company of London. failed to report at the June meeting. The majority over and against that of the chosen During this time, the homemade provi­ meeting adjourned to the first Tuesday in fe'*. It was a government destined to guide sional government was functioning, with October, and the committee, to draft a con­ a people who were to colonize the land and executive, legislative, and judicial depart­ stitution and a code of laws, was ordered to cultivate the soil, and, in so doing, to go ments. All efforts to get Congress to extend meet the first Monday in August. These counter to the Hudson's Bay Company theory a helpihg hand had failed. Some authorities meetings in turn seem never to have been of holding the land as a great fur preserve. in official Washington had taken the position held, and about the only concrete action (c) Colonization that, until the dividing line was determined, which came out of these first efforts were At the time that the organic law was Congress should not interfere. The treaty the acts of Judge Babcock and of the Rev­ adopted and the provisional government was of June 15, 1846, put an end to that argu­ erend David Leslie as administrator of the formed, the practical demands for govern­ ment. Still Congress delayed. estate of Ewing Young. This seems to have mental action were slight, due to t:Qe small Meanwhile the people in Oregon grew im­ been the most pressing matter, and in view patient. They were dissatisfied with certain number of settlers and their peace~ul habits. of the smallness of the settlement and its While these events had been evolving in provisions of the treaty which they consid­ peaceful habits, nothing else of importance the Oregon country, events throughout, the ered favored the Hudson's Bay Company. appears to have been done. more settled districts of the Middle West, They also disliked the idea that Congress was The inroads of bears, panthers, wolves, and discussing a bill which provided that the southern and eastern p~rts of the country, other predatory animals on the cattle of the were developing into what ·has been charac­ officers of the new Territory, when estab­ settlers, proved the second rallying point to terized as the Oregon fever. It is not the lished, should be appointed by the President. organize a local government. A meeting purpose of this article to give the details of Hadn't they set up their own government in ostensively to discuss this problem was called­ these events, as space forbids, and a summary 1843, elected their own officers, and legislated on February 2, 1843, at the mission building of them will serve the purpose. As a result for the welfare of the people of all the Oregon which had now been relocated and was in the of these activities, the year 1843 marks the country, and maintained a stable govern­ present Salem, Oreg. At this session, a com­ beginning of a series of annual wagon trains, ment in- working order since then? Why, mittee was appointed to call a meeting of bringing several thousand Americans, men, then, they asked, after having successfully the settlers. Such a meeting was held at the women, and cl}ildren, into· Oregon, resulting carried the burden without help from Con­ home of Joseph Gervais on March 6, 1843. in settlers' claims wherever such seemed most gress, should it be necessary, that the Presi­ Again a committee was appointed. It was advantageous to them. dent should appoint their officers and judges? composed of 12 men and was delegated to With this great influx of new settlers, the The answer was-precedent. They an­ take means for civil and military protection newly established government underwent swered, that in other Territorial governments of this colony. many changes, demanded by the newly ar­ the local people had not organized an inde­ This committee went into actton at what rived settlers. But the changes were in form pendent government and governed them­ is now Oregon City, Oreg. Its meetings were only, the essence remaining unaltered. se,ves, as had the people of Oregon. attended by interested citizens. At the con­ Similarly, the interest of Congress under­ The result was that the provisional p.resi­ clusion it called a general meeting of the went modification. Congress began to dis­ dent sent J. Quinn Thornton as a representa­ tive to Washington. The legislature also sent settlers to meet at Champoeg, on the Wil­ cuss land bills ~nd to indicate the number lamette River, on May 2, 1843. At this meet­ of acres allowable per person. Petitions an emissary, the colorful Joe Meek. Hence, ing the committee presented its report favor­ from the increased number of persons in these two men went to Washington to press ing the organization of a new government. Oregon were given increasing attention. the merits of the people of the Oregon It soon developed that those present were This meant some members gave vent to their country. not of one mind. Not all favored such an feelings. Some members spoke highly of the In December 1846, President Polk urged organization. The report seems to have been territory, while others questioned its value. Congress to grant the Oregon country a voted down. But the cause was not lost, for a Senator McDuffy, of South Carolina, went to Territorial status. Unfortunately, tne ques­ division was called for, and when the count the extreme and said he wouldn't give a tion of slavery was rearing its ugly head. was taken: the majority had voted to proceed pinch of snuff for the whole territory. Bills were introduced in both the Senate and to organize. The number by which the vote Oregon became a campaign issue in 1844. the House. Both contained the antislavery was carried has long been a question of dis­ Candidate Polk, for an issue, seized on the clause. Favoring passage were Senators pute. The commonly,. accepted count was· 52 fact that RusSia in her treaty of 1824 had Douglas (Illinois), Benton (Missouri), Hous­ to 50. But that it was a favorable vote is surrendered her rights to the territory south ton (Texas), Webster (Massachusetts), Dix unquestioned. The discontented element of 54 o 40', and. popularized his campaign (New York). and Corwin (Ohio); while op­ withdrew and those remaining, proceeded to slogan "54° 40' or fight." It was a political posed were Calhoun and Butler (South Caro­ elect a supreme judge with probate powers, inference that, unless England accepted the lina), Mason (Virginia), and Foote (Mis­ a clerk and recorder, a sheriff, and a treas­ old demand of the United States for parallel sissippi). urer, 4 magistrates and 4 constables. In 49 as the dividing line west of the Rocky The battle was bitter, and waged without addition, the meeting took an exceptional Mountains, the United States would abandon asking or giving quarter, period-ically through step. It elected a legislative committee of that demand and ins'!St on 54° 40' as the line the year 1847.- and until August 13, 1948, nine members. This committee constituted of demarcation. On July 16, 1845, President when Senator Benton was successful in the first legislative body elected in Oregon. Polk and James Buchanan, Secretary of State, forcing the bill through. It was signed on It was instructed to report at a public meet­ offered England's Secretary for Foreign Af­ August 14, 1848, and became law. ing the following July 5 ( 1843) . fairs, Packenham, to settle on the 49th paral­ The President appointed Joseph Lane to be This committee held its first meeting on lel. Packenham refused, and Polk withdrew the first Territorial governor. It took Lane May 16 in a room in the old granary of the his offer, and said he would insist on the until March 3, 1849, to reach Oregon and Methodist Mission, in what is now Oregon settlement at 54° 40'. issue a proclamation declaring the Oregon City. Its meetings were open. One of its Following the so-called first wagon train country to have TerritDrial status: This members had a copy of the statutes of Iowa of 1843, came succeeding. trains in 1844, 1845 having been done, Governor Abernethy, the which was bound with the text of the Ordi­ and 1846. These newcomers were colonizers. provisional governor, cheerfully surrendered nance of 1787 for the government of the They sought land for homes. They had no the provisional government in full working Northwest Territory. The original organic interest in furs or fur trade. By 1846 it had order to the Territorial governor. law adopted verbatim JUany phrases from become evident to Britain that under the In conclusion, we see that the Oregon the Ordinance of 1787 and the organic laws "joint occupancy'; clause, still in full force country was called New England by Sir Fran­ of Iowa. Instead of a governqr, this organic and effect, the colonizing Americans had won. cis Drake a quarter of a century before there law provided for an executive committee of Suddenly and without prior warning, Pack­ was any permanent white settlement on the three persons. This plan, however, was enham submitted to Secretary Buchanan a Atlantic coast of the United States; that found unworkable and later amended. treaty establishing the 49th parallel of north an unusual chain of events delayed its dis­ After unlimited debate, in -yvhich the spirit latitude as the dividing line between what covery for. more than 100 years after lands, of the old New England town meeting pre­ is now Canada and the United States, west both to the north and to the south of it, vailed, the report was adopted, and it became of the Rocky Mountains. Inasmuch as this had been discovered; that the origin of the known as the Organic Law of Oregon. had been the proposal of the United States name "Oregon" had ret_nained hidden, despite Slavery was prohibited, and every free male since the issue was first raised in 1818, the the persistent research of scholars; that the descendant of a white man inhabitant of treaty was submitted to the Senate of the Oregon country, which comprises the present the territory was eligible to vote. No provi­ United States and accepted, in the form States of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and sion was made for taxation. The expenses of submitted by Great Britain, on June 15, 1846. the_... western fringes of Montana and Wyo­ governm'ent were paid by voluntary contri­ And thus, without shedding a drop of ming, is the only section of the United States butions. This provision was soon found to blood or paying a dollar, the entire territory, to ·become a part of the Union through be unworkable. Finally the large area was known as the States of Oregon, Washin~ton, colonization and diplomacy, and not as a divided into legislative districts. Idaho, and the western fringes of Montana result of war or purchase; that it established In this way the local people in Oregon, and Wyoming, came into the doma-in of the and maintained its own local government without either assistance or even encour­ United States. It had been accomplished for a period of 6 years in the face of the agement by Congress, set up a provisional in good part by American settlers who en­ unwillingness of Congress to give aid or government, republican in substance, and tered and possessed the land peaceably, un­ even encouragement; and finally, when it grounded broadly on ideals of democracy. It der a treaty agreement which had been in was gran ted· Territorial status, the people of ·, 1953 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD- SENATE 1067 Oregon turned over this· local government against the agents. In the end, they were fire which destroyed ·the Capitol Building on in full working order, and · it became the forced to open negotiations in London with April 25, 1935. Territorial government, an · accomplishment the Hudson's Bay Company, which ended in In presenting this portrait John Minto not equaled by any other State in the Union. the coalition of the North West Company said: Because of these facts, Oregon is herein and the Hudson's Bay Company in March "In recognition of the worthy manner in represented as the unique prize. 1821. Dr. McLoughlin was in London dur­ which Dr. John McLoughlin filled his trying ing the negotiations, but did not figure di­ and responsible position, in the heartfelt IV. DR. JOHN M'LOUGHLIN rectly in them. glow of a grateful remembrance of his hu-· Dr. John McLoughlin was born at Riviere­ Among the assets of the North West Com­ mane and noble conduct to them, the Oregon du-Loup, in th,e Province of Quebec, Canada, pany, which fell to the Hudson's Bay Com­ pioneers leave this portrait with you, hoping on October 19, 1784. He was of mixed Scot­ pany, was all the property west of the Rocky that their descendants will not forget the tish, Irish, and French ancestry. His grand­ Mountains, with headquarters at Astoria, re­ frien:d of their fathers." father, also John McLoughlin, came from named Fort George. On July 10, 1824, Dr. In accepting the portrait on behalf of the Scotland, married Mary Short, an Irish­ McLoughlin was appointed head of this re­ State of Oregon Sylvester Pennoyer, Gov­ woman, and settled on a farm near Riviere­ gion known as. the Columbia district. ernor, said: du-Loup. To them was born a son, John, The significance of this appointment to the "Then let this picture of the grand old who succeeded his father on the farm. He Pacific Northwest lies in the fact that the man, whose numerous deeds of charity are was not content to marry into the farming treaty of 1818, between Britain and the inseparably woven in the early history of our ranks. Across the St. Lawrence River from United States,· settled the dividing line be­ State, ever enjoy the place of honor it now the farm of the son John, lived Malcolm tween the present Canada and the United holds; and when our children and our chil­ Frasef, a member of the landed gentry well St'l.tes between, the Lake of the Woods and dren's children shall visit these venerable known in the community, and a person of the Rocky Mountains, leaving the part west halls, let them pause before the portrait of means. The son John, the farmer, wed An­ of the Rocky Mountains unsettled and open this venerable man and do homage to his gelique, the daughter of this Malcolm Fraser, to future negotiations. This resulted in this n1emory." the most prominent citizen of Murray Bay. district ultimately being open to joint occu­ V. REV. JASON LEE Angelique's mother was Marie Allaire, a pancy, and thus ultimately to go to the "Jason Lee was descended from a sturdy French Canadian. Out of this union ·came country which settled it. Old England and New England ancestry," we a son John, the John of our interest, being Hence, Dr. McLoughlin became a most im­ are told by his biographer, Cornelius J. the third John in this indicated line. His portant personage because, as the chief Brosnan. mother was a Catholic, and the young John authority in this district of the Hudson's An old country forebear, John Lee, mi­ was baptized Jean Baptiste at Kamouraska by Bay Company, a distinctly British organiza­ grated to America in 1634 and became one of the local priest; he died in the faith of his tion, he was looked upon as the representa­ the early settlers of Newton, near Cambridge, mother, and lies buried in . Oregon City, tive of the British interests in the Pacific Mass. ~ Oreg. It is this succession of marriages and Northwest. After dealing for 10 years with Daniel Lee, the father of Jason Lee, when births which gave the subject of this sketch the Indians of his district, he felt the neces­ a youth of 22 years, saw his first Revolu­ the mixture of Scottish, Irish, and French sity of having :rhissionary work done among tionary action, the Battle of Lexington. blood, as indicated above. them, so that when Jason Lee and his little Later (June 1776) he enlisted with his Little seems to be known of the childhood band of Methodist missionaries arrived in brother in the Wadsworth Brigade, and went of this young John McLoughlin. Doubtless Oregon in 1834, he welcomed them and aided to reinforce General Washington in his oper­ he made visits to the home of his grand­ them in getting established along the Wil­ ations in and around New York City, and father Fraser, where he seems to have been liamette River some 10 miles north of the was in the Battle of White Plains, October 26, a welcome visitor. Here he may have met present Salem. _ 1776, where his brigade suffered losses. two brothers of his mother, Alexander and In 1843 came the first overland train of On January 8, 1778, Daniel Lee married Simon Fraser. Simon had been a physician, settlers to Oregon. They were in no sense Sarah Whitacre, the daughter of a farmer in the Black Watch Regiment of the earlier missionaries, nor in the least interested in near the town of Stafford, Conn. Sarah also Napoleonic wars. Alexander was a fur the salvation of the Indians. They came for was descended from old and sturdy New trader, and eventually became a wintering agricultural purposes, and were destined to England stock. After marriage they lived partner of the North West Company. In these run counter to the interests represented by for some years on a farm near Willington, two uncles one sees the fingerboards of the Dr. McLoughlin, who wished the country to Conn.; but later, probably about 1798, they roa4 young John McLaughlin was destined remain unsettled and the home of fur­ migrated to a farm of 400 acres of virgin to follow. bearing animals. timber, near the present town of Stanstead, When not more than 14 years of age, the Even though it was evident that there was Quebec. When Daniel Lee moved north, his young man began his medical apprentice­ this conflict of interest, yet Dr. McLoughlin land was considered to be part of Vermont, ship under Dr. James Fisher, one of the most received these settlers pleasantly, made them and remained so until the international sur­ prominent physicians of his day, with whom loans, and ministered to their needs. vey ran the dividing line between Vermont he studied for 4Y2 years. He was admitted to The early pioneers were fortunate in that and the Province ·or Quebec through this practice at the age of 19. Thus we see the Dr. McLoughlin was in command in the settlement of Connecticut and Vermont pio­ possible influence of Uncle Simon Fraser. Northwest when they came. It is not that neers. When the line was ultimately estab• Very soon after having been given a license a man less favorably inclined could have lished ( 1842), Dani~l Lee's log house was to practice, young John cast his lot with the prevented their settling, but he could have north thereof, and hence, in the Province of North West Company apparently as a result greatly increased the hardships of their lot Quebec. of an attractive promise made to him through which were severe enough at best. In this log house on June 28, 1803, Jason the efforts of his Uncle Simon. Whether or Dr. McLoughlin resigned his position in Lee was born, the youngest of 15 children, not his Uncle Alexander may have stimu­ 1845 and built his home in Oregon City. He 9 boys and 6 girls. The father died when lated Simon McTavish, the most powerful took oath in May 1849, and made his declara­ Jason was 3 years of age. Jason received person in said company, to make the offer, tion to become an American citizen. He died his early education in the village school in is unknown. But it does not seem a far in his home in Oregon City, September 3, Stanstead. At the age of 13, young Lee was cry to believe that the young doctor must 1857. self-supporting. He followed . the occupa­ have heard much of the fur trade in his · As evidence of the feeling of the pioneers tion of a farmer boy in a new country. As boyhood associations in the home of his toward Dr. McLoughlin, the board of direc­ he expressed it, "He was brought up to hard grandfather Fraser. tors of the Oregon Pioneer Association passed work," and "had seen the day when he could Thus in 1803 young Dr. McLoughlin began a resolution at their annual meeting on chop a cord of sugar maple in 2 hours." his services under a 5-year contract with the January 18-19, 1886, asking the Legislature He was converted by a Wesleyan mission• North West Company on a salary of £20 a of the State of Oregon to appropriate funds ary in 1826. In his diary he spoke of his year. At the end of the period (1808) he "to erect a suitable monument to the mem­ conversation: "I saw, I believed, I repented." was re-engaged, for 3 years, at a salary of ory of the late Dr. John McLoughlin, of Ore­ He continued to work as a manual laborer £200 a year, which contract was again re­ gon City, and to place it in the statehouse." for 3 years thereafter or until 1829. in that newed for 2 years (1811-14) when he became A committee was appointed to bring this year he entered Wilbraham Academy, at a wintering partner of the company. to pass. David P. Thompson was chairman. Wilbraham, Mass., a rising Methodist insti­ He seems to have been popular among his This committee recommended that a life­ tution where he had the care of all the boys associates who were increasingly annoyed size oil portrait of the doctor be painted by in a large sleeping hall, in which Lee had at the manner in which the company was William Cogswell. room No. 13. · being conducted. . It was fast becoming evi­ · The House Journal of February 5, 1889, Bishop Osmon C. Baker, a classmate of Ja.. dent that an open clash with the bitter rival, shows that this portrait was presented to the son Lee, leaves the following pen picture the Hudson Bay Company was in the ofllng. State of Oregon at a joint meeting of the of him: The rivalry was so keen that the profits of house and senate held in the house at 7:30 "Jason Lee w.as a large, athletic young man, both companies were nearing the vanishing p.m., all members of both house and senate 6 feet and 3 inches in height, with a fully point. Prudence indicated the necessity of being present. John Minto presented the developed frame and a constitution like iron. a working agreement between the companies. portrait on behalf of the Oregon Pioneer As­ His piety was deep and uniform, and his The agents of the North West Company stood sociation, and it was accepted by Sylvester life, in a very uncommon degree, pure and firm to drive ahead into disaster. · Pennoyer, Governor of Oregon, and hung be­ exemplary. In those days of extensive and At this point Dr. McLoughlin led the dis­ hind the chair of the president of the senate, powerful revivals, I used to o~serve, with contented wintering partners in a rebellion :where it remained till it. was burned in the what confidence and satisfaction, seekers of 1068 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 13 religion would place themselves under his On his journey, he spoke at Alton, Ill., St. The portrait was presented by Thomas A. instruction. They regarded him as a right­ Louis, Carlinville, Jacksonville, Springfield, McBride, justice, Oregon State Supreme eous man whose prayers availed much; and Peoria, and Chicago. In New York he im­ Court. He said in part: when there were indications that the Holy pressed the board of managers of the Mission­ "The precious jewel of a commonwealth; Spirit was moving in the heart of the sinner ary Society of the Methodist Church with the the one thing above all others which it within the circle of his acquaintance, his importance of the work. As a result they· should treasure, is the memory of those warm Christian heart would incite him to had him go on three extended speaking grand and self-sacrificing men and women constant labor until deliverance would be tours, one in and about Philadelphia and who laid the foundations of its greatness and proclaimed to the captive." Washington; another in New· England, from prosperity. After graduation at Wilbraham in 1830, Lee Connecticut to Canada, and the third "One of these treasured memories is the served as a teacher in the Stanstead Academy through New York State. He spoke to life and work of Jason Lee, the founder of and preached in the adjoining towns, and crowded houses. In Hartford, Conn., by way American civilization in Oregon. Lee com­ continued in this capacity until the opening of illustration, "hundreds went away unable bined the fervor of a missionary, the fore­ came to go to Oregon. While contemplat­ to gain admittance into the church;" and sight of a seer, and the patriotism of a loyal ing how he was to get to Oregon, he saw in thousands thus had Oregon. and its impor­ citizen." a Boston newspaper that Capt. Nathaniel tance brought to their attent(on. The portrait was accepted on the part of Wyeth, of Cambridge, Mass., had returned The missionary society chartered the sail­ the State by Ben W. Olcott, Governor of from Oregon and was planning to go there ing vessel Lausanne to carry a large party of Oregon. He said in part: again the following spring. He hastened to missionaries (51 persons) and their supplies "Unhesitatingly I say that Jason Lee was Boston and arranged to accompany Wyeth to Oregon. This group was purely for mis­ Oregon's most heroic figure. By every right on his second trip, which was to leave In­ sionary purposes. On OctobeF 9, 1839, the of achievement, by every right of pea

pilferage to members of t~e A.~· of L. long­ questions involved in developing and by such great conservationists as Teddy shoremen's union. maintaining a sound conservation pro­ Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, and George In its move to stir the A. F. of L. council gram for our country. Norris. Out of this long struggle, which into action on the removal of MORSE from the Senate Labor Committee, the Portland Coun­ Such·a program is necessary if we are took place in bitter. fights in and out of cil urged that' all international unions also to keep faith with the 'historic work in the halls of Congress, a great national be enlisted in the drive to get him pack. the field of conservation conducted by electric power policy was.. evolved during two liberal and sound conservationists-=­ the last generation. Teddy Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. I THE EVOLUTION OF OUR NATIONAL POWER POLIC'Y' ' AMERICA'S NATURAL RESOURCES­ plan .to deliver this series of speeches This na tiona! power policy was slow in ELECTRIC POWER POLICY because I am satisfied that the natural developing. At tim.es it seemed as if it Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish resources planks of the Republican plat­ neve.r would materialize. However, after now to address myself to another subject~ form, if enacted into legislation by . the endless and weary battles, a national pol­ Mr. President, it is very important Eisenhower administration, would prove icy was. formulated· in plainly written that I do some of my committee work to be a serious threat to a sound con­ laws of Congress that told our people, all on the ftoor of the Senate, because I am servation program, and, would constitute agencies of the Federal Government, and well aware of the fact that, it being in fact, a wasting of the economic and the world, that at last the United States Friday afternoon, a good many of my defense potentialities of the streams and was on its way to preserving its natural colleagues necessarily are out of the city forests and public domain of . our resources and water power for the bene­ and will perhaps appreciate my doing my country. fit of all the people. What were these ftoor committee work in their absence, LEADERSHIP OF THE UNITED STATES TODAY policies, and what did Congress say? but making available to them in the Today, America stands as a foremost DAMS SHALL GENERATE ELECTRICIT'Y' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the results of that leader of the democracies in the world. The first great pillar in our national work. Nations large and small look to us for power policy, I might say our basic one, I wish to announce tliat today I shall guidance. and aid. With the threat of arose when Federal dams were first con­ give the first of a series of speeches in communism challenging the free peoples structed, although no power use was the Senate on the general subject of our throughout the world, the United States made of their priceless waters. It is natural resources and their development cannot afford to falter in its dedication hard to believe that for many years ·an and use. I shall dedicate these speeches to the democratic quest for constant im­ .these potential low-priced billions of to one of the great liberals of our his­ provement of the· lot of the people. kilowatt-hours were wasted to America. tory, one of the great students of natural All of us recognize the great political It is a cliche of economics that the labor resource problems, and one of the great­ contributions that our democracy has of a human being is perishable, and, if est statesmen who ever trod the floor of made to our world. These facts are well unused, is gone forever. It is equally the Senate of the United States. · I refer, known: America, the industrial giant, true that water emptied into the seas of course, to thelate great Senator from has done as much to foster and protect .has a potential for power every bit as Nebraska, George Norris. We cannot fill this political heritage of all freemen. his shoes, Mr. President, but we can try Our technological attainments give us perishable. Once it has rushed beyond to walk in his footsteps. We can note the tools with which to win the battles river ·banks, it is beyond recall. and follow his footprints of statesman­ against armed aggression, and the strug­ After a historic struggle, Congress pro­ ship. I believe it to be very important, gle in civilian life for -ever-higher stand­ vided that Federal dams should include at this particular time, with all the con· facilities for generating electricity. This ards of living. was a long time ago. It first occurred fiicting proposals which one hears with WHAT IS THE BASIS OF OUR INDUSTRIAL MIGHT? reference to what should happen to our in the Reclamation Act of 1906, and has natural resource·s, that we reflect on For generations, infant America strug­ been continued ever since. gled along in an inconspicuous way, PUBLIC PREFERENCE IN POWER SALES some of the great lessons and teachings while other nations assumed leadership of George Norris, because I hold to the in the world of industry and trade. Let us now consider the next principle view that, conservationist that he was, Then suddenly a young giant America that was determined by Congress for he was thinking decades ahead on the leaped to the fore as a leader of free men our national power policy. The Gov­ question of the kind of heritage and leg­ everywhere. ernment is· developing public property­ acy we would leave to American· boys It is true that we·have developed men streams and vast networks of rivers-:­ and· girls a ·century hence, from the of great technical genius. Also, we have belonging to the people. It is doing so standpoint of the natural resources of made undreamed improvements in tools with funds that are derived from all the . our country. The great Norris recog­ and in industrial arts that shot us for­ people. Therefore, it is both logical and nized that the streams, forests, and pub-· ward generations in a few brief decades. reasonable that such public property; de­ lie domain of the United States belong But upon what were all these things veloped with public funds, should grant to the people of the United States, and based? What really made possible our a preference to the same public--or their that the people of each generation hold vast mass production in recent years? public or nonprofit agencies--wbich those resources as trustees for Ameri­ I believe one of the answers will be found made such construction possible. cans yet to· be born. in the great prime mover, electric power. It seems incredible, Mr. President, that Because I feel. so deeply about the after a generation of struggle, we problem of conserving, preserving, and PRIVATE INITIATIVE AND INVESTMENT should still hea·r today the generation-old protecting the natural resources of our Many factors enter into this unparal­ private-utility chant that the privately country for generations of Americans yet leled record of achievement. Private owned and publicly operated utilities · unborn, I propose today to give the first initiative and industry are of basic im­ should be treated alike in receiving the of a series of speeches which I shall de­ portance. We must recognize the vast use of power generated by public liver in the months ahead on the entire and steady accomplishments of private projects. problem of· na~ural resources. industry here and throughout the world, The public-preference principle is no CONGRESSIONAL ELECTRIC POWER POLICY down through the years. But this alone accidental development in congressional Mr. President, as ·r have· just said, the is not enough to account for the tremen­ law. It has a long and honorable his­ natural resources of the country are held dous strides the United States has made tory, based upon years and years of by the people of our generation in trust recently. study which culmibated into law. In the for the happiness and welfare of future THE GREAT CONSERVATIONISTS Reclamation Act that was passed in generations of Americans. We must look for something more than 1906, Congress stated. this principle of We must be on gu~trd against any and private initiative and private accom­ preference in power sales to public agen­ all attempts to waste and exploit these plishments-great as these things are. cies· and cooperatives. Congress did so resources for selfish economic interests During the past five decades there has again in the Raker Act. A similar pol­ of' those who are inclined to place their been a constant struggle between those icy was followed in the Federal Water profits above the . general . welfare. who believed that our natural resources Power Act of ·1920, and in the Boulder Therefore, I propose to deliver in the and water power were for the benefit of Canyon Act of 1928. When Congress Senate from time to time-over the next all the people, and ·those who believed passed the Tennessee Valley Act of 1933, few months, a series of speeches deal­ that they were for private exploitation. the public-preference policy was reiter­ ing with some of the vit_al problems and The fight on behalf of the people was led ated. .The same was true of the Rural • 1070 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 13 Electrification Act of 1936, the Bonne­ Mr. MORSE. I completely agree with built by the Bureau of Reclamation. ville Act of 1937, and the Fort Peck Act the Senat.or from Alabama, and I com­ We have there eight cooperatives which, of 1938. mend the Senator from Alabama and by their united efforts, have secured a Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will the Senator from Illinois [Mr. ~ouGLAS], loan from the Government of $9,500,- the Senator from Oregon yield to me? both of whom are now on the floor and 000, making the total of nearly $25,- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. both of whom have been so kind as to 000,000. . PAYNE in the chair) . Does the Senator contribute to my discussion of this prob­ I want my distinguished friend from from Oregon yield to the Senator from lem for the fights they have put up on Oregon to know that that takes care Illinois? the ' floor of the · Senate for years in of 35,000 farmers in the very center of Mr. MORSE. I yield. s..upport of the basic principle I have just North Dakota, farmers who never could Mr. DOUGLAS. Did I correctly un­ enunciated. They are in SUP.Port of our have obtained electric power had the derstand the Senator from Oregon to mutual view that it is the obligation of Government, as the Senator has sug­ say that the preference for municipal the Congress of the United States to pro­ gested, not stepped in to help them. and cooperative power was first estab­ tect the heritage of all the people in the Furthermore, these loans are amor­ lished when Theodore Roosevelt was natural resources of this country. Let tized. Within 45 years, those farmers President of the United States? me say to my friend from Alabama that are going to own that line. They are Mr. MORSE . . The principle of it was if we do not remain constantly on guard, going to own the steam plant, and they established in 1906. the movement which is under way to are going to get the power from Gar­ Mr. DOUGLAS. It was established in exploit our natural resources will take rison Dam, one of the greatest dams the Reclamation Act, which the late Sen­ the form of law. That is the way the now being built. The fight is on now ator New lands, of ·Nevada, had a great selfish end of private interests will be in North Dakota, the very fight my dis­ deal to do with, I believe. accomplished. If we are not on our tinguished friend has just mentioned, Mr. MORSE. That is correct. . guard, when multiple-purpose dams, to namely, whether under the so-called Mr. DOUGLAS. So it did not begm be built with the taxpayers' money, are preference clause the private utilities are in 1933, under Franklin Roosevelt, but being authorized, there will be inserted to get an .advantage over farm lines began under Theodore Roosevelt. · Is in the authorization act a sleeper claus~ owned by the farmers' cooperatives. that correct?. which will give to the private utilities the Mr! MORSE. I thank the Senator Mr. MORSE. That is correct. power at bus bar. If the private utili­ from North Dakota for his contribution Congress continued these clearly enun­ ties are given the power at bus bar, then to this discussion. I am sure I need ciated views in the Reclamation Act of we might as well give them the dam, not say to the people of North Dakota 1939 · and 5 years later the preference because if they control the power at bus anything about the record of the Sen­ clau~e was continued in the Flood Con­ bar, then we might as well give them the ator from North Dakota in supporting trol Act of 1944. Thus, the next pillar dam, because if they control the power public-power developments. I am sure in our national electric pow~r policy, at bus bar, they control the dam. It the people of his State kriow his fine namely, public preference to public non-;, would be cheaper for them to get their record, and I think it was one of the profit bodies, is a long and well-estab­ . bus-bar proposal through than to own main reasons why he was returned to lished congressional doctrine. the dam. That is why the Senator from the Senate last November by the very LOW INTEREST RATES Alabama and the Senator from Illinois complimentary vote he ·received across and other liberal Senators have fought 'so North Dakota. Natural resources are the property of hard during our terms in the Senate all the people, and must be preserved All I want to say to my friend from for the building of Government trans­ North Dakota-and I say it to him as and ~eveloped for their benefit. mission lines to load centers, because Mr. President, I hope that by the time a Republican-is that the Independent without a gridback system of Govern­ Party welcomes him at this session of .I conclude the series of speeches which ment-built transmission lines to load I intend to make in the Senate during the Congress, to stand with it, as it centers, then the dams are made really will stand with him, in the fight we the next few months, ,I shall at least and in fact the property of the private have broadened the understanding of are going to have to make, in my judg­ utilities at bus bar. That raises the ment, to protect the people of the United the American people so that they will question of entering into fair, equitable, indubitably realize that they, and they St~tes from certain groups within the and reasonable contracts with all dis­ Republican Party that are out to exploit alone own the streams and the other tributors of power, including private great' natural resources of the United the streams of America for the bene­ utilities. . . , fit of the private utilities. States. Those resources do not belong Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the to the private utilities of our country. Mr. President, I wish to repeat that Senator yield? natural resources are the property of air The forests do not belong to the lumber Mr. MORSE. I shall yield to the Sen­ companies of our country, to be used for the people, and must be preserved and ator from North Dakota in a moment. developed for their benefit. It is proper exploitation purposes. The public do­ My record speaks for itself. I have sup­ main does not being to those who would and reasonable that the Government ported on the floor of the Senate pro­ utilize its own agencies in developing seek to so use it that they would change posals which will give to private utilities the western plains of America into an programs for the preservation of those fair contracts. But, Mr. President, the resources. eroded China. The public domain be­ protection of the legitimate rights of the longs to the people of our generation in Consequently, under a wise congres­ private utilities does not mean an emas­ sional policy, 'the Federal Government trust for future generations of Ameri­ culation of the preference clause. It cans, and in the great natural-resouJce has used its own lending power in order does not mean that the Government is to make available to public projects, the fight which will be waged in this Con­ to use the taxpayers' money to build the gress against an administration which, low interest rates which the Government dams and· generate the power, and then itself enjoys. Accordingly, another vital in my judgment; unless it is checked, discriminate in favor of the private util­ will exploit our natural resources for link in a congressional-power policy has ities. Aftet all, it is the interest of the been the granting of low interest rates selfish interests, I see an arousing of -the taxpayers that ought to come first, and American people to a clearer understand­ to borrowers, where Government funds the preference cla1:1se is included to pro­ are used for the development of public ing of their vested interest in their own tect the ownership of the publ1c in pub­ natural resources. • property, or the supplying of essential licly generated power. ·I now yield to public electric power services not avail­ Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the the Senator from North Dakota. Senator yield? able previously at reasonable rates. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I wish The soundness of this policy is at­ Mr. MORSE. I yield to the Senator to thank the distinguished Se:r:ator from Alabama. tested to by the fat:1;that such loans have from Oregon, not only for yielding to made possible large scale development of Mr. HILL. When the Government me, but for giving me an opportunity public resources and widespread use. of builds a dam across a river or stream, it to tell him how much I appreciate what is, of course, the money of all the people power generate a fight ' Mr. President, that is dramatics in said to my Republican friends that they against devious attempts to take away · social and economic action. It is a should not forget this basic tenet of Re­ from the American people their control ' miracle which has taken place before publicanism-that it is the duty of ana­ over their own property, represented by 1 the -eyes of the American people in the tion composed of self-governing people, their heritage and their legacy in the short span of years from 1935 to 1952- such as ours, to do for all the people what natural resources of our country. I an increase in the electrification of the needs to be done to advance their gen­ Mr. President, I say that although farms of America from 10.9 to 88.1 eral welfare, what they cannot so well do we have made great progress since 1935, percent. for themselves, and which, by doing for that is not enough, Electric rates were Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the them, will vastly increase the economic formerly far too high, Use was not free Senator from Oregon yield? wealth and productivity of our Nation. or . widespread because the rates were Mr. MORSE. I yield. Oh, it is not possible to get away from prohibitive. So Congress forged the next Mr. HILL. Is it not true that the that social concept and economic con­ essential link in its Federal power policy. part which the REA has played in this cept of the great Lincoln in regard to This related to the sale of such power. marvelous development of rural elec­ the relationship of government to the In various acts, Congress provided that tricity has not cost the Federal Govern­ economic needs of the people. Yet we such power be sold at the lowest possible ment or the taxpayers anything? hear references to creeping socialism, rates consistent with sound business Mr. MORSE. The Senator is correct. some trying to delude the American peo­ principles. This basic c_ongressional It has not cost the taxpayers anything. ple into thinking that when the Gov­ principle was set forth in the Tennessee n has been self-liquidating in nature. ernment constructs great multiplepur­ Valley Authority Act of 1933, the Bonne­ But I say it has done more than that; pose dams and builds great grid-back ville Act of 1937, the ·Fort Peck Act of it has created for the taxpayers of transmission lines, it is participating in 1938, and the Flood Control Act of 1944. America a tremendous wealth, because creeping socialism. How .wise Congress was can now be out of this program there has been de­ Let us not forget what happened just judged by the vastly lowered costs since rived the wealth-creating production a few short months ago. Let us not for- this policy was adopted-which are less 1072 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD=:- SENATE February 13 than half what they formerly were- have a corps of men and women, finely has such a marvelous record of collec­ and the resulting tremendous upsurge in trained public servants, who should be a tions. And remember, these loans were popular consumption of all kinds. source of real pride to any democracy. made in the heretofore underdeveloped ENCOURAGING WIDE USAGE AND PREVENTING Here We have a great Operating Organiza- .areas of rural America. MONOPOLY tion. The men and women have been I am sure Senators will be interested One essential still remained in a sound trained for years, at tremendous cost to to know that in the 17 years of the ex­ Federal power policy. Accordingly, in our Government, in order to perform istence of REA only a little more than the development of congressional elec- these technical tasks. They stand ready $40,000 has been written off as uncal• tric power policy, the next principle and willing to serve the American people lectible. enunciated by Congress was that where now as they always have before. This REA SETS THE PATTERN a· Federal project generates power, in has been one of our main sources of As a result of our wise congressional disposing of it the marketing policies strength and inspiration in carrying out power policy-in this case loans to local should be designed to encourage the wid- the policies that have been enunciated organizations of rural citizens-REA set est possible use of such power, and, at by the Congress in the various acts. on the pattern for the private utilities as the same time, to prevent its monopoly. Federal power. • wi!I.I. Whereas previously these utilities ThiS principle WaS embodied in the Ten- WHAT THE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRA- had almost completely disregarded local nessee Valley Authority Of 1933, the TION HAS ACCOMPLISHED customers-except at prohibitive rates Rural Electrification Act of 1936, the Let us glance at a single typical illus- and charges which the country folks Bonneville Act of 1937, ·the Fort Peck tration of power · progress, the Rural could not afford to pay-now they .began Act of 1938, and the Flood Control Act Electrification Administration, which competing fiercely with the REA cooper­ of 194.4. . now serves about 4 million consumers in atives for this newly developed rural PIONEERING WORK OF FEDERAL AGENCIES 46 States, Alaska, and the Virgin IslandS. business. Laws that Congress passes are often With .an average of 5 persons to the What are the results of this proved legislative mandates indicating the geh- family, this program is serving about Federal power policy in the case of REA? eral outline which national policies 20 million people today. In 1935 before the REA was started, should follow-blueprints for the work In 1935, when the Government sought only about 10 percent of the rural areas to be undertaken. When such legislation to aid the people in the rural sections and farms had high-line or central-sta­ exists, it is usually the technical knowl- who were living in dismal kerosene dark­ tion electric service. Today, thanks to edge, initiative, resourcefulness, plan- ness, the usual cry went up: "It can't be­ a wise congressional power policy, nearly rung, trial and error of the responsible done.'' There was good reason to accept 90 percent of the rural residents of this executive agencies that translate the this conclusion. For nearly a quarter country have such electric service. And blueprints into actual Federal power pro- of a century the private utilities had at rates which are half or less of what grams. Consequently, when we speak attempted to do a similar job. Only they formerly paid. · of the development of a congressional · they had gone down the main highways Truly, electricity is now the perennial, power policy, we have to examine the for the most part, leaving the backroads cheap, uncomplaining hired hand of the operation of the executive agencies and and hinterland farm country to the countryside. Need any finer illustration departments that carry out these con- primitive and hand-labor methods of be·given of the proven and tested nature gressional laws. their grandfathers. of a wise congressional power policy? We must pay tribute to the Federal So pursuant to Federal law, REA was The overwhelming facts speak forcefully executives and the corps of civilian em- given the supposedly impossible job of for themselves. ployees who are responsible for manning going into such backwoods territory In the words of Norris, the father of these Federal agencies. Many of the where there were only 2 or 3 potential national electric power policy: How marvelous that this water, which once tremendous achievements that have consumers to the mile. Surely, no more . went waste-d to the sea, can be put to work taken place in the field of national power · · difficult task could have faced any Fed­ in this way to make life easier for human­ and federally aided power programs are eral agency. Ye~ with courage, re­ ity-lighten the burden of the woman at attributable to the techn~al know-how sourcefulness, and technical skill, REA her washtub and in the kitchen, to ease the of these agencies. waded in. Look at what this Federal labor and toil of the farmer in his barn, to Our Nation has been slow to develop a agency has done for some 20,000,000 turn factory wheels which will provitie pay­ tradition of public service which can be American rural resided\;s as a result of rolls and produce things to add to human our surest safeguard against venality and the enlightened power policy of your comfort and security. sloth in Government. The men and Congress. TECHNICAL KNOW-HOW women who have dedicated themselves In 1935, when the REA began its op­ As a result of this tremendous accom­ to providing cheap and plentiful power erations, a mile of rural line cost about plishment in all the Federal agencies for the people have also contributed to $2,000, according to the Federal Power having to do with the conservation and the creation of a tradition of unselfish Commission. In a comparatively short development of our water and power devotion to the public welfare. This is a time, this healthy young REA agency was resources, there is available today a vast little recognized but important by- building a mile of line for $1,000, and in field of technical knowledge that was not product of public power. some instances as low as $600. in existence previously. In a real sense While such persons generally could Moreover, it was a better mile of line. of the word, these agencies have been earn several times as much pay in private Whereas the previous "battleship" con­ pioneers. , They have drawn the best industry, a devotion to their Govern- struction was designed for city use, the from private technology, and by adapta­ ment -and the people compels them to REA pioneers. designed an entirely new tion and creation, they. have increased, give their best, year in and year out, type of line t?at was specifically adapted tremendously, the technological ·base of regardless of the low pay and the often to rural terntory. our power knowledge. humiliating circumstances that com- In addition, the REA program through New problems and new situations have monly accompany work for the Govern- coo]i)eratives is a model in local democ­ been a constant challenge. From wise ment, such as an attack upon them by racy and· private ownership. Equally policies of .field work and experimenta­ the Congress, going so far as even to deny important, the rural folks are paying tion by Federal agencies, we have de­ them pay for a period of months, while back tbeir Federal loans promptly. veloped our technical grasp on power they devote themselves unselfishly and The total repayments of principal and matters. It is impossible to estimate the patriotically to the development of the . interest on these loans have been $394 value of such technical knowledge and natural resources of our country. Of million. This sum includes $50 million its benefits to the public users and pri­ course, I refer to the Michael Straus that were paid before they were actually vate industry alike. case, and I digress to pay my respects to due and only $722,000 were delinquent. TECHNICAL AID FOR THE PEOPLE Michael Straus for the interest he has This means that only one-fifth of 1 From the beginning of our Govern­ manifested in the people's stake in the percent of the total amount loaned is ment to date, Congress has attempted to Nation's natural resources. more than 30 days overdue. Let mere- pass legislation to provide essential pub­ Notwithstanding all this, in the vari- peat that figure-one-fifth of 1 percent. lic services that would enable it to do ous Federal agencies that administer the I venture the opinion that no bank or for all the people things that they could national electric power policy today, we financial institution in the United States not do for themselves. 1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE 1073

In the field of national electric power PUBLIC POWER PREFERENCE A-ND PUBLIC: POW~ EVALUATION OF MUTUAL SECURITY policy, the same thing has been true. TRANSMISSION LINES-RESOLUTION OF WASCO PROGRAM Instead of being the helpless victims of COUNTY POMONA POWER COMMITTEE, THE DALLES, OREG. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I would their own lack of technical information, like to discuss one further item, which or being denied better ways of living be­ Mr. President, I now present for ap­ propriate reference and ask unanimous is unrelated to the subject which I have cause they could not afford engineering just discussed, and which involves some advice in order to attain such ends, now consent to have printed in the RECORD a ·resolution adopted by the Wasco floor-committee work which I need to do the people, or their agents, can turn to today. their Government departments for tech­ County Pomona Power Committee of nical aid in the field of power. This is a The Dalles, Oreg., favoring continuation I refer to a release issued by the Di­ very healthy sign of democracy. It per.:. of public preference prov1sions in Fed­ rector for Mutual Security, Mr. Stassen. mits the people to be educated, and then eral power legislation and congressional It is release No. 28. I wish to comment to do things for themselves. authorization for the construction of on the release by reading from and as­ Again let· us take the illustration of Government transmission facilities for sociating myself completely with there­ the REA. This is no nationwide Federal · bringing public power to nonprofit coop­ marks. which were made last night by bur.eaucracy. On the contrary, it con­ eratives and public bodies. I request Frank Edwards over the Mutual Broad­ sists of local organizations of local peo­ that the resolution be printed ih the casting· System, in regard to the problem ple, governing themselves. It is a good RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks. which is represented by this release. example of self-government of a free There being no objection, the resolu­ Mr. Edwards said last night: people put to work in developing their tion was referred to the Committee on In recent weeks the Senate has performed own economic life. Public Works and ordered to be printed commendably by refusing to approve the in the RECORD, _as follows: nomination of various agency officials until They choose their own board of dir-ec­ • those appointees had complied with the law. tors and president. They hire their own Whereas in a democracy the government is not something different and apart from They were not · confirmed until they .had employees to manage their own projects the people, but is, instead, the representa­ severed their financial relations with firms and they lay down the policies that shall tive and instrumentality of the people, and doing business with the Government. be pursued. what the government owns the people own; Tonight I have before me some documents This is democracy at work. It is a far and, therefore, the government must always which disclose a situation which merits im­ cry from the claims of bureaucracy and use ·government property for the greatest mediate Senate attention. Washington domination that the public benefit of the largest number ·of the people; Mr. Harold Stassen, the Director for Mutual power opponents describe in charges and · Security, has named a group of 55 business Whereas this basic principle of democracy and financial executives who ·are to make an which have no relation to the actual has, since the days of Theodore Roosevelt evaluation of the multibillion-dollar MSA facts. . and continuing without interruption to date, program, at public expense. This group will Every form of liberty and freedom we always been a part of the law of the land be divided into 11 separate teams, 1 team possess today is the result of a long and applicable to the hydroelectric generating to each country. The findings of these 55 bitter struggle against ruthless and facilities constructed• and operated by the men will determine how and where addi­ selfish enemies. Once such freedoms are Government, by virtue _of the provisions in tional billions of taxpayers' dollars shall be established they become the very essence different statutes under which the people, spent in foreign-aid programs. through governmental subdivisions or mu­ Mr. Stassen says: "The very essentlality of of our liberty, and freemen should fight tual self-help organizations such as coop­ the program, coupled with the fact tliat it to preserve them. eratives,- have been given the first right to involves a large expenditure of public funds, Throughout the land, selfish forces are purchase the electric power generated _by requires that its operations be subjected to at work seeking to confuse the people, their Government-operated dams; and constructive examination by persons of com­ and trying to make them believe that the Whereas to retain the integrity of this petence and experience who are in a position highly profitable interests of a few are basic democratic principle, it is essential that to make an objective and independent judg­ the same as the needs of all the people the relationship between the Government ment." who use electricity. ·In·over a generatio-n and the people be direct, and without any Any Senator who is interested will find intervening agent in the position of a toll­ those words of Mr. Stassen's on page 3 of of time, the people and their represent­ taker to profit bo_th from the operations of DMS No. 28, available at his office. atives in Congress have forged out a wise the Government and the people, and, as a national resources program that is de- . practical matter, it is absolutely necessary I shall make it available in the CoN­ . .signed to preserve our possibly dwindling that the Government construct all tr.ansmis­ CRESSION AL RECORD in a moment. It Will heritage of natural resources and power sion facilities which are needed to bring the show who are some of the men who have for all the people. power to the geographical points where it can been chosen to exercise their independ- be taken and used by people's organizations; ent judgment. - It is a wise policy which has ripened and into rich accomplishments, It is a Whereas eastern Oregon has been mutually Mr: Edwards goes on to say: sound policy that assures America of benefited by this basic law, giving farmers' Just who are these men whom Mr. Stassen continued progress in the forward march organizations the power to deliver to the has chosen to make what he calls an objec­ of democracy. widely scattered farms and ranc;tles in this tive and independent judgment? Do they Low -electric rates, more productive area, and without this benefit the coopera­ qualify and, if so, on what grounds? tives could not receive wholesale power at I have before me another very interesting farms, arduous tasks made lighter, com­ cost for delivery to these farms: Now, there- - document covering the financial commit­ fort and leisure, thriving and expanding fore, be it . ments of Mutual Security Administration, industry are but !>Orne of the results. Resolved by the delegates to the Wasco setting forth the list . of banking houses But we cannot afford to plume ourselves County Pomona Grange No. 11, regularly as­ which have handled more than $5 billion upon the past. sembled at Cherry Park Grange, this 3d day worth of MSA expenditures on a commission Intelligent as we Americans are, we of February 1953, That the Congress be urged basis. might as well admit that we continually to continue to protect the interests of the Upon comparing the list of financially in­ people, as the owners of Government power­ terested institutions with the list of men underestimate the growing needs for generating facilities, in their long-estab­ selected by Mr. Stassen for Operation Tycoon, electric power for basic industries,' vital lished right of first purchase of Government I find some very interesting connections. both to defense and to the civilian econ­ generated power, through their public bodies For example: On the team which will go to omy. We underestimated in World War and nonprofit cooperatives created by the France at public expense to evaluate MSA II and we underestimated in the present people for that purpose; and be it further performance is Mr. Orson Adams, vice presi­ crisis. It is time we got out of the habit Resolved, That the Congress also be urged dent of the First National Bank of Boston. of inadequate power programing. to make this right of first purchase by the Checking against the record, I find that Mr. people a realistic fact instead of only a Adams' bank has handled $101 million worth Our experience shows that we have a the.oretical right by authorizing the con­ of MSA funds. basically sound program: We must use struction, by Government power-marketing that program to meet our continuing agencies, of all transmission facilities needed Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will problem with the boldness and imagina­ to bring this power to publi-c bodies and non­ the Senator from· Oregon yield? tion that characterize our people. If profit cooperatives, and by appropriating the Mr. MORSE. I yield. we will-and we must-then we shall necessary moneys therefor. Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, th-e WASCO COUNTY POMONA POWER t.ruly .keep faith with the great Teddy COM..l\4ITTEE, Senator from Oregon is making a very ltoosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, and the WALTER J. WEBB, Master. interesting speech. However, I did not great George Norris. LILLIE Q. TINDALL, Secretary. quite hear what the operation is to be XCIX---68 1074 .· CO~GRESSIOrfAL RECORD...::. SENATE February 13 called. Is it Operation Typhoon or Op­ in the program: Belgium, Denmark, France, . Members: Mr. Paul E. Miller, director, eration Tycoon? Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, agricultura:I extension service, University Turkey, and the United Kingdom; Cambodia, of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn.; Mr. Newton Mr. MORSE. It is Operation Tycoon, Laos, and Vietnam-the Associated States of Franklin Korhumel, president, Korhumel but I will tell the Senator what I think Indochina; the Republic of China on Formo­ Steel & Aluminum Co., 2424 Oakton Street, it will result in. It will result in Opera­ sa; and the Philippines. Evanston, Ill.; Mr. Henry Bradford Arthur, tion Typhoon, because it will fiood this The evaluation group, which will serve economist, Swift & Co., C'hicago, Iii. country with a lot of propaganda, which without compensation, is headed by Mr. elar­ FORMOSA ·will make the rich boys richer before we ence Francis, chairman of the board of Gen­ Team leader: Mr. Harry Amos Bullis, chair­ get through with it. eral Foods Corp. Mr. Francis has selected 54 man of the board, · General Mills, Inc., · 400 Going back to Mr. Edwards' broadcast, associates to assist: him in the study. The Second Avenue S., Minneapolis, Minn. group will divide itself into 11 teams. The Members: Mr. Norwood Francis Allman, he says: mutual-security program will be studied in On the team which will visit Belgium is senior partner (Allman, Kops, and Lee, each country by a separate team, except for American law firm of Shanghai, China), 390 Mr. Russell wardburgh, vice president of Holland and Belgium which will be studied Guaranty Trust Co. of New York City. His Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y.; Mr. Clin­ by a single team, and the Associated States ton Morrison, vice president, manager, and bank has handled more than $421 million of Indochina which will be studied by one worth of mutual-security commitments. director, the Holding Co., 1119 First National team. · Soo Line Building, Minneapolis, Minn.; , Mr. The team which will make what Mr. Stas­ The entire study group will meet·in Wash­ sen calls an independent and objective eval­ Raymond Tyson Moyer, deputy director, divi­ ington February 9 and 10 for background dis­ sion of overseas activities, the Ford Founda­ uation of MSA expenditures in the Philip~ cussion with Government officials responsible pines will have as a member Mr. David Grove, tion, 914 East Green Street, Pasadena, Calif.; for administration of the mutual-security Maj. Gen. William Arthur Worton, USMC Bank of America, San Francisco. The Bank program. The teams will .then go to their of America, accordin·g to the official records, (retir.ed), care of Jonathan Club, 545 South respective countries. It is anticipated that Figueroa Street, Los Angeles, .Calif• .. has done more than $388 million worth Of the reports of the vartous teams will be re­ business in MSA commitments. ceived in Washington toward the latter part FRANCE . The list goes on and on. The records are of March. The preparation of the final re­ Team leader: Mr. Joseph Peter Spang, Jr., available to any Senator who is interested. port will be supervised by Mr. Francis, who president, the Gillette Co., 15 West First Mr. Stassen has selected men who are asso­ will himself probably visit France, Germany, Street, Boston, Mass. ciated with concerns handling fabulous Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Members: Mr. Orson Adams, Jr., vice presi­ amounts of MSA financial commitments. dent, First National Bank of Boston, 67 Milk He says he expects them to render an ob­ Each team, within the area under its study, will look into the operations of the Street, Boston, Mass.; Mr. Norbert A. Bog­ jective and independent judgment. dan (now ln France) , director of finance, Not only does Stassen select men whose mutual-security program, including the cur­ rent status of the different parts-both mili­ Ford International, 445 Park Avenue, New banks are doing billions of dollars' worth of York, N.Y.; Mr. Robert March Gaylord, presi­ business with MSA, but nowhere on the list tary and economic-of the program, the ef­ fectiveness of the program, and the effec­ dent, Ingersoll Milling Machine Co., Rock- will you find the name of a single representa­ . ford, Ill.; Mr. Malcolm Chilson Stewart, gen­ tive of small business, farmers, or wage tiveness of United States organization and personnel. The group will look into, among eral counsel, the Gillette Co., 15 West First • earners-the groups which make up the bulk Street, Boston, Mass. of the Nation's taxpayers, the millions of other m atters, the «nilitary end-item and training programs, the offshore procurement GERMANY men and women who provide the MS~ funds. In case any Member of the United States program, the use of defense-support goods or Team leader: Mr. Reuben Buck Robertson, Senate is interested in Operation Tycoon commodities financed by the Mutual Secu­ Jr., president, the Champion Paper .& Fibre and the relationships between its members rity Agency, the productivity program in Eu­ Co., Hamilton, Ohio. and the MSA money, it might be well to rope, and other major elements of the mu­ Members: Mr. Matthew L. Devine, care of check further into this matter. tual-security program. Cresap, McCormick & Paget, 100 West Mon­ The Senators who did such a commendable Mr. Stassen, in announcing the appoint­ roe, Chicago, Ill.; Mr. Bruce D. Henderson, job in dealing with the financial affairs of ment of the evaluation group, said: general manager, purchases and traffic, West­ Mr. Wilson and his teammates might ask "I am delighted that this group of dis­ inghouse Electric Corp., 401 Liberty Avenue, some questions concerning Operation Tycoon. tinguished Ameri<: on March 31, 1953, will be extended week we would bow for a hallowed mo­ that the Public Health Service had settled through the year 1954; be it further the claim of Deed C. Thurman, Jr., in the "Resolved, That the secretary of state trans. ment at this shrine of Thy divine grace. mit a copy of this resolution, properly at. We acknowledge , before Thee that our amount of $1,108.34; to the Committee on the Judiciary. tested, by .the proper officers of both houses, lives are restless. pools. We are dis­ be sent to the President of the United States, turbed by the social turmoil of our times, LAWS ENACTED BY M'uNICIPAL COUNCIL OF ST. the Secretary of Agriculture of the 'united burdened by many anxieties, tempted to CROIX, V.I. States, the presiding officers of the Senate cynicism by human cruelty and perver­ A letter from the Assistant Secret{try of · and House of Representatives, and to each si~i'J'. often disheartened by human folly the Interior, transmitting, pursuant to law, United States Senator and Member of Con­ which seems to profit so little by bitter copies of laws enacted by the Municipal gress from the State of Minnesota. reaping. Amid the tensions of these Council of St. Croix, V.I. (with accompany­ "JOHN A. HARTLE, ing papers); · to the Committee on Interior "Speaker of the House of Representatives. terrific days we seek in Thy presence a "ANCHER NELSEN, saving experience of inner quiet and cer­ and Insular Affairs. "President of the Senate. tainty. We would lay our problems and AMENDMENT OF CODE RELATING TO TRANSMIS­ "Adopted by the house of representatives, tasks before Thee, not to escape them, SION OF FIREARMS IN THE MAILs· the 6th day of- February, 1953. "G. H. LEAHY, but praying for Thy empowering so that A letter from the Postmaster General, with strength and courage we may carry "Chief Clerk, House of Representatives. transmitting a draft of proposed legislation "By MYRTLE R. BARNES, them with a new gallantry. to amend section 1715 of title 18, United "First Assistant Chief Clerk. May our attitudes and hopes widen States Code, to permit the transmission of "Adopted by the senate, the .9th day of every area of good will within the reach firearms in the mails to or from persons or February, 1953. of our influence. In a divided and vio­ concerns having lawful use for them in con­ "Cy GOSREY, lent world may we be among those whom nection with their businesses or their official "Secretary of the Senate. the generations to come shall call duties, and for other purposes (with an ac­ ·"Approved February 9, 1953. blessed, because our records here and companying paper); to the Committee on "C. EDWARD ANDERSEN, now shall write our names among today's Post Office and Civil Service. "Governor of the State ~f Min~esota." A joint resolution of the Legislature of the peacemakers. We ask it in the dear REPORT OF FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE Redeemer's name. Amen. State of Idaho; to the Committee on Armed ADMINISTRATION Services: A letter from the Acting Administrator, "House Joint Memorial s· Federal Civil Defense Administration, Wash­ THE JOURNAL "To the Honorable Senate anq, House of Rep­ ington, D. C., transmitting, pursuant to law, resentatives of the United States in On request of Mr. TAFT, and by unani­ a report of that Administration for the year Congress assembled: mous consent, the reading of the Jour­ 1952 (with an accompanying report}; to the "We\ your memorialists, the Legislature of nal of the proceedings of Friday, Feb­ Committee on Armed Services. the State of Idaho, as assembled in its 32d ruary 13, 1953, was dispensed with. - REPORT OF SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE session, do respectfully represent that- COMMISSION "W:hereas the 190th Fighter Interceptor Squadron of the Air National Guard of Idaho MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT A ,letter from the Chairman, Securities and has just returned from a tour of active duty Exchange Commission, transmitting, pursu­ with the Air Force, stripped of its equip­ Messages in writing from the President ant to law, a report of that Commission, for ment and faced with the necessity of re­ of the United States submitting nomina­ the fiscal year ended June 30, 1952 (with an building completely in order to continue its tions were communicated to the Senate accompanying report) ; to the. Committee on function as _part of the organized militia by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries. · Banking and Currency. f.orces of .the Nation; and