Facultad Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Ecuador Departamento De Antropología, Historia Y Humanidades Convocatoria 2014-2016

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Facultad Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Ecuador Departamento De Antropología, Historia Y Humanidades Convocatoria 2014-2016 www.flacsoandes.edu.ec Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Ecuador Departamento de Antropología, Historia y Humanidades Convocatoria 2014-2016 Tesis para obtener el título de maestría en Antropología Éxito, orgullo y vergüenza. Los usos de la cultura auténtica en la disputa por la música folclórica andina Adriana Soledad Aguilar Molina Asesor: Alfredo Santillán Lectoras: Mercedes Prieto y Alicia Torres Quito, mayo 2019 I Dedicatoria A mi familia, por ser la luz que guía mis pasos y no dejarme vencer en cada tropiezo A mi Jatari, el pequeño ser que me recuerda lo que realmente importa en esta vida Y a mi abuelita María Piedad, quien desde el cielo a todos nos cuida II Epígrafe “En el Conservatorio debía enseñarse música ecuatoriana, pero los eruditos que han estado al frente, tampoco se han acordado de la música nacional. Esto es por una cuestión social, porque se piensa que los que tocan música ecuatoriana son chagras, indígenas, entonces les dejan a un lado”. Gonzalo Benítez (1915-2005) Músico y compositor ecuatoriano III Tabla de contenidos Resumen ................................................................................................................................ VIII Agradecimientos ....................................................................................................................... IX Introducción ............................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1 ................................................................................................................................... 6 La negociación de las identidades en la música folclórica ......................................................... 6 1. Prácticas culturales y representaciones sociales ................................................................. 6 1.1. La invención del “folclor” ........................................................................................... 8 1.2. El relato de “autenticidad” ......................................................................................... 11 1.3. La puesta en escena “étnica” ..................................................................................... 13 2. Problema de investigación ................................................................................................ 16 3. Trabajo de campo y análisis de datos ............................................................................... 20 Capítulo 2 ................................................................................................................................. 24 Los “folclores” de la música ecuatoriana ................................................................................. 24 1. Las representaciones del “indio” poscolonial ................................................................... 24 1.1. En la música “nacional”: La vasija de barro .............................................................. 25 1.2. En la música “protesta”: Cuando el indio llora ......................................................... 33 2. La música “indígena” ........................................................................................................ 39 3. La música “folclórica andina” .......................................................................................... 41 Capítulo 3 ................................................................................................................................. 43 El éxito de la música folclórica andina .................................................................................... 43 1. El modelo de negocio de Corporación Canela .................................................................. 43 1.1. La fan y los “hits folclóricos” .................................................................................... 49 1.2. Los covers y los imitadores ....................................................................................... 59 1.3. El “boom” de Los Kjarkas ......................................................................................... 65 2. El “folclor” como recurso económico ............................................................................... 68 Capítulo 4 ................................................................................................................................. 70 El “patrimonio” como recurso político .................................................................................... 70 1. Otavalo y los músicos “kichwas” ..................................................................................... 71 2. Otras formas de gestión de la música ............................................................................... 75 2.1. El orgullo de “la matriz auténtica” ............................................................................ 82 2.2. “Mestizos” versus “indígenas” .................................................................................. 86 3. Música “de indios” ............................................................................................................ 89 Conclusiones ............................................................................................................................ 94 IV Abreviaturas ............................................................................................................................. 98 Glosario .................................................................................................................................... 99 Lista de referencias ................................................................................................................. 100 V Ilustraciones Figura 1. 1. Clúster industria fonográfica ecuatoriana, 2013 ................................................... 19 Figura 2. 1. Ejemplos de canciones indigenistas en la música nacional ecuatoriana ............... 32 Figura 2. 2. Ejemplos de canciones indigenistas en la música protesta ecuatoriana ................ 38 Figura 2. 3. Discursos de la primera música indígena ecuatoriana .......................................... 40 Figura 2. 4. Distinción étnica y de clase en la música nacional ecuatoriana, 2013 ................. 42 Figura 3. 1. Grupos "folclóricos" contratados en Cantos de Libertad, 2006-2018 .................. 47 Figura 3. 2. Hits de Cantos de Libertad, 2015-2018 ................................................................ 58 Figura 3. 3. Primeros hits de Los Kjarkas ................................................................................ 68 Tabla 2. 1. Primeras radioemisoras ecuatorianas ..................................................................... 26 VI Declaración de cesión de derecho de publicación de la tesis Yo, Adriana Soledad Aguilar Molina, autora de la tesis titulada “Éxito, orgullo y vergüenza. Los usos de la cultura auténtica en la disputa por la música folclórica andina”, declaro que la obra es de mi exclusiva autoría, que la he elaborado para obtener el título de maestría en Antropología concedido por la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Ecuador. Cedo a la FLACSO Ecuador los derechos exclusivos de reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución y divulgación, bajo la licencia Creative Commons 3.0 Ecuador (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 EC), para que esta universidad la publique en su repositorio institucional, siempre y cuando el objetivo no sea obtener un beneficio económico. Quito, mayo de 2019. Adriana Soledad Aguilar Molina VII Resumen Mediante el uso del método etnográfico, es decir, a través de la aplicación de técnicas como la observación participante y la entrevista cualitativa semi estructurada, se exploran las negociaciones de identidad de lo que en Quito, y hasta el momento, se conoce como música “folclórica andina”. Para ello se enlaza la información y los datos extraídos en varios conciertos y/o espectáculos realizados en Quito, Sangolquí y Otavalo entre los años 2015 y 2017, con los relatos de las personas encargadas de organizarlos y difundirlos; y también de presentarse en ellos: una productora, un locutor de radio, dos gestores culturales, el propietario de un bar; y los músicos chilenos, bolivianos y ecuatorianos. Así, desde una mirada amplia esta investigación propone que las ideas del “folclor” y del “patrimonio” hacen referencia a los mismos y supuestos “saberes tradicionales” de las naciones latinoamericanas, en este caso, las músicas y las danzas de los pueblos “indígenas” y “mestizos” de la región andina. Sin embargo, el uso económico de las músicas y las danzas folclóricas de países como Bolivia, Ecuador, Perú y Chile, por parte de una corporación de empresas, lo aleja parcialmente de esta definición esencialista de la cultura, y se apega a la idea de que de ellas interesa su rentabilidad como objeto de un mercado musical competitivo. De esta manera, sólo importa “el éxito” de la cultura andina. Por otro lado, el uso político del patrimonio, o las músicas y las danzas de los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas del Ecuador, por parte de ciertos gestores culturales locales, tiene que ver no sólo con la idea de que estos “son los saberes tradicionales” del país, sino que colocarlos en los escenarios responde a un proceso de “investigación” y de “rescate” de las “raíces culturales auténticas” de los ecuatorianos. En esa medida, desde la estética se combate el éxito de otros países en la música y la danza folclórica, como Bolivia. Pero esta disputa estética se transforma en una frontera étnica -territorialmente
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