DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharasiot Greek Word Order and Clause Structure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Pharasiot Greek Pharasiot Word order and clause structure and clause order Word Pharasiot Greek Word order and clause structure Metin Bağrıaçık Metin Ba Metin Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Taalkunde - Grieks ğ rıaçık Universiteit Gent Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Vakgroep Taalkunde Pharasiot Greek Word order and clause structure Metin Bagrıaçık˘ Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Taalkunde – Grieks 2018 Nederlandse vertaling: Farasiotisch Grieks: woordvolgorde en zinsstructuur Cover image: Declaration of property certified to Konstantinos Konstantinidis from Pharasa by the Hellenic Republic, Directorate-General for the Population Exchange (January 4, 1925). Courtesy of Andreas Konstantinidis Universiteit Gent Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Vakgroep Taalkunde Afdelingen Latijn & Grieks Blandijnberg 2, B-9000 Gent, België Tel.: +32-9-264.40.26 Promotor: Prof. dr. Mark Janse Co-promotoren: Prof. dr. Liliane Haegeman dr. Lieven Danckaert Decaan: Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector: Prof. dr. Rik Van de Walle This research was financially supported by het Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (the Research Foundation – Flanders) #FWO13/ASP/010 to those who were forced from their μελμεκέτι to their πατρίδα... Μεμλεκέτ! Νέ κι˙ ουζὲλ κελιμέ! ˇ Νέ ἀζὶζ σόζ!Νέ μουπαρὲκ˙ λογάτ. Χέλε μεμλεκετὲ μουχαπ˙ πέτ˙ ! ;Ι στὲ˙ πουνδὰν˙ πογι˙ οὺκ φαζηλέτ, ˇ πουνδὰν˙ οὐλοῦ μερὰμ βὲ μαξὰτ ὀλάμαζ... Κάλφογλους,Ι.Η. 1899. Μικρά Ασία κητασηνήν ταριχιέ δζαγραφιασή, 5. Acknowledgments Those who have experienced being a PhD student may agree that writing a doctoral dissertation is indeed a task of herculean proportions and that a successful completion of it requires people who, despite your failures, maintain confidence in you and keep on providing you with constant support. I feel very lucky for having been surrounded by many such individuals. I hope that this dissertation will partly repay their patience, help and confidence. I would like to thank my advisory board first: Mark Janse, Lieven Danckaert, and Liliane Haegeman. From the moment he picked me up years ago at the train station, Mark has always been a completely supportive and enthusiastic advisor of all my projects—linguistic and non-linguistic. Without his help in bringing me to Belgium and supporting me throughout these years, this dissertation could not have even been imagined. I feel very honored for having Mark as my advisor, but more importantly, for being able to call him a friend. Thank you, Mark, for being there for me at all times! I do not have enough vocabulary to express my gratitude to Lieven, who has put up with my unpunctuality in submitting numerous drafts of papers and handouts, which, in most cases, were no more than sheer streams of consciousness. If this work has materialized as a decent dissertation, it is thanks to Lieven’s patience and meticulous work on earlier incarnations of some chapters. Thank you, Lieven, for sharing the breadth and depth of your knowledge! I would like to give truly heartfelt thanks to Liliane, who has been a source of constant encouragement and support, and who spent uncountable hours providing me with extensive feedback and channeling my enthusiasm to fertile planes. Liliane has been and will always be a role model for me for how to do proper science. Thank you, Lililane, for showing me “the right” way! Next, special thanks go to the jury members—Anne Breitbarth, Adam Ledgeway and Ianthi Maria Tsimpli—for their very helpful remarks on the dissertation. I would also like to thank Stef Slembrouck and Karen De Clercq for kindly undertaking the administrative work for my defense. The opportunity to be a would-be linguist at Ghent University has always been a privilege, both on an academic and a recreational plane. Of all these people in Ghent, i ii I would like to thank my present and past colleagues in the Greek linguistics sec- tion first: Klaas Bentein, Julie Boeten, Filip De Decker, Isabelle de Meyer, Delphine Nachtergaele, Jorie Soltic, Joanne Vera Stolk, and Samuel Zakowski. It has always been fun to share lovely lunch and coffee breaks and to exchange ideas about all lev- els of life with you. Then, there was the legendary GIST team, of course. I thank each of its members that I could meet—Lobke Aelbrecht, Linda Badan, Lena Baunaz, Li- isa Buelens, Jaehoon Choi, Tijs D’Hulster, Ciro Greco, Will Harwood, Eric Lander, Dong-yi Lin, Rachel Nye, Trang Phan, Amélie Rocquet, Sasha Simonenko, Aleksan- dra Vercauteren and Andrew Weir—for providing me with very helpful comments on my work as well as for sharing wonderful moments outside linguistics. Cynthia Amy Johnson, Paul Michael Kurtz, Hugo Salgado, Eline Scheerlinck, Sigríður Sæunn Sigurðardóttir and Elisabeth Witzenhausen were constant sources of joy and support during their presence in Ghent. I am grateful to each of them for numerous moments of laughter and joy! I am also most grateful to Cindy Johnson for kindly, patiently and meticulously proofreading a great deal of what I have written in this dissertation. Thanks are also due to Els De Loor, Valérie Bouckaert, Gitte Callaert and Peter De Smet for rendering the research a lot easier with their help with books and computers. Outside Ghent, I must thank all those wonderful people in my “second home”, Patras. If I could continue with linguistics, and not with, say, numbers or yarns, it is thanks to Angela Ralli and Argiris Archakis, who let me come to University of Patras for my MA in the first place. I have been and always will be grateful to especially Angela Ralli for being there for me at every troublesome moment. Many thanks are due to the other linguists that I met in Patras, especially to Marios Andreou, Katerina Frangopoulou, Marianna Gkiouleka, Nikos Koutsoukos, Michalis Marinis, Dimitra Melissaropoulou and Christos Papanagiotou. This dissertation has also benefited a lot from Christos Vlachos’ and Anna Roussou’s many insightful comments and help with the bibliography that would otherwise have gone unnoticed. Although I was there for a short time, working in the intellectual environment of Ca’Foscari University of Venice was a great experience. Of all the people I met there, I would like to express my gratitude first to Guglielmo Cinque. Guglielmo kindly spent endless hours discussing with me on the then puzzling data on relative clauses and provided me with countless insightful comments on the data. I feel the pain that I eventually decided not to include those data in this dissertation but I promise I will go back to them as soon as possible. Roland Hinterhölzl was very supportive to me in Venice and taught me a lot on topichood and relative clauses. Thanks are also due to the lovely people who made me feel at home: Konstantina Balasi, Chiara De Bastiani, Lucio De Capitani, Vincenzo Nicolò Di Caro, Silvia Sculason D’Ortenzio, Fabiana Fazzi, and all the lovely people of Ragusei. Several other people had a direct or an indirect influence on much of this disser- iii tation as well. Among all those people, I would like to thank especially Isa˙ Kerem Bayırlı, Jan Casalichio, Patrizia Cordin, Silvio Cruschina, Ophelie Gandon, Hélène Gérardin, Aslı Göksel, Güliz Güne¸s,Brian Joseph, Beste Kamalı, Petros Karatsar- eas, Lena Karvovskaya, Jaklin Kornfilt, Marika Lekakou, Io Manolessou, Theodore Markopoulos, Nicola Munaro, Nicolaos Neocleous, Ergin Öpengin, Ioanna Sitaridou and Stavros Skopeteas. Some of them may not have noticed but I have benefited a lot from both their academic and non-academic advice. Now to the real locomotives of this dissertation: It would have simply been im- possible to write this dissertation without the help of the native speakers of Pharasiot Greek, who, from the very first moment on, showed greater enthusiasm to my work than mine. To all these fantastic people: thank you all so much for sharing your lan- guage with me! I thank especially Eirini Platania for her eagerness to provide me with more and more data. More importantly, however, I must thank Andreas Kon- stantinidis. If I have to single out one name as the responsible for this dissertation, I think it is him. It was Andreas who invited me to Vathylakkos even without having seen my face before, who encouraged me to look at Pharasiot Greek and who got me in contact with the last speakers of the dialect. No matter what I do, I will never express how grateful I am to you, Andreas. Thank you for being such a great friend. I am also grateful to Andreas’ lovely family for hosting me very kindly every time I visited Vathylakkos and to all the wonderful people in the village with whom I spent delightful moments. Thanks are also due to Konstantinos Kalaitzidis, who has kindly met me in Platy and got me in contact with the speakers there. Finally, thanks from the bottom of my heart to my parents, Salih and Sabiha. They may not have completely understood what I tried to do all these years yet they surely continued carving me into what I am now, without a single moment of hesitation. I love you both dearly. And last, infinite thanks to Sofie, for always being there with a smile when all else failed. All inadequacies are my own. Metin Bagrıaçık˘ December 12, 2017 Contents Acknowledgments i List of Abbreviations xiii List of Figures xvii List of Tables xix Summary in English xxi Samenvatting in het Nederlands xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims and scope of the dissertation ................... 1 1.2 PhG in the dialectological context of Asia Minor ........... 2 1.2.1 AMG .............................. 2 1.2.2 The genetic classification of AMG dialects .......... 3 1.3 The members of the AMG dialect group ................ 6 1.3.1 Cappadocian .........................
Recommended publications
  • Mandative Subjunctive in Arabic Syntax: a Minimalist Study

    Mandative Subjunctive in Arabic Syntax: a Minimalist Study

    البلقاء للبحوث Al-Balqa Journal for Research and Studies والدراسات Volume 16 Issue 1 Article 6 2013 Mandative Subjunctive in Arabic Syntax: A Minimalist Study Atef Jalabneh King Khalid University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/albalqa Recommended Citation Jalabneh, Atef (2013) "Mandative Subjunctive in Arabic Syntax: A Minimalist Study," Al-Balqa Journal for .Vol. 16 : Iss. 1 , Article 6 :البلقاء للبحوث والدراسات Research and Studies Available at: https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/albalqa/vol16/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Arab Journals Platform. It has been accepted for by an authorized editor. The journal البلقاء للبحوث والدراسات inclusion in Al-Balqa Journal for Research and Studies is hosted on Digital Commons, an Elsevier platform. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Mandative Subjunctive in Arabic Syntax: A Minimalist Study Dr. Atef Jalabneh Faculty of Languages and Translation-King Khalid University Abha- Saudi Arabia Abstract An Arabic sentence is dealt with in this article as SVO at spell-out and VSO at the logical form (LF). Thus, the objective of this study is to check the grammaticality of the mandative subjunctive structure in the absence of a case assignor for the nominative case. It also checks the relevant syntactic and semantic formal and informal features that support the grammaticality of mandative subjunctive at LF. To achieve the objectives, the researcher refers to Chomsky’ s (1981, 1986a, 1986b and 1995) Minimalist Views and Radford’s (1988) Empty Tense Theory.
  • Syntactic Category: Noun Phrase

    Syntactic Category: Noun Phrase

    A CODING SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING STUDENTS' PRODUCTIVE ENGLISH Gerald P. Berent, Ph.D. Department of Research Paula M. Brown, Ph.D. Chairperson, Department of Speech and Language Brenda H. Whitehead, M.A., CCC-SP Department of Speech and Language National Technical Institute for the Deaf Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York, U.S.A. Copyright © 2002 Rochester Institute of Technology, All Rights Reserved G. P. Berent, P. M. Brown, & B. H. Whitehead 2 CODING SYSTEM CATEGORIES PRODUCTION TYPE SYNTACTIC CATEGORY: COMPLEMENTIZER PHRASE INFLECTIONAL PHRASE VERB PHRASE DETERMINER PHRASE NOUN PHRASE ADJECTIVE PHRASE QUANTIFIER PHRASE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE CONJUNCTION GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES SENTENCE AND VERB TYPES SEMANTIC RELATIONS INFORMATION STRUCTURE DISCOURSE PROCESSES: ORGANIZATION COHESION PERSPECTIVE RHETORICAL DEVICES MECHANICS AND PUNCTUATION Copyright © 2002 Rochester Institute of Technology, All Rights Reserved G. P. Berent, P. M. Brown, & B. H. Whitehead 3 PRODUCTION TYPE Symbol Description Form/Structure/Explanation S(UCC) Success Successful production E Error Unsuccessful production A Addition Superfluous addition O Omission Erroneous omission REP Repair Repaired production REV Revision Revised production AMB Ambiguous Ambiguous formation VAG Vague Vague expression FRAG Fragment Sentence fragment UGR Ungrammatical Ungrammatical formation U Utterance Turn taken (spoken/signed) or sentence (written) W Word Lexical item PHR Phrase Syntactic phrase CLS Clause Finite or nonfinite clause WO Word order Order of words in a sentence INV Inversion Inversion of two constituents WC Word choice Appropriate lexical item MOR Morphology Morphological form STX Syntax Syntactic structure SEM Semantics Word meaning or sentence interpretation DISC Discourse Discourse function Copyright © 2002 Rochester Institute of Technology, All Rights Reserved G.
  • During the Second World War

    During the Second World War

    DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR _______________StK______________ SK MARSHALL LEE MILLER Stanford University Press STANFORD, CALIFORNIA I 975 Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 1975 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America is b n 0-8047-0870-3 LC 74-82778 To my grandparents Lee and Edith Rankin and Evelyn Miller Preface SOS h e p o l it ic a l history of modern Bulgaria has been greatly ne­ T glected by Western scholars, and the important period of the Second World War has hardly been studied at all. The main reason for this has no doubt been the difficulty of obtaining documentary material on the wartime period. Although the Communist regime of Bulgaria has published a large number of books and monographs dealing with the country’s role in the war, these works have been concerned mostly with magnifying the importance of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) and the partisan struggle. Despite this bias, useful information can be found in these works when other sources are available to provide perspective and verification. Within recent years, German, American, British, and other diplo­ matic and intelligence reports from the wartime years have become available, and the easing of travel restrictions in Bulgaria has facili­ tated research there. As recently as 1958, when the doctoral thesis of Marin V. Pundeff was presented (“Bulgaria’s Place in Axis Policy, 1936-1944”), there was very little material on the period after June 1941. It is now possible to fill in many of the important gaps in our knowledge of Bulgaria during the entire war.
  • Introduction to Transformational Grammar

    Introduction to Transformational Grammar

    Introduction to Transformational Grammar Kyle Johnson University of Massachusetts at Amherst Fall 2004 Contents Preface iii 1 The Subject Matter 1 1.1 Linguisticsaslearningtheory . 1 1.2 The evidential basis of syntactic theory . 7 2 Phrase Structure 15 2.1 SubstitutionClasses............................. 16 2.2 Phrases .................................... 20 2.3 Xphrases................................... 29 2.4 ArgumentsandModifiers ......................... 41 3 Positioning Arguments 57 3.1 Expletives and the Extended Projection Principle . ..... 58 3.2 Case Theory and ordering complements . 61 3.3 Small Clauses and the Derived Subjects Hypothesis . ... 68 3.4 PROandControlInfinitives . .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 3.5 Evidence for Argument Movement from Quantifier Float . 83 3.6 Towards a typology of infinitive types . 92 3.7 Constraints on Argument Movement and the typology of verbs . 97 4 Verb Movement 105 4.1 The “Classic” Verb Movement account . 106 4.2 Head Movement’s role in “Verb Second” word order . 115 4.3 The Pollockian revolution: exploded IPs . 123 4.4 Features and covert movement . 136 5 Determiner Phrases and Noun Movement 149 5.1 TheDPHypothesis ............................. 151 5.2 NounMovement............................... 155 Contents 6 Complement Structure 179 6.1 Nouns and the θ-rolestheyassign .................... 180 6.2 Double Object constructions and Larsonian shells . 195 6.3 Complement structure and Object Shift . 207 7 Subjects and Complex Predicates 229 7.1 Gettingintotherightposition . 229 7.2 SubjectArguments ............................. 233 7.2.1 ArgumentStructure ........................ 235 7.2.2 The syntactic benefits of ν .................... 245 7.3 The relative positions of µP and νP: Evidence from ‘again’ . 246 7.4 The Minimal Link Condition and Romance causatives . 254 7.5 RemainingProblems ............................ 271 7.5.1 The main verb in English is too high .
  • THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOUN PHRASE and VERB PHRASE Japensarage Japen.Sarage@Gmail.Com´

    THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOUN PHRASE and VERB PHRASE Japensarage [email protected]´

    Ahmad Dahlan Journal of English Studies (ADJES) Vol. 1, Issue 1-2, September 2014 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOUN PHRASE AND VERB PHRASE JapenSarage [email protected]´ Ahmad Dahlan University Yogyakarta Abstract Among words classes or parts of speech a noun and a verb or precisely a noun phrase and a verb phrase play a very important role in syntax. In English, they mark the presence of sentence. The relationship between them is very close that one may cause the presence of another. This is often called a subject-predicate relationship and their degree is a bilateral dependency i.e. the verb phrase determines the noun phrase called valence and the noun phrase determines the verb through agreement (Bussman, 1996:1139). Other relationships among different phrases are one-sided or in the form of modifiers, subordinators, or complementizers, one is more important than others. This paper attempts to discuss a noun phrase and a verb phrase as the main part of a sentence. Some special characteristics of the noun phrase and the verb phrase are discussed. This paper also tries to see if other sentence elements such as an adjectival, adverbial, and prepositional phrases can have an emphasis in a sentence. Key words: phrase, complementizer, valence, agreement. A. Introduction. A traditional sentence analysis often involves the terms such as subject, predicate, object, complement, and adverbial. Such terms are said to be inconsistent because a noun can function as a subject, object, complement, or an adverbial. So does a verb, it can serve as a subject, object, and an adverbial. The terms representing a word class are now preferred.
  • An Introduction to the Study of Morphology

    An Introduction to the Study of Morphology

    A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark An Introductionto the Studyof MorphologY Vit Bubenik fulltext research abstractsofall titles monthlyupdates LINC.OMwebshop 2003(2nd Printing) www.lrncom-eulopa.com' LINCOMEUROPA Publishedby LINCOMGmbH 2003 (2nd printing) 1stprinting: 1999 All correspondenceconcerning LINCOM Coursebooks in Linguisticsshould be addressedto: PREFACE LINCOMGmbH Freibadstr.3 Thrs introductorytextbook to the studyoflinguislic morphologyis basedon four prcvious D-81543Muenchen vcrsionsof a nranuscriptentitled An IntroductirlttIo thc Sntly oJ Nlorphologt'.They were publishedin a mimeographedform by Mcmorial University of Newlbundland(St. Johr's, Canada)in 1978,1982, 1986 and 1997,and were used at thc third-ycarlevel rn the Deparlment [email protected] of l,inguistics. http://home.t-online.de/home/LINCOM. E U ROpA Its currentversion is designedfor usc as a second-or third-yearuniversity level introductory www. lincom-europa.com textbookto lirrguisticmorphology. Bcfore taking this coursc.students should have previously introductorycourses to the whole disciplincof linguisticsat their first or webshop:lincom.at completedone or two sccondyear at the university. major tuming points in the recenthistory of morphology All rightsreserved, including the rightsof translationinto any Its argumcntationis built aroundthe foreignlanguage. No partof this bookmay be reproducedin any linkedwith Europeanand American scholars such as C. Ilockett, P. I{. Matthews,J. Bybee,W. way withoutthe permissionof the publisher. Dressler,A. Spencer',A. Carstairs-McCarthy,M. Aronoil and others.Its primary data are taken lrom representativeIndo-European (English, Gcnnan, Spanish, Latin, Greek, Russian, Sanskrit), Alro-Asiatic (Flebrew,Arabic, Berber)and sevcralother languages(Turkish, Chinese,Algonkian Printed inE.C. andothers). Printedon chlorine-freepaper The book consistsof ten chaptersexplicating fundamcntal principlcs of morphologyby mcansof (numbered)examples.
  • The Acquisition of Inflection: a Case Study Joseph Galasso California State University—Northridge

    The Acquisition of Inflection: a Case Study Joseph Galasso California State University—Northridge

    The Acquisition of Inflection: A Case Study Joseph Galasso California State University—Northridge The study of syntactic development in children, for all intents and purposes, is reducible to a single minded inquiry into how the very young child (implicitly) knows to distinguish between lexical stems and functional affixes. Hence, the overriding question burning in the minds of most developmental linguists is morpho- phonological in nature. For instance, it would seem that the child must at least know (a priori) the stem before she can then engage in a dual-track process by which ambient separation of the morpho-phonological distinction attributive to past tense is carried out, say, between the paradigmatic representation of the English word play vs. play-ed /plei-d/ (a dual processing which provokes separation of the /play/-stem and the /d/-affix). Otherwise, it could be conceivable for the young child that the pair play-played would represent altogether two different lexical stems, and, stored as such, reflect two distinct though relatively similar semantic notions (a single processing): perhaps not unlike what we do find regarding derived words where an otherwise ‘two-morpheme’ analysis of [teach]-{er} is processed (tagged, stored and retrieved) as a ‘single-morpheme’ stem [teacher], similar to how the word [brother] is stored (see Clahsen et al. 2001). In this paper, we limit our discussion to exploring the developmental onset of inflection in child language acquisition and to seeing if such a maturational-based interpretation of the Dual Mechanism Model (DMM) is justified. We believe the findings provided in this study coincide with a maturational-based interpretation consistent with the Dual Mechanism Model, a processing model which seeks to distribute specific language processing tasks related to stem+affix separation to certain areas of the brain—inflection being just one such processing task.
  • Minimum of English Grammar Glossary

    Minimum of English Grammar Glossary

    Glossary, Further Definitions and Abbreviations Accusative (See Case) Adjective/Phrase A word/category which often denotes states or well being (e.g., happy, sad), and which can often take an adverb suffix {-ly}(e.g., sad>sadly) or prefix {un-} (e.g., unhappy). Adjectives merge with and modify nouns to form adjective phrases (AdjP) (e.g, red shoes, sad boy, little news). Adverb/Phrase A word/category which often denotes manner (e.g., greatly, quickly, softly). Adverbs merge with and modify verbs to form adverb phrases (e.g., softly spoke, quickly ran). In English, most Adverbs end with the suffix {-ly}. Affix A grammatical morpheme which inflects onto a stem and cannot stand alone as an individual word. A Bound morpheme is a morpheme that must attach to a word stem. A Free morpheme, on the other hand, may stand alone as a free word (e.g., the word visit in re-visit is a free morpheme (and hence a word). The {re-} portion of the word is a prefix and thus bound. A prefix attaches at the beginning of the word, an infix to the middle, and a suffix attaches at the end. Agreement When the Person/Number features of a verb match that of its subject: a Verb-to-Subject relationship of grammatical features. For example, the verb like-s projects {s} due to its 3rd person/singular features matched to the subject John (e.g., John likes syntax). Anaphor An anaphor is an expression (e.g., himself) which cannot have independent reference, but which must take its reference from an antecedent (e.g., He hurt himself)— where himself refers back to He.
  • 'Merge' Over 'Move'

    'Merge' Over 'Move'

    Why Move? Preliminary Thoughts and Overview: <> How ‘Merge over Move’ informs Early Child Syntax Joseph Galasso [email protected] Incomplete Draft—December 17, 2012 Abstract, Preliminary Thoughts and Overview One of the leading questions burning in the minds of most developmental linguists is: To what extent do biological factors—such as a maturational brain— play a role in the early stages of syntactic development? This paper, pulled from chapter 2 of a monograph in preparation, summarizes the Chomskyan Minimalist Program framework regarding the theory of ‘Merge over Move’ and attempts to apply it to the earliest observable stages of English Child Syntax. In sum the conclusions reached in this paper suggest that early child syntax is structured in a flat (non-hierarchical manner) whereby (i) only sister-hood relations hold and (ii) that such a flat structure lexical projection would be what one would expect given the young child’s limited capacity to project only simple bricolage merge operations. As a result of a delimited flat structure, all forms of inflection (which are known ‘move’ operations which require higher functional projections)) should be absent in early child speech. Such a Non-INFLectional stage-1 is exactly what we find in the data below. But such prosaic structures are not exclusive to early child syntax alone. They too show up in adult target syntax. As an opener to subsequent discussion, consider the semantic vs. syntactic distinction in the following examples (to be expanded upon later in the sections): a. wine bottle > bottle of wine b. coffee cup > cup of coffee c.
  • Approaches to the Structure of English Small Clauses Vivien Tomacsek

    Approaches to the Structure of English Small Clauses Vivien Tomacsek

    Approaches to the Structure of English Small Clauses Vivien Tomacsek 1 Introduction1 The topic of small clauses did not become a target of much research until the 1980s — before that, predicative [NP XP] sequences occurring after main verbs were not really tackled by linguists. Within the Government and Binding framework, two main opposing ideas were formulated concerning small clauses, but there is disagreement from many aspects even among those working in the same theoretical framework. Small Clause theorists claim that the [NP XP] string in [V NP XP] constructions should be considered a single constituent; however, there has been no conclusion on the categorial status of small clauses. Various proposals have been made to solve the issue and provide a synthesised resolution to this problematic issue; however, none of them has been accepted entirely yet. The general aim of this paper is to demonstrate the complexity of the small clause construction analysed in frameworks which rely mostly on the Government and Binding and earlier frameworks, before the rise of Minimalism. The thesis attempts to represent both the theory that supports the existence of small clauses and the one that rejects it in chapter 2. This part will also argue for the acceptability of the clausal interpretation of the postverbal [NP XP] strings where the NP and the XP are in a subject-predicate relationship, and then chapter 3 will review the major proposals for the categorial status of small clauses, providing counterarguments for each. Finally, chapter 4 will summarise the most important points of the paper. 1I would like to acknowledge the expert guidance of my former Syntax lecturer, Krisztina Szécsényi, who encouraged and supported me to deal with Syntax in greater depth.
  • Finiteness in Jordanian Arabic: a Semantic and Morphosyntactic Approach

    Finiteness in Jordanian Arabic: a Semantic and Morphosyntactic Approach

    FINITENESS IN JORDANIAN ARABIC: A SEMANTIC AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC APPROACH By Rania Al-Aqarbeh Submitted to the graduate degree program in Linguistics and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Committee: ________________________________ Dr. Clifton L. Pye Chairperson ______________________________ Dr. Arienne Dwyer Member ________________________________ Dr. Utako Minai Member ________________________________ Dr. Robert Fiorentino Member ________________________________ Dr. Naima Boussofara Member ________________________________ Dr. Susan Kemper Member Date Defended: November 17, 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Rania Al-Aqarbeh certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: FINITENESS IN JORDANIAN ARABIC: A SEMANTIC AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC APPROACH Committee: ________________________________ Dr. Clifton L. Pye Chairperson Date Defended: November 17, 2011 ii Abstract Previous research on finiteness has been dominated by the studies in tensed languages, e.g. English. Consequently, finiteness has been identified with tense. The traditional definition influences the morphological, semantic, and syntactic characterization of finiteness which has also been equated with tense and its realization. The present study investigates finiteness in Jordanian Arabic (JA), a spoken variety of Arabic that lacks tense marking and which marks agreement in all contexts. Such a language presents a challenge to the previous research on finiteness. I adopted a multi-level analytical approach in studying finiteness in JA that corresponds to the multi-faceted nature of the finiteness category. I enumerated the morphological, semantic, and syntactic properties commonly correlated with finiteness in the literature. In order to control for the clausal status of finiteness, I explored finiteness in JA in the context of complement clauses, a context that licenses finite as well non-finite clauses.
  • Reprisals Remembered: German-Greek Conflict and Car Sales During the Euro Crisis

    Reprisals Remembered: German-Greek Conflict and Car Sales During the Euro Crisis

    Reprisals Remembered: German-Greek Conflict and Car Sales during the Euro Crisis∗ Vasiliki Fouka Hans-Joachim Voth First draft: December 2012 This draft: May 2013 Abstract During the debt crisis after 2010, car sales in Greece contracted sharply. This paper examines how much German car sales declined in periods of German-Greek conflict. It shows that German car sales fell sharply in areas affected by massacres during World War II { especially in periods of public conflict between the German and the Greek government. The German government was widely blamed for the harsh aus- terity measured imposed on Greece as a condition for several bailout packages. This led to public outrage and a rapid cooling of relations between the two countries. We conclude that cultural aversion was a key determinant of purchasing behavior, and reflected the memories of past conflict in a time-varying fashion. We compile a new index of public acrimony between Germany and Greece based on newspaper reports and internet search terms. In addition, we use historical maps on the destruction of villages and the mass killings of Greek civilians by the German occupying forces between 1941 and 1944. During months of open conflict between German and Greek politicians, sales of German cars fell markedly more than sales of those produced in other countries. This is especially true in areas affected by German reprisals dur- ing World War II: areas where German troops committed massacres and destroyed entire villages curtail their purchases of German cars to a much greater extent in conflict months than other parts of Greece.