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Irisch-Südafrikanische Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen, Ihre Verflechtungen Und Ihr Beitrag Zur Transformation Des Empires, 1899–1949

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Irisch-Südafrikanische Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen, Ihre Verflechtungen Und Ihr Beitrag Zur Transformation Des Empires, 1899–1949 „Travelling the same painful road“? Irisch-südafrikanische Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen, ihre Verflechtungen und ihr Beitrag zur Transformation des Empires, 1899–1949 Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie des Fachbereichs Geschichte und Kulturwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Katja Fortenbacher-Nagel Marburg (2017) Vom Fachbereich Geschichte und Kulturwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation angenommen am: 23.05.2017 Tag der Disputation: 09.02.2018 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Benedikt Stuchtey Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Eckart Conze Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Publikationsserver der Philipps-Universität Marburg http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung Keine kommerzielle Nutzung Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International Lizenz. Die vollständige Lizenz finden Sie unter: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Dank Diese Arbeit wurde durch die Gerda Henkel Stiftung, das Deutsche Historische Institut London und die Prof. Dr. Adolf Schmidtmann-Stiftung gefördert. Ihnen gilt mein tiefster Dank für die finanzielle und ideelle Unterstützung, ohne die dieses Vorhaben nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Benedikt Stuchtey, der meinem Interesse viel Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt hat, danke ich für die fachliche Begleitung, sein Engagement und die vielfältige Unterstützung. Auf meinem Weg durfte ich eine Vielzahl großzügiger und interessierter Menschen kennenlernen, bei denen ich mich an dieser Stelle ebenfalls bedanken möchte. Zu guter Letzt gilt mein tiefempfundener Dank meiner Familie, allen voran meinen Eltern, die mein Studium immer nach Kräften unterstützt haben, sowie meinem Mann, der nicht müde wurde, mich zu begleiten und zu ermutigen. Ihnen ist diese Schrift in Liebe und Dankbarkeit gewidmet. Karlsruhe, im Juli 2018 Katja Fortenbacher-Nagel Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Einführung ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Fragestellung und Thesen .................................................................................. 7 1.3 Forschungsstand und Quellen ............................................................................ 8 1.4 Theoretische Perspektiven und Einordnung .................................................... 14 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit und Methodik ..................................................................... 19 1.6 Anmerkungen zur Terminologie ...................................................................... 27 2 Verknüpfungen ....................................................................................................... 31 2.1 Nationalismus und nationalistische Bewegungen in Irland und Südafrika ..... 31 2.1.1 Irland, Südafrika und die Nationalismusforschung – eine Einordnung ... 31 2.1.2 Colonial Nationalism ................................................................................ 33 2.1.3 Burischer und irischer Nationalismus ...................................................... 34 2.1.4 Afrikaanernationalismus ........................................................................... 37 2.1.5 Irischer Nationalismus .............................................................................. 44 2.1.6 Akteure und Trägergruppen des irischen Nationalismus: von Grattan bis zur Irish Republican Army ............................................................................. 46 2.1.7 Zwischenbetrachtung ................................................................................ 55 2.1.8 Der irische Nationalismus in Südafrika .................................................... 57 2.1.9 Der „Race“-Begriff ................................................................................... 62 2.1.10 Nationalismus und Symbolik ................................................................... 67 2.1.11 Zwischenbilanz ......................................................................................... 72 2.2 Sprache und Religion als Rechtfertigung einer eigenen Kultur ...................... 73 2.2.1 Sprachbewegungen in Südafrika und Irland ............................................. 75 2.2.2 Burische Literatur: die Erschaffung eines Afrikaaner-Genres ................. 88 2.2.3 Das Taalmonument – ein Denkmal für die Sprache ................................. 91 2.2.4 Zwischenbetrachtung: ein Bollwerk gegen die Anglisierung................... 93 2.2.5 Religion als Ausdruck kultureller Identität .............................................. 94 2.2.6 Zwischenbilanz ....................................................................................... 100 2.3 The fight against the same foe – Gewalterfahrungen in Irland und Südafrika .... ....................................................................................................................... 103 2.3.1 Die südafrikanische Strategie des Ausweichens: Der Great Trek und die Burenrepubliken ..................................................................................... 105 2.3.2 Südafrikanische Konflikte: Südafrikanischer Krieg und Jameson Raid 107 2.3.3 Zeit der Krisen: Erster Weltkrieg, Conscription Crisis, Home Rule und Afrikaaner Rebellion .............................................................................. 117 2.3.4 A terrible beauty is born: Der Osteraufstand 1916 ................................. 123 2.3.5 Dramatische Folgen: der Anglo-Irische Krieg (Januar 1919 bis Juli 1921) . ................................................................................................................ 127 2.3.6 Brother against brother: der Irische Bürgerkrieg (Juni 1922 bis Mai 1923) ................................................................................................................ 130 2.3.7 Die Rand Rebellion 1922: vom industriellen Kampf zum politischen Konflikt ................................................................................................... 132 2.3.8 Zwischenbilanz ....................................................................................... 134 2.4 Status und Stellung Südafrikas und Irlands im Empire ................................. 136 2.4.1 Ein neuer Anfang: der South Africa Act und die Union of South Africa (1910) ..................................................................................................... 137 2.4.2 Südafrikas Austritt aus dem Commonwealth und die Republik Südafrika (1960) ..................................................................................................... 139 2.4.3 Vier Versuche: die irische Home Rule-Bewegung (1870–1920) ........... 141 2.4.4 Der Anglo-Irische Vertrag (1921/1922) und der Irische Freistaat (1922– 1937) ....................................................................................................... 146 2.4.5 Ein weiterer Schritt in Richtung Unabhängigkeit: Éire (1937) .............. 152 2.4.6 Der irische Dominion-Status .................................................................. 155 2.4.7 Der Präzedenzfall Südafrika als Rechtfertigung für die irische Souveränität ................................................................................................................ 158 2.4.8 „Ierland toon die Weg aan“: Irland als Vorbild für die Afrikaanernationalisten .......................................................................... 163 2.4.9 Zwischenbilanz ....................................................................................... 165 2.5 Schlussbetrachtung: Chancen und Risiken der irisch-südafrikanischen Analogienbildung ............................................................................................. 167 2.5.1 Fallbeispiel: Smuts’ Brief an de Valera und die Reaktionen auf dessen Veröffentlichung ..................................................................................... 172 3 Erwartungen und Reaktionen ............................................................................... 178 3.1 Irlands Einsatz für und seine Erwartungen an Südafrika ............................... 178 3.1.1 Die Iren und der Südafrikanische Krieg. Ein Katalysator für die irische Nationalismusbewegung. ........................................................................ 178 3.1.2 In geheimer Mission: Colonel Maurice George Moores Südafrikareise 189 3.1.3 De Valeras „special envoy“ Patrick J. Little .......................................... 199 3.1.4 Irlands „Extraordinary Missions“ ........................................................... 204 3.1.5 Bewertung von Littles und Moores Südafrikamissionen ....................... 207 3.1.6 Zwischenbilanz ....................................................................................... 208 3.2 Iren in Südafrika ............................................................................................ 210 3.2.1 Die irische Diaspora in Südafrika – ein Überblick ................................. 210 3.2.2 Quantifizierung der irischen Migranten ................................................. 213 3.2.3 Berufe und Tätigkeiten der irischen Migranten ...................................... 215 3.2.4 Iren in Politik, Pressewesen und Kirchendienst ..................................... 219 3.2.5 Zwischenbetrachtung .............................................................................. 223 3.2.6 Politische Positionierung der südafrikanischen
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