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Oregon's Marines: a Regional History of the United States Marine Corps

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Oregon's Marines: a Regional History of the United States Marine Corps Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 11-3-1994 Oregon's Marines: A Regional History of the United States Marine Corps Michael Coleman Howard Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Howard, Michael Coleman, "Oregon's Marines: A Regional History of the United States Marine Corps" (1994). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4768. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6652 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Michael Coleman Howard for the Master of Arts in History were presented November 3, 1994, and accepted by the Thesis Committee and the department. COMMITTEE APPROVALS: Jon E. Mandaville Duncan Carter Rep~P\ntative of the office of Graduate studies DEPARTMENT APPROVAL: David A Johns I History Dep ******************************************************************** ACCEPTED FOR PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY BY THE LIBRARY b:A. v onlfikmk-1-- lfl1 ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Michael Coleman Howard for the Master of Arts in History presented November 3, 1994. TITLE: Oregon's Marines: A Regional History of the United States Marine Corps The history of the United States Marine Corps in Oregon, and of the many Oregonians who have served as Marines, is a unique story which has never been told. This thesis examines United States Marines from the state of Oregon and activities by Marines in the state. It covers the Oregon Marine experience from its start in 1841 through the Gulf War conflict of 1991 to the present. From 1838 to 1842, Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, United States Navy, led a remarkable exploration and scientific expedition around the world. In 1841, Wilkes visited the Pacific Northwest, and accompanying him aboard his flagship, the ll.S.S. Vincennes, was Quartermaster Sergeant Marion A. Stearns and thirty-two other United States Marines. Steams set a sound leadership example for both his Marines and those of the future as he landed from the sea and explored inland territory ranging from Puget Sound, to the Cascades, the Columbia River, and the Willamette Valley. Stearns' Marine detachment from the 11.SS Peacock even managed to survive their shipwreck upon the Columbia River bar. Oregon had thus begun her unique military heritage with respect to the United States Marine Corps. From this event in 1841, the one hundred and fifty year history of United States Marines in Oregon continued. In 1846, on the eve of the Mexican War, a Marine officer, First Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie, delivered a secret presidential message from James K. Polk to explorer John C. Fremont at Klamath Lake. Later, Marines from Union warship detachments visited Astoria and Portland during the Civil War. In 1898, at the Battle of Manila Bay, Private Charles C. Schroeder of Oak Grove, fought aboard the ll.S.S. Olympia with Commodore George Dewey. World War I and World War II found Oregon contributing a diverse and dedicated group of Marines who served valiantly in combat against German and Japanese forces. During the long Cold War with the Soviet Union, the wars in Korea and Vietnam exhibited a continuation of faithful Marine service by Oregonians. And in Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm of 1991, Marines from Oregon continued as their forefathers had before them to honorably serve, sacrifice, and quietly return home. Their record of courage and professionalism are an important but little known part of Oregon's rich history. OREGON'S MARINES: A REGIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS by MICHAEL COLEMAN HOWARD A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS m HISTORY PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . i LIST OF FIGURES . tv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . 1 II MARINE ORIGINS AND THEIR LANDING IN OREGON . 8 III SEA DUTY, RECRUITING, AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RESERVE ....................................... 21 IV WORLD WAR I AND THE OREGON RESER VE . 48 V WORLD WAR II: THE SUPRE1\1E TEST ..................... 74 VI KORE~ THE CHOSIN FEW, COLD WAR . 160 VII VIETNAM AND COLD WAR VICTORY .................... 202 VIII GULF WAR TRIUMPH AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER . 219 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY . 264 APPENDICES . 276 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS "Professor Samuel Eliot Morrison has advised young historians to remember only that they have a story to tell and that the only way to tell it is to write." William P. McCahill, Colonel USMCR The Marine .Gorps Reserve, A History Public Affairs Unit 4-1, HQMC, 1966 "How vain it is to sit down to write when you have not stood up to live." Thoreau I have sat down to write because of others I have served with . those fellow Marines before me who have stood up to live, serve, and sacrifice. This is a history which had not been told, and I felt a strong obligation to record it to the best of my ability. This regional history of the United States Marine Corps is my own. I have attempted to be objective, but must remind the reader that this is a story, it is certainly not .the story. The complex research on this work has convinced me more than ever that history is an art and not a science. As such, I accept full responsibility for any and all inaccuracies found in it and ask the reader to be patient with some of my expressed personal opinions. I would like to acknowledge the grateful assistance and patience of several key individuals. To my wife Lynn, a special thank you for being there, willing to help discuss or edit at any given time. To my daughters Jessica, Rachel, and Meredith, a special thank you for helping your Dad in everything from how to fully utilize the computer, to 11 keeping the house quiet, to "chilling out" sessions of soda, popcorn, and classic old movies! To my son Nathan, who has gently reminded me to trust in the sovereignty of God. To Jim Heath, my mentor and friend, for motivating and nurturing me by his love of the Lord, history, and service to others. He reminded me that the world is full of too many six hundred page books, on two hundred page topics, by fifty page authors! To Gordon Morgan, President of the Oregon/Columbia River Chapter of the First Marine Division Association and Tom Green, President of the Oregon Chapter of the Chosin Few, fellow Marines who took me under their wings like a son and introduced me to the Oregon Marine network system. They gave new meaning to the saying: "Marines take care of their own." This local Oregon Marine network system of retired and former Marines was essential in filling in crucial historical gaps and providing valuable primary sources. I circulated what I called my: "Oregon Marine History Survey," with a goal of getting one such survey to every Marine (or his surviving family) in Oregon. I identified and met with many of these veterans, conducting and recording oral interviews on tape, while taking notes. Through their recollections, photographs, letters, citations, articles, clippings, and other documents, I was able to make progress in putting together the individual pieces of the large puzzle. This has become a real labor of love, meeting with these gentlemen over lunch, in their homes, at group meetings, in museums and libraries, or in various Veterans' Administration hospitals. I felt privileged to be hearing and recording firsthand their Ill special recollections from Americn history. It was sad to reflect upon just how many other fascinating stories had been lost over time. History is fragile. I would also like to thank Dick Matthews, fellow aspiring historian and another kindred spirit of Jim Heath, for his superb research and writings on the Marine Barracks at Klamath Falls. Organizations such as the Marine Corps Historical Center at the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., the Columbia Maritime Museum and the Clatsop County Historical Society, Astoria, Oregon, the Pioneer Museum, Tillamook, Oregon, and the Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon were extremely helpful in allowing me to use their archives. A special and final note of gratitude and inspiration must be made in memory of Colonel Robert S. Mayo, the original 6th Engineer Battalion executive officer and historian during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. His rich and highly professional written history has set a personal example to me. And lastly to Mary Morgan, devoted Marine wife of Gordon, who lovingly typed and edited this manuscript. "In your fair minds let this acceptance take." Shakespeare, Henry V LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Columbia Rediyiva . 4 2. USS Vincennes . 15 3. Late l 830's era Marine . 18 4. Marines in 1859 ........................................... 27 5. Marines in 1871 ........................................... 27 6. Oregon Naval Militia . 33 7. Marines of Battleship llSS Oregon ............................ 36 8. 1914 Portland . 39 9. Marines in 1915 ........................................... 46 10. Albert G. Skelton . 60 11. Cecil Key . 60 12. Map ofBelleau Wood, 1918 ................................. 62 13. Marine attack at Belleau Wood . 63 14. Tactical map of Belleau Wood ................................ 64 15. 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines . 65 16. Marine guarding U.S. Mail ................................... 69 17. 1l.S..S Oregon in Portland . 70 v 18. Marine Reserves with 1LS.S Oregon . 71 19. Marine Reserves to World War II ............................. 78 20. Harry H.W. Niehoff, Bremerton ............................... 80 21. Marines at Navy Yard, Bremerton ............................. 81 22. Marine Barracks, Puget Sound . 81 23. Oregon Marines, Pearl Harbor .
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