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DISSERTATION APPROVED BY Date J Moss Breen, Ph.D., Chair Tim Guetterman, Ph.D., Committee Member Moss Breen, Ph.D., Director Gail M. Jensen, AN EXPLORATION OF THE INFLUENCE AFLOAT MAINTENANCE HAS ON THE 21ST CENTURY NAVAL SAILOR’S REENLISTMENT DECISION ___________________________________ By KATHRYN SAMPSON WIJNALDUM ___________________________________ A DISSERTATION IN PRACTICE _________________________________ Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of Creighton University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in Interdisciplinary Leadership _________________________________ Omaha, NE April 6, 2019 Copyright ©2019, Kathryn Sampson Wijnaldum This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no part of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. The views in this dissertation are of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense (DoD) or its components. The Department of the Navy nor any other component of the DoD has approved, endorsed, or authorized this product. iii Abstract Although the U.S. Navy has schools that enable boot camp graduates to complete the Sailorization process and transforms them into active-duty service members, life skills training that focuses on developing resiliency and toughness in new accessions and preparing them for the rigors and demands of service in afloat naval commands does not exist. Similarly, during periods of lengthy maintenance for afloat naval commands sailors’ ability to perform their tasks in the scope of their trained occupational specialty is challenged. Maintenance availability periods are a vulnerable time for first-term enlisted sailors, and their mentorship and development must become a command's priority if the goal is to retain trained personnel. This mixed methods study analyzed first-term enlisted sailor retention for ashore and afloat commands and emphasized the effect periods of constant maintenance had on retention. The second phase of research included analysis of interview transcripts for sailors and ombudsman in Mayport and Norfolk, eliciting feedback that may stimulate recognition from military policymakers. Findings show that afloat command maintenance availabilities greater than 180 consecutive days negatively impact retention and surprisingly, retention for first-term enlisted sailors assigned to afloat commands yielded higher retention than ashore commands. A textual analysis of the challenges identified by sailors added depth to the quantitative findings and prompted the creation of a design model focused on restructuring educational systems supporting A-school as well as job training efforts to develop tough sailors who are resilient and prepared for service in a dynamic afloat command environment. Keywords: reenlistment, sailor, U.S. Navy, attrition, A-school, maintenance AN EXPLORATION OF THE INFLUENCE AFLOAT MAINTENANCE iv Dedication This conferred doctoral degree is dedicated to my late grandmother, Edythe Kathryn Graham. She also pursued a Doctorate in Education while balancing responsibilities as a wife, mother, and professional (District Area Administrator for Dade County Schools, FL). Although she completed all the core course requirements, my grandmother never finished her dissertation. I was her namesake and her continuous love, support, and encouragement helped sustain me during my first 12 years of U.S. Naval service. Grandma, This is for you! AN EXPLORATION OF THE INFLUENCE AFLOAT MAINTENANCE v Acknowledgements A well-known African proverb says, “It takes a village to raise a child.” In my case, a robust support structure consisting of immediate and extended family members (Dr. Enrique Sampson, Mrs. Karen Steiner, JD, Ms. Susie Barfield, Ms. Josephine Miller, Mrs. Tabatha Smith, and Mr. Gerard Bordey), my doctoral committee (Dr. Jennifer Moss-Breen and Dr. Tim Guetterman) and support team (Dr. Brenda Nelson-Porter, Dr. David Molnar, and Mr. Kevin Kohler), personal and professional mentors/leaders (Pastors Perry and Dr. Belinda Moss, Mr. John F. Meier, Mr. Dave Gray, Mr. Chris “Bruno” Brunett, Dr. Jim Martin, and Dr. Liz Koman), and close friends (Mrs. Ladonna Simpson, Bill & Betsy Eagan, Mrs. Chrissy Graham, and Mrs. Chemerre Wells) were leveraged to help me complete my dissertation while balancing duties and responsibilities as a wife, mother of three, active-duty naval officer, and the director of the children’s ministry at my place of worship. I pursued a doctorate, specializing in Interdisciplinary Leadership because I wanted to maximize my preparedness to lead sailors assigned to my future command. I shall forever be grateful to my husband (Olfedo) and children (Tanrah, Willem, and Vania) who sacrificed time with me, during our most extended non-deployable period of three years that immediately followed nearly six and a half years of consecutive sea duty, allowing me to modify my sleep schedule to complete doctoral requirements while balancing a full-time job. Lastly, and most importantly, I am grateful to God who trusted and challenged me to improve myself and do what others stated was unnecessary. May my continued military service and application of what I learned about myself, leadership, and the U.S. Navy during my doctoral journey be applied in future assignments and glorify Him. AN EXPLORATION OF THE INFLUENCE AFLOAT MAINTENANCE vi Table of Contents Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 Introduction and Background ............................................................................................. 1 United States Navy Personnel and Responsibilities ............................................... 2 United States Navy Appropriations ...................................................................... 10 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................. 12 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................... 15 Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 16 Aim of the Study ............................................................................................................... 17 Methodology Overview .................................................................................................... 18 Definition of Relevant Terms ........................................................................................... 19 Assumptions ...................................................................................................................... 20 Limitations, Delimitations, and Personal Biases .............................................................. 22 Limitations ............................................................................................................ 23 Delimitations ......................................................................................................... 23 Researcher Bias ..................................................................................................... 24 AN EXPLORATION OF THE INFLUENCE AFLOAT MAINTENANCE vii Significance of the Study .................................................................................................. 27 Significance of the Study to Naval Leadership ................................................................. 28 Role of Military Leadership-Related Studies ....................................................... 29 Active Duty Naval Officer and Researcher .......................................................... 32 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 34 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 34 All-Volunteer Military Force ............................................................................................ 34 Reasons For Voluntary Service ............................................................................ 35 Fiscal Years 2012-2017 Condensed Naval Workforce ......................................... 39 Reasons to Terminate Active-Duty Service .......................................................... 42 Reenlist Incentives Encouraging Afloat Sailors ................................................... 46 USN Ship Organization Culture ......................................................................................