THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE

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JULY 2018 No. 967 ’s digital map for tramway safety

Is a new double-decker the answer for crowded cities? LRT’s role in the Welsh rail revolution Huge tramway growth plan for NY’s radical ‘subway crisis’ solution

Virtual worlds M emphis 07> £4.60 The importance of Rebuilding a crucial digital simulation city streetcar service 9 771460 832067 SUPPORTED BY

Manchester “I very much enjoyed theincreased informal networking opportunities 17-18 July 2018 in such a superb venue. The 12th Annual Light Rail Conference quite clearly marked a coming of age The UK Light Rail Conference and exhibition as the leader on light rail worldwide, as evidenced is the premier knowledge-exchange event in by the depth of analysis the industry. from quality speakers and the active participation of With a wide range of presentations, panel debates key industry players and suppliers in the discussions.” and unrivalled networking opportunities, it is Ian Brown CBE – well-known as THE place to do business and Director, UKTram build valuable and long-lasting relationships.

There is no better place to gain true insight into the workings of the sector and help shape Voices its future. V from the T o discuss how you can be part of it, industry… visit us online at www.mainspring.co.uk “I had a great time in or telephone +44 (0) 1733 367600 Manchester. Thank you for everything, the conference was a great success for us.” Ana M. Moreno – ORGANISED BY ORGANISED BY General Manager, Tranvía de Zaragoza CONTENTS T he official journal of the Light Rail 256 Transit Association JULY 2018 Vol. 81 No. 967 www.tautonline.com EDITORIAL Editor – Simon Johnston [email protected] 245 Associate Editor – Tony Streeter [email protected] Worldwide Editor – Michael Taplin [email protected] News Editor – John Symons [email protected] Senior Contributor – Neil Pulling Worldwide Contributors T ony Bailey, Richard Felski, Ed Havens, Andrew Moglestue, Paul Nicholson, Herbert Pence, Mike Russell, Nikolai Semyonov, Alain Senut, Vic Simons, Witold Urbanowicz, Bill Vigrass, Thomas Wagner, Rick Wilson 252 Production – Lanna Blyth T el: +44 (0)1733 367604 News 244 LIVING IN THE VIRTUAL WORLD 261 [email protected] Wales & Borders rail franchise to include Next-generation tramway and control DESIGN – Debbie Nolan Cardiff LRT; Berlin proposes biggest-ever centre simulators under the microscope. Advertising tramway expansion; NYCT President reveals COMMERCIAL Manager – Geoff Butler radical Subway upgrade; Haifa - Nazareth SYSTEMS FACTFILE: WROCŁAW 263 Tel: +44 (0)1733 367610 [email protected] -train scheme goes to tender. Neil Pulling the extensive tramway in Western Poland’s largest city and finds how Publisher – Matt Johnston ’ past, present and future 249 stability has brought enhanced renewals. Tramways & Urban Transit Debates on efficiency, digital innovation 13 Orton Enterprise Centre, Bakewell Road, Peterborough PE2 6XU, UK and sustainability in Brussels. WORLDWIDE REVIEW 269 Melbourne decides W-Class future; Tramways & Urban Transit is published by Mainspring on behalf of the LRTA on the third Friday of each return of MEMPHIS streetcars 252 Zillertalbahn orders hydrogen-powered month preceding the cover date. Vic Simons visits Tennessee to explore the trains; Federal funding confirmed for re-opening of the rebuilt streetcar service Calgary Green line; Testing begins on following its extended closure. Casablanca T2 route; Auckland light rail procurement to be launched. PRINT AND DISTRIBUTION time for a new DOUBLE-DECKER? 254 Warners (Midlands), Bourne, Lincs PE10 9PH, UK Howard Johnston asks whether we need to mailbox 274 LRTA MEMBERSHIP (with TAUT subscription) reconsider tram designs to make the most of Further thoughts on noise and vibration; Tramways & Urban Transit is sent free to all paid-up precious urban road space. the campaign to save Amsterdam’s heritage. members of the Light Rail Transit Association. LRTA WEBSITE AND DIARY WHERE DIGITAL MEETS PHYSICAL 256 CLASSIC TRAMS: amsterdam 276 Brian Lomas Martin Brejša from Prague operator DPP Ray Deacon recounts the fascinating history [email protected] [email protected] describes the project to create a digital track of the city’s RETM/EMA museum – and its Subscriptions, MEMBERSHIP and back issues map to increase safety and efficiency. troubling impending closure. LRT A Membership Secretary (Dept T06), 38 Wolseley Road, Sale M33 7AU, UK. Tel: +44 (0)117 951 7785 Where do the best ideas come from? [email protected] Website: www.lrta.info for CORPORATE Subscriptions VISIT In days gone past, delays or disruption to services were www.mainspring.co.uk inconvenient and annoying, but hardly ever made national news. In the 2010s, however, they are now deemed wholly unacceptable – even for a few LRTA REGISTERED OFFICE 138 Radnor Avenue, Welling DA16 2BY, UK. minutes delay – and incur instant wrath on social media. Private company limited by guarantee, No. 5072319 What is heartening is the work of unsung geniuses on the front-line in in England and Wales. cities around the world who are coming up with solutions to the day-to-day issues to LRTA Chairman – Paul Rowen ensure our trams and metro services run on time, and as safely and efficiently as possible. [email protected] In Prague, a combination of decades of tramway experience has allowed operator © LRTA 2018 DPP to work with its private partners in developing a potentially game-changing new Articles are submitted on the understanding they may also track analysis tool. Unhappy with the ‘off-the-shelf’ systems, this in-house apparatus later be used on our websites or other media. A contribution is allowing DPP to better monitor its over 300km (186-plus miles) of track to better is accepted on the basis that its author is responsible for the gauge wear and tear, reduce reactive maintenance and improve safety. Having such opinions expressed in it, and such opinions are not those of institutional knowledge, and a confidence within it, allied to the corporate structure to the LRTA or Mainspring. All rights reserved. encourage internal innovation is already paying dividends. No part of this magazine may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including Some 4000km (approximately 2500 miles) to the south-west, the tramway operator photocopying, recording or by any information storage and on Tenerife, frustrated by its extensive market search for a cost-effective device to retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from monitor over-speeding, developed its own technology. A great success story, this is now the copyright owner. Multiple copying of the contents of the being offered to other systems. Sadly its need couldn’t be greater as the demand for magazine without prior written approval is not permitted. ever-more frequent services puts pressure on operators to run ever stricter headways. The advantages of ‘virtual’ training are also playing a key role in this regard. COVER: A modified Škoda ForCity 15T bogie, with How many other cities have developed such ingenious solutions to technical problems its independently pivoting wheels, has been used in Prague to help create a digital map of the city’s in-house? If you know of any then we’d love to hear from you. Simon Johnston, Editor tramways. Courtesy of DPP

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org JULY 2018 / 243 News Berlin tramway expansion Suggestions for German capital fuel proposals unveiled debate on tram versus U-Bahn urther details of a proposed major A map showing the various phases of planned tramway expansion of the Berlin expansion in Berlin. tramway network were Center Nahverkehr Berlin uneiledF in May. The programme, part of the BerlinStrategie Stadtentwicklungskonzept 2030 plan developed following the election of a ‘red-red-green’ alliance in 2016, includes the much wider return of trams to the western part of the city than had previously been planned. The proposals were developed by Center Nahverkehr Berlin and the Berlin Senate; however, there has been ongoing debate over whether to favour tram or U-Bahn expansion, with opposition party FDP favouring the latter. As yet there is no formal commitment to the financing implications from the parties involved – the Senate, transport authority Verkehrsverbund Berlin-, and Berlin’s transport operator BVG (Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft). Existing network Proposed routes have been broken down on the basis of 2031-35: Rathaus Spandau – Airport opens), Blankenburg and Implementation period 2020-25 priorities, with suggested delivery Hahneberg; Falkenseer Platz – Adlershof. Implementation period 2026-30 from 2020 through to after 2035: Freudstrasse Tram supporting umbrella Second priority group Pro Strassenbahn followed Implementation period 2031-35 First priority 2026-30: Sterndamm – the unveiling of the suggested Implementation after 2035 2020-25: Hbf – Jungfernheide; Johannisthaler Chaussee; expansion with more ambitious Alexanderplatz – Kulturforum; Lützowstr – Zoo; Hbf – Perleberger proposals of its own that would Most urgent need Pankow – Pasedagplatz; Strasse; Turmstrasse – Rathaus see further network growth, Urgent need Heinersdorf – Blankenburg; Pankow partly through the replacement Warschauer Str – Hermannplatz; After 2035: Rathaus Stegliz – of routes by tramway. Further need Adlershof – Schöneweide; Friedenfelser Strasse Pro Strassenbahn’s programme New tramstops Warschauer Str – Ostbhf; plus Wishlist runs to 2050, and particularly new alignments at Ostkreuz and 2031-35: Virchow Klinikum includes more routes in the west Additional depots Mahlsdorf. – Ernst-Reuter-Platz – Zoo; and south-west of the city. Route omitted 2026–30: Schöneweide – Mierendorffplatz – Luisenplatz; Major tramway expansion in Hermannplatz – Potsdamer Platz; Mahlsdorf – Riesaer Str the German capital, particularly in 1961, the last trams on the Spittelmarkt – Mehringdamm; No requirements for additional into the former West Berlin, has western side ran in October 1967. Kulturforum – Rathaus vehicles have been published, been discussed for a number of Following reunification in Stegliz; Jungfernheide – Tegel but new depots are proposed years. Whereas the tramway in the 1990, trams made their way west (Urban Tech Republic TXL)– at Tegel (where the airport eastern part of the city survived in October 1995 as an extension Kurt-Schumacher – Platz; is to close once the under- the years of division following of the eastern system, reaching Jungfernheide – Rathaus Spandau construction Berlin-Brandenburg the building of the Berlin Wall the new Hauptbahnhof in 2015.

CRRC unveils high-altitude tram

On 9 May CRRC Qingdao Sifang The two-section six-axle tram a special reflective coating. unveiled the first tram for a new carries 168 passengers and can Charging time is 30 seconds. system that is expected to open operate at 70km/h (43.5mph). It is Although not explicitly stated, next year in Delingha, capital of equipped with a hybrid traction the tram is probably built under the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan system featuring a the licence agreement with the Autonomous Prefecture in and an advanced lithium-titanate Czech Škoda company. Delingha northern Qinghai province. battery for catenary-free (sometimes called Delhi), is The 100% low-floor car operation. Electrical systems a scientific and military city The first tram for Delingha in the CRRC factory in Qingdao. CRRC (350mm floor height) is part of a have been specially designed to established as recently as 1988 batch being built for the 14.4km work at high altitude with low to administer seven townships Winter temperatures average (nine-mile) line, which lies temperatures and high ultraviolet in an area of 27 700km2, and has -16.8oC. The city also features the nearly 3000m above sea level. radiation and windows feature a population of around 78 000. world’s largest solar power plant.

244 / july 2017 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org Eversholt joins the Revolution VLR team KeolisAmey chosen for British rolling stock leasing company Eversholt Rail announced on 11 May that it has Wales and Borders deal joined the consortium developing the Revolution Very Light Rail (VLR) vehicle. 15-year rail franchise will see the first ‘new’ light rail service in the UK Led by Transport Design International (TDI), the consortium also comprises eolisAmey has been New ‘tri-mode’ trains Six hundred new jobs will Cummins, Prose, RDM Group, selected to run the UK’s (running on a combination of be created across the life the Railway Safety and Standards Wales and Borders rail power drawn from overhead of the franchise, including Board (RSSB), Transcal and the franchise and develop catenary, onboard battery storage the introduction of 30 new Warwick Manufacturing Group theK South Wales Metro concept and diesel engines) will serve apprenticeships each year. (WMG), a department of the – including elements of the link from Penarth, Barry Procurement was overseen by University of Warwick focused on transit. The joint venture already and Bridgend and GBP194m Transport for Wales, an commercialising technology. runs ’s Docklands (EUR221.5m) is to spent on arms-length organisation of The Revolution is a modular Light Railway and Manchester station upgrades across the the Welsh Government. Arriva 18m bi-directional vehicle that can accommodate up to 116 passengers Metrolink. Keolis is also part network, including the provision Trains Wales, the incumbent (56 seated). Made from lightweight of the Tramlink Nottingham of five all-new stations. franchisee, withdrew from the composite materials, the aim is to concessionaire, operator of The introduction of smart tender process in December achieve a tare weight of less than Nottingham Express Transit. ticketing is promised to make 2017 and Dutch transport one tonne/linear metre. Announced on 23 May, the more flexible and bring group Abellio pulled out in The UK Department for contract was subject to a ten-day down prices. Further investments February after the collapse of its Transport (DfT) is investing ‘standstill’ but was confirmed on will include improvements construction partner Carillion. GBP3m (EUR3.4m) in the project 4 June. KeolisAmey is to take over to mobile connectivity for This left just KeolisAmey and through the RSSB’s Future Railway Enabling Innovation scheme to services on 14 October. passengers and enhanced Sunday MTR Corp. fund the development of a self- The joint-venture is committing services that will create a ‘true Keolis UK Chief Executive powered bogie with an integral, to GBP1.9bn (EUR2.17bn) in seven-day service for the first Alistair Gordon said: “While the hybrid propulsion system and investment over the 15-year time’. Additional services will proposed changes won’t happen kinetic energy recovery system. contract, including LRT elements be added on the Ebbw Vale overnight, the railway will be It is hoped that the first that will reintroduce street- line, the North Wales Metro unrecognisable in five years Revolution vehicle could be on test running services to the city of (Wrexham – Bidston), Cambrian thanks to the vision of the Welsh towards the end of 2019. Cardiff after more than 70 years. and Heart of Wales lines. Government.” Sétif opens Algeria’s sixth modern LRT system

Thursday 8 May saw the French RATP Dev, with the inauguration of the 15.2km CITAL joint venture of Ferrovial (9.5-mile) east–west tramline and supplying 26 100% in the Algerian city of Sétif, low-floor 44m seven-section the second new system in the Citadis double-ended trams North African country this year (101-26) from its Annaba factory. (Ouragla opened on 20 March) They are 2.6m wide and can and the sixth tramway in total. carry 302 passengers. Delivery Revenue service started on 9 May. started in April 2017. The new line runs from 11 The commercial speed Décembre 1960 to Berchi Abid is expected to be 20km/h and Oucissa Laid (two branches (12.5mph), with a capacity of at the western end) via the city 6000 passengers/hour/direction. centre and Université El Bez. It was The flat is DZD40, with a built by a consortium of Alstom return ticket for DZD70 and a and Yapi Merkezi, with work 24-hour ticket for DZD120. on the DZD47bn (EUR343m) The next new Algerian contract starting in May 2014. tramway will be a 14.2km The tramway is operated by (8.8-mile) line in Mostaganem, SETRAM, a subsidiary of the due to open in 2019. A Sétif Citadis tram in front of the city’s town hall. Sétif BK

NEWS IN PICTURES UK tram-train pilot reaches key milestone A key milestone for the UK’s as far as the Magna Science section of track built to link the tram-train pilot was achieved Park on the outskirts of tramway with a Network Rail in the early hours of Tuesday 8 neighbouring Rotherham freight line. May as the first VosslohCitylink before returning to Supertram’s It is expected that tram-train was tested on Nunnery depot. commissioning and testing of Network Rail infrastructure. This followed the completion the line will continue over the Running under a possession, on 21-22 April of the installation next few months with a the 37.2m tram-train left the of 750V DC overhead on the hoped-for start of passenger Sheffield tramway and ran Tinsley Chord, the 160m services in late summer. Citylink 399.202 is pictured at Tinsley East Junction during the first trial between Nunnery and Ickles. The same car was also the first to carry passengers on the tram network. Ian Ambrose

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org july 2017 / 245 News

GE Transportation and Wabtec to merge New York’s radical subway The merger of GE Transportation and Wabtec was announced on 21 May in a deal worth USD11.1bn. The transaction is expected to reach upgrade masterplan financial close in early 2019, subject to shareholder and regulatory approval, with cost-savings of New NYCT President hopes to compress 40 years of work into ten years USD250m anticipated by 2022. The merged company will have revenues of USD8bn in the first year. n enhanced retrofitting existing cars) as holds me responsible for our General Electric announced modernisation well as improved depot and schools.” in November 2017 that it was plan for New York’s maintenance facilities. As Mr Byford outlined the seeking to divest its Transportation deteriorating subway The scale of the programme proposal, he compared the business unit and Wabtec Aand overwhelmed bus system was and its reported USD19bn subway’s dire situation to earlier has acquired many specialist unveiled by New York City Transit pricetag immediately drew emergencies that the city had companies across the rail sector, President Andy Byford on 23 May. distance from State Governor overcome, including the 1970s last year completing the purchase The ambitious vision, Fast Andrew Cuomo and Mayor Bill financial crisis and the 11 of Faiveley Transport. Under the agreement, GE Forward: The Plan to Modernize de Blasio, who have repeatedly September 2001 terror attack: would receive USD2.9bn in cash New York City Transit, calls for the clashed over who should finance “As I said when my appointment and a 9.9% stake in the combined introduction of CBTC signalling the rehabilitation of the subway. was announced [in late 2017], business and its shareholders on five lines by 2023, together The rail network has long been what is needed isn’t mere 40.2%; Wabtec shareholders would with upgraded power supply, and a political football due to its tinkering, a few tweaks here own the remaining 49.9%. on six more by 2029, as well as unusual governance, serving the and there. What must happen Rail+Property for Europe? night-time and weekend station city but being controlled by the is sustained investment on a MTR Corp. has appointed closures to bring 150 stations to state. Following the declaration massive scale if we are to deliver chartered surveyor John a state of good repair in the next of a ‘state of emergency’ for the New Yorkers the service they Robinson as Head of Property for five years, with another 150 in MTA in July 2017, the two sides deserve and the transit system its European Business, with the the following five-year period. spent months debating who this city and state need.” aim of expanding the successful Further plans include should fund a USD8bn subway Likening the scale of the Rail+Property model it has enhanced accessibility, new rescue plan. The eventual subway challenge to that of successfully used in . elevators at 50 additional stations outcome was an approximate revitalisation of the London Property developments at 39 stations in provide and a new fare collection system 50/50 split. Underground in the 1980s, 100 000 residential units and more for contactless and smartcard Mr de Blasio told local media: he added: “This turnaround than 2m/m2 of commercial space, payments across subway, bus and “It’s now fully understood that came neither quickly, easily creating a revenue stream that paratransit services by 2020. the responsibility for the MTA nor cheaply. It was the result of supports the rail business. MTR To fulfil the plan, more than resides in the state of New York, sustained, adequate, predictable recently completed its first mixed 3650 new cars will be required ultimately with the governor… funding and a comprehensive development in , China. over the next ten years (all new We finally know who to hold plan to tackle the challenge in a cars to be CBTC equipped and responsible — just like everyone methodical manner.”

Tramway operation resumes in Öskemen The Kazakh city of Öskemen of the 60 KTM-5 trams (built (Russian: Ust-Kamenogorsk) between 1977 and 1986) were took over the legal entity running each day on the four- of its tramway on 17 May. .5km (10.3-mile) system. After agreeing terms with the By March 2018 the owners electricity company and staff, it were behind in payments to the resumed tramway operation on local electricity company and 19 May using the KTM-5 trams services were restricted due to taken over from the previous limitations placed on the energy private operator. supply. Tram services ceased ABOVE: Saturday Öskemen is a city of 321 000 completely on 12 March. 19 May, and the inhabitants located in the east Tramway service was popular Öskemen trams are of Kazakhstan at the confluence and the city council was already back on the road – this of the Ulba and Irtysh rivers. making plans to take over is KTM-5M3 car 71 During the Soviet era, tramways operations. On 25 January it on . Valerayka were opened in Alma Ata successfully won 13 ex-Berlin (Almaty) (1937), Temirtau (1959), 1985 Tatra KT4DtM trams at LEFT: The trucks Ust-Kamenogorsk (1959) and auction that were available in bringing KT4DtM trams Pavlodar (1965), and like many the former capital city Almaty from Almaty arrive in Öskemen on 10 May. the Ust-Kamenogorsk system (tramway operation ceased there OMP was operated by an industrial on 31 October 2015). The first five concern rather than the local arrived in Öskemen on 10 May. municipality. The KT4DtM trams, repainted After independence in in blue and white livery in to train drivers and carry out interests are building a December 1991 this was split off Almaty before delivery by road diagnostic checks. 22.6km (14-mile) light rail line to a private company, but due to Öskemen, should enter service The capital of Kazakhstan has connecting the airport and the to a lack of investment services this summer, as two specialists been Astana since 10 December railway station, which should be gradually declined until just 20 from the former capital arrive 1997. In this new city Chinese inaugurated at the end of 2019.

246 / july 2017 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org London, 3 October 2018 Recognising excellence and innovation in the global light and urban rail sector Entries now OPEN

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Metrolink considers zone- Tramlink begins search for based ticketing automatic braking system A new four-zone ticketing system for Greater New overspeed controls to be brought in by 2019 in response to RAIB report Manchester’s Metrolink network is under consideration, Transport ransport for London for Greater Manchester (TfL) is seeking a supplier announced on 21 May. for a new automatic If approved, the changes braking system that would take place early wouldT see a London Tramlink next year and could cut the vehicle brought to a controlled current 8556 stop-to-stop fare stop if it exceeded the speed limit combinations to just ten at designated high-risk locations. zone-based fares. Customers An official Invitation to Tender would be able to use one ticket is expected this summer with for unlimited travel within a contract placed by the end of their chosen zones. October for installation by the Mayor of Greater end of 2019. Manchester Andy Burnham Although initially focusing on described the area’s fares priority locations suggested by the and ticketing system as “too UK’s Rail Accident Investigation complex, too disjointed and in Branch (RAIB), the chosen need of an overhaul.” system is required to be flexible Tramlink Variobahn 2557 at Elmers End in early 2017; the new platform planned Ahead of any potential enough to be rolled out across for later in the year is designed to increase capacity on the network. Neil Pulling change, customers will be able the network. The tender includes to use contactless payments options over a five-year period could result in derailment or Elmers End, also an to tap on and off trams, an for maintenance and additional overturning’. Overground station, is to see innovation that is being rolled units; the specification includes Work continues in evaluating the creation of a new platform our across the network later a requirement for notification options for improving the and new double-track laid in the year. Combined bus/ of the system’s control centre in containment provided by tram to add capacity and improve tram smart card ticketing has incidents of speeding. windows and doors to address resilience on the network. TfL has already been introduced. Feasibility studies have been Recommendation 6, and testing committed GBP3.3m (EUR3.75m) A public consultation in progress since the derailment is underway on a new ‘iTram’ to the project from its Growth exercise on the proposal is of tram 2551 at Sandilands on system adapted from that used Fund (approximately a third of the set to run ahead of any final 9 November 2016 that resulted on London (addressing expected cost). Work is expected decision. This will include in seven deaths and 51 injuries. Recommendation 5) to monitor to begin later in the year, with an online questionnaire to The procurement addresses vehicle speed and location as TfL in talks with local authorities gather feedback. RAIB Recommendation 3 that well as provide enhanced to finalise full funding. A number of stops on the ‘UK tram operators, owners and real-time passenger information. Contributions announced network, including Stretford infrastructure managers should on the same day include a new and Brooklands, fall between work together to review, develop > The Mayor of London station for Colindale on the Tube’s two zones; fares here would and install suitable measures unveiled a multi-million pound Northern line and enhancement be calculated on the lower to automatically reduce tram improvement plan that includes of Walthamstow Central on the zonal cost relative to the speeds if they approach higher a major development of the Victoria line, including a second direction of travel. risk locations at speeds which Elmers End on 21 May. entrance and step-free access.

Haifa – Nazareth tram-train gets underway After two years of planning, Highway 6400 to Upper tenders were launched in late Nazareth, terminating at the May for the 41km (25.5-mile) intersection of Highway 75 and Haifa – Nazareth tram-train Tawfiq Ziad Street in Nazareth. project, under the management With 19 stations, park-and- of the government-led ride facilities and a new depot Cross-Israel Highway Company. and control centre, a fleet of 32 NEWS IN PICTURES Envisaged as a PPP project, LRVs will operate to four-minute the NIS6bn (EUR1.44bn) project headways at speeds of up to New livery for West Midlands Metro services will combine interurban services 100km/h (62mph). Delegates at May’s EU Light Rail event in Brussels (see page 249 for a full and street-running sections Cross-Israel Highway CEO Dan event report) were given a sneak peek of the new livery for the West Midlands beginning at the Lev Hamifratz Shenbach said, “This complex Metro tram fleet. The familiar pink, white and silver livery is to be replaced with an all-over station in Haifa, running parallel and unique project combines blue design as the operation is taken over by Midland Metro Ltd, a wholly- alongside major highways to municipal and interurban public owned subsidiary of the West Midlands Combined Authority. This takes Galam Interchange. From there transportation – an innovative place on 24 June, although the full rebranding of the system won’t happen it will continue in the median and developing format from a immediately. of Highway 79 until Reineh- global perspective, implemented Mashhad Junction and alongside in Israel for the first time.”

248 / july 2017 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org EU Light Rail SHARED OBJECTIVES IN BRUSSELS Geoff Butler and Simon Johnston round up a few of the debating highlights of May’s EU Light Rail event.

he inaugural EU Light Rail congress brought representatives from cities, operators and the rail supply chain to Brussels for two days in May to share experience Tand debate issues of energy efficiency, sustainability and innovation. Surrounded by the city’s transport heritage at the Musée du Transport Urbain Bruxellois in the municipality of Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, there was no better location to learn lessons from the past, share an overview of the present and look forward to the future. The event began with a keynote presentation from Jan Pannus, Director of Tram Movement from operator STIB-MIVB, who outlined some of the current investment EU Light Rail delegates were given an extensive tour of the STIB-MIVB tram depot at Haren at the end of the that will transform the Belgian capital’s first day of the event in May. All photography by Geoff Butler transport offering in the next decade. The event couldn’t have been better timed, on the challenges of inserting tramway was echoed through case studies presented coming just weeks after the confirmation infrastructure into the urban environment. by Jonathan Jarritt of Amey, highlighting of a new order with Bombardier to supply Mr Lorent showcased his company’s work how , the Docklands the latest in a series of low-floor vehicles to around Europe, noting the importance of Light Railway and Manchester Metrolink are the city. The order will mark the end of the environmental concerns and how solutions using data-driven integrity management to city’s PCCs in regular service in 2020 and it such as green track and prefabricated systems generate efficiencies and improve safety. is hoped that the new vehicles will all be in are being developed to increase safety and Mr Jarritt cited an example on the Tube’s service by 2022. the quality of the end product while also Jubilee and Northern lines where a process Mr Pannus spoke of a number of key reducing installation times. developed by Amey over a period of eight initiatives aimed at both improving the safety A number of the event’s presentations months, at a cost of GBP500 000 and environmental credentials of the city’s centred around digital solutions for asset (EUR570 000), had more than proved its value tramway, including a new signalling system management, such as sensors for real-time by preventing a GBP1m+ signalling failure to reduce the chances of a tram collision track and vehicle measurement that can within the first two months of operation. due to limited visibility around complex quickly alert maintainers of issues such as “Urban transit is the lifeblood of any city, tunnel-led junctions and the installation wheel flats, bogie hunting or temperature and smart or otherwise," he told delegates. “Good of speed-limiting beacons at Petit Château. strain monitoring. asset management is essential and analytics Further projects include the implementation Professor Stefan Lutzenberger from and technology can offer a step-change in of protection barriers for segregated tracks Müller-BBM Rail Technologies spoke of the capability and performance.” alongside the city’s parks where visibility is pressing requirements to move from reactive also reduced due to a large number of trees to predictive maintenance regimes and Saving energy and the creation of Z-crossings and the how the industry is responding. Discussing Energy usage is another key consideration for addition of new tram priority signs. issues associated with rail vehicle wheels, urban operators, explained Eva Keuschnig, There is also a major programme of track Professor Lutzenberger described how the Head of Resource Management for Vienna upgrading to, in part, reduce the risk of latest technologies are able to show precise city transport operator Wiener Linien. rail subsidence and derailment over loose deterioration of components and how this As her city aims to move a billion people cobblestones. A system with prefabricated ‘condition-based’ monitoring is allowing using public transport by 2020, there is tracks and paving already in place was operators to reduce instances of major failures a sharp focus on increasing the use of highlighted as a recent renewal project (route while also reducing maintenance cost. renewable energy to reduce the current 81), completed with delivery partner Pandrol. The other key advantages, he explained, EUR60m cost of electricity across its network The city is also upgrading its metro system are minimising the time spent on manual of five metro lines, 29 tram routes and 127 under a multi-billion Euro programme, inspection and therefore for vehicles out bus lines. The biggest individual costs are using a new fleet of CAFM7 metro trains to of revenue service, as well as enhanced around lineside traction systems (87% for be delivered from the end of 2019. Delegates safety. With analysis carried out in real- the tramway and 68% on the metro) and a had the chance to explore a mock-up of one time, measurement and monitoring can be number of initiatives are being undertaken, of the new cars, which has been placed on undertaken 24 hours a day if required, with including ‘eco-upgrades’ on its ULF tram fleet temporary display at the museum. e-mail or SMS alerts able to be programmed and the installation of a reversible substation when the condition of wheels falls outside at Hardegasse station on metro line U2. Integration and digital maintenance set parameters. Sensor installation can be This latter is a three-year trial, costing Expanding on the delivery of innovative carried out in a day, he continued, making EUR600 000, to recover more braking energy new trackforms in the Belgian capital, this a cost-effective solution. (currently around 10% of the total train Thomas Lorent from Pandrol led a discussion This approach to more analytical thinking energy in the Austrian capital). Experience

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org july 2018 / 249 EU Light Rail

gained through this project has shown a very high quantity of the current returned to the system, high reliability and easy integration, with the only negatives thus far being the noise and heat generated by the installation. The results project annual energy recovery of 1.6m kw/h per annum. WL’s energy control centre plays a “very important role in energy efficiency,” she said, allowing real-time monitoring of substations and allowing detailed analysis that is assisting the operator in managing its energy profile. Looking at the wider network, autonomous vehicle trials are underway and over 50% of WL’s buses have been replaced in the past five years, reducing their energy consumption by 25% since 2012. Rüdiger Kopp of FOGTEC Driver safety demonstrating the innovative water Overviews of light rail driver assistance mist fire protection system. systems were given at EU Light Rail from the perspectives of both operators and system integrators. Stephan Marstrander from BBR not sufficiently considered in current safety larger droplet surface area and a huge Rail Automation stressed that such technology studies for Light Rail (RAMs, Hazard Logs) or reduction in the heat release rate, also “does not reduce a tram driver’s interaction in an operator’s internal safety procedures.” limiting the rate of fire propagation. Already with other road users, but instead can help Current ATP (Automatic Train Protection) installed on underground lines in them focus on more critical aspects of traffic systems are not necessarily suitable for the and Hungary, delegates were given a practical behaviour and inform additional training”. task and carry a high cost, he explained, demonstration from a mobile water-carrying Taking a holistic approach to safety, leading to the in-house development of vehicle outside the museum. Mr Marstrander outlined a harmonised SIMOVE. Considered a success due to its approach of better, clearer regulation, simple and cost-effective implementation, Focusing on the passenger comprehensive educational information the system is already being evaluated by UITP’s Rail Director Laurent Dauby gave a campaigns, enhanced driver training and other operators across Europe. wide-ranging overview of the mode, focusing better urban and system design. Another take on safety was given on the evolution from the simple tram to The future of driver assistance systems is by Rüdiger Kopp, General Manager of today’s mass transit applications. Figures he coming, he suggested, highlighting the work FOGTEC, who looked at fire protection in presented show that 137 new LRT systems that BBR is doing with Bosch on sophisticated subway environments and onboard vehicles. opened between 2000 and 2017, compared systems that use video and radar sensors to He argued that the current approach of to 41 between 1985 and 2000; a further detect objects, vehicles and pedestrians in considering vehicles and stations as separate 1314km (816 miles) of new lines are under the of urban rail vehicles. elements opened up gaps in their protection, construction, with an additional 2060km Pablo Martín Pacheco from MetroTenerife and that a more rounded view is crucial. (1280 miles) at the planning and design stage. also outlined the reasoning behind the “Today we work on a prescriptive-based The US and China are leading the way in the operator’s development of the SIMOVE model, that comes with higher cost. In the second decade of the 21st Century, his figures system, developed in response to serious future we need to think about performance- showed, with a total of 13.86bn passengers rail over-speeding incidents across Europe based models that can increase safety at carried on light rail around the world in 2017. over the last decade that resulted in a the same costs or offer similar safety levels The importance of recognising technology’s combined loss of life of 130 for reduced costs,” his presentation role in an ever-more connected society was passengers. The common emphasised. presented by Keolis’ Head of Innovation thread is driver error The application of water mist Constance Gallay on the event’s second day. in curves rather technology is more efficient, She contended that passengers’ expectations than vehicle “Fatal accidents as a with cooling provided via a are evolving rapidly due to ever-increasing malfunction. interaction speeds; by 2025, she said, the “We are facing result of overturning average person will interact with connected a new failure on curves due to “We are ever devices nearly 4800 times per day – or one mode,” Mr overspeeding is not more connected as a interaction every 18 seconds! Pacheco stated. sufficiently considered society and mobility Some of the innovations Keolis is using “Fatal accidents providers need to reflect around the world to empower passengers as a result of in light rail.” those changes.” include greater data analysis to better serve overturning actual, rather than perceived needs; self- on curves due to Pablo Martín Pacheco Constance Gallay service in relation to planning and paying overspeeding is HEAD OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS Head of innovation for journeys; and simplifying the end-to-end METROTENERIFE keolis journey. For example, the introduction of contactless payments on Dijon’s tramway in March (a French first), saw over 36 000 ‘taps’ in the first seven weeks and a boost in ridership. This initiative will be extended to all city bus lines from September. Looking further at more futuristic digital interaction, at the end of 2017 Keolis Brest tested an interactive ‘Heasy’ robot to welcome customers to its information office and provide information about public transport timetables, travel itineraries and tickets. Thanks to this digital ‘guide’, human staff members were freed up to focus on value-added services and detailed queries.

250 / july 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org Moving to more ‘traditional’, but often overlooked, passenger aspects, Elisabeth Dalby from Tours-based agency RCP Global offered an insightful study into how sensory design can be better utilised in vehicles and infrastructure. While designers and operators often consider the more obvious colours and materials, she argued, how many go that extra mile and think about the sounds and smells of a service? Ms Dalby showcased experience from the , and its innovative use of sustainable materials, lighting and sounds for the purpose of wayfinding and encouragement of the use of public transport within the city as a whole – also enhancing the visual appeal and linking with the city’s aims for presenting its overall identity. Tours’ Citadis trams use wood laminates to establish a link between the interior and nature and reinforce the trams’ environmental credentials; they also offer other visual and audible reinforcements to create a more positive experience of urban mass transit. Concepts such as ‘thermal comfort’, based upon subtle changes to lighting and material feel to give more welcoming surroundings, and ‘psychological comfort’ speed line at Curzon Street. The amount ABOVE: The CAF through thoughtful seating choices have of stops will increase from 23 to 80 and M7 metro mock-up all contributed to a 50% increase in public once complete an anticipated 30 million for Brussels, transport usage since 2010, she added. passengers will use the system each year, on temporary with revenues set to increase five-fold from display at the city’s tram museum. Procurement and delivery the current GBP10m (EUR11.4m) to As tram-train as a mode gathers momentum GBP50m (EUR57m). LEFT: Andreas across Europe, an enlightening presentation Elske Olthof of consultant Mott MacDonald Heitland from was given at the end of the second day by gave an update on developments in the Dutch German consultancy Andreas Heitland of Prose, looking at the city of Utrecht. One of the Netherlands’ four Prose spoke exercise being undertaken by the German big cities (with Amsterdam, Rotterdam and enthusiastically of Association of Public Transport Operators Den Haag), Utrecht features the country’s the project to unite (VDV) and operators across the country. smallest tramway network, at 20.4km future tram-train procurement Announced in late 2017, although dating (12.7 miles), but one which is set for big schedules. from original discussions as far back as changes in the coming years. 2009, the formation of an ‘alliance’ for the Abandoning its first-generation tramway in and also ambitions for a single fleet for ease of specification of tram-train rolling stock 1949, the Province of Utrecht created its maintenance, all covered by a single contract has drawn significant interest. Driven by high-floorSn eltram service to connect satellite with one manufacturer. disparities in the cost of vehicles compared cities in 1983. Currently carrying over five Some of the conversion issues include to heavy rail alternatives, VDV TramTrain million passengers per year, the system’s 26 adjusting the Dynamic Kinematic Envelope provides a framework for the procurement of trams are now approaching the end of their to avoid conflicts between lineside structures, up to 295 new vehicles up until 2024. useful life and infrastructure needs renewal. EMC compatibility around sensitive sites Using a ‘car configurator’ concept, the Allied to a programme to create sustainable close to the new line and the scenario of framework bases five variants upon a common high-capacity links to the city’s growing mixed-fleet operation for at least 18 platform but with varying traction supplies, Science Park, the Uithoflijn project was months. Other issues surround the entrance heights and vehicle lengths. Giving launched in 2012 and is part of a wider plan compatibility of systems (signalling, a stronger negotiating standpoint with to expand the new low-floor project into a communications and traffic lights) and manufacturers, it is expected that savings of city-wide network. The Uithoflijn will replace the completion of a new depot. EUR1m could be made per vehicle. bus (Centraal Station to Science Matt Johnston from Mainspring, organiser Further advantages include the provision of Park) to increase capacity, improve safety of EU Light Rail with Danish-based event pooled spares, expertise and even workshop and sustainability with 27 new 33m CAF manager LightRailDay, said: “It was a capacity, with the option of sharing vehicles Urbos trams over a 9km (5.6-mile) line with real privilege to bring together such an between comparable systems to further reduce nine new stops. Predicted to carry 45 000 enthusiastic and impressive line-up of lifecycle costs. Seven German operators are passengers/day, the new line opens in 2019. speakers. The level of interaction between currently signed up, but the alliance is open The future includes connecting the delegates, speakers and sponsors reinforced to further partners, he concluded. Nieuwegein – IJsselstein Sneltram to Uithoflijn for me the passion for meeting the challenges From the UK, Phil Hewitt, Metro Director infrastructure in 2020, following extensive that the industry faces in driving efficiency, from the recently-renamed West Midlands renovation, and further plans exist to sustainability and the adoption of innovation. Metro, updated the audience on the increase capacity and resilience on the wider “It was particularly pleasing to see an expansion scheme that will triple the size network, including the introduction of longer industry not afraid to look outwards to its of the West Midlands-based tramway by trams running at enhanced frequencies. peers for ideas and knowledge and to utilise 2030. The ambitious programme (covered Plans also exist for city extensions and to our knowledge of the players and the market extensively in TAUT 955, 957 ad 963), will connect new residential developments. for an event which delivered new contacts, see the percentage of street-running lines This combination of renewal and ideas and business innovation to such a increased to 50% of the total (10% currently) expansion creates “almost perfect conditions receptive audience.” and the addition of at least 44 new low-floor for a transfer from high- to low-floor,” trams. The number of interchanges will rise Ms Olthof told delegates. They ally with For more information on the topics and significantly from the current five to 20, a decision taken in 2012 for high tram schedule at EU Light Rail please visit including a link to the planned HS2 high- platforms to be removed from city centres www.mainspring.co.uk

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org july 2018 / 251 Memphis streetcars are back on track

After a near four-year absence, and bus usage, as well as a lack of funding and the condition of the fleet was evaluated, the Tennessee city welcomed for reinvestment, led to closure in 1947. in 2015 it was mooted that the system City public transport is the responsibility may even close permanently, but with an the return of vintage trolleys in of MATA, created in 1975. Studies in the estimated 1.5 million passengers in 2013, late April. Vic Simons reports. late 1980s indicated that the installation many of them visitors to the city, restoration of a 4km (2.5-mile) downtown line would and rebuilding was deemed worthy of enhance the environment and be compatible undertaking – at a reported cost in the he colourful vintage streetcar with pedestrianised areas. Plans to build the region of USD10m. service in Memphis, TN, has USD33m double-track route were drawn up, The importance of the service was evident proved popular with both and construction began in May 1991. The Main at the 30 April re-inauguration at the trolley residents and tourists alike since its Street line linking Central Station (for Amtrak car barn on Main Street, as civic leaders and opening in 1993, but two serious services) to a terminus close to the North End Mayor Jim Strickland were amongst the firesT within a six-month period in late 2013 Transit Center opened in April 1993, providing crowds to cut the ribbon and ride the first and early 2014 led to its complete shutdown. connectivity to bus services at both ends. car in service. “This is an important day Whilst two of the system’s ex-Melbourne W2 Four years later the Riverfront loop was for Memphis,” the mayor told local media. cars (452 and 553) were destroyed, fortunately inaugurated, adding around 3km (two miles) “These streetcars are part of the fabric of no passengers were injured. using former railroad right of way, providing downtown and we’re glad to have them As all three lines of the system were an anti-clockwise loop to the North End back.” Two weeks of free rides were offered closed, a thorough investigation was Transit Center by running north on Main after the re-opening. undertaken immediately by the Memphis Street with the southbound return along the The remaining services will be reopened Area Transit Authority (MATA). The cause of Mississippi riverfront. gradually, beginning with the Riverfront both fires was attributed to a substation In 2004 the 4km (2.5-mile) double-track loop by the end of the year and the Madison along the Madison Avenue line feeding too Madison Avenue branch linking Main Street line in early 2020. In the meantime, buses much power to the cars, leading to overload with a major medical complex to the east have temporarily replaced the streetcars, and fire. The incidents also exposed a of the downtown was brought into service. running to a similar schedule on those poor maintenance regime and inadequate MATA had nine ex-Melbourne W2 vehicles two lines. record-keeping. and three ex-Porto cars, together with a car Mr Rosenfeld emphasised the close from Rio de Janeiro and a replica Birney working relationships to achieve the common Background Safety car built by Gomaco. objective of reopening the system as soon as Memphis is one of the largest cities in the possible, involving the co-operation of the State of Tennessee. Founded in 1819, by Fall and rise Federal Transit Association and the Tennessee the turn of the 19th Century electric MATA CEO Gary Rosenfeld explained that Department of Transportation (TDOT), both streetcars were in operation in the city, the decision to close the system after the of which needed to sign off on the restored but following a common US pattern, decline fires was taken jointly by the city’s mayor services. This, Rosenfeld said, was achieved caused by the rapid growth of the motor car and the agency. As investigations continued by regular conference calls to review progress.

252 / july 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org Return to Memphis

The first task, having identified the cause of the fires, was to plan the repairs. While much was undertaken in-house, Gomaco assisted with some repairs to the cars initially restored in the early 1990s for the system’s opening – that had now reached the end of their lives. Priority was given to the ex-Melbourne cars, with the remainder following on. When some were stripped down by Gomaco the wooden bodies were found to be in worse condition than expected as various components had rotted from the inside. Consequently, damage was not apparent from external inspection, and the planned weeks in the repair shop turned into months. This delayed plans to relaunch the service for Christmas 2017.

Restarting the service Rosenfeld explained that eight cars were required to restart the Main Street service; six for regular operations with two spares. He added that as part of its investigations MATA identified the lack of control and maintenance processes; as such a thorough ABOVE: Civic and MATA leaders cut the ribbon at the Main Street car barn on 30 April. Wiley Brown II overhaul was undertaken. New operating LEFT: Fully restored ex-Melbourne car 234 on Main Street on the opening day. Alan Kirkpatrick manuals were developed and reviewed by the Federal Transit Administration and the Tennessee Department of Transportation. Knock-on effects of the extended closure meant that operating staff also required retraining. As well as work in the city, these employees were sent to Tampa, Florida (which also operates heritage streetcars) for further training. Rosenfeld stated that, given the scrutiny being placed on the system, he wanted MATA “to operate the safest public transit system in the country”. The extensive overhauls are anticipated to provide another 25 years of service and alongside the six cars for Main Street, two more are required for the Riverfront loop with a further four for Madison. The restoration has delivered cars that are quieter and more comfortable than before, but this has brought its own challenges as MATA is now having to re-educate Memphians who are getting used to sharing Main Street with the trolleys again. Kerbside spaces along North and South Main have been newly striped to show where vehicles can park; those parking over these lines risk a ticket and possible towing. As part of the restoration a detailed review of the track and power supply was undertaken – nothing was immune from checks and double-checks. All equipment was noted as generally in good repair, requiring only routine maintenance; additional repairs were required to the frogs and switches.

The future Although there are no specific streetcar expansion plans, as part of the city’s 200th anniversary a new development plan focused around job creation and housing is being prepared. There is talk of a link to the airport, although Rosenfeld confirmed that this would need to be operated by modern streetcars rather than heritage stock. One of the difficulties the agency faces is that while the costs of delivering public transport have risen, the population has not – hence placing a limiting factor on potential income.

Thanks are due to MATA CEO Gary Rosenfeld Courtesy of MATA and Chief Communications Officer Nicole Lacey.

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org july 2018 / 253 Double-deckers IS THE TIME RIGHT FOR A new DOUBLE-DECKER? Howard Johnston considers whether we need to look back in time to find the solution to protect increasingly precious urban road space.

his short essay was prompted by a question from a ten-year-old recently returned from a holiday in Blackpool: Why are there are no modern double-decker trams? TGo back a century and over 150 towns and cities across the British Isles featured street tramways, many using double-deck vehicles. Although a mainly British idiosyncrasy, they were also seen in cities with a significant British influence such as Hong Kong, Bombay (Mumbai), Johannesburg and Alexandria, as well as Santiago, Chile (over 400 cars ordered). Hong Kong and Alexandria are two of the only places to still use them in regular service, although the latter is almost certainly due in part to a lack of finance to replace them. There have been some fine designs as well, from the streamlined Coronation and Cunarder cars of the 1940s, London’s iconic ‘Felthams’ that saw out service in the UK Hong Kong’s Western Market on 8 March 2017 with wooden-framed tram 20 on training duties. A. Fieldsend capital, to the functional ‘ding-dings’ that are an inescapable part of the cityscape of the this is why bungalows are more expensive than Modern control equipment has also northern coastline of . houses for the same amount of living room. become more complex, taking up more space With the incredible growth in private car The logical productivity of the street on a vehicle’s roof. Taking an overhead view ownership and urban populations in the environment (in economist and planner’s of any modern tram or LRV, you will see post-war years, city streets in many parts terms the measure of labour required per boxes full of complicated electronics as well of the world have become congested to the unit of output) would place an emphasis on as HVAC units and other apparatus – in a point of gridlock. Modern LRT or ‘supertram’ efficiency. Single-occupant motor vehicles double-deck vehicle these would have to be developments have helped alleviate some of require ten times the road space to carry placed somewhere (to keep it low-floor) and these issues in many locations, but it could the same number of passengers as well- require careful design to incorporate them easily be argued that the current vogue for loaded public transport vehicles, and there inside the vehicle to keep the roofline down. ever-longer articulated vehicles is becoming is a significant enhancement in road space The huge advances in onboard energy counter-productive in many ways. productivity between a double-deck and a storage in recent years should mean that While the immediate appeal for operators single-deck bus – not double, but at least 40% incorporating batteries, , in transporting 500 passengers at a time more. Considering the proven economic cost flywheels or fuel cells into under-stair is obvious, such vehicles can be complex, of traffic congestion, double-deck vehicle compartments will leave easy access, adding expensive and unwieldy in their own right. options would therefore seem logical. range without extra weight to the vehicle’s Sharing more in common with trains than A modern 50-60m articulated tram with roof to require extra structural support. buses, if one of these ‘supertrams’ fails you seven- or nine-sections is also obviously more High-power solar panels could even be can face traffic chaos – blocking intersections difficult to insert into an urban environment, added to the vehicle’s roof to power auxiliary and requiring significant rescue efforts. with a requirement for longer platforms systems such as LED lighting. The arguments for trailer and coupled unit and so on. Bridge clearances and depot and operation has generated much debate in TAUT maintenance facility heights require serious ‘What about accessibility?’ in recent years1, allowing operators to better consideration, but what is added in height can Accessibility regulations around the world tailor fleets to meet the elasticity of demand. be removed in terms of length (full vehicle require low-floor access for most forms of One compromise here is that the redundant heights should be kept below 4.6m, the same public transport service vehicle, and these cab ends of coupled units offer valuable space limit applied to the ‘High Bridge’ bus design). would have to be obeyed if new double-deck that is being hauled around with little benefit. Taller vehicles may also give electrification trams were to become a reality. Some networks still use trailers however; designers and engineers new challenges, but But, again, there are double-deck forms the German city of , for example, has none of them are insurmountable. of every other form of transport, so why taken delivery of such cars in the 21st Century As overhead wires must have a minimum not trams? More space could be created on to great effect. So why not double-deckers? height requirement of 5.4m from roadway to the ground level for those with mobility wire in most environments, better usage of challenges through creative saloon layouts, ‘They’re too big’ building fixings are an obvious solution – this leaving the upper deck for the more mobile. The vertical plane is exploited in urban design may remove some of the tenuous objections There is also the opportunity to provide more to reduce physical footprints; the more land to power lines spoiling the vistas and acting seating in a car of the same length, making taken, the more expensive things become – as ‘dangers’ in our streets. the service more attractive overall.

254 / juLY 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org A common concern is that the upper deck would be a magnet for anti-social behaviour, but as with double-deck buses and trains, CCTV solutions – common to all modern transit vehicles – could address this. Additionally, at times of reduced patronage, for example on night services, simple security gates could be used to close off the upper deck and concentrate passengers in a smaller area. This would give the option of reducing costs associated with HVAC systems and lighting. One of the key selling points of modern public transport services is their efficiency. Maintaining average service speeds of 20km/h (12.5mph) is crucial and increasing the dwell times at stops is something that needs to be carefully considered. Speed of boarding and alighting is partially a design matter, but also an issue of fare collection. Long vehicles with plenty of doors are good for shorter dwell times, but less effective for revenue protection. Yet with the ABOVE: This computer-generated image shows what a 21st Century double-decker could look like on the increasing move towards off-tram ticketing, streets of London. Courtesy of PPM these issues can be easily addressed. If tramstops BELOW LEFT: The return of the double-decker could be eased by modern traction supplies. This engineering are placed every 500m – common for urban design shows the whole of the mechanical drive contained within the bogie; the only components kept circulator systems – good design should only separate in this case would be fuel tanks designed to store compressed natural gas (CNG). P. Davis/PPM influence dwell times by a few seconds.2 below right: Blackpool Balloon trams at Rigby Road depot in 2017; 719 (left) carries the livery introduced for the tramway’s 2012 modernisation and also includes the modification for low-floor centre access. Neil Pulling ‘They’re old-fashioned and only belong in museums’ Tell that to the people of Hong Kong, one of the most progressive cities on the planet and one that manages to blend the height of modernity with a rich heritage. This includes continued service of double-deck trams. A tourist attraction in their own right, services maintain high patronage and are one of the best ways to see the city. The upper deck is a much better sightseeing platform, so for towns and cities with a high tourist footfall one could even make a case for returning to the format of an open balcony at both ends. There is no suggestion that modern LRVs solution (such as the double-deck heritage- should all be replaced by double-deck bogie style cars supplied by California-based ‘Axle loads would be higher, raising trams, but that there may well be a place TIG/m for the service in Oranjestad, Aruba). the demands on the infrastructure’ within the urban transport mix that is not Accordingly in the future there may be less of If built like a modern LRV then maybe, but being explored. After all, there are synergies in a requirement to put equipment on the roof. there is an opportunity here for weight public transport – twigs do not compete with Interestingly, feedback from April’s reduction that would benefit all forms of mass branches, they increase the quantity of foliage. proposal to introduce double-deck buses in transit, no matter how many decks they have. The overall competitor is the private car that New York has been met favourably. The New Lightweight construction with modern is the most inefficient use of urban space. York MTA operates the largest public bus composites should ensure that both overall With the benefits of a bus, but the added system in North America, providing more vehicle weights and axle loading are permanence of fixed infrastructure that is so than two million passenger journeys each comparable, if not better, than a modern valued by developers and investors, a double- weekday with a fleet of more than 5700 buses. LRV for the same passenger capacity. deck tram would also mix more comfortably In a bid to reduce its road footprint, the Shorter, lighter-weight cars would make in streets crowded with pedestrians. agency is trialling double-deck bus services infrastructure design simpler and remove the to increase efficiency and ease of movement temptations for over-engineering often seen Conclusions? throughout the city. It will be interesting to as necessary with articulated low-floor cars. More and more cities are surpassing the one see how these trials progress. Energy and spatial efficiency are two of million population mark each year, often Ultimately, as cities are growing upwards, the dominant mantras in modern urban with woefully inadequate consideration of why can’t transportation do the same? planning and more flexible approaches to additional road space in tightly constrained design will pay rewards in both respects. areas. That precious space therefore needs to Thanks to John Parry, Christopher Holden and be redefined. Len Vossman for their input into this article. ‘There’s no demand’ A more creative attitude to vehicle design Why is there no demand? Any of the smaller could well be the order of the day to make the manufacturers would be more than willing value for money of tramway undertakings REFERENCES to develop a double-deck design for an order more attractive. It is important therefore to of 15-20 vehicles if that was the specification challenge ‘received wisdom’ and consider new 1 T rams, Trailers and Trains, Scott McIntosh – from the scheme promoter. solutions to the challenges of tomorrow where Tramways & Urban Transit 934 – October 2015 What could be created is a new, the solutions of today do not quite fit the bill. and 935 – November 2015) intermediate, urban mode: not a commuter The return of the double-decker may 2 Models of bus boarding and alighting dynamics, Lijun Sun, Alejandro Tirachini, Kay W. train, not LRT and not bus, but something that be enabled by advances in construction, Axhausen, Alexander Erath, Der-Horng Lee incorporates the best of each and fills a niche materials and traction energy – preferably (2014, web.media.mit.edu/~sunlijun/papers/ of urban feeder to the busier LRT or metro using a source carried onboard the vehicle. TRA_2013_dwell_time.pdf) corridors while taking up minimal road space. This could be a hydrogen fuel cell or battery

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org july 2018 / 255 Prague 15T ForCity 9328 passes the city’s National Theatre, an important national landmark that opened in 1881. All Images courtesy of DPP

MAPPING PRAGUE’S TRAMWAYS Martin Brejša, Head of Technical Control for the New Tram Fleet for city operator DPP, explains the process of introducing a digital track map to improve safety and comfort on its new tram fleet.

rague, the capital and largest city (over 340km/211 miles of track, including the changed however, with new routes constructed in the Czech Republic, is the system’s seven depots) and 940 switches. incrementally over the last 30 years. 14th largest city in the European The city’s first horse-drawn line linked the Future development includes nine new Union and has a population of industrial Karlín district on the southern tram projects, totalling approximately 27km around 1.3 million. It has some bank of the Vltava river in the north of the (17 miles) and adding 55 new stops to this ofP the highest rates of public transport usage city with the National Theatre to the east; already impressive system. in the world and its current network consists electrification saw the development of a new The number of trams required for morning of three metro lines, a large tramway network route in Letna, a popular recreation district peak services exceeds 400 vehicles, the and comprehensive bus services. The Prague just across the river. highest number of any tramway in the EU. Public Transit Company (Dopravní podnik Unconnected privately-developed routes The city’s current rolling stock roster consists hl. m. Prahy – or DPP) is the dominant public soon opened in different parts of the city of 825 trams of various types (see right). transport operator within the city. and the first decades of the 20th Century saw The latest deliveries are from a contract Prague’s tramway first opened in 1875 with mergers and consolidation until the 1960s signed with Škoda Transportation in 2011 horse-drawn services; electrification came in when a decision to construct an underground for 250 new 31.4m three-section 15T ForCity 1891. Today it is one of the most expansive metro saw significant routes, including that vehicles. The Electronic Map Project (EMA) tramway networks anywhere in the world, through the important Wenceslas Square, outlined here was launched with the with over 142km (88 miles) of double-track closed. From the 1980s this situation has 15T ForCity and continues today.

256 / july 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org Track mapping

PRAGUE’S TRAMS The city's tramway fleet consists of a diverse range of both bogie and articulated vehicles, operating from seven depots across the city: Hloubětín, Strašnice and Žižkov in the east of the city; Vokovice and Motol in the west, Kobylisy in the north and Pankrác in the south. The most numerous vehicles are variants that date from the 1960s to the late 1990s. In R.P/PLF, M/ T3M2-DVC and T3SU form these have been modernised over the years, including the addition of low-floor centre sections. This programme of modernisation is expected to extend the life of these venerable tramcars into the late 2020s and early 2030s. The city is also the biggest customer for Škoda’s Porsche-styled 14T Elektra, with 57 delivered between 2005 and 2009. Prague is the biggest purchaser of this 50% low-floor three-section articulated design. Most recently, the city has invested heavily in new rolling stock, taking delivery of 250 100% low-floor15T ForCity cars from the same manufacturer. These trams introduced pivoting bogies to better adapt to the network’s tight A modified 15T bogie and chassis in the process of EMA data collection in 2015. curves and are easier on the infrastructure. First tested in the city in 2009, production Defining the concept deliveries began the following year with the first The system map and route visualisation The primary concept of the EMA is based tram entering service in early February 2011. displayed onboard a 15T tram. upon securing the safe passage of a given Older stock is being sold as the new cars arrive. vehicle within a specific track section, arc or crossing. The system is not designed with the requirement of providing a comfortable ride, but instead to minimise derailment and to prevent a tram from driving at a speed that would compromise traffic safety. The EMA system also increases the permitted speed of the tram if it has been driven along a separate track that is outside the range of the developed urban area. Ride comfort continues to be totally within the control of drivers, so the EMA system is in no way expected to replace them. For example, it does not monitor the driver’s alertness nor for a free and clear passage of track obstructions, unlike other systems that are currently available. A tolerance of one metre from the point of the commencement of the limited signal can easily be lost in such environments, of any extraordinary re-routing a discrepancy or increased speed was established as or the number of reachable satellites can be may occur between the announcement of the representing the system’s accuracy. decreased, leading to inaccurate readings. stops – i.e. the planned route – and the actual The basic principle of the final system The EMA continues to be connected with route taken. comes down to recording the distance the GPS system for service-user purposes and The optimal distance of the calibration travelled from the starting point there is also a vision to be able to connect it points on straight tracks is 2km (1.2 miles). (i.e. the calibration point). From the initial with the Galileo European navigation system The second component is located onboard operational findings it is evident that the once this reaches full operational capability. the vehicle and consists of a calibration only weakness of this principle is the high Finally, the abandonment of global point-reading head that is positioned on demand for the precise measurement of co-ordinate systems has also proved to be an the tram’s bogie and a technical computer wheel diameters (which has to be carried out advantage in that the EMA system continues for communicating with the control unit of more frequently than for non-EMA-equipped to function even during periods of the the tram. This, on the basis of commands vehicles). So the value of the distance satellites’ downtime. received, adjusts the vehicle’s behaviour. travelled corresponds to the maximum The change of the positioning principle Based on experience gathered during possible extent to the actual route travelled. was based on a recommendation of the its development, RFID (Radio Frequency Here, of course, the precision of the Czech Technical University in Prague, where, Identification) technology was selected for calculation is also affected by factors such even after two years of effort, the basic the EMA system. Its main limitation is the as the partial skidding or slipping of the assumptions of the system were not achieved. maximum working distance between the tag tram’s wheels in reduced adhesion conditions and the reader, which is up to 150mm within or riding on a flange at rail crossings. How the system works the vehicle’s chassis. Nevertheless, the operating method for the The EMA system comprises two basic The collection of data for the creation EMA system is much more accurate than components. The first is a set of calibration of maps proved to be a major challenge the original solution that was based entirely points (tags) that have been deployed within as it is necessary to consider not only the on GPS tracking and which, especially in the rail infrastructure. These tags initially radius of both the vertical and horizontal the urban environment, did not meet the locate the vehicle and can subsequently arcs but also, for example, the construction required tolerance of one metre. adjust its speed if, for example, skidding or cant of the tramline. After adding up all of The precise tracking of trams using GPS can slipping of the wheels occurs during adverse these variables, it has become evident that be problematic in situations such as narrow adhesion conditions. They can also update a it is not possible to use just simple drawing streets bordered by high buildings. The GPS vehicle’s route when, for example, in the event documentation, even if it has been digitised.

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org july 2018 / 257 Track mapping www.mainspring.co.uk

For this purpose, a modified15T bogie was utilised due to the advantage of its independent wheels. This could record the track on each wheel separately to determine the actual length of individual rails and was also equipped with a gyroscope for measuring the real geometry of the track. After that the exact positioning of the switches and the crossings all had to be recorded. In order to debug the system, maps were originally processed for individual lines and, after defining inaccuracies, a single map of the entire network was created to enable the vehicles to move independently of a specific line (for example, in the event of any extraordinary re-routing).

The driver’s view From the driver’s perspective, the EMA system is conceived in two key ways. The first one is limiting, which currently monitors the maximum permitted speed in a specific track section, curve or track structure. The concept is that the vehicle controls the distance to the limiting point and if the driver does not adapt the vehicle’s speed the EMA ABOVE AND LEFT: An RFID chip within the calibration point located in the system activates the maximum service brake rail network. The reader of this chip is located on the tram bogie. (not the emergency brake) at the last safe RIGHT: The driver’s digital display with the enabled point, which slows the vehicle to a technically EMA system. The blue dot on the speedometer (here safe speed. This speed is somewhat higher seen at 20km/h) indicates the appropriate safe speed than that which is permitted in a specific for that track section. location so that the driver is forced to control the vehicle and not simply rely on the possibility of the use of the EMA system is automatic intervention of the system. unlimited and depends only on the wishes of To this end it was very difficult to set the the operator. limiting points with regard to the gradient The philosophy of implementing and of the track, or whether the tram is under maintaining the EMA system in operation power or is already braking – but to a lesser has been divided into responsibilities for the extent than necessary to achieve the required development of control software by Škoda speed. The driver is informed of this limit Transportation – including any additional by a blue stop on the speedometer, which is hardware fitted to the vehicle – and to the highlighted at the appropriate speed. administration of the calibration points A predictive warning that the limiting point and map data by DPP. is being approached is yet to be implemented. Currently, only trams 9326-9434 are autbo the author During the long development period, equipped with the EMA system; 9201-9325 the possibility of a secondary use of the will be equipped in next couple of months. Martin Brejša has worked for DPP since 2008, starting in the engineering department and EMA system – automated control of a tram’s Vehicles 9434-9450 will be delivered later becoming the Head of Technical Control in 2013. operating functions to improve comfort this year. The system is expected to be Martin’s main area of expertise is in the testing and operation – has been opened up. This available on 14T trams within the next and inspection of new vehicles, their trial includes the announcement of stops and year; this fleet is currently undergoing operation and delivery into passenger service. communication with the dispatching modifications to make them more suitable He also helps develop technologies and systems system, displaying a more specific location to the Prague network. for rolling stock and infrastructure, such as the on the map, controlling the interior lighting Other types of Prague tram are optimisation of heating and air conditioning of the vehicle in tunnels and its heating unfortunately unable to communicate systems, door closing systems, flange and rail head lubrication, OCS wire anti-icing treatments and air conditioning and, last but not with this system. and automatic safety systems. least, controlling any necessary additional Martin will be speaking at this year’s UK Light lubrication of the flanges and the crown of Grateful thanks are extended to Jiří Došlý Rail Conference in Manchester on 17-18 July 2018 the rail to suppress (to some extent) the noise from Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy for his – for details see www.mainspring.co.uk/events during the ride in curves. In this area the assistance in the preparation of this article.

How rail deterioration influences public perception of urban rail systems

Around the globe, tramways and urban transit a standard component, to which the public pays delayed by the use of appropriate rail steel solutions. systems are evolving with enormous speed, trying little attention, it is especially the direct interaction This results in safer and cheaper infrastructure, to adapt to ongoing population growth like never of vehicles and track that over time underlies with improved noise performance and at the same before. While the public usually regards new rolling degradation such as wear, corrugation and rolling time offering greater availability. stock with high esteem – bringing obvious comfort contact fatigue. These degradation mechanisms The article on the opposite page (HSH® rails for and advantages to passengers – infrastructure is are often the causes for complaints about noise, urban transportation systems) provides more detail often seen as a necessary evil. This is particularly maintenance work and non-availability of services. into how rail performance can influence: true for tramways and urban rail systems which In fact, the correct choice of rail and appropriate > Safety operate in close proximity to city residents. maintenance can make a significant difference > Availability But the hidden truth is that the public perception to both passengers and neighbouring residents. > Social responsibility of any rail system depends to a considerable degree Various track comparisons and operational > Profitability of track on the infrastructure, and especially the rail as a experience clearly demonstrate that the Lukas Prettner key element. While rails are usually considered as aforementioned degradation can be minimised and Product Management – voestalpine Schienen

258L / jU y 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org Advertorial HSH® rails for Urban Transportation Systems

oday’s urban transport the hypereutectoid steel grade 400 UHC® Weldability is another key advantage operators are often dealing (R400HT) offers significantly increased of HSH® rails. The non-alloy steel leads to with maintenance windows of resistance against rail wear and corrugation. optimised properties for rail welding, resulting four hours and less, complaints Furthermore, the profile stability of 400 in a benefit that is exploited by railways at the about noise pollution and UHC® leads to better vehicle curving behaviour. very beginning of a rail life in the track. enormousT cost pressure. To best cope with Lower forces are applied on other superstructure these demanding circumstances, voestalpine components, as well as lower wheel wear due Conclusion Schienen has developed a unique portfolio to reduced friction in the contact zone. Through their extraordinary material of heat-treated premium rails for urban track As well as reduced wear, corrugation is also resistance, HSH® rails offer many advantages: that offer the highest material resistance: mainly observed on the low rail in tight curves > Social responsibility: Due to the slower HSH® Grooved rails for tramways: or areas where high traction forces are applied, corrugation development it is easier to > HSH® GM (R290GHT) or HSH® GM-CL such as on steep ramps or near stations. maintain a smooth rail surface, resulting in a (290GHT-CL) for operators that follow a Corrugation not only leads to high dynamic significantly reduced sound pressure level. maintenance strategy that includes gauge forces – which result in faster degradation > Availability and maintenance: The use corner repair of other superstructure components – but of these rail steels offers new opportunities > HSH® G (R340GHT) for operators that follow a it is also a main source of rail-related noise. through reduced downtime. strategy without gauge corner repair welding Detailed measurements show that the > Safety: Slower crack propagation in Flat-bottom rails for trams, metros and continuous sound level is increased by up 400UHC® flat-bottom rails reduces the risk commuter systems: to 12 dB(A) when comparing a rail with of deep rolling contact fatigue damage not > 400UHC® HSH® (R400HT) corrugations to a rail with a smooth surface. detected in regular inspection intervals. Designed for tramways all over the world, The results from Switzerland and a great > Economic benefits: The lowest lifecycle heat-treated HSH® grooved rails have developed deal of experience from other customers costs can be achieved by using HSH® rails. state-of-the-art technology for curves. They are clearly show the potential of 400UHC® rail used in systems in Vienna, Berlin, Melbourne, steel in reducing corrugation and how it can Sydney, Warsaw, London, Dublin, Phoenix, positively affect both the noise pollution and FIND OUT MORE Washington DC and many more. the maintenance regime of urban rail systems. In metro and commuter systems, the rail Crack propagation can also successfully steel grade 400 UHC® HSH® is proven as be combated by using this innovative steel the best performing rail steel currently on design: even compared to the heat-treated rail the market. Measurements from the SZU steel R350HT, measurements from Germany network in Switzerland show that after prove that R400HT rail reduces head check www.voestalpine.com/schienen one year in service it is clearly visible that development by 50% or more.

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Light Rail Simulators

WWW.SYDAC.COM GLOBAL DRIVER TRAINING SIMULATOR SOLUTIONS DERBY UK OFFICE +44 (1332) 299 600

260 / juLY 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org Training THE VIRTUAL WORLD Simulators are commonplace in operational training, but technology means they are now used for so much than route learning… as TAUT discovers.

ntroducing new technology, processes and systems into any business can be a real enabler to increasing efficiency, improving compliance and making faster, better and more informed decisions.I Digital innovation can also make the public transport lifecycle simpler, safer and better for the environment, but there is one key element that is often overlooked: people. Technology challenges us, but aside from all the bright and shiny new ways of designing, building, running and operating tramways and light rail systems that are allowing us to measure, monitor and create away from our desktops, it is important to remember that we are all in the people business. If staff aren’t engaged and content Ian Rowe of Tram-Pro demonstrates the realistic experience of driving a tram in Frankfurt am Main. TAUT with their roles and responsibilities then this will show through to our passengers – and we expensive infrastructure with little margin same time – all overseen from an administrator are definitely in a customer-facing industry. for error. Each trainee driver requires a station. Sessions are recorded, datalogged and The latest generation of training and minder and the time available for practical analysed with more focused and individual simulation tools are a fine example of how experience can be severely limited. programmes developed. Created in a modular technology is changing the way we design Following Moore’s Law (the premise of a fashion, new routes, hazard situations and and operate transport systems. The days doubling of processing power, for the same cost, vehicles can be cost-effectively added in a on end of pure classroom learning are over, every two years), rapid progress in computer matter of weeks. replaced instead by interactive tools that power and graphics processing mean that A recent success for Tram-Pro was the allow drivers, control centre, front-line staff simulators are no longer hugely expensive. development of the under-construction and maintainers to practice and develop in Ian Rowe of Tram-Pro told TAUT: “We use the Trafford Park line in Greater Manchester in the a risk-free digital domain. Mistakes can be latest technology adapted from the gaming virtual world. Once the final alignment was made, analysed, learnt from and hopefully industry and can produce simulators and part- confirmed, within weeks a full digital model never made in a real-world situation where task trainers for a lot less than you may think.” was created to the point where driver training safety is the overriding consideration. Yet the role of the simulator in Rowe’s simulation could easily be added. Not bad for Show me, don’t tell me. eyes is varied and almost infinitely a line that isn’t due to open until 2020… Getting staff, passengers and stakeholders customisable. Solutions ranging from a An important step forward has been the engaged with new systems is what we will laptop and a joystick up to fully-enclosed cab introduction of ‘free-thinking’ pedestrian be considering first. The first fundamental systems can be used to teach and establish avatars, as well as randomised vehicle question is: What are we trying to achieve? common practice for special movements and drivers or cyclist movements. Mimicking the Although this seems the simplest of events, additional training for high-risk unpredictability of the real world, car doors constructions, the answer is all too often locations, emergency situations and, can and do open in front of trams, cyclists put before the question: ‘We’ve seen this increasingly importantly, eco-driver training. weave across tracks and headphone-wearing fantastically clever piece of kit, how can And all in a risk-free environment. pedestrians walk out in front of the driver or we harness it?’ Excitement overcomes Tailored training initiatives are reducing from behind parked vehicles. practicality and holistic planning, and we project programmes significantly with, for As Mr Rowe explains: “This is an important risk putting ourselves back into the realm example, Dublin’s now being able to train development as the system can either of the bright and the shiny. Likewise, there up to four drivers on multiple routes at the replicate particular hazards in incident is a strong temptation to follow the pack; hotspots or, in random mode, all manner if others in the industry take a particular of unpredictable obstacles and situations to path you must follow ‘or be left behind’. improve driver awareness and reactions.” Further to interactions with errant drivers Drivers and front-line staff and oblivious pedestrians, environmental As tramways unite the characteristics of both conditions can be recreated which would the railway and the highway, the scope of be impossible to train for in the real world. training for their operation needs to consider Imagine coaching new drivers on the a wide range of environmental, behavioural challenges of driving in heavy rain, fog or and physical factors. snow, or at night, in the middle of summer. Traditional instruction involves lengthy Other conditions such as changes in wheel training periods and significant investment adhesion, wheel slip or emergency braking in time and manpower. Route training has Manchester Metrolink’s Trafford Park line has are also replicated within this digital world. to be done initially outside service hours, been fully modelled in the virtual world, two years Importantly, while key elements of minimising risk while still taking a very before the first trams run on the new route. the base architecture, the lifelike physics expensive vehicle out onto even more Courtesy of Tram-Pro algorithms and software ‘engine’ remain,

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org july 2018 / 261 Training

no two simulators are the same as they are tailored to individual operator training regimes, country-specific regulations and language or cultural differences.

Operations and asset management The process begins with a series of interviews where base parameters are set and peculiarities of a given line or network are documented. Particular challenges are identified using the experience of drivers and operational staff. This progresses to detailed lineside, cab and drone photography and precise measurement and data capture of vehicle dynamics as well as elements like track camber, gradients and curve radii even down to the dimensions of lineside structures. Progression into ABOVE: Detailed wire-frame models is then undertaken, with analysis of training the final ‘skin’ of the city overlaid on top. sessions show fine With so much detailed data, the creation detail of braking and of such ‘digital twins’ both consolidates and acceleration points, releases so much knowledge about a system as well as highlighting that the modular nature of the technology safety critical events means that control rooms and depots and promoting can also be created. These allow precise eco-driving. TAUT interrogation of proposed timetable and maintenance regime changes, and the impact LEFT: The same of diversions and unexpected events which virtual environment can be made even can better inform network planning and more realistic by even predictive servicing strategies. investment in a Utilising a virtual track environment, driver’s chair and control system simulators enable enhanced full dash console. training of control room staff and planners Courtesy of Sydac in a similarly risk-free space; all of the same situations can be modelled on this hyper- of the installation from the point of view of realistic train set. As many operations pedestrians and neighbouring buildings. t he present... and the future contracts include significant penalties for Services can be programmed to faithfully excess waiting time, lost mileage and timetable follow proposed timetables to provide We see a variety of demand for traditional adherence, recovery scenarios for incidents valuable information on pedestrian flows to high-fidelity full functionality training (typically such as signal or power supply failure or line and from tramstops and to compress weeks’ delivered centrally on an annual basis), blockages can be replicated in a way that worth of operation into time-lapse videos. complemented by smaller-scale, lower-cost could help prevent future revenue loss. With this rich ‘digital twin’, the tactical training units which can be used Linked to real data, previous episodes can be opportunities in the virtual world are almost on-demand by drivers wanting to brush up on their skills and knowledge replayed to develop best practice approaches limitless and give the potential to improve I am always amazed at how each of our for those scenarios through powerful analysis every aspect of a transport operation. customers around the world use our simulators. tools. Simulations can even be linked to Some use them for early driver selection/triage actual CCTV streams that can further inform Enhancement, not replacement and as a gateway test early into training. The aim the development of operational tools. Although simulation has been used for here is to reduce training costs and optimise the Elements such as traction SCADA decades in more basic forms, developments quality of their core driver cadre. emulation also serve to model power supply in technology – allied to reductions in price – Others use simulators as a detailed debriefing situations that could never be recreated in have come even further to the fore in the tool to support individual incidents so that the real world without the closure of the aftermath of events like the tragic derailment drivers regain their confidence. Some use them to improve on-time operational performance system or individual routes. For example, at Sandilands on the London Tramlink through our ‘Ghost Train’ technology which the effects of substation downtime or an system in November 2017. provides trainees with a real-time service to breakage in a busy city As well as guidance around regulation, keep up with in order to stick to the timetable. centre can be realistically reproduced in system design and human factors, the UK’s We also sponsor some clients’ “Green Run’ a controlled environment. Rail Accident Investigation Branch included competitions where drivers have to beat the Crisis communications and social media recommendations around the investigation instructor’s best runs for fuel efficiency. strategies can also be established in parallel of driver assistance systems and driver There is lots of potential with technologies so that customer dialogue is maintained in alertness monitoring. This is in addition such as virtual and augmented reality (VR and such ‘what if’ situations. to better understanding of the unique AR), but the resolution is currently not available operational risks around tramways and to offer a credible real-time training solution. VR does have value for vehicle discovery guidance on managing these risks better. Stakeholder engagement applications and some fault rectification Additionally, such virtual worlds can be Yet while the industry is adopting such training however. incredibly powerful educational tools – if a technologies, it is important to recognise that Steven Langley picture tells a thousand words, then a video they should always be used as an adjunct to Global Business Manager – Sydac shows a thousand pictures. comprehensive and ongoing development Incorporating real traffic data as part programmes and never as a replacement. Sydac supplies driver training solutions to rail of the system, this gives promoters the It is in this heightened climate that operators around the world, including the world’s ability to demonstrate the effects of new technology plays a vital role in developing largest tram network ( in Melbourne, lines to residents, businesses and other and understanding assets and scenarios, both Australia) as well as the new tramway in Suzhou, China. The company has also developed a system local stakeholders. Once the environment existing and planned, and both human and for Karlsruhe, Germany, where the simulator has to is created, ‘cameras’ can be placed within equipment, as well as the risks of operation reproduce the transition from suburban commuter it at any location to show someone what and maintenance. The modelling of as many service into a completely pedestrianised old town the line may look like from their office or different eventualities in a lifelike digital world precinct with on-street running. living room, giving an accurate impression will therefore be incredibly powerful.

262 / july 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org Wrocław

Western Poland’s largest city underwent drastic systems social and economic upheaval within a short timespan; Neil Pulling POLAND pays a visit now that factfile Wrocław greater stability has No. Wrocław, brought a new focus on 129 Poland the transport network.

Škoda 19T rocław is the production saw housing estates being within Poland’s present boundaries. 3108 at Dworzec ’ capital of Lower built around the city s periphery. Autobusowy, The city authority combined such Silesia voivodeship Recently, restoration of civic spaces serving the operations under public ownership (province), and modern commercial buildings, underground with its own lines by 1931. Measures 340km (212 miles) and being awarded the 2016 European long-distance to rationalise and integrate services sWouth-west of the capital Warsaw. Capital of Culture accolade, have bus station and contributed to the tramway’s current With around 638 000 residents, made Wrocław a regional centre Wroclavia shopping central configuration. it is Poland’s fourth-biggest city with an international outlook. centre. This area Under Communist control and and whilst experiencing population It is significant for finance, advanced near the main by then renamed Wrocław, the railway station has decline, this is less marked than the technology and manufacturing. network was bolstered as the principal seen much recent national urban trend. An industrial staple since 1833 development. transport mode. This included more A complex history saw the city, and under communism as Pafawag, buses, new tram routes and track as Breslau, within Imperial Germany the national rail carriage factory in doubling for more frequent services. in 1871. World War Two brought the city is now a Bombardier plant, Later scarcity of resources brought massive destruction and loss of life, specialising in bodies for TRAXX equipment deterioration, initially accelerating during the ‘Festung locomotives and high-speed trains. little improved by transition to market Breslau’ (siege) in 1945. The peace The Breslau tramway evolved from forces after 1989 and private transport accord saw ethnic Germans expelled private ventures including horse growth. Faith in trams was however and replaced by Poles, many forcibly trams, 1877-1906, and electrified lines. Pictures by returning across Europe, significantly resettled as boundaries changed The initial one which opened in 1893 Neil Pulling, unless within Poland. Renewal and under Soviet rule. Increasing post-war was also the first electric tram service otherwise stated. expansion of Wrocław’s system has

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org JULY 2018 / 263 Wrocław

been assisted through funding from can create lengthy waits. Such layouts the European Union which Poland also mean that some stops are safely joined in 2004. accessible only by pedestrian subways; City tram and bus operations are the fencing between tracks is meant to responsibility of MPK Wrocław, created discourage or channel movements in 1951 and now a limited company in between platforms. A given stop city ownership. There are may have several widely separated 22 designated normal tramlines platforms, each with a print timetable (numbered 0-33) and around 50 day for lines using that platform. bus routes. Buses also provide the night Real-time displays are available network. Local train services have in some locations. improved under the regional operator, Completed in 1949, the longest Koleje Dolno l skie, with further outward reach is the north-western Bi-directional Škoda 19T trams at Gaj terminus, working lines 31/32 integration of heavy rail and tramway line to Le nica, still a distinct without access to turning loops. featuring in transport planning. settlement although incorporated Although the mainly double- with Wrocław in 1928. This route The track tram system is radial overall, a unsurprisingly hosts the system’s northbound-only complex configuration lies between longest line, number 20 at 20.6km single track near the main railway station, Wrocław (12.9 miles). Amongst the shortest Rynek. A public Główny, and the widest Odra channel. at almost 10km (6.2 miles), circular open walkway Variously a contributor to flooding line 0 (zero) connects with all others. connects the and a means of flood control, the Separately designated, 0P runs towers of St. Mary river’s fragmented flow through clockwise and 0L anti-clockwise with Magdalene Church. central Wrocław means that the Dworzec Nadodrze (also a main line tramway features many bridges. station) as the nominal terminus. The city’s heart and showpiece is Six minutes at peak is the general the Rynek, a large market square frequency, with the east-west core line with central buildings. Although 33 at around six minutes. Termini no tracks pass through this mainly have separate arrival and departure pedestrianised area, there are platforms and most have return tracks nearby on the inner of the loops and space for holding stock. western orbital tracks, which are Necessitating the addition of new the location of the nominal Rynek bi-directional stock, the outer stop platforms. Oławska and Wita extensions of lines 31 and 32 are Stwosza stops are closer, being on a exceptions. A Tram Plus distinction uni-directional single track to the east. which launched these and line 33 as Multiple lines sharing track feature accelerated services no longer applies. around the centre and at some other As a large system, fleet renewal locations, thus for visitors particular represents an economic challenge. attention is needed in terms of the service boarded. Platform lengths “ As a large system,fleet allow for the presence of two trams simultaneously. With dedicated track renewal is aneconomic often set between wide roadways, traffic convergence at intersections challenge.Many trams remain from the Communist era.”

One of two stops created for the new stadium, Stadion Wrocław (Lotnicza) on the Leśnica route.

264 / JULY 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org

THE FLEET In 2006, the uni-directional five-section, 30.3m-long Czech-built Škoda Elektra 16T (3001-3017) became Wrocław’s first substantially low-floor stock (65% of passenger area). Following in 2010 was the externally similar 19T (3101-3131), Wroclaw’s only bi-directional design. The layout features luggage/cycle storage instead of some of the facing seat interior. Renewal has otherwise been sourced domestically. A small batch of three-section, 32m Twist 2010NW (3201-3208) trams was built by Pesa in 2015. These are the city’s only fully low-flow trams, also featuring air conditioning and USB points. Although Wrocław’s own tram building enterprise foundered, its latest acquisitions for replacing ageing 105Na cars are from a counterpart enterprise, Modertrans, an MPK Poznań subsidiary. Appreciably cheaper than competing bids, the 28.3m Moderus Beta MF 19 AC (AC representing air conditioned) has capacity for 216 passengers with 39 seats, also with USB points. Attracting local criticism, only around a quarter of the floorspace is low-level, all in the centre of the three sections. Vehicle 2801 entered service in late 2015, with 22 in service by 2017; 40 more (MF 24 AC specification) were ordered in 2017, with the first delivered in early 2018. Official liveries are more prominent than advertising. Pale blue/white is used on Konstal/Protram vehicles, with Škoda trams adding silver cab ends. Pesa and Modertrans stock features a dark blue colourscheme, with greater prominence for the city and operator identity. ABOVE: Oporów terminus and the Polish Soldiers’ Cemetery monument. The three depots all present historic street frontages. The biggest and Protram's 204Wr As 2608 contrasts with the Konstal 105NWr 2550 rebuilds. most modern is No. 4 Borek, near Orla stop. The combined Nos. 2-3 Ołbin is opposite Słowiańska and No. 1 Gaj is near Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny. BELOW RIGHT: Konstal 105Na 2398+2397 dating from 1984 at Ojca Beyzyma, exemplifying widespread positioning of tracks and stops between road carriageways.

LEFT: One of several stops by a modern retail centre, Plac Grunwaldzki is amongst the busiest network interchanges.

BELOW: City-bound Škoda 16T 3009 passes Modertrans 2816, waiting at the Leśnica arrival platform for space on the turning loop.

“ Faith in trams was returning and renewal and expansion of Wrocław’s system was assisted by EU funding.” LEFT: A 2017-built Modertrans Moderus Beta MF 19 AC crosses an Odra channel on Most Młyński on 14 March 2018.

RIGHT: On 3 June 2010, 205Wr As 2713, still a recent delivery by local supplier Protram, is at Arkady.

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Many trams remain from the softening of the donor’s original Communist era, products of the skeletal profile and a rounded roof state-owned Konstal (later Alstom), end which incorporates driver based in Chorzów. In two formats, the cab air conditioning equipment. most numerous type is the Konstal Passenger space was increased by 105Na. Delivered between 1975 and removing cabs of trailing vehicles, 1991, this 13.5m single car, high-floor classified105NWrD. Visually similar design runs in pairs. Modernising and as six pairs (2601-2612) Protram’s 110 of these vehicles was done locally 204WrAs were new-builds between by a municipal concern. It became 2004-08. The firm delivered three- identified as a separate entity, Protram section 205WrAs between 2006 and Wrocław, in 1999 and used premises 2011, 2701-2726. This 26.6m model at the former No. 5 depot, opposite with around 20% low-floor area stayed Kwiska stop on the Le nica line. peculiar to Wroclaw. Faced with Pesa 2010NW 3204 crossing Plac Jana Pawła II. This intersection Returning to traffic as105NWr strong competition, falling orders is named after the Polish Pope and has long pedestrian subways for between 2004 and 2010, this stock and denied further finance, Protram tram access. is externally distinguished by a declared bankruptcy in early 2016.

1 3 7 Poświętne 10 15 20 Stadion Wrocław (Królewiecka) Leśnica 31 32 Kzanów (Dokerska) Kamieńskiego 33 14 Osobowice Pilczyce Stadion Wrocław 24 (Lotnicza)

Kwiska

Dworzec Nadodrze 0

Nowo- Pl. Staszica Słowiańska wiejska 23 Wrocławski Park Przemysłowy

Pomorska Pl. Bema 14 24 FAT Uniwer- Oder sytet Gabiszyńka (Cmentarz) Pl. Jana Uniwersytet Pawła II 11 Ekonomiczny

Hallera DEPOT Galeria Dominikańska Urząd Wojewódzki Oporów Świdnicka 4 5 20

DEPOT Pl. Wróblewskiego Pl. Legionów Krzyki Renoma Gaj 2 6 7 9

Arkady Park 15 (Capitol) 0 Południowy

Dworzec Główny Klecina

Dworzec 17 Autobusowy

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network facts

O pened: 1877 (electric 1893) L ength: Approx. 85km (53 miles) Lin es: 22 D epots: 3 A pprox. weekday hours: 04.30-00.15 L ine frequency: 12 minutes G auge: 1435mm P ower: 600V dc, overhead supply F leet: 220 C ity network/operator: MPK Wrocław – mpk.wroc.pl C ivic information: www.wroclaw.pl T ourist information: visitwroclaw.eu

Poświętne

ABOVE: Konstal 105NWr 2228+2229 passing Wrocław Główny with an orbital service. A more intensive tram service passes the station's western end. Kamieńskiego BELOW: Protram rebuilt and new-build stock crossing at Rynek on 13 March 2018.

Karłowice (Pętla) 8 11 23

Kromera Kowale 6

33 Piastowska Stadion Olimpijski 9 Sępolno 17 Pl. Grunwaldzki

1 2 4 10 “The mainly double-track system is radial, Biskupin but a complex configuration lies between the main station and Odra channel.”

Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny

DEPOT

Bardzka

Tarnogaj 31 Księże Małe Morwowa 8 32 Gaj 3 5

DEPOT

The junction at Bardzka, on lines installed to serve high-density housing estates.

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ABOVE: Three Being a host of UEFA 2012 Prudnicka stop is now being built. lines represented at Pilczyce in June triggered restoration of the Wrocław Linking with retained track under 2010, now the Główny station and tram upgrades. the railway, this will spread demand western terminus Connections were created with the and lessen reliance upon tracks for high frequency new stadium on two lines and the past Dworzec Autobusowy. Tram line 33. Line 12 is partially-covered Stadion Wrocław movements will increase here under defunct and Konstal (Lotnicza) stop on the Le nica line is plans for more southern expansion. 105Na 2492 was directly above heavy rail platforms. Eight options have been proposed withdrawn in 2012. Nearer the stadium and representative for extending coverage from the Park of styling on the system’s newer Południowy (South Park) terminus to LEFT: Škoda 19T 3123, the type with installations, Stadion Wrocław the Ołtaszyn district. These and other luggage space in (Królewiecka) is a terminus with stub projects, totalling 15km (9.4 miles) lieu of inward track. This 2012 extension is routed of new route by 2022, also involve facing seats. via the housing concentration in new depot facilities and further new Kozanów district. rolling stock orders. Bringing similar BELOW: Works car In September 2016 the city relief to the multi-line Le nica route is 1972-built Konstal authority presented the Wrocław Tram a planned northerly 3.8km (2.4-mile) 102Na G-089 briefly Programme with short and long-term connection with the Kozanów district. joins revenue track to reposition 19T horizons, all subject to detailing and Like that extension, a new line to the 3106 at Borek depot. consultation. A connection extending Nowy Dwór district will include a further along Hubska beyond railway interchange.

essential facts L ocal travel: MPK transport maps are available from general tourist offices, as at Wrocław Główny. Tickets are bought from machines – validation is required. There is a huge ticket range, with low prices making the 24/48/72/168-hour type at PLN11/20/26/46 (EUR2.55/4.64/6/10/70) ideal for visitors. Included in the prices are local trains between WR- /Wroclaw-prefixed stations, also bus 106 services (every 20 minutes) between Wrocław-Copernicus Airport and near the main station. What is there to see? Free high quality multi-lingual maps and guides are available and Wrocław’s civic and tourist websites are also recommended, these including seasonal heritage tram details. Rynek and the adjoining Salt Square offer a concentration of sights, bars and restaurants. There is an interesting area around Hala Turgowa (market) and the nearby river islands. Varied parklands. The Sky Tower Viewpoint on Poland’s tallest building (Wielka stop) is worth a visit; there are also lookouts on several churches. Converted from depot No.7, History Centre Zajezdnia (Grabiszyńska stop) focuses on the city and region’s modern era.

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ARGENTINA BUENOS AIRES. Metro line H was extended by 800m from Las Heras to Julita Lanteri (Facultad de Derecho) on 17 May. urbanrail.net

AUSTRALIA MELBOURNE. The future of the 237 W-Class trams stored for several years at Newport Railway workshops was clarified on 13 May, with 134 being offered to museum/community groups or individuals, subject to submission of an application by 6 July. Successful applicants will be responsible for asbestos removal. Twenty-five have been judged suitable for restoration as W8 for passenger service on the network, while the 20 trams decorated for the Transporting Arts project several years ago will be made available to the relevant arts groups. Five have also been judged suitable The new CAF Urbos trams delivered to the 950mm-gauge system in the Sardinian city of Cagliari have entered service. CAF for gifting purposes. The remainder will be scrapped. M. Rowe service if articulated trams are off to inaugurate service in November CZECH REPUBLIC for maintenance. or December. PRAHA (Prague). The last Tatra AUSTRIA OOSTENDE. The 57 new CAF CAD50m (EUR33m) in federal RT6N1 low-floor tram, 1803, has GRAZ. A new 1.8km (1.1-mile) trams for delivery in 2019-22 funding has been announced been transferred to the Brno tramway branch is to be built will include five double-ended for the southern extension of technical museum at Líšen. south from Alte Poststrasse to cars, which will be useful the Trillium diesel LRT line to prazsketramvaje.cz a new residential development during trackwork. T-2000 Limebank Road by 2023. D. Drum at Reininghaus, and another TORONTO. On 22 May the city ESTONIA 1.1km (0.7-mile) line east from BOLIVIA council voted to proceed with TALLINN. Ex-Gera KT4D set Asperngasse to Smart City. Tram COCHABAMBA. It now seems plans to extend the Eglinton East 354+361 has returned from tracks through the city centre that the 12 33m double-ended light rail line to Malvern (Nelsons refurbishment in Ostrava with will be relieved by a new line from trams ordered from Stadler for Rd/Sewells Rd), although no Tallinn numbers 180/1. BS Jakominiplatz via Neutorgasse the new system will be eight-axle finance has yet been identified. and Belgiergasse to Annenstrasse Metelitsa cars built in Minsk. BS Five years after delivery, FINLAND (1km/0.6 miles). 4401 has been INDUSTRY. Transtech, majority JENBACH – MAYRHOFEN. The BRAZIL returned to the Thunder Bay owned by Škoda Transportation 760mm-gauge Zillertalbahn has SALVADOR. Skyrail Bahia has factory for refitting to production since 2015, became 100% owned ordered five hydrogen-powered been selected for a BRL1.53bn standard; 4479 was delivered in on 21 May when the remaining trains from Stadler for delivery in (EUR350m) contract to late May. shares were sold by the Finnish 2020-22 at a cost of EUR80m. IRJ build and operate a 19.9km CLRVs 4027/9 are earmarked for company that previously owned WIEN (Vienna). The second (12.4-mile) connecting the Seashore Trolley Museum. the company. Škoda Transtech is D-class 100% low-floor tram, 302, the Comércia district with D. Drum building trams for Helsinki and was delivered by Bombardier Simões Filho, partly on the Tampere. A. Prescott in March and taken to RailTec alignment of the 13.6km CHINA Arsenal for climate testing. (8.5-mile) Calçade to Paripe HONG KONG. Tram fares were On 26 May it was displayed at suburban rail line. Construction to be increased to HKD2.60 AUBAGNE. A feasibility study the annual Tramwaytag at should start in October. IRJ (EUR0.28) from 2 July, a 30-cent has been launched for the link Erdberg depot. increase and the first for seven between the Aubagne tramway The last E1 trams are now CANADA years. A four-day tourist pass and Marseille. Meanwhile the concentrated north of the Donau CALGARY. On 15 May the Prime remains at HKD34 (EUR3.70). commune has confirmed that river on lines 25, 26 and 30. BS Minister confirmed CAD1.53bn SCMP the existing tramline will operate (EUR1bn) in federal funding for INDUSTRY. CRRC Zhuzhou fare- free until 2020. BELGIUM the Green line light rail, ensuring started trials in its home city with LE MANS. Tram 1023 has been BRUSSEL/BRUXELLES. the first phase will open in 2026. passengers using its Autonomous named Carel et Fouché in memory Although an inauguration The completed 46km (28.6- Rail system on of the famous local rolling stock ceremony may be held for the mile) line will run north–south 8 May. A 31.6m three-section builder. tram-2000 extension of line 94 to Roodebeek from 160 Ave N in Keystone to rubber-tyred, double-ended, car PARIS. The 4.3km (2.7-mile) before the municipal elections on Seton in the south-east suburbs. runs on a 3km (1.9-mile) line with extension of line T3b from Porte 14 October, passenger service will A 4km (2.5-mile) subway will take batteries charged by roof-mounted de La Chapelle to Porte d’Asnieres not begin until 5 November. the line across the city centre. at the termini. will open in November. Work to renew infrastructure at Seventy low-floor LRVs will be Guidance is by sensors and radar. Société du Grand Paris has De Wand started on 14 May, with required. Construction will start RGI named Alstom as preferred bidder shuttle buses on part of lines 3 and in spring 2020. D. Drum . On 26 May the 31.8km for up to 1000 automated metro 17. Regular service resumes on O T TAWA . Tracklaying on (19.8-mile) suburban commuter cars: 133 six-car trains for line 15 2 September. T-2000 the 12.5km (eight-mile) rail line from Lukou International and 50 three-car trains for lines 16 GENT. PCCs 6204/10/1/23 Confederation light rail line was Airport (interchange with ) and 17. The 2.8m-wide trains will remain available for service completed on 4 May. Testing is to Wuxiangshan was opened. collect power at 1500V dc from and see occasional peak-period due to begin in July and it is hoped urbanrail.net overhead catenary. IRJ

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The Danish tramway museum at Skjoldenæsholm marked its 40th anniversary The new XO5 trams are now on test in the French city of Nice. at the end of May. København Duewag tram 890, repatriated from Alexandria, is fit They operate with the SRS surface charging system, seen between the rails of the to operate mechanically and electrically, but needs bodywork completion. For more right-hand track at CADAM terminus. D. Pyle on this anniversary, see Classic Trams in TAUT 968. FDBS

TOURS. Consultation on plans GOTHA. A special event to mark historic tramway waiting room DELHI. Metro was for a second tramline ended on the 90th anniversary of line 2 and crew quarters at Herrenkrug completed on 28 May when the 8 June. This would be 12.5-14.7km included a visit by Erfurt works terminus, damaged by flooding 24.8km (15.4-mile) Klakaji – (7.8-9.1 miles) long costing up to car 3 (renumbered 37 for the in 2013. The structure was built in Janakpuri West section south of EUR330m, linking park-and-ride occasion). BS 1900-01 and is believed to be the the city centre was inaugurated sites in the west (Porte Ouest HALBERSTADT. One-hour oldest such facility in Germany. BS (regular service started the Périphérique) and south (Porte public rides on historic trams MÜNCHEN (). following day). RGI Sud-Est Périphérique). tram-2000 will be offered on 25 August and From 7 May line 19 was extended 22 September, with hourly from Max-Weber-Platz to IRAN GERMANY departures from Holzmarkt. BS Berg-am-Laim, exchanging GENERAL. One of the effects . The next new HALLE. Three-car sets of termini with line 25. OR of the easing of economic line to be built under Tatra T4D/B4D t r a m s NAUMBURG. The new terminus sanctions on Iran following the ChemnitzModel of tram-train (1201+1176+204, 1198+1160+195, closer to Hbf should be open the signing of the deal restricting operation will be to Limbach- 1156+1221+222) still operate on for the tramway festival scheduled the country’s nuclear programme Oberfrohna, along Leipziger , but all other surviving for 15 September. BS was the opening up of the Strasse, along the path of the Tatras have been scrapped. BS RUHRBAHN. Essen Stadtbahn-M market for new transit cars. Wittgensdorf–Limbach railway. BS HAMBURG. The first class 490 trams 1406/7/10-2/4 have been There are reports that Stadler BERLIN. Eight-axle Bombardier S-Bahn sets entered service on sent to Iaşi in Romania; 401/3/5/15 was in line to receive an order Flexity Berlin trams up to 9088 route S21 from 24 May. bahnfotokiste are still in service in Essen. BS for 960 new metro cars (728 had been delivered by the end HANNOVER. T r a n s d e v SCHÖNEICHE/WOLTERSDORF. for Teheran, 232 for Karaj). of April. The latest date for the subsidiary NordWestBahn has From 1 April the Schöneicher – However the decision of the carriage of Stadtbahn passengers to been chosen to operate the S-Bahn Rüdersdorf Strassenbahn GmbH US to withdraw from the the new airport Flughafen BER is network from 12 December 2021, became responsible for operation agreement may have put this in 18 December 2023. which will make it the only of Woltersdorf tramway line 87. jeopardy, with Chinese suppliers A letter of intent has been signed S-Bahn network in Germany not In Woltersdorf two-axle 1957 likely to benefit. BS for the creation of an S-Bahn to be run by DB Regio. IRJ Gotha 33 was restored to operation MASHAD. The 2km (1.2-mile) museum, but EUR1.4m must now KARLSRUHE. A new permanent for the 105th anniversary of the extension of line 2 from Shohada be raised to finance the project. BS way yard at Maybachstrasse line on 17 May. BS to Shariati (interchange with . Extensive tram was opened on 23 March, three STUTTGART. The tram museum ) was opened by President diversions had to be put in place on times as big as the old facility at will be closed from 11-27 July Dr Hassan Rouhani on 7 May. IRJ 22-24 May as attempts were made Gerwigstrasse – 50% of the energy in preparation for the 150th to defuse an unexploded wartime for the facility will come from anniversary of tramway operation, IRELAND in the city centre. DS solar energy. BS which will be marked by its DUBLIN. A consortium of Jacobs DUISBURG. Ten-axle trams 1001 KASSEL. Diversions were in place re-opening on 28 July. This day Engineering and Idom has been and 1019 have been withdrawn from 23 June to 4 August while the will see the re-opening of selected to develop the MetroLink after a collision in the subway near Am Stern junction was rebuilt. the Schauplatz station at north-south line. Auf dem Damm on line 903 on The newest tram in the fleet, Charlottenplatz for heritage Working with Transport 3 April. BS 672, was damaged in a collision tramline 23. BS Infrastructure Ireland and the DÜSSELDORF. The new terminus with a truck on on WUPPERTAL. T he publ ic National Transport Authority, for line U72 at Ratingen Mitte was 19 March. Whether it can be transport network, including the consortium will take the brought into use on 19 May. repaired is still to be decided. BS the Schwebebahn, was suspended scheme through the evaluation FLENSBURG. Land funding KÖLN (Cologne). Plans to from 16.30 on 29 May due to and selection of a preferred of EUR3.2m over two years is put the east–west line through an extreme storm damaging the route; developing and applying financing the refurbishment of Rudolfplatz, Neumarkt and city’s infrastructure. DS for the Railway Order needed ten trams of type SN2001. BS Heumarkt in subway include a to authorise construction; FRANKFURT/Main. A shortage new subway from Moltkestrasse INDIA assisting with the contracting of rolling stock saw Pt-class cars to Zülpicher Wall to replace the CHENNAI (Madras). On 25 May strategy and engagement of 138/48 (ex-738/48) in service on surface section of track from the chief minister of Tami Nadu a delivery partner; providing line 15 during the spring. With Neumarkt via Zülpicher Platz. opened two metro extensions: support to the government an increase in the run-out planned On 4 May rebuilt Stadtbahn-B 2.6km (1.6-miles) on the Green agencies during construction. for December, more surviving LRV 2423 (ex-2193) entered service line from Nehru Park to Central The project to deliver the trams of this type (720/7/8) are on . DS Station, and 4.8km (three miles) line from Swords in the being overhauled to rejoin the MAGDEBURG. Work has been on the Blue line from Little Mount north, via Dublin Airport and active fleet. BS completed on restoring the to AG-DMS. urbanrail.net under the centre of the city to

270 / JULY 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org private sector investment. The Wyszynskiego before turning New Zealand Superannuation south to reach Pieczewo district. Fund has already submitted an Bids were due by 12 June for the unsolicited proposal, and has PLN208m (EUR48.1m) project, identified CDPQ Infra of Canada planned for completion in as potential partners. IRJ 2019-20. A decision on the order for NORWAY new trams came on 15 May, with OSLO. A 15-month closure of 12 double-ended 100% low-floor the Storo – Disen line will start 33m five-section Panorama cars after the summer to permit ordered from Durmazlar and complete infrastructure renewal. an option for a further 12. The Holtet depot is being extended Turkish company was the sole to accommodate 87 trams. BS bidder. The basic price is PLN107.9m (EUR25m), with POLAND PLN98.2m (EUR22.7m) for INDUSTRY. An agreement was the option. The trams will be reached in May for the state-run 2.5m-wide with capacity for 210 Polish Development Fund (PFR) passengers. infotram.pl, TP to take a majority share in rolling WARSZAWA. A tourist tram The test phase on the Kirchberg - Etoile section of Luxembourg’s tramway began on May 21 with the first runs on the Red Bridge. LuxTram stock manufacturer Pesa. The service was launched on 12 May company had been suffering using refurbished 105N tram Sandyford in the south, is expected LUXEMBOURG from liquidity problems for the 1005. It operates on Saturdays, to create 4000 jobs during LUXEMBOURG. Test running last two years, related to delays in Sundays and public holidays construction. The NTA expects on the extension of the tramline the implementation of contracts 11.00-19.30, with departures from to apply for a Railway Order next from Kirchberg to Place d l’Étoile from the end of the 2007-13 EU Plac Narutowicz. All types of ZTM year and, if granted in 2020 began on 28 May in readiness for Perspective, as well as slower tickets are valid. infotram.pl as expected, work could get public service in July. lineoz.net subsequent orders. underway the following year for In November 2017 the company PORTUGAL opening in 2027. MOROCCO received a PLN200m (EUR46.3m) LISBOA. The restored route 24 New data from property website CASABLANCA. The first test loan from a consortium of is a 20-minute service worked by daft.ie has indicated that house runs on tramline T2 took place state and private banks, under three Remodelados trams using prices on Luas and Dart lines now on 14 May between Sidi Bernoussi the condition that it began a trolley poles. It is expected that stand 26% above other properties depot and Ain Sebaâ. At the other restructuring process and sought the service will be extended to in the same areas that are further end of the line a 4.6km (2.9-mile) external investors. Among several Cais do Sodre in 2019 after away from stops. Residential extension to Hôpital de Salé is companies interested (reportedly additional track connections are values close to Dart stations and also under construction. This will including Škoda and Stadler), laid at Largo Camoes and the Luas stops rose by an average of 4% be ready in July 2019. PFR was selected earlier overhead restored in Rua Alecrim. in the first quarter of 2018. A further 22 Alstom Citadis are this year to enter into exclusive Evaluation of new connections Minister For Transport being delivered from the CITAL negotiations. at Largo Madellana could see Shane Ross has announced a new factory in Algeria. RHB Under the new investment restoration of service to Carmo, Railway Safety Amendment Bill RABAT-SALÉ. The welding agreement, the original loan will which like the former 24 remains to bring alcohol limits for tram ceremony for the first rail laying be paid off and the transfer of 70% disused but complete. Extending and train drivers into line with on the 2.4km (1.5-mile) extension ownership will be made to PFR. line 18 from Cais do Sodre to those of other road users. of tramline 2 to Avenue Al Kifah There are also reports that the Carmo is a possibility. Rail drivers are currently took place on 9 May. It is hoped owner of Solaris wishes to seek The first stage of extending allowed a limit of 80mg of alcohol to start passenger service in external investment to help it the line from Alfandega to Santa per 100ml of blood, while other December. RHB secure larger and more lucrative Apolonia along the former route professional drivers are permitted contracts outside Poland, with 16/24 is complete to Campo 20mg. The Minister argues that NETHERLANDS the Polish Development Fund a das Cebolas/Rua dos Cais de when national drink-driving DEN HAAG. The whole of line possible purchaser. Gazeta.pl, BS Santarem, with poles/bracket legislation was changed in 2010, 19 was cleared for use by Siemens ŁÓDŹ. Tourist tramline 120 was arms in but no overhead wire the limits were changed for Avenio trams from 1 April, though launched on 2 June, marking yet. A large turning circle is motorists but not for train and it was not until 20 May that the 120th anniversary of public planned to serve the cruise ship tram drivers. 5019 appeared as the first of this transport in the city. terminal and railway station. type in service on the line. Restored SANOK tram Opening in 2020 is a possibility, ITALY On 29 April a tour marked the 17 is running on Saturdays and but new cars will be required, ROMA. The 600m one-station completion of restoration of two- Sundays until 30 September with 20 articulated and perhaps extension of metro line C axle tram 36. digitaletram.nl four departures/day from Widzew ten two-axle trams. from Lodi to San Giovanni was ROTTERDAM. The museum Stadion (09.48, 11.24, 13.00 The ‘green tourist tram’ stops opened on 12 May, offering tram service 10 started on28 and 14.35). infotram.pl have been removed from the interchange with line A at April and runs Thursday-Sunday MROZY. The horse tramway Camoes – Principe Real section and the new terminus. urbanrail.net 11.00-16.30 until the end of resumed operation on 29 April from 1 May a new tourist service October using three pre-war and runs on Sundays and public worked by green cars (700-series JAPAN bogie trams. Düwag tram 1629, holidays 14.00-18.00. Departures 713/7/35/41/5) was inaugurated OKAYAMA. The city council used for driver training by the are from Sportstadion, near the from P. Figueira to Belem. and West Japan Railway have museum group, is being rebuilt railway station. DS The government is investing agreed a plan that will see the as a dining tram, RotterTram, and OLSZTYN. Tenders have been EUR210m in modernising the Toyamakō and Kibi lines may have entered service from invited for a 6km (3.7-mile) metro, including plans for 14 converted to light rail. JTS 1 June. OR extension to the city’s first new three-car trains, and new UTSUNOMIYA. With the tramline that opened in 2015. signalling and train control new tramway due to open in NEW ZEALAND The new route would extend equipment. G. Tilt, RGI March 2022, Chiyoda-based AUCKLAND. The government has from the junction of the main PORTO. T h e v i a P O R T O manufacturer Niigata Transys agreed to launch a procurement north-south route and the Wysoka consortium of Arriva/Keolis/ has been awarded a contract to process for the first two light rail Brama branch, running south- Manvia has been replaced as design the rolling stock. JTS lines, including the potential for east along al Piłsudskiego to ul operator and maintainer of the

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the delivery of 6017 on 26 April. expected to take place on the Tram 5019, badly damaged in Jubilee line on June 6 and 14. an October accident at Muttenz, The dispute involves the is under repair by Bombardier introduction of new timetables. at Bautzen. Trailers 1502/3 have LONDON OVERGROUND. been scrapped. BS Transport for London has taken BERN. Work on the new over operation of Paddington – Ostermundigen tramline is to start Heathrow Airport ‘Heathrow in 2022, with passengers carried Connect’ services, as well in 2027. BS as Paddington – Hayes and GENEVE. Only double-ended Harlington trains previously trams were used on line 12 from operated by Great Western June as a new temporary stub Railway. Services will be operated terminus at Moillesulaz was as TfL Rail in a precursor to the brought into use. BS opening of the Elizabeth line GOSSAU – WASSERAUEN (AB). (Crossrail) in December. The first Stadler Tango NF2 tram for the Czech city of Ostrava was assembled in The first of five 58.8m ABe4/12 TfL Rail operations are being Poland using bodies from the company’s Belarus factory. Benny Walzer from Stadler (1001) was supported by the new Elizabeth light rail system by Barraqueiro SANKT PETERBURG. O n unloaded at Gossau on 27 March. line depot at Old Oak Common, Group under a seven-year 26 May metro line M3 was Trognerbahn BDe4/4 7 arrived which will have capacity for up EUR204.3m contract. extended north from Primorskaya here on 11 April to be located on to 42 trains (from a total of 70). The new mayor wants to extend on Vasileo Island to Begovaya, a section of track in the garden of The Elizabeth line is to be operated the heritage tramway operation with an intermediate station at the station restaurant. EA by MTR Crossrail, for TfL. with a line across the Dom Luiz Novokrestovskaya, site of the LAUSANNE – BERCHER (LEB). MANCHESTER. Data obtained 1 bridge (lower level) to serve the Gazprom Arena for the FIFA The section from Echallens by the Manchester Evening News port lodges at Vila Nova de Gaia. World Cup. N. Semyonov to Bercher will be closed from has revealed 1183 reported The annual tram parade VOLGOGRAD. During FIFA 27 August to 8 December to incidents of vandalism and took place on 5 May, featuring World Cup matches in June the permit track relaying. EA anti-social behaviour on the 22, 58, 163, 3203 and 250. 216 is light rail line was to feature all MONTREUX – ZWEISIMMEN Metrolink network in the two to receive a major overhaul and double-ended tram operation, (MOB). Stadler has been given years to January 2018 – an average work is in progress on Brill bogie reversing on a new crossover an order for dual-gauge stock, of 1.5 a day. A Transport for tram 276 to complement Belga installed north of the football made up of 8 Ast, 4 A, 2 B and 3 Greater Manchester spokesman car 287. BS, RGI, G. Tilt stadium. This was helped by the WR plus three standard-gauge said the figures obtained under entry into service from 2 May interface cars, for the Montreux the Freedom of Information RUSSIA of the 21 ex-Moskva MTTA2 back- – Interlaken through service that request included minor incidents INDUSTRY. PK Transportnye to-back double-sided Tatra sets. will be launched in 2021. Bogies where no damage had occurred. Systemy of Tver is developing a N. Semyonov will be supplied by Alstom. During the period there were 100% low-floor eight-axle tram, YEKATERINBURG. Visitors Locomotives will change at 319 recorded incidents on the with the prototype due to be to the FIFA World Cup were to Zweisimmen. EA Oldham and Rochdale line with exhibited at InnoTrans in Berlin be shuttled to and from the city ZERMATT – DISENTIS/ Monsall, Shaw and Crompton (18-21 September). The company centre stadium on tramlines MUSTÉR (MGB). It is planned stops the biggest targets. Services is also diversifying into battery- 2 and 8, using new track along to order 27 three-car EMUs for on the Airport and East Didsbury powered buses. N. Semyonov Ulitsa Tatischeva. The city is delivery in 2021-30, while nine of lines were targeted more than 380 KAZAN. A further 20 now bidding to host the 2025 the 13 HGe4/4 locomotives will be times - with 252 incidents on the Uraltransmash 71-407 trams are World’s Fair Expo. N. Semyonov modernised. EA Barlow Moor Road – Manchester on order and should be delivered Airport stretch alone. The Eccles this year to join the seven SINGAPORE THAILAND line had the least recorded already in the fleet. transphoto.ru MASS RAPID TRANSIT. The BANGKOK. Thales has been incidents at 26. During that KOMSOMOLSK-NA-AMUR. seventh metro line will be the awarded a contract to supply time TfGM has reportedly spent Tramline 5 was closed from 1 April 24km (14.9-mile) fully-elevated ETCS train control level 1 for the GBP750 000 (EUR852 000) leaving lines 1-3 in operation, Jurong Region line serving Red line metro. Part of the line will on ticket machine repairs and using 18 RVZ-6, nine KTM-5, ten western suburbs, opening in be four-tracked to permit longer increased security. LM-93 and two LM-99 trams. BS three stages from 2026. IRJ distance services to overtake In addition to the introduction MOSKVA. The 83rd anniversary stopping services. Hitachi is of a new 24-hour control room of metro operation was marked SPAIN supplying 25 metro sets. RGI monitoring the 2000 CCTV on 12-13 May by the operation of PALMA – ENLLAC. Electrification cameras across the network, all historic trains on the Kol’tsevaya is being extended from Enllac to UKRAINE Metrolink Customer Service line, as well as completion of Sa Pobla and to Manacor this KYIV. Prototype Tatra-Yug K1 M6 Representatives (CSRs) will the new Lokhobory depot at the autumn, completing the project. BS 100% low-floor tram arrived here also now wear body cameras north end of the Lyublinsko – for further trials, from Darnitsa as part of a crackdown on anti- Dmitrovskaya line. Twenty-three SWEDEN depot, on 2 May. transphoto.ru social behaviour. The resulting eight-car trains will be stabled GÖTEBORG (Gothenburg). footage will be usable in criminal here, with a workshop for trains. Plans have been unveiled for a UNITED KINGDOM investigations and provide N. Semyonov new tram depot on land north LONDON UNDERGROUND. evidence for prosecution. NIZHNIY NOVGOROD. The of the river in a former port area Buckhurst Hill station has become The body cameras are already inauguration of the new Strelka adjacent to a railway yard, with the 74th step-free station on worn by Metrolink’s TravelSafe metro station for the FIFA access off . Forty-five trams the Underground, and the first officers, but this is the first time World Cup has had to be postponed will be based here. Ringlinien of five on the eastern section of every passenger-facing staff to 12 June. N. Semyonov the Central line. Debden, member will follow suit. SAMARA. Before, during and SWITZERLAND Snaresbrook, South Woodford NOTTINGHAM. Campaigners after FIFA World cup matches AIGLE – LES DIABLERETS and Newbury Park are to follow. and politicians from across North most tramlines were to be (TPC). Service on the section By 2022, 40% of the Tube network Nottinghamshire have held suspended to permit a shuttle from Les Planches to Les Diablerets is expected to be step-free – up meetings with East Midlands service between Vokzal and resumed on 5 May. EA from the current 27%. Councils and the Midlands Arena (the latter served by a BASEL. Delivery of Bombardier Strikes by Rail, Maritime and Engine (a grouping of authorities new extension). N. Semyonov Flexity trams was completed with Transport union members were and Local Enterprise Partnerships)

272u / j LY 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org to discuss the potential of DALLAS, TX. Ex-Toronto PCC The target date for the will include some of the 1000 extending Nottingham Express 4614 (built by St Louis in 1950) re-opening is 21 July. items from the Holroyd Smith Transit service to Eastwood and has been restored for operation As well as improved display collection held by the museum. Kimberley. on the McKinney Avenue space, the building now offers Halle 902 is expected to Supporters of the proposals heritage tramway. J. Marinoff a cafe, gift shop, an upper level move to Blackpool for storage. at the meeting included FORT LAUDERDALE, FL. viewing area, improved heating TheD T4 bogie car, dating from representation from the Light The formal end for the tramway and lighting and a lift for access 1969, will move to the Rigby Rapid Transit Association and the project came on 8 May, when to all of the above. Road depot for two years to Kimberley, Eastwood and Nuthall Broward County commissioners BLACKPOOL (UK). Br ush release capacity at Crich. Tram Action Group (KENTAG). voted to stop The Wave. E. B. Havens Railcoach 630 operated a ‘farewell’ The campaign for a tram LOS ANGELES, CA. County tour on Saturday 19 May before CONTRIBUTORS through Eastwood and Kimberley officials have selected a line returning to Crich, joined by Worldwide news items for first began nine years ago with linking central LA with fellow TMS-owned car Box 40. inclusion should be sent to KENTAG proposing a route along Artesia via Huntington Park The pair ran between Starr Michael Taplin at Flat 8, Roxan the old trackbed in Kimberley. for the next light rail corridor. Gate and Fleetwood Ferry and Villa, 33 Landguard Manor Rd, The plan includes extending Consultation is taking place on were posed together at both Shanklin, Isle of Wight PO37 service to Eastwood and Kimberley, various route options, which locations for photography. 6EA, UK.Fax: +44 (0)1983 862810 feeding into a new ‘hub’ at could include some joint-running CRICH (UK). A new permanent or e-mail: [email protected] Langley Mill and offering a fast with the Blue line. exhibition celebrating the life, UK and Ireland items are link to the HS2 hub in Toton and USD4bn is available for what engineering and inventions of welcomed by Home Editor, John an electric bus to Ripley. will be called the West Santa Michael Holroyd Smith is to be Symons, 17 Whitmore Avenue, SHEFFIELD. The next phase of Ana Branch. established at the Crich Tramway Werrington, Stoke-on-Trent, ST9 rail replacement has begun, MIAMI, FL. Brightline commuter Village following the award of a 0LW, UK. E-mail [email protected] resulting in alterations to services rail service was extended to Miami GBP74 500 (EUR85 000) grant Acknowledgements are due between Hillsborough and Central from 19 May, connecting from the AIM Biffa Award. to bahnfotokiste, Blickpunkt Middlewood until 15 June. with the Metromover peoplemover Michael Holroyd Smith’s Strassenbahn (BS), Drehscheibe The Yellow route has been and Miami metro. IRJ conduit system powered the (DS), Eisenbahn Amateur (EA), diverted to terminate at Malin MILWAUKEE, WI. The second first electrified tram services infotram.pl, International Railway Bridge with that terminus Brookville Liberty tram was in Britain at Blackpool in Journal (IRJ), JTS, lineoz.net, Op receiving the most intensive delivered on 14 May after a 1885. One of the trams that de Rails (OR), prazsketramvaije.cz, service it has seen since opening, as four-day road trip from originally ran in Blackpool, Railway Gazette International the Blue route will continue to run Pennsylvania. E. B. Havens Conduit 4, is on static display (RGI), Ringlinien, RHB, South to the usual timetable. The Purple MINNEAPOLIS – ST PAUL, at Crich following previous China Morning Post (SCMP), Tram route is unaffected. MN. The FTA has certified that operational spells. 2000 (T-2000), transphoto.ru, Dedicated replacement the proposed Southwest Green The display will be located in Today’s Railways (TR), Transport bus services ran from 29 May. line light rail to Eden Prairie the Great Exhibition Hall and Publiczny (TP) and urbanrail.net. Middlewood Park-and-Ride was meets federal environmental also closed until 1 June; alternative requirements. D. Drum free parking services were made PORTLAND, OR. Portland available at nearby Malin Bridge. Streetcar set a new patronage record TYNE & WEAR. The Metro in April, averaging 16 650 riders New DVD marked the 20 May timetable per weekday. Annual patronage change with a new poster format, is 4.7m. On-time performance with 90% of respondents to a was 84%. E. B. Havens arrivals from consultation welcoming the new SACRAMENTO, CA. For the design, produced in-house by first time since the line opened transport executive Nexus. in October 2005, evening light The new design splits Green rail service was introduced on and Yellow line times for the first the Gold line from 17 June, with a time and matches the format of 30-minute service 19.00-23.30. local bus timetables produced E. B. Havens by Nexus. The new timetable saw most UZBEKISTAN times move by a minute to fit in SAMARKAND. Ex-Toshkent with national rail changes and Tatra T6 2752 is now in use here to improve reliability. Metro’s numbered 1000 and apparently core daytime frequency remains used for works duties. Vario LF.S five trains per hour on each line, 1018 (ex-Toshkent 3201) is being and a train every three minutes used as a source of spare parts to through the centre of Newcastle keep other trams of this type in at peak times. operation. transphoto.ru

USA MUSEUM NEWS BOSTON, MA. The contract BERGEN. The technical museum Cheques and Postal Orders only please, made payable to for the design of the USD1.3bn has been given a grant of NOK1.5m D P Strange, 20 Hainault Drive, Verwood, Dorset, BH31 6LE, UK 6.9km (4.2-mile) Green line light (EUR156 800) to complete work Sorry we cannot accept credit cards, but please call us if you have a rail extension from Lechmere on the extension of its heritage query or would like an up-to-date list of all our trams/trolleybus DVDs. to Medford has been awarded to tramway line to Engen on the edge STV as part of the Fluor/Herzog/ of the city centre. It is hoped this Our prices include postage & packing within the UK. For non-UK Balfour Beatty joint venture that may open on 3 August. TR orders please add £2.00 to each title for Airmail delivery. will build the line. Passenger BIRKENHEAD (UK). £16 service should start in 2021. After a winter closure for each The MBTA is reportedly refurbishment, work to improve Tel: 01202 821423 considering increasing capacity on the tramway’s museum and the Green line by adding sections depot premises at Taylor Street Web: www.dentours.com to existing cars. E. B. Havens is approaching completion.

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org JULY 2018 / 273 Letters

Mailbox Get your views into print [email protected] Letters submitted by post should be clearly typed and preferably not handwritten. We reserve the right to shorten contributions for publication. Turning negatives into genuine positives

Thank you for a comprehensive and informative article on the issues surrounding noise and vibration in the latest issue, which will be of interest to promoters, engineers and campaigners alike (TAUT 966). One issue that came out strongly for me was the need to maintain strong relationships with local residents and businesses and the need for open and honest communication during construction and maintenance. Disruption during such periods is a fact of life, but if we are communicating regularly and clearly then many of these objections will be reduced. Where compensation is due for severe disruption, it should be agreed in advance and paid promptly and not argued about and then settled after the fact, as is too often the case. I remember the words of a speaker from a previous conference reported in TAUT (paraphrased): ‘Tramways can mean two years of hell and then 20 years of heaven’. It’s all about selling the benefits of what the future will hold and how their locality will improve immeasurably. For example, if local residents are told that given time their An example of a well-managed and considerate tramway construction house values will rise and employers are told that journey times site: Broad Street in central Birmingham (UK), late March 2018. TAUT will reduce and that travel to their premises will be made easier then I am sure that relations will be smoothed while roads are and creating future advocates for light rail development. being closed and tracks are laid. Public relations is something that it is all too often Simple incentives such as six months of free rides for those overlooked by designers and engineers, but I see that the very most affected by works would serve three purposes: improving issues that you have highlighted can be turned into positives! relations during the construction, guaranteeing early ridership S. Vosterman, by e-mail

More on Metrolink high-floor decision the same reason – to reduce the severance A plea for a little peace As a further contribution on the topic of to pedestrian movement at busy city centre I found the article in the June TAUT (966) low-floor trams and Metrolink (UK), in locations. This was before operation of most interesting and I am pleased to see the-mid 1990s I was a member of the coupled units became commonplace – that so much is being done to minimise the joint Tameside Council/GMPTE (Greater readers will recall that in the rare cases exterior noise that emanates from an urban Manchester Passenger Transport Executive – when this happened, the rear tram used tramway, mainly wheel squeal. now Transport for Greater Manchester) team its retractable steps to enable passenger However, I ask why is not more being done planning the East Manchester Metrolink boarding on the low section. to eliminate interior noise and intrusions. line within Tameside. GMPTE, understandably, preferred not I refer to constant and, to my mind, It was challenging enough trying to to have two different types of tram on the unnecessary announcements and in particular fit a street-running tramway into a road system, both from a maintenance viewpoint to Nottingham, my nearest tramway. substantially the same width as it was in and due to the fact that low-floor trams could Constant announcements are annoying, 1938 when the last Manchester Corporation not be used on the high platform Phase 1 particularly on a long journey to Toton. trams ran along it – but the high platforms (Bury, Altrincham and Eccles) lines. Also, of As soon as you board a tram comes an required at the stops between the Manchester course, as passenger loadings increased and announcement of the destination. Why? boundary and Audenshaw were even more more coupled units were used, two low-floor The destination is on the front; it is also on difficult to accommodate in the street scene. trams could not have used the split-level the digital tramstop notice. I was particularly concerned about the stops because the low section could only The next stop is announced almost proposed stops at Edge Lane and Droylsden, accommodate a single unit. before the tram has set off, only to be both local shopping areas, where significant There was perhaps another opportunity repeated near to the next stop, then the numbers of pedestrians crossed the main when new trams for Phase 3 were acquired destination again. The ultimate destination road. The platforms were to accommodate to replace the original T68 stock, but before announcement is surely superfluous as is the double trams and prevented pedestrians any platforms had been constructed for these one approaching the next stop before the crossing or accessing the platforms other extensions. Again, however, they could not tram is even near it. than at the ends over a considerable distance. have been run on Phase 1 without major stop The ultimate nonsense is heard I did suggest to GMPTE that here was an rebuilding and lengthy line closures. approaching Nottingham Station: ‘The next opportunity for all the Phase 3 lines to be built So we are where we are. High platforms stop is Nottingham Station for Nottingham for low-floor operation. I reasoned that within pose no problems on former rail alignments Railway Station’. Surely ‘Nottingham the city centre it would be possible to provide as there is less visual impact or obstruction Station’ is sufficient. Everyone knows that a for high- and low-floor trams by retaining the to established pedestrian movement, but station is a railway/train station; it is not an dual-level platforms provided at the start of in the on-street situation they leave a lot ambulance, bus, fire or police station. Metrolink operation and converting the other to be desired in terms of urban planning, A grumpy old man I may be, but if you 100% high platforms to dual level. I think this townscape, and pedestrian movement. treat people like idiots then they will never type of platform had been built for precisely Martin Arthur, MRTPI (ret’d), FCILT think for themselves.

274 / JULY 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org I am pleased to say Sheffield is a little If the site does indeed face demolition, better in this regard. I travel to Edinburgh perhaps a fund could be instigated to save some later this summer, and I hope that will not of the more historically significant vehicles? be at all like Nottingham. T. Yarwell, by e-mail J. Carpenter, Lincoln (UK) For more on the history and future challenges of the RETM/EMA museum, see page 276. Signing the petition I write in response to the letter by Ray Deacon Tight turns in Edinburgh titled ‘Help us save Amsterdam’s tram In his piece on the Edinburgh tramway heritage’ (TAUT 966). Many thanks to Mr (Systems Factfile, TAUT 966), Neil Pulling has Deacon for raising this matter and providing been mild where he saw reason to criticise. a link to sign the petition. Sadly, I have to add one more criticism. I was shocked to read about the travesty The route between the city centre and the of the destruction of not only the terminal Airport is over former farmland. The tram building but, as Mr Deacon says, the preserved follows the field boundaries, resulting in trams and other trams that are awaiting several right-angle bends, which the trams restoration, such as the 1975 8G LHB cars and slow down for. These bends are fixed in place (I think) a 1979 9G ‘Blokkendozen’ car. by permanent-looking concrete bridges. It would indeed be disastrous if the city These bends must be removed before new council goes ahead with this proposed building makes them permanent. development, so I would encourage readers to Michael Bell, Newcastle-upon-Tyne (UK) sign the petition. Once again, thanks to Mr Deacon, and many thanks for your unstinting More LU trains for the Isle of Wight? work on this marvellous magazine. Colin Brazier says in TAUT 965 that the Campaigning at its finest! J. Hughes, by e-mail 80-year-old ex-London Underground I found the attached among a collection ‘Tube stock’ on the Isle of Wight is “falling donated by the step-daughter of J. H. Venn, ‘Municipal vandalism’ in Amsterdam? apart”. The dedication and expertise of the who passed away recently. It advertises the Congratulations to Ray Deacon for his maintenance and operating staff in Ryde legendary all-day tour from Waltham Cross rallying call in support of the RETM/ should therefore be recognised. to Purley on 15 May 1938 on ex-LCC car 1 – EMA museum in Amsterdam. Too often There are perhaps five or six Class 483 two- one of the LRTL’s greatest achievements. museums and other transport collections vehicle trains that can be supplied for Isle of Andrew Braddock, by e-mail are considered as expendable in the march Wight electric services. In London there are towards ‘progress’. 36 ‘1972 Stock’ trains on the Bakerloo line It is understandable that development is and 86 ‘1973 Stock’ trains on the Piccadilly a necessity for any progressive city, but it line. Both fleets are 40 years old and have appears from Mr Deacon’s letter that the city got to keep going beyond their normal life. LRTA is not trying hard enough to help relocate Piccadilly trains are due to be replaced by this important collection to alternative 2022 as part of Transport for London Tube AGM premises and preserve the fine heritage of improvement. The Light Rail Transit Association’s one of Europe’s great tramways. I know that on weekdays in 2011, three and 81st Annual General Meeting He uses the term ‘cultural sabotage’; a half million journeys were made on 11 lines (the 14th of the Company) will take municipal vandalism would be another, at 270 stations, and in 2014 this figure was place at the Crowne Plaza London a term used often when referring to the four million. However, I just cannot see why Docklands Hotel – Western Gateway, demolition of first-generation tramway someone somewhere cannot see the obvious Royal Victoria Dock, London E16 1AL systems the world over. It would be a true solution for the Isle of Wight is perhaps two – on Saturday 15 September 2018, tragedy to see the remarkable work of the fewer trains on the Piccadilly line and for it to commencing at 14.00. Attendance is dedicated volunteers that saved these vehicles operate with 84 not 86. open to all members who have paid the first time around ruined if they could The bureaucracy of the UK railway would their subscription and produce a valid now face the scrapyard after so many years of appear to prevent such an arrangement. membership card. careful renovation, devotion and care. Name and address supplied, by email Any member submitting business for transaction is asked to notify the Compiled by the LRTA. For a full list of Secretary, Peter Snook, in writing at 138 Radnor Avenue, Welling, DA16 2BY MEETINGS & EVENTS meetings and venues see www.lrta.org (e-mail [email protected], phone + 44 (0)7764 199365) to arrive before June 2018 lJu y 2018 21 July. It must bear the signatures of at least 20 current members. Monday 11. Thames Valley 19.30. Alan Wednesday 11. Brighton 19.45. Chris Warren: Election of Directors of the LRTA Holmewood: Voyage of discovery and model tram Then and Now Pt. 4. (TLRS) (Council members): The Treasurer competition. (TLRS) Saturday 14. Oxford & Chilterns 14.00. (Hans Retallick) and three of the Wednesday 13. Brighton 19.40. Vic Simons: Venue: Oxford. Please telephone 01865 370634 Second-generation US and Canadian Streetcars for further details. (TLRS) ordinary elected Directors of the and Light Railways . (TLRS) Saturday 14. Bristol 12.00. Visit to the garden Association (Andrew Braddock, James Saturday 16. Taunton 14.00. Models forum. of the late Graham Warner. Chance to purchase Harkins and Carl Isgar) will retire by (TLRS) effects and run model tramcars. Details from rotation at the AGM. Those retiring Monday 18. Wickham 19.30. Brian Boddy: Mark Blackstone 0117 962 3288. (TLRS Taunton) may offer themselves for re-election for Last days of South London trams. (TLRS Solent) Monday 16. Wickham 19.30. Andrew Braddock: a further term. Monday 19. Liverpool outdoor visit, to be 80 years of the LRTA. (TLRS Solent) Nominations from the membership confirmed. (TLRS Mersyside) Tuesday 17. London 1900. AGM, then members' for any of these vacancies are also Tuesday 19. London 19.00. Martin Eady: presentations: Trams by the Seaside. invited. Forms are available from the Japanese and European delights. Saturday 28. Beeston 14.00. TBA. (TLRS) Secretary, but a completed letter of Saturday 23. Garstang 14.00. Visit to Totally Saturday 28. Garstang 14.00. Visit to the G-scale nomination will also be accepted. Models at Blackpool Rigby Road Depot. (TLRS) garden model tramway of Arthur Dawson, Candidates must be an LRTA member Saturday 30. Beeston 14.00. Models: Bring your Venue: Homestead, 9 Old Sirs, Daisy Hill, and be proposed by two other members. project. With the Model Bus Federation. (TLRS) Westhoughton, Bolton BL5 2ED. (TLRS) The deadline for nominations is 21 July.

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org JULY 2018 / 275 Classic Trams securing our tram heritage Ray Deacon recounts the history of tramway preservation in Amsterdam and the troubling imminent closure of the city’s RETM/EMA museum and operating line to Bovenkerk. 1

owards the end of the 1950s, the an interest in the city’s tram heritage, and The opportunity to run articulated cars, wholesale replacement began of would support the group. An initiative to nine of which form part of the fleet, was the oldest wooden-bodied cars on lease the recently-closed Haarlemmermeer now available; one of these cars returned Dutch tramways – many dating Station along with a section of disused railway to Amsterdam after a decade of passenger back to the turn of the century. line was launched, and under the Rijdend service in the Polish city of Poznan. TNot wishing to see them disappear, groups Electrisch Tram Museum (RETM) moniker Additional depot and covered storage of enthusiasts formed preservation societies the group’s aspiration to create a museum to space has since been added to the museum. to finance the acquisition of a representative operate its beloved trams could be realised. That so many vintage cars survive in pristine selection of cars and maintain them. As none The station was adapted as an operating condition, many in full working order, is of the operators or local authorities could offer base, cafe and bookshop, while a disused testament to the enthusiasm, skills and their support, at least at first, the societies auto workshop was fitted out as a three-track dedication of members and volunteers. took it upon themselves to obtain both the depot. The task of erecting overhead wire RETM/EMA services run on Sundays and cars and premises in which to house them. along a 1.2km (0.75-mile) section of railway national holidays from Easter until the end In Amsterdam, the Gemeente Vervoer line and a grooved-rail trackfan to connect of October with departures from Station Bedrijf (GVB), realising that a number of the depot was in full swing by late 1973. A Haarlemmermeer every 20 minutes between impending anniversaries would require its section of track was also installed between 11.00-17.00. A cafe and bookshop can be participation, decided to work with the local the running line and Havenstraat Depot to found in the station building, and during July society to mark the celebrations in style. enable cars to run on the city’s streets on and August two motor/trailer tramsets operate Currently there are three societies in special occasions. By the early summer of an hourly service around the city for tourists. Amsterdam: Tramweg Stichting (TS), Rijdend 1975, the depot was ready. Electrisch Tram Museum (RETM) and It was with high expectations that a large Imminent closure Electrische Museumtramlijn Amsterdam gathering assembled at Haarlemmermeer An ominous cloud now hangs over the future (EMA), each made up entirely of volunteers. Station on 20 September 1975 to mark the of the museum and its tram collection, as the museum’s inauguration. The RETM could site on which it stands has been earmarked Roles and responsibilities now concentrate its efforts on establishing the by the council for residential redevelopment. Founded in 1965, Tramweg Stichting new facility, preparing more trams for service Initial plans included space to re-site the (Tramway Foundation) led the way and and increasing the size of its membership. museum premises and running line, but at became the umbrella organisation for several The operating fleet was increased the expense of an increase in rent that cannot smaller groups. It has helped to acquire significantly in 2005 when a further 12 be afforded. Alternative locations have not and preserve many of the historic tramcars Amsterdam trams were acquired following the proved affordable. that survive to this day. In Den Haag and closure of a transport museum at the former The museum submitted two sets of plans Rotterdam, the HTM and RET were more Central Workshops in Tollenstraat – the site to the council, but both were rejected as accommodating and offered depot space and was being requisitioned for development. financially unfeasible and that retention of the workshop access for TS members. In 1980, the Electrische Museumtramlijn line would be at a high cost to the municipality. Due to severe space limitations, the GVB Amsterdam (EMA) was formed with the For the past 43 years, a unique part of was less welcoming. In 1968, its director objective of managing administration and Amsterdam’s heritage has been kept alive by decreed that the few preserved trams in its operations, leaving the RETM to concentrate passionate volunteers. The museum cannot depots be removed; these were placed onto on maintaining the track and rolling stock. afford to move the trams away, yet the low-loaders by TS members and moved to a council suggested that any trams remaining storage facility in North Holland. One vintage Extending the line on site when the bulldozers move in will be motor/trailer set was retained by the GVB for The opening of the first extension took place scrapped where they stand. special events and private hire. on 24 May 1979 with a southern section to Opposition to the eviction is increasing, and Three of the stored cars were fully Jollenpad. Two years later the line reached an online petition is available for signature at restored for a tram parade in 1971. Two Kalfjeslaan, offering visitors direct access to www.museumtramlijn.petities.nl. At the time years later, a further two motor cars were parkland known as Amsterdamse Bos. Work of going to press this had reached 14 728. moved to Lekstraat Depot for restoration continued apace allowing the penultimate An avalanche of letters to the Mayors of for various tramway milestones in 1975; extension as far as Station Amstelveen to be Amsterdam and Amstelveen would ensure the most important being the centenary of added in 1983. The final section to Station they understand the strength of feeling at Amsterdam’s tramway. Bovenkerk opened on 25 April 1997, when this act of municipal vandalism. During the final decade of the 20th three-axle car 533 was driven to the new The LRTA played an important role in Century, many more trams were acquired terminus by the Mayor of Amstelveen. helping to secure the future of Innsbruck from other Dutch systems and across Europe. One of the biggest hindrances was the tram route 6 to Igls back in the late 1990s, and In the late 1960s, with the imminent need to shunt trams on the stub-end trackfan is generously throwing its weight behind this withdrawal of the last pre-war Amsterdam outside Station Haarlemmermeer. This was important campaign. Hopefully, you too cars, local TS members formed a sub-group resolved when a turning circle came into use will wish to add your support and help to to acquire a selection of trams from the GVB. in April 1987; the subsequent installation of secure the future of this irreplaceable A fortunate few were set aside and quickly a reversing triangle at Bovenkerk enabled the tramway asset by signing the petition. moved to the North Holland storage facility. operation of single-ended cars. The appointment of a new GVB Director The 7.2km (4.5-mile) line is single-track For more information, please visit: in 1971 brought a welcome change in the with a turning loop at one end, a reversing Tramweg Stichting: www.tramwegstichting.nl group’s fortune. Here was someone who had triangle at the other and three passing loops. RETM/EMA Museum: www.museumtramlijn.org

276 / juLY 2018 www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org 2

2

1. Looking towards the depot from Haarlemmermeer Station during tracklaying in early 1975.

2. The track and premises of the RETM/EMA museum below the blue line and the single-track link to Havenstraat Depot above it.

3. As there is no overhead at the depot, cars are shunted by 1918 two-axle car 330 which has a diesel generator. Blauwewagen car 401 dates from 1929. 3 4 4. Dating from 1913, two-axle motor car 236 is seen passing 5 the museum depot in 1976. 5. A parade of museum trams in Stadionweg in 2012 headed by Blauwewagen 465 (1929) with Unionwagen 144 (1904), Blauwewagen 401 and 454 (1929) and trailer 731 (1914) following behind. Karel Hoorn

6. 3G articulated car 602 (1959) at the former Bovenkerk Station, from here it will continue to the head of the line 6 and use a reversing triangle to complete its return to Haarlemmermeer Station.

7. The first eight-axle production car delivered in 1959, 602, on the reversing loop outside Haarlemmermeer Station on 27 October 2013.

8. Two-axle 401 of 1929 and 236 dating from 1913 on the Frederik Hendrikplantsoen loop during a tour in 1978. Ab van Donselaar

All lmages courtesy of Ray 7 8 Deacon unless otherwise stated.

www.tautonline.com . www.lrta.org JULY 2018 / 277 BOOKSHOP Order online from lrta.info/shop – or by post from: LRTA Publications, 31 Ashton Road, Wokingham RG41 1HL Postage & packing – Any UK address: add 10%; All addresses outside UK: add 20%. For Airmail despatch outside Europe: add 30%.

Amsterdamse Tramlijnen 1975-2018 Stopping Car to Fleetwood Deel 1: Damraklijnen The story of the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad

The first in a new series of four books Published to mark the 120th anniversary that illustrate the Amsterdam tram of the opening of the line in 1898, author network prior to the opening of the Brian Turner covers the eight-mile Noord-Zuid Metro on 22 July this year. route’s history and transfer to Blackpool This one covers lines 4, 9, 16, 24 and Corporation in 1920 to become part 25 along Damrak. Dutch text. of the iconic seafront tramway, now enjoying a revival. > A4 hardback; 150 pages, 275 mainly colour pictures. > B4 hardback; 192 pages, 240 colour £35.00 plus postage & packing as shown and black & white pictures; several maps. above. £35.00 plus P&P as shown above.

Light Rail Trams in Wallonia A review of the systems past and present DVD: The heritage of the SNCV in Britain and Ireland Some great footage of what is left in the This new ʻbookazineʼ covers the present tram southern half of Belgium of the once vast and light rail scene plus the Glasgow Subway, Vicinal tram network. Includes Charleroi, Volk’s Electric Railway, the pier lines at Hythe, Grottes de Han and the museum operations Ryde and Southend and looks back at Grimsby of ASVi and TTA, plus atmospheric ʻthen & Immingham and Swansea & Mumbles. & nowʼ scenes. Dutch commentary with English, French and German subtitles. > A4 softback; 128 pages, fully-illustrated mainly in colour; 22 maps. > Full colour, 80 minutes plus running time. £8.00 plus postage & packing as shown above. £16.50 (inc. VAT) plus P&P as shown above.

50 Ans Luxembourg | Luxemburg 50 Dates de Transports en Commun à Lyon Une ville, un tram | Eine Stadt, eine Straßenbahn

This book looks at the development of A look back at the first-generation the city’s public transport over the last tramway in the city, which closed in half-century through a list of key dates, 1964, followed by the story of the such as the opening of the Métro in development of the impressive new line 1978 and the return of the tram in 2001. which opened on 10 December 2017. French text. French and German text.  > 210x210mm hardback; 192 pages, > A4 hardback; 160 pages, fully-illustrated fully-illustrated in colour; several maps. in colour and black & white; several maps. £31.50 plus P&P as shown above. £35.00 plus P&P as shown above.

U-Bahn, S-Bahn & Tram in Wien Michael Bunch’s Donegal Railway Diary Urban Rail in Austria’s Capital City Part One: 1954-55

The latest in Robert Schwandl’s series Full of atmospheric pictures of the much-loved of atlas-based guides to tram and urban CDR that only recently came to light. Though rail networks. The Vienna tram system not a tramway and never electric, this once is comprehensively covered, along lengthy narrow-gauge network will be of with the Badner Bahn interurban line. interest to those with a passion for light rail in English and German text. all its forms. Sale proceeds will help the CDR restoration project. > B5 softback; 144 pages, 300 colour pictures; numerous maps. > A4 softback; 144 pages, 300+ black & white pictures. £17.50 plus P&P as shown above. £13.50 plus P&P as shown above.

Please bear in mind that we often advertise books before stock is received from publishers so delivery can take some weeks. in your next issue of

GERMANY’S NEW creating new SYSTEMS FACTFILE: TRAM-TRAIN PLAN connections Plzeň TAUT explores the joint procurement Ciril van Hattum offers a comprehensive Famous for its beer, this Czech city is initiative that could see up to 300 overview of the latest tramway and also a significant regional road, rail and new tram-train vehicles delivered to urban rail developments in and around engineering hub. Neil Pulling reports on operators across Germany from 2021, the Special Administrative Region how tramways and trolleybuses form generating savings of EUR1m per vehicle. of Hong Kong. the backbone of Plzeň’s public transport. PLUS... AUGUST + Mike Russell celebrates 40 years of the Skjoldenæsholm museum issue + T he latest news and analysis, rolling stock orders, system developments, and transport policy and industry comment from On sale around the world 20th July

THE INTERNATIONAL LIGHT RAIL MAGAZINE Wrocław

Western Poland’s largest city underwent drastic systems social and economic upheaval within a short www.lrta.org timespan; Neil Pulling POLAND factfilepays a visit now that www.tautonline.com greater stability has Wrocław Sub scribe now! No. Wrocław, brought a new focus on JULY 2018 N O. 967 129 Poland the transport network. PRAGUE’S DIGITAL MAP FOR TRAMWAY SAFETY Now in its 81st year, Tramways & Urban Transit is the world’s

rocław is the production saw housing estates being Škoda 19T capital of Lower built around the city ’ 3108 at Dworzec within Poland’s present boundaries. leading monthly publication dedicated solely to light and s periphery. Silesia voivodeship Recently, restoration of civic spaces Autobusowy, The city authority combined such (province), and modern commercial buildings, serving the operations under public ownership 340km (212 miles) and being awarded the 2016 European underground with its own lines by 1931. Measures south-westW of the capital Warsaw. long-distance Capital of Culture accolade, have to rationalise and integrate services With around 638 000 residents, bus station and made Wrocław a regional centre contributed to the tramway’s current it is Poland’s fourth-biggest city Wroclavia shopping with an international outlook. central configuration. and whilst experiencing population centre. This area It is significant for finance, advanced Under Communist control and decline, this is less marked than the near the main technology and manufacturing. by then renamed Wrocław, the national urban trend. railway station has An industrial staple since 1833 seen much recent network was bolstered as the principal A complex history saw the city, Is a new double-decker the answer for crowded cities? and under communism as Pafawag, development. transport mode. This included more as Breslau, within Imperial Germany the national rail carriage factory in buses, new tram routes and track in 1871. World War Two brought LRT’s role in the Welsh rail revolution the city is now a Bombardier plant, doubling for more frequent services. massive destruction and loss of life, urban rail developments. specialising in bodies for TRAXX Later scarcity of resources brought accelerating during the ‘Festung locomotives and high-speed trains. equipment deterioration, initially Huge tramway growth plan for Berlin Breslau’ (siege) in 1945. The peace The Breslau tramway evolved from little improved by transition to market accord saw ethnic Germans expelled private ventures including horse forces after 1989 and private transport and replaced by Poles, many forcibly NY’s radical ‘subway crisis’ solution trams, 1877-1906, and electrified lines. growth. Faith in trams was however resettled as boundaries changed Pictures by returning across Europe, significantly

£4.60 The initial one which opened in 1893 under Soviet rule. Increasing post-war 07> was also the first electric tram service Neil Pulling, unless within Poland. Renewal and otherwise stated. expansion of Wrocław’s system has Virtual worlds Memphis The importance of Rebuilding a crucial 9 771460 832067 city streetcar service www.tautonline.com digital simulation . www.lrta.org JULY 2018 / 263

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