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Redalyc.CICLO DE VIDA DE PELLAEA TERNIFOLIA (CAV Polibotánica ISSN: 1405-2768 [email protected] Departamento de Botánica México Huerta-Zavala, Jorge; Arreguín-Sánchez, María de la Luz; Quiroz-García, David Leonor; Fernández- Nava, Rafael CICLO DE VIDA DE PELLAEA TERNIFOLIA (CAV.) LINK SUBSP. TERNIFOLIA (PTERIDACEAE- POLYPODIIDAE) Polibotánica, núm. 35, febrero, 2013, pp. 65-84 Departamento de Botánica Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62125675004 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Núm. 35, pp. 65-84, ISSN 1405-2768; México, 2013 CICLO DE VIDA DE PELLAEA TERNIFOLIA (CAV.) LINK SUBSP. TERNIFOLIA (PTERIDACEAE-POLYPODIIDAE)* LIFE CYCLE OF PELLAEA TERNIFOLIA (CAV.) LINK SUBSP. TERNIFOLIA (PTERIDACEAE-POLYPODIIDAE)* Jorge Huerta-Zavala1, María de la Luz Arreguín-Sánchez2, **, David Leonor Quiroz- García2, ** y Rafael Fernández-Nava2, ** 1Egresado ENCB-IPN. 2Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Plan de Ayala y Carpio, Colonia Santo Tomás, México DF, 11340. RESUMEN ABSTRACT Se describe el ciclo de vida de Pellaea ter- We describe the life cycle of Pellaea terni- nifolia (Cav.) Link subsp. ternifolia. Los es- folia (Cav.) Link subsp. ternifolia. Studied pecímenes fueron recolectados en un bosque material was collected in a disturbed forest de Pinus perturbado en San Miguel de los of Pinus in San Miguel de los Alcanfores, Alcanfores, municipio de Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, Tlaxco municipality, State of Tlaxcala, México. Las esporas fueron sembradas en Mexico. Spores were sown in polyurethane vasos de unicel de 262 ml con cerámica (ba- vessel of 262 ml prepared in the following rro molido), piedra de río, tela de mosquitero manner: the glasses were layered with ce- y tres soportes de cultivo (tierra, maquique ramic, river stone, mosquito net and three y musgo), todo previamente esterilizado y natural substrates (plant litter, maquique and cerrado con plástico y alambre de cobre. moss), all previously sterilized and enclosed El ciclo fue isospórico con desarrollo del in plastic bags tied with copper wire. The protalo tipo Adiantum. En la fase cordada cycle proved to be typically isosporeus with se apreciaron gametófi tos con anteridios prothallial development corresponding to y arquegonio en una proporción cercana the Adiantum type. The gametophytes were al 70% y el otro 30% fueron gametófi tos cordate, 70% of them produced antheridia apogámicos. Los esporófitos jóvenes se and archegonia and the other 30% were apo- obtuvieron a partir de los 63 días. gamic. Young sporophytes were obtained around 63 days after sowing. Palabras clave: ciclo de vida, Pellaea ternifolia subsp. ternifolia, desarrollo del Key words: life cycle, Pellaea ternifolia gametófi to, desarrollo del esporófi to, apo- subsp. ternifolia, gametophyte development, gamia. sporophyte development, apogamy. * Proyecto apoyado por la Dirección de Estudios de Posgrado del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, clave 20110410. **Becarios de COFAA. 65 Núm. 35: 65-84 Febrero 2013 INTRODUCCIÓN (Cav.) Link subsp. ternifolia (Pteridaceae) como una aportación al conocimiento de la Las licofi tas y monilofi tas (también conoci- biología de este helecho y como antecedente das como pteridofi tas) son traqueofi tas que para su posible cultivo, así como comparar presentan raíces, tallos y hojas de tipo licofi - el desarrollo de este ciclo en tres diferentes lo (micrófi lo) o eufi lo (megáfi lo), presentan soportes naturales. ciclos de vida heterospóricos, isospóricos y tipo Equisetum que originan la fase espo- ANTECEDENTES rofítica y gametofítica independientes entre sí en la madurez. Las esporas se desarrollan Entre los estudios de la biología reproductiva en los esporangios que por su morfología del género Pellaea sobresalen los de Pickett y desarrollo pueden ser euesporangios o y Manuel (1925) quienes describieron el de- leptoesporangios, estos últimos son los más sarrollo del protalo de Pellaea glabella, para abundantes y se caracterizan por presentar lo cual utilizaron el medio de Knop. Picket y un anillo cuya posición puede variar. Smith Thayer (1927) trabajaron con el gametófi to et al. (2006) reconocen los órdenes Ma- y la formación del esporófi to de P. densa y rattiales, Osmundales, Hymenophyllales, mencionaron el tiempo de germinación de Gleicheniales, Schizaeales, Salviniales, las esporas y la presencia de apogamia en Cyatheales y Polypodiales, este último con esta especie. En 1964 Nayar y Bajpai estu- 22 familias, una de ellas las Pteridaceae. diaron seis especies y una variedad del gé- (Judd et al., 2008) considera que el género nero Pellaea, para lo cual utilizaron el medio Pellaea pertenece a la familia Pteridaceae de agar con solución de Knop y describen y en total existen entre 220 a 260 géneros la germinación de las esporas así como la de criptógamas vasculares y unas 7 000 presencia de apogamia en algunas de ellas. especies a nivel mundial. En 1968 Pray realizó una investigación de los gametófi tos de Pellaea sección Pellaea Mickel y Smith (2004) reconocen 1 080 serie estípite-negro, las esporas las sembró taxones en la pteridofl ora mexicana con re- en medio de agar con solución de Bristol, presentantes en las zonas templadas, zonas posteriomente este mismo autor en 1970 frías, zonas tropicales húmedas y de las zo- describe los gametófi tos de Pellaea estípite nas secas y semisecas donde se albergan al- claro utilizando el mismo medio y solución gunas de las 15 especies de Pellaea. A nivel que en el trabajo anterior. Tryon (1968) mundial estos mismos autores consideran comparó las características de las esporas y que existen un total de 35 especies de este gametófi tos de diferentes especies sexuales género. Christenhusz et al. (2011) sitúan al y apogámicas del género Pellaea. Whitter género Pellaea en la división Monilophyta, (1968) indujo la apogamia en Pellaea gla- subclase Polypodiidae, Familia Pteridaceae bella var. glabella adicionando sacarosa y Subfamilia Cheilanthoideae. al medio de cultivo. Pray 1971 estudió los gametófi tos de híbridos del género Pellaea OBJETIVOS utilizando el medio de Bristol. Rigby (1973) indujo la apogamia en P. glabella var. occi- El propósito de este trabajo es describir las dentale adicionando fructosa a los medios fases del ciclo de vida de Pellaea ternifolia de cultivo. Díaz-Espinoza (2002) observó 66 Huerta-Zavala, J. et al.: Ciclo de vida de Pellaea ternifolia subsp. ternifolia (Pteridaceae-Polypodiidae). el ciclo de vida de Pellaea cordifolia uti- levemente eroso, base cordada, ápice agudo, lizando como soporte maquique y obtuvo bicoloras, frondes similares de 20 a 30 cm de esporófi tos a los 386 días. Herrera-Soriano largo con el peciolo negro lustroso, glabro et al. (2011) describieron el ciclo biológico al igual que el raquis, lámina de contorno de Pellaea ovata utilizando como soportes lineal de 10 a 25 cm de largo, pinnada en maquique y tierra de hoja, los esporófi tos la parte superior, ternada en la inferior, no se desarrollaron en el primer soporte pinnas coriáceas, enteras, lanceoladas a mientras que en el segundo se formaron a lineal-lanceoladas de 2 a 3 cm de largo por los 390 días. 0.5 a 1.5 cm de ancho, sésiles con la base cordada, ápice mucronado a agudo, margen MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS entero, haz y envés glabro, nerviación libre, esporangios protegidos por el margen refl ejo Los esporófi tos (Fig. 1) de los cuales se continuo. Es frecuente encontrarla sobre tomaron las esporas para el seguimiento piedras en bosques de encinos, pinos, pinos- del ciclo de vida presentaron las siguientes encinos y matorrales xerófi los entre los 700 características morfológicas: rizoma corto o a los 3 00 m.s.n.m. compacto de 3 a 6 mm de diámetro, cubierto con escamas densas y persistentes de 5 a 6 En México su distribución es: Aguasca- mm de largo por 0.1 a 0.3 mm de ancho, lientes, Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, lineal-lanceoladas, inserción basal, margen Chiapas, Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Duran- Fig. 1. Pellaea ternifolia subsp. ternifolia, fotografía tomada en el sitio de colecta San Miguel de los Alcanfores, municipio de Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, México. 67 Núm. 35: 65-84 Febrero 2013 go, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, indicaban con claridad la secuencia del Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, ciclo, y posteriormente se tomaron con un Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, microscopio compuesto Xiophot 1 Zeiss, Tlaxcala, Veracruz y Zacatecas. En otros con cámara digital ZVS-47DE y un micros- países es conocida Argentina, Bolivia, copio estereoscópico Stemi SAV-Zeiss con Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Esta- cámara digital SONY DXC ISIA (640 X 480 dos Unidos de Norteamérica, Guatemala, líneas) y el programa de captura y procesa- Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Perú y miento de imágenes KS-400 Zeiss. Venezuela, y (Mickel y Beitel, 1988 y Mic- kel y Smith, 2004). El nombre común que RESULTADOS recibe esta planta es el de helecho o el de pivora por los tarahumaras y la parte aérea En la fi gura 2 se muestra una síntesis del se utiliza en enfermedades del hígado y para ciclo de vida completo de Pellaea ternifolia curar la tos (www.semarnat.gob.mx/pfnm/ subsp. ternifolia desde la espora hasta la Pellaeaternifoliawrightii.html.). formación de esporófi tos por la vía sexual a través de la fecundación de anteridios y Los ejemplares fueron colectados en San arquegonios y por la asexual por medio Miguel de los Alcanfores, municipio de de apogamia. En las fi guras 3 a la 18 se Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, México, el 28 de agosto muestran los detalles de varias de las etapas del 2004, en un bosque perturbado de pino, reproductivas. En la tabla 1 se incluye el a 2400 m.s.n.m. El ejemplar de referencia cuadro comparativo de los resultados de los se encuentra depositado en el Herbario de tres soportes.
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