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Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath PHD Self-assembled peptide hydrogels Johnson, Eleanor Award date: 2011 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 SELF-ASSEMBLED PEPTIDE HYDROGELS Eleanor Johnson A Thesis Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Chemistry December 2011 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with the author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author. This thesis may be made available for consultation within the University Library and may be photocopied or lent to other libraries for the purposes of consultation. Table of Contents Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................ii Declaration of Work Done in Conjunction with Others....................................................iv Abstract........................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .............................................................................................................. vi Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Literature ......................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: Theory and Experimental Techniques ................................................... 44 CHAPTER 3: Results: Introducing the Gelation of Fmoc-Dipeptides ........................... 98 CHAPTER 4: Results: Directed Electrochemical Self-Assembly of pH-Triggered Dipeptide Hydrogelators ........................................................................................... 114 CHAPTER 5: Results: Electrochemical Gelation of Fmoc-LG: Long and Short Range Surface Plasmon Resonance......................................................................................143 CHAPTER 6: Results: Electrochemical Techniques for the Generation of Novel Dipeptide Hydrogel Materials .................................................................................... 158 CHAPTER 7: Results: Effect of Additives on FmocFF Hydrogels .............................. 183 CHAPTER 8: FUTURE WORK ................................................................................. 202 Conferences and Acknowledgements.........................................................................212 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 213 Table of Contents Page i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to those who have taught me so much throughout the course of my PhD. It has been a tremendously valuable and transformative experience, both in and out of the laboratory. I have gained so much since beginning the course; a love and respect for research, for my environment, for universal intelligence, for myself, and for the beautiful people I have come to work with. I intend to take all I have learned and utilise it to its greatest benefit for all. Petra has been a wonderful supervisor; kind, supportive, motivating and enthusiastic, always understanding and generous. It has been wonderful to have the opportunity to work with and learn from her. She is a fantastic mother hen to all of her students, and will be a natural in her new role as a mother for her baby daughter. I wish her and her family the best of luck, for now and the future. The collaboration she set up for us with Liverpool University was serendipitous and incredibly beneficial to our work, and Dave has been very supportive throughout. He is incredibly helpful and knowledgeable, and has been most enjoyable to work with. I am deeply thankful to and for my family for the love they have so freely shared with me and the inspiration they give me. I am so happy to be connected with them all. They have provided support for me in so many ways and they have all contributed to the success I have achieved in my work. They are all deserving of the very best, and I am so happy to have made them proud. I am especially excited to be creating a family of my own with my soul mate, Muna, and our precious, beautiful soul baby. I love them both infinitely, and dedicate myself to creating a life of abundance and joy for us all. It has been wonderful to meet and work with many people during my PhD; in our group, the department, across the university, and in other institutions I have had the opportunity to visit. I am grateful to have shared the time here together with friends. Thank you especially to Becky and Charby, Kat, Andy, Ana, Huaining, Shane, Tom and Kenneth, for lots of collective lab-based enjoyment, philosophical conversations, exercising, picnicking, eating, drinking, and gardening! I have also especially enjoyed teaching undergraduate students in their labs and their projects. They were all great to teach and I have learned a great deal from the challenges we encountered during course of their work. The work they produced was also very valuable to my understanding of the subject and their ideas have contributed greatly to my thesis. Acknowledgements ii I wish to thank all the inspiring people I have met whilst being in Bath who have all helped me grow; including Muna, Maggie, Lisa, Alan, Milo, Monika, and Chris. Through their collective wisdom they have guided me to take control of my education, health, and to create balance in mind, body and spirit. I am especially grateful for holistic exercise and have found a deep love for yoga in all its forms, which has shown me a way to true awareness of being. The peace it creates has truly helped me to ride the waves I came across during my work. I am grateful to all those I have met who have been interested in my work and kept my enthusiasm growing over the four years of the PhD. Thank you also to my parents, Dad and Els, and to Georgie, Gillian, and Anna, who were very supportive whilst I was in sunny Herefordshire writing up this thesis, and especially for both Muna and I on our discovery that we were to have a child together. Love and blessings to you all, and I wish you peace and prosperity in 2012! Acknowledgements iii DECLARATION OF WORK DONE IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHERS All work is acknowledged in the appropriate section of each Chapter. I am responsible for all other work presented in this thesis. Circular Dichroism, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Fibre X-Ray Diffraction data presented in Chapter 7 was collected and analysed at the University of Sussex, in conjunction with Kyle Morris and Dr Tom Williams. Long and Short Range Surface Plasmon Resonance substrates presented in Chapter 5 were created at the Austrian Institute of Nanotechnology, with the assistance of Jen Huang and Dr Jakub Dostalek. Rheology was carried out at the University of Liverpool, with supervision from Dr Dave Adams and Dr Lin Chen. Diffusion Ordered NMR Spectroscopy data presented in Chapters 3 and 7 was analysed by Dr John Lowe at the University of Bath. Electron Microscopy data presented in Chapters 3, 4 and 6 was collected at the University of Bath, with assistance from Ursula Potter and Dr John Mitchels. Work with Ferrocene-diphenylalanine presented in Chapter 8 was done in conjunction with Natural Sciences student Nathalie Claes who was closely supervised by the author. The compound was synthesised by Chris Hall, Chris Hotchen and Caroline Walker. The boron-sugar sensors work in Chapter 8 was carried out with BSc project student Stella Grigoriou, under supervision from the author. Declaration of Work Done in Conjunction with Others iv ABSTRACT The use of low-molecular weight peptide-based hydrogelators (LMWGs) for the immobilisation of enzymes is presented in this thesis. Low-molecular weight hydrogelators are a class of materials which are highly suitable for increasing enzyme lifetimes as they create a suitable biomimetic environment. Immobilised enzymes can be utilised in enzyme fuel cells, providing low-energy conversion routes for chemical processes. The hydrogels also possess tunable properties which allow their structure to be manipulated to give desirable properties. This work begins with an exploration of dipeptide hydrogelators by investigating the effect of varying salt solutions and concentrations of dipeptide on final hydrogel structures. A wide range of characterisation techniques
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