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NEW NETHERLAND and the DUTCH ORIGINS of AMERICAN RELIGIOUS LIBERTY EARLY AMERICAN STUDIES Series editors: Daniel K. Richter, Kathleen M. Brown, Max Cavitch, and David Waldstreicher Exploring neglected aspects of our colonial, revolutionary, and early national history and culture, Early American Studies reinterprets familiar themes and events in fresh ways. Interdisciplinary in character, and with a special emphasis on the period from about 1600 to 1850, the series is published in partnership with the McNeil Center for Early American Studies. A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher. NEW NETHERLAND and the DUTCH ORIGINS of AMERICAN RELIGIOUS LIBERTY EVAN HAEFELI university of pennsylvania press philadelphia Copyright ᭧ 2012 University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher. Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112 www.upenn.edu/pennpress Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Haefeli, Evan, 1969– New Netherland and the Dutch origins of American religious liberty / Evan Haefeli. — 1st ed. p. cm. — (Early American studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8122-4408-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. New Netherland—Religion. 2. Religious tolerance—United States—History—17th century. 3. United States—Religion—17th century. 4. United States—Church history—To 1775. 5. Dutch—United States—History—17th century. 6. Netherlands— Religion—17th century. I. Title. II. Series: Early American studies. F122.1.H34 2012 323.44Ј2097309032—dc23 2011046060 To Ieneke, who opened the door and let me into Amsterdam and Andries Suidman, who then brought me tea. This page intentionally left blank contents Preface ix Note on Translations, Transcriptions, and Dates xiii Introduction 1 1 Dutch Tolerance 20 2 Connivance 54 3 Toleration 82 4 Non-Christians 108 5 Babel 135 6 Liberty of Conscience 156 7 Public Church 186 8 Borders 211 9 Radicalism 223 10 Conquest 253 Conclusion 279 List of Abbreviations 289 viii Contents Notes 291 Bibliography 313 Index 343 Acknowledgments 351 preface Religious tolerance has become a matter of great debate in recent years. When I first wrestled with the topic in the 1990s, it had seemed a fairly straightforward matter. However, since then, incidents and controversies on both sides of the Atlantic coupled with a new burst of more sophisti- cated scholarship have convinced me that tolerance is a much more compli- cated matter than we think. Though it is a central theme of American history, there is still much that we do not understand about what tolerance is or how it came to America. Dutch tolerance in particular became a topic of political controversy during the uproar over New York’s so-called ‘‘9-11 Mosque’’ in the summer of 2010. Mayor Michael Bloomberg invoked the legacy of Dutch tolerance in defense of the construction of an Islamic reli- gious center in lower Manhattan, while Dutch politician Geert Wilders drew on it to oppose the very same institution. How could the religious tolerance of New Netherland lead to two such diametrically opposed inter- pretations? Barriers of language, culture, and history make the case of the Dutch and their way of managing toleration particularly difficult for Ameri- cans to understand. Nonetheless, as Bloomberg and Wilders made clear, it remains a vital part of American culture and politics. What follows is a new telling of an old story. This is not the first account of religious toleration in New Netherland, nor have I uncovered a trove of hitherto unused sources, though I have cast my research net wider than earlier scholars. Many of the Dutch sources I rely on are published and have been available in English translation for a hundred years or more (though it is always best to go back to the Dutch originals). Yet my version is significantly different from earlier accounts, in both scope and approach. Recent work in several languages by scholars on both sides of the Atlantic has helped me to set the story of Dutch America firmly within its broader Dutch context. Though I am an American historian, and my training and interests in that field led me to this topic, I have gone to some lengths to x Preface write a book as relevant to the Dutch as to Americans, in the hopes of provoking both to think more deeply about tolerance (a quality both nations claim to possess) as well as the history of New Netherland that connects us. So far, the history of religious tolerance has tended to remain aloof from other methods of historical inquiry. Only recently scholars have embraced a social historical approach to the topic. My work drew inspiration from the relatively new fields of Atlantic world history and borderlands history. Atlantic world history builds on the recognition that the American colonies were part of a trans-Atlantic world that included Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean in very important ways. Much of the work in the field is about motion, circulation, networks, and connections, tracing people, trade, and objects as they move about from place to place, only some of which wound up in the future United States. Religious issues, and a problem like religious toleration, have remained a secondary concern in the field, but there are clear parallels. In many ways, this study can be seen as an example of Atlan- tic world history as I feel it should be done, one aware of the connections, comparisons, and differences between various parts of a trans-oceanic com- munity, in this case the Dutch world of the seventeenth century. Border- lands history, though it tends to focus on the American Southwest, has brought an awareness of the permeability of borders in early American history, and the importance of connections and conflicts between different groups of people across and around border zones, that is also relevant to my approach. Borderlands existed across the Americas, and between groups of Europeans as well between Europeans and indigenous Americans, the field’s usual focus. Above all, I hope my work will be of interest to students of religious tolerance. As religious tolerance comes under increasing scrutiny from a growing range of thinkers, it is becoming clear that it means different things to different people. We often presume there is—and was—a shared under- standing about tolerance, yet on closer inspection it becomes clear that advocates for tolerance vary in their visions for coexistence. The seven- teenth century was no different. Only then there were far more people who argued that tolerance was a bad idea than do so today. I have chosen to write an account of a particular time and place—New Netherland—because I believe the specifics of where, when, and how tolerance exists are not trivial. They are, in fact, essential. Examining the specifics makes clear that what we too often group together as ‘‘tolerance’’ contained a great diversity Preface xi of possibilities and relationships. Connecting one instance with another, as with New Netherland and American religious liberty, turns out to be more of a challenge than had long been thought. It certainly cannot be taken for granted. My approach has been both chronological and thematic, uniting what have hitherto been treated as separate accounts into a single narrative, one that stresses the broader, Dutch context of what has long been consid- ered an American story. My narrative, I hope, will encourage readers to think anew about a familiar story, a story of relevance to the histories of America, the Dutch and their empire, and religious tolerance. This page intentionally left blank note on translations, transcriptions, and dates Translation is a crucial issue in the history of New Netherland, where many of the sources are in Dutch but have been translated into English, but not always perfectly. Where there is no English translation easily available, or with certain important phrases, I have made my own translation or checked to confirm the strength of the existing translation. However, since my pri- mary goal is to pull Anglophone readers into research and thinking on the Dutch world, I have generally used the existing English translations of Dutch documents, preferring the recent translations of Charles Gehring to earlier ones whenever possible. Dutch spelling of town names and certain words has been retained. The most important issue to keep in mind is the Dutch ‘‘ij,’’ pronounced ‘‘aye’’ (like a cinematic pirate). Common terms, like south (zuid) and new (nieuw) have been rendered in English even as I have tried to preserve as much of the Dutch flavor as seems reasonable for an English-reading audi- ence. With personal names I have followed the Dutch usage, where Pieter van Rooden or Jan de Meier is referred to as Van Rooden or De Meier but listed in the bibliography under Rooden and Meier rather than van or de. Several Dutch cities, like Vlissingen, had English versions of their names, in this case Flushing. When discussing Dutch places in a primarily Dutch context, I have endeavored to use the Dutch name, but have used the English name when discussing the same place in a prevailingly English situation. Other towns had several names that changed over time, usually from a Lenape-related term to a Dutch and then an English one, as with Mespath-Middelburgh-Newtown. In these cases I have preferred the name that reflects the sovereign power claiming authority over it at the time, with the exception of The Hague (Den Haag).

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