Organism-Substrate Relationships in Lowland Streams
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H.H.Tolkamp Hature Conservation Department, Agricultural University, Wageningen Organism-substrate relationships in lowland streams IpudooI Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen - 1980 ,y* <3 "3! Communication NatureConservatio n Department211 . ISBN9 022 0075 96 Theautho r graduatedo n6 Februar y 1981a sDocto r ind e Landbouwwetenschappen atth eAgricultura l University,Wageningen ,th eNetherlands ,o na thesi swit h thesam etitl ean dcontents . ^)Centr e forAgricultura l Publishing andDocumentation ,1980 . Nopar to fthi sboo kma yb ereproduce do rpublishe d inan y form,b yprint , photoprint,microfil mo ran yothe rmean swithou twritte n permission fromth e publishers. Abstract Tolkamp, H.H. (1980)Organism-substrat e relationships inlowlan d streams.Agric . Res.Rep . (Versl.landbouwk .Onderz. )907 ,ISB N9 022 007S 96 , (xi)+ 21 1p. ,8 0 tables,4 3 figs.,31 9refs. ,Eng .an dDutc hsummaries , 14appendices . Also:Doctora l thesis,Wageningen . Afiel d and laboratory studyo n themicrodistributio n ofbotto m dwellingmacro - invertebrates toinvestigat eth erol eo fth estrea msubstrat e inth edevelopmen t andpreservatio no fth emacroinvertebrat ecommunitie s innatural ,undisturbe d low land streams isdescribed .Fiel ddat ao nbotto m substratesan d faunawer ecollecte d between 1975an d 1978fro mtw oDutc hlowlan d streams.Substrate swer e characterized by thenatur ean dth eamoun to forgani c detritus and theminera l particlesizes :i n a fieldclassificatio no n thebasi so fth evisuall y dominantparticl e sizes;i na grain-size classificationo nth ebasi so fexac t particle-size analysis inth elabora tory.Substrat epreferenc e for8 4macroinvertebrat especie swa sdemonstrate d using the Indexo fRepresentation . Substrate-selection experimentswer econducte d ina laborator y stream forthre e Trichopteraspecie s (Mioropterna sequax, Chaetopteryx villosa and Seriaostoma per sonation) andon eEphemeropter aspecie s (Ephemera daniea). Anexperimen t onth e colonization of artificial substrates inth efiel dwa sals o conducted. From thefiel ddata , several faunal groupscoul db edistinguished , eachgrou p madeu po f specieswit h similar substratepreferences .Detaile d datao nth emicro - distribution inrelatio n tosubstrat eparticl e sizear egive n for26 ,species ,whic h represent thevariou staxonomica lunit stha tcompos e thefauna lgroup s: Trichopter a (5species) ,Ephemeropter a (1species) ,Plecopter a (1species) ,Coleopter a (3species) , Amphipoda (1species) ,Dipter a (15species ,amon gwhic h 13specie so fChironomidae) . Themicrodistributio n isdiscusse d inrelatio n tocase-buildin g behaviour,lif ecycl e and foodpreferences .Fo rsevera l speciessubstrat epreference sma yb edifferen t for different development stageso r indifferen t seasons. Iti sconclude d thatmos t speciessho wdistinc t preferences fora specifi csub strate.Th e small scalespatia lvariatio n insubstrat ecompositio n ofth estrea mbe d isessentia l forth eexistenc eo fman y lowland streammacroinvertebrat e species. Freedescriptors :substrat epreference ,microdistribution , benthos,macroinvertebrates , particlesize ,detritus ,organi c matter,habita t preference,environmenta l factors, lowland stream, laboratory stream Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Purposeo fth einvestigatio n 4 1.3 Hypotheses 5 1.4 Research approach 6 2 Description of the streams 7 2.1' TheSni jdersveerbee k 7 2.2 TheRatumsebee k 11 3 Methods 16 3.1 Fieldprocedur e 16 3.1.1 Selectiono fsamplin g sites 16 3.1.2 Sampling dates 16 3.1.3 Field classificationo fsubstrate s 17 3.1.4 Samplingmetho d 18 3.1.5 Additional collections 20 3.2 Laboratoryprocedur e 20 3.2.1 Sample sorting 20 3.2.2 Substrate analysis 20 3.2.3 Macrofauna analysis 23 3.3 Laboratory experiments 25 3.3.1 Artificial stream channel experiments 25 3.3.1.1 Thestrea m 25 3.3.1.2 Substrates tested 27 3.3.1.3 Experimental design 27 3.3.1.4 Species tested 29 3.3.1.5 Theinfluenc eo fcurren tvelocit yo nsubstrat e selection 29 3.3.2 Rearing channel 30 3.3.3 Experimentswit hTrichopter a 30 3.3.3.1 Case-building experiments 30 3.3.3.2 Grainsiz e analysiso fnatura lTrichopter a cases 31 3.4 Fieldexperiment s 32 3.4.1 Artificial substrate trays 32 3.4.2 Artificial substrates introducedwithou t trays 33 3.4.3 Litterbag s 34 3.5 Dataprocessin g 34 3.5.1 Datastorag e 34 3.5.2 Statisticalmethod s 35 Results 37 4.1 Data 37 4.1.1 Fieldclassificatio no fsubstrat etype s 37 4.1.2 Grain-sizeclassificatio n inth e laboratory 40 4.1.2.1 Substratecompositio n 40 4.1.2.2 Substratetype s 41 4.1.3 Discussion 44 4.1.3.1 Theus eo fth e Indexo fRepresentatio n compared toothe r statisticalmethod s 44 4.1.3.2 The importance ofth ejoin tus eo f H and 10%detritu s classifications 45 4.1.3.3 The influenceo fanima labundanc eo nth e Indexo fRepresen tation 46 4.1.4 Groupingo fsubstrat etype sbase do nspecie scompositio n 47 4.1.5 Groupingo fspecie sbase d onsubstrat epreference s 49 4.1.6 Numberso fspecie san d specimens indifferen t substrate types 56 4.1.7 Fieldexperiment s 58 4.1.7.1 Trays filledwit h artificial substrate 58 4.1.7.2 Particlesize s introducedwithou ttray s 59 4.2 Organism-substrate relationships 60 4.2.1 Outlineo fpresentatio n 60 4.2.2 Autecological datafo rselecte d species 62 4.2.2.1 Lithaxobscuru s (Hagen) (Trichoptera:Goeridae ) 62 4.2.2.2 Sericostomapersonatu m (Spence) (Trichoptera: Sericostomatidae) 68 4.2.2.3 Micropterna sequax (MacLachlan) (Trichoptera:Limnephilidae ) 75 4.2.2.4 Chaetopteryxvillos a (Fabricius) (Trichoptera:Limnephilidae ) 91 4.2.2.5 Plectrocnemiaconspers a (Curtis) (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) 100 4.2.2.6 Ephemeradanic a (Müller) (Ephemeroptera:Ephemeridae ) 103 4.2.2.7 Nemouracinere a (Retzius) (Plecoptera:Nemouridae ) 114 4.2.2.8 Limniusvolckmar i (Panzer),Elmi saene a (Müller)an d Oulimnius tuberculatus (Müller) (Coleoptera:Elminthidae ) 116 4.2.2.9 Gammaruspule x (L.)(Malacostraca :Amphipoda ,Gammaridae ) 119 4.2.2.10Dicranot aZettersted t sp. (Diptera:Limoniidae ) 128 4.2.2.11 LimnophilaMarquar t spp. (Diptera:Limoniidae ) 132 4.2.2.12Ptychopter aMeige nspp . (Diptera:Ptychopteridae ) 134 4.2.2.13Orthocladiu sva nde rWul p spp. (Diptera:Chironomidae , Orthocladiinae) 13S 4.2.2.14Micropsectr agr .praeco x (sensuTshernowskij )(Diptera : Chironomidae,Tanytarsini ) 137 4.2.2.15Paracladopelm aHarnisc hspp . (Diptera'.Chironomidae , Chironominae) 140 4.2.2.16Prodiames aolivace aMeige n (Diptera:Chironomidae , Orthocladiinae) 142 4.2.2.17Epoicocladiu s flavens (Malloch) (Diptera:Chironomidae , Orthocladiinae) 144 4.2.2.18Chironomida eo fdetritu ssubstrate s 146 Conchapelopiamelanop s (Wiedemann) (Diptera:Chironomidae , Tanypodinae) 146 CorynoneuraWinnert zspp .(Diptera :Chironomidae , Orthocladiinae) 148 Brilliamodest a (Meigen) (Diptera:Chironomidae , Orthocladiinae) 148 Diplocladius cultrigerKleffe r (Diptera:Chironomidae , Orthocladiinae) 149 RheocricotopusThieneman nspp . (Diptera:Chironomidae , Orthocladiinae) 149 Eukiefferiellagr .discoloripe s (sensuMolle rPillot , 1980) (Diptera:Chironomidae ,Orthocladiinae ) 150 Polypedilumlaetu magg . (sensuMolle rPillot ,1979 ) (Diptera: Chironomidae,Chironominae ) 151 5 General discussion 153 5.1 Partielesiz e 154 5.2 Currentvelocit y 156 5.3 Foodcondition s 158 6 Conclusions 165 6.1 Substrate composition 165 6.2 Substratepattern s 166 6.3 Effecto fregulatio n 169 Surrmary 173 176 Samenvattvng 181 Appendices Identification references 196 References 200 Outline of substate classification Abbreviations used in the field classification of substrate types S = Sand FD = Fine Detritus G = Gravel St = Stable CD = Coarse Detritus Sh = Shifting L = Leaves B = Bare Detritus = CD + L CD/FD = CD with or without FD Names, phi values and phi indices of grain-size fractions Frac tiori Phi value Phi index Name of fraction (mm] <-log2 fraction) 128 - 256 -7 8 cobbles 64 - 128 -6 7 cobbles 32 - 64 -5 6 large pebbles 16 - 32 -4 5 small pebbles 8 - 16 -3 4 coarse gravel 4 - 8 -2 3 medium gravel 2 - 4 -1 2 fine gravel 1 - 2 0 1 very coarse sand 0. 500 - 1 1 1 coarse sand 0. 250 - 0 500 2 2 medium sand 0. 125 0. 250 3 3 fine sand 0.05 0 0. 125. 4 4 very fine sand 0 - 0.05 0 5-10 0 silt and lutum t :0.05 0 mm is used instead of 0.0625 Q M Q index describes the grain-size composition of a substrate by giving the first (Q-), second (median)(H) and third (Q ) quartiles expressed in integer phi values (phi indices). 1 Introduction 1.1 GENERAL Lowlandstreams ,wit ha strongl yfluctuatin gdischarge ,wate rlevel ,curren t velocity,botto mcompositio nan dvegetatio npattern ,ar ea characteristi c typeo f streamfo rth eNetherlands .A larg enumbe ro fbenthi cmacroinvertebrat e speciesar e restrictedt othi styp eo fenvironmen tan dfor mth echaracteristi c animalcommunit y ofth enatura l lowlandstream . Sinceth e1930 smos t lowland streamsin th eNetherland shav ebee nregulate din connectionwit hlan dreclamatio nscheme so rprogramme saime da tth eimprovemem to f streamhydrolog yt oincreas edrainag ean di nth emor erecen tdecade sals ot olowe r thegroundwate rleve lin vas tareas .Thi s impliesth ereductio no finundation ,pea k flow,erosio nan dsedimen ttransport .T othi sen dmeander sar ecu toff ,bend sar e straightened,th estrea mbe di sdeepene dan dwidened ,th eslop eo fth ebank si sstan dardizedt oa 1: 2o r1: 3profile ,ban kvegetatio ni sremove dan dpath sar econ structedfo rgras smowers ;weir san dbarrage sar eplace da tregula rinterval st o reducesedimen t transportan dretai na minimu mwate r leveli nsumme rfo rirrigatio n purposes.Bank sar eofte nreinforce dwit hconcrete ,nylo nmattin go rwoo dan dsome timesth ewhol estrea mbe di sreinforce dwit hconcret eblocks .Severa lterm sar ein uset odescrib ethes ekin do fphysica lperturbations .Hereafte rth eter mregulatio n willb eused ,t osav eth eter mchannelizatio nfo rstream san drivers.tha thav ebee n regulatedwit hth epurpos eo ffacilitatin gtranspor tb yboat .