Analýza Společného Výskytu Vybraných Druhů Pakomárů Ve Vztahu K Parametrům Prostředí

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Analýza Společného Výskytu Vybraných Druhů Pakomárů Ve Vztahu K Parametrům Prostředí Masarykova universita Přírodovědecká fakulta Ústav botaniky a zoologie Analýza společného výskytu vybraných druhů pakomárů ve vztahu k parametrům prostředí Diplomová práce 2010 Bc. Iva Martincová školitel: Mgr. Karel Brabec PhD. 1 Obsah Abstrakt……………………………………………………………………………………. .1. 1. Úvod……………………………………………………………………………………. 2. 1.1. Ekologický koncept koexistence taxonů………………………………………….. 2. 1.2. Vazba taxonů na podmínky prostředí………………………………………….... .3. 1.3. Klasifikace společenstev......................................................................................... ..4. 1.4. Nika……………………………………………………………………………….. ..4. 1.5. Zonace toků………………………………………………………………………....5. 1.6. Chironomidae…………………………………………………………………….…6. 2. Materiál……………………………………………………………………………....…..7. 3. Metody……………………………………………………………………………….….11. 4. Výsledky…………………………………………………………………………….….12. 4.1. Klasifikace taxocenóz Chironomidae………………………………………….…12. 4.2. Určení hlavních faktorů distribuce pakomárovitých…………………………....19. 4.3. Autekologické charakteristiky vybraných taxonů…………………………….....21. 4.4. Koexistence v taxocenózách pakomárů..................................................................28. 4.4.1. Použití klasifikačních stromů………………………………………….……28. 4.4.2. Vybrané koexistence ve vztahu k environmentálním faktorům………….....30. 4.5. Index biocenotického regionu………………………………………………….….36. 4.5.1. Index biocenotického regionu ve vztahu k parametrům prostředí…….…….36. 4.5.2. Vztah pakomárovitých k indexu biocenotického regionu…………………...39. 4.5.3. Vztah vybraných taxonů k zonálním charakteristikám společenstva makrozoobentosu…………………………………………………………..41. 5. Diskuze…………………………………………………………………………………..47. 6. Závěr……………………………………………………………………………………..50. 7. Použitá literatura……………………………………………………………………….53. 8. Přílohy………………………………………………………………………………… . 56. 2 Abstrakt Pakomárovití (Diptera) tvoří důležitou součást společenstva makrozoobentosu v tekoucích vodách. Jejich distribuce v rámci říčního toku je ovlivněna různými faktory prostředí. Vliv environmentálních faktorů je v úzce spojen s antropogeními zásahy do prostředí. Svoji roli mohou hrát také biologické interakce mezi druhy. Cílem této studie bylo určit hlavní faktory, které jsou zodpovědné za distribuci vybraných druhů pakomárů v říčním toku. Pro přesné vyhodnocení byly, společně s environmentálními faktory prostředí, analyzovány také biologické metriky. Podmínky prostředí byly posuzovány v souvislosti s preferencemi jednotlivých druhů k zonaci toku, saprobitě, i s jejich potravními strategiemi. Pozornost byla také věnována vlivu, který může představovat koexistence mezi druhy. Lokality, kde byl pozorován výskyt jednotlivých druhů, byly porovnány s lokalitami kde byla zaznamenána jejich koexistence. Výsledky studie byly diskutovány s literaturou a porovnány s existujícími autekologickými databázemi. Abstract Chironomids (Diptera) build an important part of macrozoobenthos community in the lotic habitats. Their distribution in the frame of the river, is influenced by different factors of environment. The influence of environmental factors is closely related with anthropogenic intervention into environment. There can be the role of the biological interactions among species. The aim of this study was define the main factors, which are responsible for distribution of taxocenosis of chironomids and some separate species of them, in the river. For the accurate assesment, the environmental factors and biological metrics were analyzed together. Environmental condition were evaluate in the connections with preferences of each species, for the river zonation, the saprobity and the feeding strategies. The attention was also paid to influence of the coexistence among species. The habitats, where the single species were present, were equate to habitats where coexistence among the species were note. The results of thist study were discused with literature and compared with autecolgical database. 3 1. Úvod Předkládaná práce zaměřena na analýzu výskytu vybraných taxonů čeledi pakomárovitých (Chironomidae) s ohledem k jejich koexistencím a vlastnostem bentických společenstev bezobratlých.. Z hlediska prostorového měřítka byla studie zaměřena na srovnání jednotlivých úseků toků. V rámci tohoto rozlišení je podle dosud známých poznatků nejvýraznější vazba jednotlivých taxonů i struktury společenstev na podélnou zonaci toků. Hypotézy předkládané práce byly směřovány k poznání některých aspektů distribuce říčních bezobratlých ve vztahu ke komplexním ekologickým vazbám v těchto heterogenních a dynamických ekosystémech. 1.1. Ekologický koncept koexistence taxonů Klasický koncept koexistence taxonů vychází z teorie ekologické niky. Jeho základem je teorie, že každý druh zaujímá v prostoru místo, vymezené svými ekologickými nároky. Každý ekologický faktor představuje jeden z rozměrů. Klasický koncept koexistence předpokládá, že druhy mohou koexistovat v případě, že jsou jejich ekologické niky odděleny (TILLMAN, 1997). To znamená, že každý z druhů využívá jiný zdroj, nebo ho využívá v jiné části prostoru, nebo v jiném časovém období. Druhy na jedné trofické úrovni bývají vymezeny v jednom nebo ve více dimenzích niky. Tím se snižuje překryv ve využívání zdrojů a snižuje se možnost mezidruhové konkurence. Konkrétní faktor, který představuje určující dimenzi niky, se liší u různých taxonomických skupin (SCHOENER, 1974). Bylo prokázáno že se může lišit i v rámci jedné taxonomické skupiny v různých geografických oblastech (PIANKA, 1975). Za hlavní mechanismus, který umožňuje koexistenci u blízce příbuzných druhů, se považuje prostorová segregace. V případech toků je velká pozornost věnována longitudinální distribuci a segregaci (HYNES, 1970, HAWKES, 1975, HILDREW a EDINGTON, 1979, TOWNSEND, 1980). Na druhou stranu, na mnohem menší prostorové škále bylo intenzivní studium prováděno jen zřídka (DRAKE, 1983, TOKESHI a PINDER, 1985, 1986). Jeden z důvodů může spočívat ve faktu, že pro efektivní segregaci byl automaticky očekáván rozdíl v dostupných habitatech. Ten, podle předpokladu, musí existovat, aby jej rozdílné druhy mohly využít: jak může docházet k segregaci, pokud nejsou žádné nebo jen velmi malé rozdíly ve škále dostupných habitatů? To je rozhodující otázka, která s sebou přináší další poznání: přestože v lidských očích existují minoritní rozdíly mezi habitaty, pro jiné organismy 4 mohou mít význam pro zvyšování míry segregace a koexistence (TOKESHI a TOWNSEND, 1987). 1.2. Vazba taxonů na podmínky prostředí Larvy pakomárů představují významnou část společenstva bentických bezobratlých z hlediska produkce i druhové bohatosti. Za evolučně původní habitat jsou považovány studené proudivé vody, ale dnes obývají zástupci této čeledi různé typy tekoucích i stojatých vod v široké škále abiotických podmínek. Některé druhy jsou striktně vázány na určitá stanoviště, jiné patří spíše k ubikvistům. Vazby struktury společenstva pakomárů na určité abiotické podmínky byly popsány na úrovni zonality toků (THIENEMANN 1954), říčních habitatů a senzitivita vůči různým typům degradace vodních ekosystémů je využívána v biomonitoringu. Podle zaměření studie bývají hodnocena celá společenstva, populace, případně jedinci. Jedna z teorií předpokládá, že druhy přítomné v jednotlivých habitatech jsou filtrovány ze společného souboru taxonů (species pool) vyskytujících se dosahu možné kolonizace. Toto filtrování probíhá na základě vlastností, které umožňují organismům přežití a rozmnožování v daném habitatu (LAMOROUX, DOLÉDEC a GAYRAUD, 2004). Pokud je tomu tak, pak lze očekávat, že v habitatech s podobnými environmentálními charakteristikami budou přítomny druhy s podobnými vlastnostmi. Nicméně, ve skutečnosti je pozorovaná shoda mezi habitaty a druhy s příslušnými vlastnostmi obvykle nízká (RESH et al. 1994, POFF a ALLAN, 1995). Proč tomu tak je? Na jedné straně to vypovídá o našem idealizovaném názoru na vztahy v distribuci makrozoobentosu. Mezi teorie které by měly vysvětlují prostorovou distribuci patří distribuce podél gradientů, hnízdovitost (nestedness) nebo plošková dynamika (patch dymanic). Tyto idealizované vzorce jsou zpravidla testovány izolovaně a nejčastěji bývají dávány do kontrastu s náhodnou distribucí druhů. Jen zřídka byly tyto teorie testovány současně pro stejnou skupinu společenstev v krajině, například v kontextu společenstva (LEIBOLD a MIKKELSON, 2002). Další možností je vliv koexistence. Všechny organismy v přírodě jsou zapojeny do sítě vztahů, mezi sebou navzájem. Společenstva, která by se skládala pouze z populací jednoho druhu jsou velmi vzácná v kterékoliv prostorové škále. V užším kontextu koexistence souvisí především s výskytem ekologicky podobných druhů, které si mohou případně konkurovat. Dalším krokem je vyloučení kompetičně slabšího druhu z habitatu. 5 Taxonomicky blízké druhy mají tendenci mít podobné ekologické nároky. Jsou tedy vystaveny vysoké pravděpodobnosti kompetice a případného vytlačení z vhodného habitatu (TOKESHI, 2002) 1.3. Klasifikace společenstev V přírodě lze najít opakující se druhové kombinace. To vedlo ke snaze společenstva klasifikovat. Ke klasifikaci lze přistupovat z mnoha směrů, z hlediska preference k abiotickým faktorům, z hlediska potravních strategií nebo taxonomického složení. Při klasifikaci společenstva makrozoobentosu v tekoucích vodách, se jako nejvhodnější určující faktor ukazuje preference druhů k určitým zónám toku. Při postupné analýze druhů, od eukrenálu po hypopotamál, můžeme sledovat dynamickou proměnu druhového společenstva. Pro každou skupinu, určenou v klasifikaci, lze najít druhy, které
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