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This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. ARABIC DISLOCATION Ali A. Alzayid A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY to Linguistics and English Language School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences UNIVERSITY of EDINBURGH 2020 Supervisors: Prof. Caroline Heycock & Prof. Peter Ackema Internal examiner: Prof. Bettelou Los University of Edinburgh External examiner: Dr. Dora Alexopoulou University of Cambridge Declaration I, Ali Alzayid, declare that this thesis has been composed solely by myself and that it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, in any previous application for a degree. Except where stated otherwise by reference or acknowledgement, the work presented is entirely mine. 1 Abbreviations 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person ACC accusative ATB across-the-board AgroP object agreement phrase A-position argument position A’-position non-argument position AA agreement affixes AB Aoun and Benmamoun AP articulatory-perceptual BAC bound anaphora condition CLLD clitic left dislocation CLLD I clitic left dislocation I CLLD II clitic left dislocation II CLRD clitic right dislocation CLRD I clitic right dislocation I CLRD II clitic right dislocation II CT contrastive topic CF contrastive focus CI conceptual-intentional C complementizer CL clitic CLD contrastive left dislocation CIP clitic phrase CD clitic doubling CP complementizer phrase CSC coordinate structure constraint dXP dislocated phrase 2 DP determiner phrase DS Dobrovie-Sorin DAT dative E ellipsis FUT future tense FF fronting focus F focus F feminine GLD German left dislocation GM Guilliot and Malkawi GEN genitive HTLD hanging topic left dislocation IO indirect object IP inflectional phrase IND indefinite INF infinitive IS information structure JA Jordanian Arabic LF logical form LD left dislocation LCA linear correspondence axiom LA Lebanese Arabic LiA Libyan Arabic MOD mood MSA modern standard Arabic MADA move and delete approach M masculine MG modern Greek NOM nominative NEG negative marker NP noun phrase OVS object-verb-subject OSV object-subject-verb OBJ object PG parasitic gap PST past tense PP prepositional phrase 3 PRT particle PL plural PA pronominal affixes PERF perfect PAST past tense PF phonetic form P phrase Q question marker QP quantifier phrase QUD question under discussion RP resumptive pronoun SVO subject-verb-object SPEC specifier TP tense phrase TOP topic VP verb phrase T-role theta-role WCO weak crossover 4 Contents 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Three questions............................ 11 1.2 The language under investigation.................. 12 1.3 Outline................................. 12 2 Dislocation and Clitic Resumption in MSA : A New Taxonomy 15 2.1 Introduction.............................. 15 2.2 Word order and Information Structure . 16 2.3 Left Dislocation ............................ 21 2.3.1 Hanging Topic vs. Clitic Left Dislocation . 23 2.3.2 The current status of Arabic: CLLD vs. HTLD . 28 2.3.2.1 Aoun and Benmamaoun 1998 . 28 2.4 Right Dislocation ........................... 31 2.4.1 Clitic Right Dislocation ................... 31 2.4.2 CLRD in Arabic ........................ 33 2.5 Clitic Configurations in Arabic: a new taxonomy . 36 2.5.1 Terminological note ..................... 37 2.5.2 Justifying the taxonomy ................... 38 2.5.2.1 The left periphery: CLLD I vs. CLLD II . 38 2.5.2.2 The Right periphery: CLRD I vs. CLRD II . 43 2.5.3 Cinque’s (1990): the question of crosslinguistic validity . 45 2.5.4 The proposal ......................... 53 2.5.4.1 A note on connectivity effects . 54 2.5.5 What about islands? ..................... 57 2.6 Conclusion ............................... 59 3 Dislocation and Information Structure 61 3.1 Introduction .............................. 61 3.2 The information-structural characterization of left dXPs . 62 5 3.2.1 Aboutness........................... 63 3.2.2 Familiarity/Givenness.................... 66 3.2.3 Referentiality ......................... 68 3.3 CLLD I and CLRD I in MSA : the proposal . 70 3.3.1 Question Under Discussion (QUD) . 70 3.3.2 Contrastive topics ...................... 72 3.3.2.1 CLLD I in MSA . 73 3.3.3 Focus constructions ...................... 75 3.3.3.1 Information Focus vs. Contrastive Focus . 77 3.3.3.2 CLRD I in MSA: Contrastive Focus . 78 3.4 Atypical topics in the left periphery: necessary detour . 83 3.4.1 How other languages license atypical topics . 84 3.4.1.1 Romanian ...................... 85 3.4.1.2 Italian ........................ 88 3.4.1.3 Greek ........................ 91 3.4.1.4 Interim conclusion . 93 3.4.2 Contrast and atypical topics in MSA: the proposal . 93 3.5 Conclusion ............................... 99 4 It is a Single Clause! – The Monoclausal Analysis 100 4.1 Introduction .............................. 100 4.2 Clitic Left Dislocation (CLLD I) . 103 4.2.1 Demirdache (1991, 1997): CLLD is derived by LF move- ment of the clitic . 103 4.2.1.1 Discussion . 106 4.2.2 Cinque (1990): CLLD I is derived by Binding Chain . 114 4.2.2.1 Discussion . 117 4.2.2.2 Iatridou (1995): Cinque’s paradox . 122 4.3 CLLD I in Arabic . 126 4.3.1 Ouhalla (1997): CLLD I is derived by base-generation . 126 4.3.1.1 Discussion . 127 4.3.2 Aoun and Benmamoun (1998): two types of CLLD I . 129 4.3.2.1 Discussion . 131 4.4 Clitic Right Dislocation (CLRD) . 138 4.4.1 Kayne (1994): Right Dislocation as LF movement . 138 4.4.1.1 Discussion . 141 4.4.2 TP-external approaches to right dislocation . 145 4.4.2.1 Right dislocation is derived by movement . 146 6 4.4.2.2 Right dislocation is derived by base-generation 148 4.4.3 Monoclausal approaches to right dislocation: reevaluation 149 4.4.3.1 Base-generation analysis . 149 4.4.3.2 Movement analysis . 153 4.4.3.3 Right dislocation: remnant movement . 154 4.5 Residual issues: templatic approach to the left periphery . 157 4.5.1 Rizzi’s (1997) Split CP: cascade of projections in the left periphery . 158 4.5.2 Shlonsky (2000): Split-CP in Arabic . 159 4.5.3 Problems for the Cartography program . 160 4.6 Taking stock .............................. 164 5 It is a Double Clause indeed ! – The Biclausal Analysis 167 5.1 Introduction .............................. 167 5.2 Dislocation as clausal ellipsis . 168 5.2.1 Fragments: a type of clausal ellipsis . 171 5.2.2 Fragments in MSA . 175 5.2.3 Specifying Coordination . 178 5.3 CLLD I and CLRD I in MSA: a biclausal analysis . 181 5.3.1 Deriving movement properties . 181 5.3.1.1 T and case properties . 181 5.3.1.2 Reconstruction data . 182 5.3.1.3 Island sensitivity: loose ends . 183 5.3.2 Deriving base-generation properties . 184 5.3.2.1 A c-command glitch . 184 5.3.2.2 Weak Crossover (WCO) & Parasitic Gaps (PGs) 186 5.4 The dXP and clitic are not derivationally related . 188 5.4.1 CLLD I and CLRD I in MSA as doubling phenomena . 188 5.4.1.1 CLLD I and CLRD I are not agreement . 189 5.4.1.2 CLLD I and CLRD I are not Clitic Doubling . 196 5.4.2 CLLD I and CLRD I are not resumption . 201 5.5 Conclusion ............................... 203 6 The Elliptical Analysis: Miscellaneous Issues 205 6.1 Introduction .............................. 205 6.2 Ellipsis and information structure . 205 6.3 A (very short) note on the prosody of dislocation . 208 6.4 Ellipsis and movement . 210 7 6.4.1 What licenses ellipsis..................... 210 6.4.2 Movement And Deletion Approach: MADA . 213 6.4.2.1 Problems for MADA . 213 6.4.3 Evidence for MADA..................... 216 6.4.3.1 Preposition Stranding . 216 6.4.3.2 Islands ....................... 220 6.4.4 The interplay between islands and dislocation . 224 6.4.4.1 Ott and De Vries (2016), De Vries (2013) . 225 6.4.4.2 Arabic dislocation and locality: the proposal . 227 6.4.5 Ellipsis is a phonological phenomenon . 233 6.5 Conclusion .............................. 234 7 Conclusion 235 Bibliography 237 8 Abstract and lay summary This thesis considers three intertwined research questions that are relevant to the phenomenology of dislocation in Modern Standard Arabic, henceforth MSA. The first of these research questions concerns the possible types of dis- location constructions. The second question concerns the interpretation of dis- location constructions. The last question takes on the syntactic make-up of dislocation constructions. As far as the first question is concerned, I argue that left-peripheral ele- ments in MSA are not uniform and thus they are best analyzed as comprising two different types: Clitic Left Dislocation I and Clitic Left Dislocation II. I further argue that the same constructions which appear in the left periphery have a presence in the right periphery, namely Clitic Right Dislocation I and Clitic Right Dislocation II. I further show that the determining factor underly- ing the partitioning of clitic resumption in MSA is morphological case (mis)- matching. Concerning the second question, I maintain that the interpretation of dislocation constructions in MSA is rooted in contrastiveness: the idea that the dislocated elements are drawn from a contrast set in the discourse.