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Download Full Publication VOLUME XXIX NUMBER 2 DECEMBER 1987 CONTENTS EthnicJudaism and the Messianic Movernent RACHAEL L. E. KOHN Leaving the Ultra-Orthodox Fold: Haredi Jews Who Defected WILLIAM 5HAFFIR and ROBERT ROcKA WAY Is There ajewish Foreign Policy? SHMUEL SANDLER The Study ofAntisemitism ROBERT BENEwIcK Book Reviews Chronicle Editor:Judith Freedman OJECTS AND SPONSORSHIP OF THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY The Jewish Journal ofSociology was sponsored by the Cultural Department of the World Jewish Congress from its inception in 1959 until the end of 1980. Thereafter, from the first issue of 198' (volume 23, no. ,), theJournal has been sponsored by Maurice Freedman Research Trust Limited, which is registered as an educational charity and has as its main purposes the encouragement of research in the sociology of thejews and the publication ofTheJewishJournal ofSociology. The objects oftheJournal remain as stated in the Editorial of the first issue in 1959: 'This Journal has been brought into being in order to provide an international vehicle for serious writing on Jewish social affairs Academically we address ourselves not only to sociologists, but to social scientists in general, to historians, to philosophers, and to students of comparative religion. We shouLd like to stress both that the Journal is editorially independent and that the opinions expressed by authors are their own responsibility.' The founding Editdr of the ff5 was Morris Ginsberg, and the founding Managing Editor was Maurice Freedman. Morris Ginsberg, who had been Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics, died in 1970. Maurice Freedman, who had been Professor of Social Anthropology at the London School of Economics and later at the University ofOxford, succeeded to the title of Editor in 1971, when Dr Judith Freedman (who had been Assistant Editor since 1963) became Managing Editor. Maurice Freedman died in 1975; since then thejournal has been edited by DrJudith Freedman. Applications for subscriptions and enquiries regarding back numbers should be addressed to: THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 187 GLOUCESTER PLACE LONDON NWI 6Bu ENGLAND TELEPHONE: 01 262 8939 THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY Volume XXIX Number z December 1987 CONTENTS EthnicJudaism and the Messianic Movement RACHAEL L. E. KOHN - 85 Leaving the Ultra-Orthodox Fold: Haredi Jews Who Defected WILLIAM SI4AFFIR and ROBERT ROCKA WAY 97 Is There ajewish Foreign Policy? SUMUELSANDLER 115 The Study ofAntisemitism ROBERT BENEWICK 123 Book Reviews 129 Chronicle 143 Books Received 149 Notes on Contributors 151 PUBLISHED TWICE YEARLY, IN JUNE AND DECEMBER by Maurice Freedman Research Trust Ltd (Published by the World Jewish Congress 1959-80) ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION INSTITUTIONS: £12.00 (U.S. $24.00) INDIVIDUALS: £,o.00 (U.S. $20.00) SINGLE COPIES: £6.00 (U.S. $12.00) Applications for subscriptions should be sent to TheJewishJournal of Sociology, 187 Gloucester Place, London NWi 6BU, England. Telephone: 01 262 8939 EDITOR Judith Freedman ADVISORY BOARD R. Bachi (Israel) Lloyd P. Gartner (Israel) Howard Brotz (Canada) Nathan Glazer (U.S.A.) Percy S. Cohen (Britain) Jacques Gutwirth (France) Moshe Davis (Israel) Elic Kedourie (Britain) S. N. Eisenstadt (Israel) S.J. Prais (Britain) © MAURICE FREEDMAN RESEARCH TRUST LTD 1987 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY W. S. MANEY & SON LTD, LEEDS BOOKS REVIEWED Author Title Reviewer Page Arthur A. Cohen and ContemporaryJewis/z Religious Thought. Judith Freedman 129 Paul Mendes-Flohr, Original Essays on Critical Concepts, eds. - Movements, and Beliefs Steve Cohen It's the same oldstory. Immigration Judith Freedman 132 Controls against Jewish, Black andAsian people, with special reference to Manchester Michael Curtis, ed. Antisemitism in the Contemporary World Robert Benewick 123 Alan Dundes Cracking Jokes: Studies ofSick Humor Judith Freedman r 35 Cycles and Stereotypes Frida Kerner Furman Beyond Yiddishkeit: The Strugglefor LouisJacobs 138 Jewish Identity in a Reform Synagogue Harvey E. Goldberg, Judaism Viewedfrom Within andfrom LouisJacobs 138 ed. Without: Anthropological Studies Galit Hasan-Rokem The Wande ring Jew: Essays in the Norman Solomon 140 and Alan Dundes, Interpretation ofa Christian Legend eds. Meyer Weinberg BecausetheywereJews:A Historyof Robert Benewick 123 Antise,nitism 83 NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Papers submitted to The Jewish Journal of Sociology should be addressed to the Editor at 18 Gloucester Place, London NWi 6BU, England. The papers must be original. They should not have been published previously, or be committed to publication elsewhere, in any language. When a paper has been accepted for publication, the author may not publish it elsewhere in any language, without the written consent of the Editor of theJ.S.S. MSS (please send at least two copies) should be typewritten on one side only and double-spaced with ample margins. Pages (including those containing illustrations, diagrams, or tables) should be numbered consecutively. All quotations should be within single inverted commas; quotation marks within quotations should be double inverted commas. Notes should follow the styk of this Journal and should be given at the end of the article in numerical sequence according to the order of their citation in the text. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS Books Give author, title, place of publication, year, and page reference. Underline all titles of books. Articles Place titles of articles within single inverted commas. Underline the title of the book orjournal in which the article appears. In the case of ajournal, cite numbers ofvolume and part, and year of publication. PROOFS. Authors making major revisions in proof will be required to bear the cost. Unless proofs are returned to the Managing Editor promptly, authors' corrections cannot be incorporated. OFFPRINTS. Each contributor receives thirty free offprints of his article. If there are two or more authors, the thirty ofFprints are shared between them. 84 ETHNIC JUDAISM AND THE MESSIANIC MOVEMENT Rachael L. E. Kohn HE decline of Jewish orthodoxy in the modern era, together with the unexpected persistence and strength of the Jewish Tcommunities in Britain and North America, have recently prompted sociologists to identify new, non-religious sources ofJewish identity.' This is not an entirely new phenomenon: Zionist and Bundist efforts in this regard brought secular definitions ofJewish identity to the service of political aspirations. In the more stable and prosperous Jewish world of the present, the transformation of Jewish identity is seen less as a programme of action than as a strategic adaptation to the pervasive secular values and structures that typify modern society. In a word, this is the process of assimilation, but with a difference. While formerly theJewish communities of Europe and North America eagerly shed their distinctiveness in the hope ofparticipating in the civil and social culture on an equal footing with Gentiles, the modern era has witnessed a preoccupation with building Jewish national and com- munity organizations and educational and cultural facilities parallel with secular ones in an effort to protect the political interests and to preserve the cultural and social features of the group. Such a development has resulted in the 'ethnicization' of the Jewish people. The custom, for example, of marrying within the group is still upheld by at least 50 per cent of the American Jewish community, yet synagogue attendance and religious life-style are maintained by only a small fraction ofJews.2 The group persists even as its religious basis has become attenuated. Apart from the assimilatory effects of general affluence, which Jews perhaps more than any other group have experienced in the post-war period,3 the ethnicization oftheJewish people reflects a broader trend among other immigrant groups in Western Europe and North America. Yet its appearance among Jews does not necessarily bode well. On the one hand, an emphasis on the non-religious bases of Jewish identity weakens if it does not eliminate the raison d'être of the Jewish people and, some would say, Israel. On the other hand, the erosion of religious beliefs opens the way to their substitution by non- Jewish beliefs. It has already begun to happen, and one can detect the curious phenomenon in new religious movements of some members RACHAEL L. E. KOHN identifying themselves as Jews even while they follow the teachings of an Indian guru or of a Christian Fundamentalist.4 More striking than individual cases of Jews holding on to their Jewish identity after acceptance of another faith,5 is the movement that placed Christian doctrine at the centre ofJudaism, believing it to be the 'rediscovered' raison d'être of the Jewish people and its religious life. Messianic Judaism, formally established in 1975 when the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America changed its name to the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America, numbers more than a hundred fellowships and congregations (some of which hold full or associate membership in the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations6 ) in North America, Britain, France, Germany, and Israel. Its followers, consisting mostly of converts with at least onejewish parent, profess belief inJesus as the promised Jewish Messiah, while they stress the preservation of the Jewish 'nation' through worship at Messianic congregations, observ- ance ofJewish traditions, education ofchildren in Hebrew, discourage- ment of intermarriage, and support for the State of Israel. The Messianic movement's programme for the preservation of the Jewish
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