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From Troy to Constantinople: Cities and Societies of Ancient Turkey Professor Jennifer Tobin University of Illinois at Chicago Recorded Books™ is a trademark of Recorded Books, LLC. All rights reserved. From Troy to Constantinople: Cities and Societies of Ancient Turkey Professor Jennifer Tobin Executive Editor Donna F. Carnahan RECORDING Producer - Ian McCulloch COURSE GUIDE Editor - James Gallagher Design - Edward White Lecture content ©2011 by Jennifer Tobin Course guide ©2011 by Recorded Books, LLC 72011 by Recorded Books, LLC Cover images: © Shutterstock.com #UT192 ISBN: 978-1-4618-0309-6 All beliefs and opinions expressed in this audio/video program and accompanying course guide are those of the author and not of Recorded Books, LLC, or its employees. Course Syllabus From Troy to Constantinople: Cities and Societies of Ancient Turkey About Your Professor.......................................................................................4 Introduction....................................................................................................5 Lecture 1 Palaeolithic and Neolithic Turkey ................................................6 Lecture 2 Troy and the Trojan War............................................................11 Lecture 3 The Hittites...............................................................................17 Lecture 4 The Phrygians...........................................................................22 Lecture 5 The Greeks...............................................................................27 Lecture 6 The Lydians ..............................................................................32 Lecture 7 The Persians .............................................................................37 Lecture 8 The Lycians ..............................................................................42 Lecture 9 The Carians ..............................................................................47 Lecture 10 Alexander the Great in Anatolia................................................52 Lecture 11 The Kingdom of Pergamon........................................................57 Lecture 12 Nemrud Dag˘ and the Kingdom of Commagene..........................62 Lecture 13 The Early Roman Empire: Ephesus and Perge............................67 Lecture 14 The Later Roman Empire: Zeugma and Constantinople..............73 Course Materials...........................................................................................78 Recorded Books ............................................................................................80 3 About Your Professor Jennifer Tobin Photo courtesy of Jennifer Tobin Jennifer Tobin is an associate professor of classical archaeology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, where she has taught since 1999. Professor Tobin is the author of Black Cilicia: A Study of the Plain of Issus during the Roman and Late Roman Periods (British Archaeological Reports, 2004) and Herodes Attikos and the City of Athens: Patronage and Conflict under the Antonines (J.C. Gieben, 1997). She has participated in excavations in Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey and leads educational tours of archaeological sites in and around the Mediterranean basin. The Modern Scholar offers these other courses by Professor Tobin: The Glory That Was Greece: Greek Art and Archaeology No ancient society has exerted greater influence on the development of Western culture than the ancient Greeks. Over two thousand years ago these people gave birth to the institution of democracy, to scientific investigation and philosophical dialogue, to poetry, both epic and personal, to historical narrative, and to comic and tragic theater. Their intensely creative spark also manifested itself in the arts: in architecture with the creation of temples for the gods, the- aters for assembly and entertainment, and tombs for the dead, in sculpture that depicted the divine ideal and human frailty, and painting that illustrated the sim- ple patterns of daily life, the poignancy of death, and the fickleness of the gods. The Grandeur That Was Rome: Roman Art and Archaeology Common perceptions of Ancient Rome are plentiful, whether they take the form of crazy emperors hosting lavish feasts, scenes of chariot races and gladiatorial combat, or processions of conquering armies. But that is only half the story. In this enlightening lecture series, Professor Jennifer Tobin presents a sweeping por- trait of Rome, including the lofty developments of senatorial government, histori- cal writing, stunning art and architecture, and even the origins of long-lived cus- toms such as the Roman tradition of carrying a bride over the threshold. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Esteemed professor Jennifer Tobin leads a compelling series of lectures on the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Examining the historical and social context of each wonder, Tobin answers such questions as, Why was it built? and What can it tell us about the people who built it? From the Great Pyramid at Giza to the Colossus of Rhodes and the Pharos of Alexandria, the course provides a 360- degree view of these enduring marvels of human achievement. 4 © Shutterstock.com The larger-than-life sculptures at the tumulus of Nemrud Dag˘. Introduction Throughout history, Turkey has connected Europe and Asia, serving as a destination for settlement for a diverse array of peoples. A region of rich archaeological and historic significance, Turkey (or “Anatolia”) proves an enlightening field of study for anyone interested in world culture—and in its continuing influence on the world today. An esteemed professor in the field of classical archaeology, Jennifer Tobin examines the extraordinary heritage of societies such as those of the Hittites, Phrygians, Persians, and Carians. Conducting this well-researched survey from the Old Stone Age through the Later Roman Empire, Tobin also brings into the discussion notable personages including Helen of Troy, Alexander the Great, and Constantine. 5 Lecture 1 Palaeolithic and Neolithic Turkey The Suggested Reading for this lecture is Seton Lloyd’s Ancient Turkey: A Traveller’s History, chapter 1, “Anatolia: A Land-Bridge in History.” The landmass known today as Turkey is a broad peninsula running east to west, stretching from Asia to Europe, incorporating a variety of climates and geographical zones. At its heart is the Anatolian Plateau, an expanse of steppe-land rising between 3,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level. To its north, the Pontus Mountains separate the plateau from the shores of the Black Sea, and to the south stands the mighty Taurus Range. Stretching along the entire length of the Mediterranean shoreline, with peaks rising over 12,000 feet high, the Taurus Mountains acted as a barrier between the inland and the sea, with only a few natural passes connecting the two regions. Mountains also occupy Eastern Turkey, home to the sources of both the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. These begin as small streams that build in strength as they flow south into Syria through the arid southeastern sec- tion of Turkey, a region associated with biblical Harran. The varied land- scapes and natural barriers within Turkey encouraged the development of a number of unique societies in antiquity. The fact that Turkey is a land bridge connecting Europe and Asia also meant that from time immemorial peoples from north and south, east and west, have immigrated into the region and settled. This course is the story of the diverse societies that inhabited the Turkish peninsula from roughly 10,000 BC to AD 330. Because the Turks themselves did not enter the region until the twelfth century AD, I will not be using the modern and anachronous name for the region but will use the ethnically neutral term that most archaeologists use for ancient Turkey: Anatolia, simply meaning “the East.” © Shutterstock.com 6 One hundred thousand years ago humans lived a nomadic life, hunting wild animals and gathering wild fruits, nuts, and grains for sustenance, con- stantly on the move, following the herds and availing themselves of season- al plants. Over the millennia, termed the Palaeolithic, or Old Stone Age, by archaeologists, humans endured several ice ages, the last one ending around 12,000 BC, and here our story begins. In Eastern Anatolia a site has recently been excavated that provides a remarkable window into the lives of these hunter-gatherers. Göbekli Tepe (or Potbelly Hill) is located just twenty miles from the Syrian border in a region that is home to wild wheat, gazelle, and a variety of birds. Here, millennia before the domestication of plants and animals, long before settled communities and the invention of pottery and writing, were created a number of monumental buildings, today considered the world’s first temples. German excavator Klaus Schmidt has been investigating the hill for the past ten years and has cleared four round temple structures. Ground penetrating radar has indicated that at least six- teen more still lie below the surface. These share the same basic plan, with two T-shaped stone pillars encircled by other T-shaped pillars linked togeth- er by a coarsely built wall. Some of the circles are large, measuring sixty- five feet across, while others are smaller. The pillars, some as tall as seven- teen feet and weighing as much as fifty tons, were carved at a quarry locat- ed a quarter mile away. The organized manpower needed to construct these buildings is unprecedented in human history. Schmidt suggests that nomadic bands
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