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An Introduction to the Study of Morphology A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark An Introductionto the Studyof MorphologY Vit Bubenik fulltext research abstractsofall titles monthlyupdates LINC.OMwebshop 2003(2nd Printing) www.lrncom-eulopa.com' LINCOMEUROPA Publishedby LINCOMGmbH 2003 (2nd printing) 1stprinting: 1999 All correspondenceconcerning LINCOM Coursebooks in Linguisticsshould be addressedto: PREFACE LINCOMGmbH Freibadstr.3 Thrs introductorytextbook to the studyoflinguislic morphologyis basedon four prcvious D-81543Muenchen vcrsionsof a nranuscriptentitled An IntroductirlttIo thc Sntly oJ Nlorphologt'.They were publishedin a mimeographedform by Mcmorial University of Newlbundland(St. Johr's, Canada)in 1978,1982, 1986 and 1997,and were used at thc third-ycarlevel rn the Deparlment [email protected] of l,inguistics. http://home.t-online.de/home/LINCOM. E U ROpA Its currentversion is designedfor usc as a second-or third-yearuniversity level introductory www. lincom-europa.com textbookto lirrguisticmorphology. Bcfore taking this coursc.students should have previously introductorycourses to the whole disciplincof linguisticsat their first or webshop:lincom.at completedone or two sccondyear at the university. major tuming points in the recenthistory of morphology All rightsreserved, including the rightsof translationinto any Its argumcntationis built aroundthe foreignlanguage. No partof this bookmay be reproducedin any linkedwith Europeanand American scholars such as C. Ilockett, P. I{. Matthews,J. Bybee,W. way withoutthe permissionof the publisher. Dressler,A. Spencer',A. Carstairs-McCarthy,M. Aronoil and others.Its primary data are taken lrom representativeIndo-European (English, Gcnnan, Spanish, Latin, Greek, Russian, Sanskrit), Alro-Asiatic (Flebrew,Arabic, Berber)and sevcralother languages(Turkish, Chinese,Algonkian Printed inE.C. andothers). Printedon chlorine-freepaper The book consistsof ten chaptersexplicating fundamcntal principlcs of morphologyby mcansof (numbered)examples. All chapters(with the exceptiouof the last ouc) arc ccluippcd of increasingdifficulty. Its Die DeutscheBibliothek - CIP Cataloguing-in-publication-Data with a numberof pcrtincntcxcrcises often arrangedin the order contentsare as follows: A cataloguerecord for this publicationis availablefrom Die l. Introduction DeutscheBibliothek (http://www.ddb.de) 2. Grammaticall-inits (words, morphemes, clitics) 3. Paradigmaticand SyntagmaticRelations 4. Inflectionaland Derivational Morphology 5. InflectionalCategories Associated with NominalElements 6. InflectionalCatcgorics Associated with VerbalElements 7. MorphosyntacticProperlies and thoir Exponents 8. Morpheme and Allomorph 9. DerivationalMorphology (derivation and compounding) 10. TheoreticalModels of Morphology F'orpedagogical purposes it is necessaryto dealwith subjectmatters in individualchapters asconsisting ofscveral units (indicated by subheadings).Recommended Readings at the endof eachchapter should provide furthcr ammunition to both instructorsand studentsofthis course. AN IN'I'RODI-IC'IION TO 1]]E STUDY O}I MORPHOI OCY During my twenty yearsof introducingthe subjectof linguisticmorphology to third-year studcntsoflinguistics, languages, psychology, anthropology,sociology and othertlisciplines of Humaniticsand social sciences I benefittedenormously from variouscomments and suggestions madeon the intermediateversions of present CON'I'EN1'S the tcxtbook by my colleaguesand students.At lhis point I want to acknowledge adviceof andmany helpfulcomments by the following scholars: Dr' A. Barton6k(university of Bmo), Dr. A. Erhart (tJniversityof Bmo), Dr. J. Irewson (Memorial university of Newfoundland), Preface Dr. B. Joseph(State University of ohio), Dr. Stanislav Segert(lJniversity of califomia at Los Angeles),Dr. K. strunk (Universityof Munrch),Dr. H. Paddock(Memorial Preliminaries University ofNewfoundland),Dr. H. Petersmann(University of Heidelberg), Dr. 1,.Zgusta (University of lilinois). Many of my studentsduring g0's Chapter1: lntroduction I the and 90's nrade a numbcr of observatronsanci suggestlonson the sfylc ofthe I .1 l,anguageand its Units I four previousversions, the clarity oftheir expos6and the level of difficulty of someof the 1.2 [Jnitsand Rules 3 exercises:Julie Brittain, Audrey Dawe, Barbarao'Dea, Kathy Francis, Margot French, Bemard 1.3 l,anguageand its SymbolicAspect A Kavanagh, Angela Kotsopoulos, Dorothy Liberakis, christa Lietz, SnezanaMilovanovich, 1.4 lconic'I'endencyof l.anguagc 5 SarahRose, Donna Starks,Margot Stuart,and others.Many thanks for focusing 10 my attentionon the studentpoint of view in composrngthis textbook. tsXEITCISES And finally, I am grateful to threegraduate students u,ho formattedthe foufth edition ( 1997) of the manuscript:Hcnry Chapter2: GrammaticalUnits t2 Muzale,Natasha squires and valeri Vassiliev.My specialthanks arc due to my researchassistant 2.1 TheWord 12 LawrenceGreening who hasbeen invorved in editing,final text formatting,indexing andDefinition t2 andpreparing a camera-rcadycopy fbr publicationby Lincom Europa. 2.1.1Identification 2.1.2 Phonological,Grammatical and Lexical Words l3 St.John's, Aprit of theWord 14 1999 Vit Bubenik 2.1.3Internal Cohesion 15 Departmcntof Linguistics 2.1.4 Phonological C-orrelations 'l 16 MemorialUniversity of Newloundland 2.2 he Morphcrnc 2.2.1 Idcntificationand Dcfinition l6 2.2.2 Segrnentabilityof Words t7 2.2.3 Allomorphs t9 2.3 Analysisinto Roots,Stems and Affixes 21 2.4 Clitics 2.5 BasicApproaches to Morphology a1 2.5.1 ltem andArrangement Model 1r' 2.5.2 Word andParadigm Model 25 2.5.3ltcm andProcess Model 21 EXERCISBS 29 Chapter 3: Paradigmaticand SyntagmaticRelatiotts 35 -1.I Thc Notionof Distribution 35 3.2 Paradigmaticsand Syntagmattcs 31 3.3 Markedness 4t) EXERCISES 46 -1 AN INTRODUC'I'ION 1'O THF] S]IJDY OI, MORPIIOLO(iY CON'IENTS Chapter 4: Inflectional and Derivational Morphology 52 Chapter9: DerivationalMorphology 166 4. I The Scopeof lnflectionand Derivation 52 9.1 Theoryof WortlFormllion r66 4.2 SomeUniversal Tcndcncies of Inflectionand Derivation 54 9.2 Derivationversus Compounding 168 4.3 Analysisof Inflections 57 9.3.1Prefixation 170 EXERCISES 65 9.3.2Suffixation 113 9.4 Compounding 115 Chapter 5: Inflectional CategoriesAssociated with Nominal Elements 70 9.4.I CoordinatcCompounds 116 5.1 PrimaryNominal Categorres 70 9.4.2 DeterminativeC'ompounds 178 5.l. I Nounsaud Adjccrives 70 9.4.3 PosscssiveCompounds t't9 5.1.2 Pronouns 73 9.4.4 SyntacticCompounds 180 5.2 SecondaryNominal Categories 79 9.5 Noun Derivationin Arabic t8l 5.2.1Cender 79 EXERCISES 186 5.2.2Number 85 'f 5.2.3Case 88 Chapter l0: heoreticalModels of Morphology 188 5.2.4Aligrunent 95 10.I Morphologyand Fomral Syntax 188 EXERCISES 98 10.2Morphology and Gencrativc Phonology l9r 10.3 Morphologyin FunctionalGramn-rar 194 Chapter 6: Inflectional CategoriesAssociated with Verbal Elements 106 I 0.4 NaturalMorphology 197 6.1 Verb asa PrimaryGrammatical Category 106 10.4.I Universals 191 'I'ypology 6.2 Quasi-NominalOategories of the Verb: Infinitive andparticiple t07 l0.zl.2 198 6.3 SccondaryGrammatical Categories Associated with VerbalElements llt I 0.4.3Systcm-Dependence 199 6.3.1Person and Deixis ill I 0.4-4 ParadigmaticStructure 199 6.3.2Tense 115 10.4.5Morphological and PhonologicalNaturalncss 200 6.3.3Aspect ll6 6.3.4Mood 120 Referencesand SelectBibliography 203 6.3.5Voice t25 EXERCISES 130 Index of Languages 208 Chapter 7: Morphosyntactic Propertiesand their Exponents 139 SubjectIndex 212 7.I Cumulativeversus Agglutinative Exponcncc 139 7.2 Fuscd,Extended and OverlappingExponence 142 EXERCISES 146 Chapter8: Morphemeand Allomorph 148 8.1 TheAltemation ol'Allomorphs 148 8.2 Morphologicalvs. PhonologicalConditioning of Allomorphs r50 8.3 TurkishVowel l{armony 152 8.4 Morphonology 159 EXERCISES t64 PRt'I,IMINARIES i l Phrasestructure rules l PRELIMINARIES DF,EPST'RUI]1-LJRE l Motphology in this book will be clefinedas that subdiscipline of linguistics whose sub-;ectmalrer I is (i) g|ammatical units (morphemes 'l'hc anti lexemes) and (ii) gramnatical categories. latter are traditionally dividcd into primarl'grammatical .parts categories (i.c., of speech, such as nouns, 'liansfbrmalional verbs, pronoutls, rules ad.iectivcs,advcrbs) and secondary grammatical categories (such as nomi'al I catcgories ofgender, nurnber and casc, and verbal categories ofperson, number, tense, mood, Il aspectand voice). Morphemes are traditionally defincd as the smallcst nreaninglul clemcnls ir.r a language. Morphologicaland In thc sevcntics the transfotmational-generativc vielr'' of morphology as a scclion of sy^tax SURI.'ACESTRUCTURT] phonologicalrules with its emphasis on rclational aspccts of language led 1o a neglect of the sludy of grammalrcal I units and categories qua forms. Howcvsr, it should be matle clear that all the above mentioncd I grarrnlatical units and categorics can be studicd most lcgitimately in thrcc manners: morpho- Iogical (or'formal'), functional, and syntactic (or'positional'). Any attempts to disrcgard fbrnral i aspects oflanguage by overemphasizing fru-rctionalor syntactic aspects are dctrirnental. lnspection of various introductory books on linguistics will reveal anolher aspect ol lhe currcnt neglect of morphology. Fig' 0'l An earlier Translormational Model o{-language I Givcn the fact that the Iinglish morphological syslem is rather I poor compared with that o1, say, Spanish or I-atin, these books concentrate on the phonenric I aspect of morphology (phonological the segmentation ofrvords docs trot presL'rltal)y nrajor problcrns,
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