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Die Karnavalisering Van Geskiedskrywing in Die Roman Sirkusboere

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Die Karnavalisering Van Geskiedskrywing in Die Roman Sirkusboere Die karnavalisering van geskiedskrywing in die roman Sirkusboere. Marsha Bernely Luané Barnes BRNMAR063 A dissertation submitted in fullfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Afrikaans and Netherlandic Studies Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town February 2014 Town Supervisor: Prof. E. R. van Heerden Cape COMPULSORYof DECLARATION This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. University The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Dankbetuigings: Eerstens wil ek al die eer gee aan God, my hemelse vader, wat my deur elke oomblik van my lewe dra. U woord is waarlik `n ‘lamp vir my voet en `n lig vir my pad’ (Psalm 119: 105). Tweedens wil ek hierdie studie opdra aan my pa, Barney Barnes. Sonder Daddy se ondersteuning en oneindige liefde sou hierdie studie nie moontlik gewees het nie. Dankie dat Daddy altyd by my staan deur my vreugde en ook deur die moeilike tye. Dankie dat Daddy altyd die beste vir my wil hê. Lief vir Daddy. Baie dank en waardering ook aan Prof. Etienne van Heerden. Dit was vir my `n voorreg om hierdie studie onder Prof se leiding te voltooi. Dankie vir al Prof se wyse woorde en geduld. Ek waardeer al Prof se tyd en waardevolle bydrae. Ek wil ook dankie sê aan my twee broers Le-Shovaghn (Buddy) en Leonard (Lenny). Julle aanmoediging en vertroue in my beteken altyd baie. Dankie dat julle weet hoe om my op te beur wanneer ek dit die meeste nodig het. Julle twee is die sterretjies in my lewe. Aan my ouma Maria Magrieta Barnes (Ma) vir al haar bystand en advies. Ek waardeer al die woorde van motivering wat Ma altyd vir my het. Dankie aan my klasmaat en goeie vriend, Pepler Head. Dit was altyd `n vertroosting om te weet ons kan op mekaar staatmaak en dat jy altyd gewillig was om te luister wanneer ek `n skouer nodig gehad het. Ek waardeer jou vriendskap ontsettend baie. Die volgende persone was altyd bereid om raad te bied waar dit nodig was: Prof. Joan Hambidge, Prof. Chris van der Merwe, Sonja Loots, Joel Claassen, Celeste Reyneke, Ian van Rooyen en Minnie Lewis. Ek wil ook die personeel by die Universiteit van Kaapstad se biblioteek bedank wat bygedra het tot die navorsing vir my studie: Dianne Steele, Nuroo Davids, Glynnis Lawrence, Russel Williams, Rosie Watson, Alexander D’Angelo. Dankie aan die Universiteit van Kaapstad vir finansiële bystand. Aan die res van my familie, dankie vir julle ondersteuning en liefde. Abstract This study focuses on Sonja Loots’s novel Sirkusboere (2011) as carnivalesque text and metahistorical novel. Emphasis is placed on the carnivalesque discourse and how various aspects of the the carnivalesque are used to debunk a conventional approach to historiography. The problematisation of historiography has become a prominent discussion over recent decades in Afrikaans literature. The emphasis which the novel places on historiography makes it especially relevant in a modern literary context. Sirkusboere brings to light various aspects of historiography by recreating and retelling certain historical events in a satirical manner. The novel tells the story of the military circus show which took place in St. Louis (America) in 1904 and was based on battles fought during the South African War (1899-1902). The novel also focuses on the colonial history of South Africa but it highlights the history of the South African War. A primary aspect which is emphasized in Sirkusboere is the grotesque and satirical manner in which historical events pertaining to the war are recreated and retold and especially the manner in which history is ‘carnivalised.’ In this study various aspects of the carnivalesque such as the grotesque, satire, parody, the circus and the carnival are emphasised and discussed. Further emphasis is placed on the extent to which these carnivalesque aspects are used to debunk conventional ideas concerning historiography and the work of Mikhail Bakhtin, as well as more recent theorists, are used to elaborate on the carnivalesque. Sirkusboere contributes to the carnivalesque discourse and with its carnivalesque approach, it offers a unique way of viewing historiography. Opsomming Hierdie studie fokus op Sonja Loots se roman Sirkusboere (2011) as karnavalesketeks en as metahistoriese roman. Aandag word hoofsaaklik gewy aan die karnavaleske en hoe verskeie aspekte van die karnavaleskediskoers gebruik word om `n konvensionele benadering tot geskiedskrywing te ontluister. Die problematiek van geskiedskrywing het `n prominente fokuspunt in Afrikaanse literatuur oor die afgelope dekades geword. Die fokus op geskiedskrywing maak die roman dus relevant binne `n moderne literêre klimaat. Sirkusboere bring verskillende aspekte van geskiedskrywing onder die soeklig deurdat dit gebeure uit die verlede op `n satiriese wyse herskep. Die roman handel oor die militêre skouspel wat in St. Louis (Amerika) in 1904 opgevoer is. Die skouspel was gebaseer op verskeie veldslae wat tydens die Suid-Afrikaanse oorlog (1899-1902) plaasgevind het. Die roman fokus ook op die koloniale geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika, maar dit beklemtoon die geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse oorlog. `n Hoofaspek wat in Sirkusboere uitgelig word is die groteske en satiriese wyse waarop oorlogsgebeure deur sirkusvertonings herskep en uitgebeeld word en daarbenewens die wyse waarop die verlede ‘gekarnavaliseer’ word. Derhalwe word verskeie aspekte van die karnavaleske soos die groteske, satire, parodie, die sirkus en die karnaval uitgelig en in diepte bespreek. Daarbenewens word ook uitgebrei oor die mate waartoe hierdie aspekte van die karnavaleske in Sirkusboere gebruik word om kommentaar op geskiedskrywing te lewer. Die problematiek van geskiedskrywing, wat sentraal in die roman staan, word dus deur die lens van die karnavaleskediskoers benader. Die werk van Mikhail Bakhtin, asook resente teoretici, word gebruik om uit te brei oor die karnavaleske. Sirkusboere voed die karnavaleskediskoers en met die karnavaleske inslag, bied dit `n unieke manier om geskiedskrywing te benader. Inhoudsopgawe HOOFSTUK 1: INLEIDING 1 1.1. Algemene inleiding 1 1.2. Sirkusboere: `n agtergrond 1 1.3. Die konteks van die roman 2 HOOFSTUK 2: SIRKUSBOERE AS METAHISTORIESE TEKS 4 2.1. Inleiding 4 2.2. Die historiografies-metafiksionele roman 6 2.3. Taal en mimese 8 2.4. Rangskikking 12 2.5. Subjektiwiteit 14 2.6. Die karnavaleske en die postkoloniale roman: `n inleiding 16 2.7. Sirkusboere en die koloniale verlede: teoretiese agtergrond 17 2.8. Kapitalistiese kolonialisme en die karnavaleske 19 2.9. Vertonings van inheemse volke 22 2.10. Kolonialisme en die karnavaleske in Sirkusboere 27 2.11. Deelname aan die postkoloniale gesprek 30 2.12. Ontheemding 32 HOOFSTUK 3: DIE KARNAVALESKE 34 3.1. Inleiding 34 3.1.1. Meer oor die karnavaleske 39 3.1.2. Inversie van mag 41 3.2. Die sirkus, die karnaval en die karnavaleske in Sirkusboere 45 3.2.1. Die sirkus 46 3.2.2. Bakhtin se karnaval 48 3.2.3. Die karnaval en die sirkus 50 3.2.3.1. Die sirkus en die karnaval: `n vergelyking 51 3.2.3.2. Die sirkus en karnaval: teenstellende konsepte 53 3.2.3.3. Die skouspel 55 3.3. Die polifoniese roman 56 3.4. Konvensionele en onkonvensionele (kon-)tekste 59 3.5. Die parodie: ʼn inleiding 64 3.5.1. Parodie as nabootsing 66 3.5.2. Parodie, nabootsing en intertekstualiteit 67 3.5.3. Parodie en speelsheid 68 3.5.4. Sirkusboere as parodie 72 3.5.5. Die antiheld as parodie in Sirkusboere 74 3.6. Die groteske: inleiding 75 3.6.1. Meer oor die groteske 81 3.7. Die laer stratum en die liggaam 84 3.8. Die groteske liggaam 91 3.9. Beliggaming 92 3.9.1. Die liggaam as subjek 92 3.9.2. Die liggaam as metafoor 95 3.9.3. Die narratiewe liggaam 98 3.10. Die triekster 103 3.11. Gedaanteverwisseling 107 HOOFSTUK 4: SAMEVATTING 110 Hoofstuk 1: Inleiding The ambivalent incompletion of contemporary fiction [...] suggests, perhaps, that the mediaeval and modern worlds may not be as fundamentally different as we might like to think (Hutcheon 1983: 85). 1.1. Algemene inleiding In hierdie studie word Sonja Loots (2011) se Sirkusboere as metahistoriese en karnavaleske roman bespreek. Daar word besin oor die wyse waarop die roman met die historiese diskoers omgaan met spesifieke verwysing na hoe geskiedskrywing ‘gekarnavaliseer’ word. Daarbenewens word hoofaspekte van die karnavaleskediskoers, soos dit in Sirkusboere beslag kry, uitgelig en in diepte bespreek. Dit is veral Bakhtin (1968) se studie Rabelais and his World wat geraadpleeg word wanneer die karnavaleske omskryf word, maar daarbenewens word ook meer resente teoretici eklekties betrek. Verder word daar nagedink oor Sirkusboere as postkoloniale roman. Daar word aangedui tot watter mate die problematisering van geskiedskrywing die (post)koloniale gesprek in die roman beïnvloed, maar bowenal op watter wyse die postkolonialisme as diskoers by die karnavaleske aspekte van die roman aansluit. Die karnavaleske is dus die lens waardeur Sirkusboere in hierdie studie benader word. 1.2. Sirkusboere: `n agtergrond Sirkusboere is `n roman wat handel oor die Suid-Afrikaanse oorlogsvertoning van 1904 wat in St. Louis opgevoer is. Die vertoning is gebaseer op die Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog wat in 1899- 1902 tussen die Britte en die Boere geveg is.
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