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Notes and Documents Downloaded from PREHISTORIC IONIAN8 288 April Notes and Documents Downloaded from PREHISTORIC IONIAN8. IT is not the purpose of this brief paper to revive in any shape that untenable hypothesis of Curtius' (which had been anticipated by Casaubon') that the colonisation of Ionia was the work of a people which had migrated from Ionia itself to the western shores of the http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ Aegean. That hypothesis, notwithstanding the support of Holm's adhesion, has been definitely refuted, if it still needed refutation, by two articles of E. Meyer in PhUologus? It may now be considered as established, with almost universal consent, that the colonists who sailed from the shores of Attica and Argolis to found the Greek city-states of Ionia were men whose ancestors had come, not from beyond the sea, but from the northern regions of their own peninsula. But in connexion with this colonisation one at University of Michigan on September 6, 2015 difficulty occurs which has never been satisfactorily met. The present paper offers a possible solution. The problem is the source of the Ionian name itself. Whence did the Ionian communities derive that common name which marked them off from the Aeolians of the north and the Dorians of the south ? The most obvious answer is that among the settlers were a people called the Iavones, and that, by some unrecorded chance, this name came into use to designate all the Greeks within the Ionic area. Like others, I accepted this answer, which is far more probable than the supposition that there was, at the time of the migration, a western Ionia, extending over Attica, Euboea, and Argolis. Yet the answer is not satisfactory. For if the Iavones were a Greek people of sufficient importance to impress their name on the communities of Ionia, it seems incredible that we should find no trace of them in the home-country. We might not find an Ionia as we find a Doris, or as we find an Aeolian territory in Aetolia, but surely we should find some vestige of their existence, some tradition pointing to some place as their original home. It has been supposed, indeed, that such a vestige exists in the deme 1 Die Ionitr vor dor ionuchen Wanderung, 1855; Olltt. Gel. Ant. 1856, p. 1152 sqq., and 1869, p. 2021: Hermet, xxv. (1890), 141 tqq. 1 On Dion ChryBotom, il. 465, ed. Beiske ; see Curtios, Oriechische GeschicliU P, p. 684. ' Philologut, xlviii. (1880), 268 tqq., ilix. (1890) 479 sqq. 1900 PREHISTORIC IONIANS 289 Ionidae in Attica; but this carries no conviction.4 The Ionidae may have been descended from any immigrant Ion. Chance, indeed, plays such a large part in the nomenclature of political geography that we might well decide to accept a prehistoric Ionia in the west, notwithstanding the improbability of its leaving no traces of its existence, not even in tradition, if there were no other way out of the difficulty. But there is another way. The name 'Idrovss has been compared, for its termination, to Xdovet and "Aovssf and no one can show that it could not be Greek. Downloaded from But no obvious or persuasive etymology of the word has ever been suggested. On the other hand it might equally well belong to other languages. It might be a Thraco-Illyrian name, to be compared with the Illyrian Tlaiovss and the Phrygian Matoves (Mr)oves). Or it might not be Aryan at all. It might belong to one http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ of that group of Asian languages (kleinasiatische Sprachen) which includes the Lydian, Carian, and Lycian.5 It would be a folk-name of the same form as AVKOOVES, while for the initial letter it might be compared to lardanos, Zasos, Jalysos. This, I believe, is the true solution.7 The original Iavones, according to my hypothesis, were a people of the Asian (or shall we call it Minorasian ?) group, brethren of the Carians and the Lydians, the Lycians and the Lycaonians, and the rest of them. They lived north of the Leleges, at University of Michigan on September 6, 2015 between the Maeander and Hermus, occupying part of the historical Ionia. When the Greek settlers came, the Iavones suffered the same fate as the pre-Greek inhabitants of Greece proper. They were weaker, or they clave less obstinately to their ethnical identity, than their brethren, the Lycians, the Carians, the Lydians; and they coalesced completely with the Greek invaders. The original non-Greek Iavonia thus became a country consisting of several inde- pendent Greek communities, in all of which there was an Iavonian element; and, while each community had its own city-name, the name Iavones did not fall out of use along with the old Iavonian language, but was applied to all the inhabitants of these com- munities, which, though of Greek speech, were of mixed race. The circumstance that these cities were founded by Greeks who were 4 The view of Wilamonitz-MOllendorff, connecting the Ionians with the south- western Peloponnesus, would deserve the greatest consideration if there were clear proofs of Iavones west of the Aegean ; but, it may be observed, there is no strong evi- dence of such a connexion, apart from the Neleid traditions ; and the manufacture of the Neleid traditions can be otherwise explained (Aristoteles und Athen, ii. 142). * 'K6m, Xairts, according to Herodian. See Eur. Phoen. 644 ; Pausan. ix. 6, 1; Thucyd. ii. 68. I am not, indeed, quite satisfied that these peoples and their names are Greek. The Ghaones may obviously have been Illyrians; and as for the Aonea, there is other evidence that Illyrian elements crept into the midst of Greece. * Eretschmer, Einleitung in die Qeschichte der griecMtchen Sprache. ' The possibility that the Iavones were of Phrygian stock does not recommend itself, on account of the absence of names of Phrygian character in Ionia; nor have there been discovered arohoological remains pointing to Phrygia. VOL. XV.—NO. LVIH. U 290 PREHISTORIC IONIANS April closely akin, and had much to mark them off from other portions of the Greek race, in addition to the admixture of Iavonian blood, rendered a common distinctive appellation convenient and necessary. It waB quite natural that the application of the name should presently be extended to take in adjacent communities •which were outside the boundaries of prehistoric Iavonia, whether in the north or in the south, but which had been settled by Greeks of similar speech and similar cults. This view cannot, of course, be demonstrated. But, while it Downloaded from explains the fact that no trace of the Ionian name is found west of the Aegean, it wins considerable probability from the explanations which it furnishes of two historical problems. 1. It is easier to understand the rapid development of the Ionians in early times, and their differentiation in many points http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ from their Greek brethren, if, in addition to difference of circum- stances which does not seem fully to account for the facts, there was also an ethnical difference in consequence of fusion with the Iavones. The Iavonian admixture may have supplied the force necessary for the Ionian development. 2. A passage in Egyptian history receives elucidation. The names of the allies of the Hittites who attacked Egypt under Eamses II in the thirteenth century B.C. were as follows:— at University of Michigan on September 6, 2015 (1) Euka, (2) Dard^y, (3) Masa, (4) Yevanna or Yevan, (5) Fidasa, (6) Karakisha.8 No significance can be attached to identifications which rest on verbal similarities alone; it is perfectly useless to wander from Syria to Sardinia in search of like-sounding names. Such similarities acquire significance only when they have geo- graphical probability to support them. It can hardly be questioned that W. Max Muller is right in laying down the principle that these allies of the Hittites must be sought in Asia Minor. The Euka, who appear in other lists too, are, it is generally agreed, the Lycians. It has been pointed out that P'idasa corresponds closely to HrjSaa-a and Karakisha to Kopaxi]criov.9 Dard'ny and Masa suggested obviously Dardanians and Mysians; and there is no • W. Max Miiller, Asien und Europa, p. 854 $qq. ' It has struck me that in the case also of the invaciers of Egypt in the reigns of Memptah and Bamses III the names of some of the tribes mentioned may survive in the names of places. Thus the Turuslia of the Memptah invasion might be referred to Tarsus; bat the association of the Danona (who appear under Bamses III) with ' islands ' is against the suggestion of Adana. The Puirasatl, or Pursatl, ' from the middle of the sea,' might represent men of Praesus, in Eastern Crete. It has sometimes occurred to me to suspect that the name 'E-rtifiqnjrjj (Od. xiz. 176) was not an entirely original invention of a primitive ethnographer, but arose, by a process of Volksetymologie, from the actual name of an old Cretan community. Such a name might have been the Takkara, who are associated in Egyptian documents with the Pursatl It is conceivable that Greeks might have made the speaking name 'ErcifofnjTts ont of a Cretan name which Egyptians might have represented as Takkara. 1900 PREHISTORIC IONIANS 291 reason for supposing that the migration of a branch of the MysianB from Europe into Asia was later than the thirteenth century B.C. Champollion identified Yevan with the Iavones (Hebrew jv). All these identifications, none of which can be called forced, mutually support one another. The likelihood of one depends upon the cumulative likelihood of all. But hitherto there has been a serious difficulty in the case of the Ionians.
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