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Landscape of Memory. Commemorative monuments, memorials and public statuary in post-apartheid South-Africa Marschall, S. Citation Marschall, S. (2010). Landscape of Memory. Commemorative monuments, memorials and public statuary in post-apartheid South-Africa. Brill, Leiden [etc.]. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18536 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18536 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Landscape of Memory ASC Series in collaboration with SAVUSA (South Africa – VU University Amsterdam – Strategic Alliances) Series editor Dr. Harry Wels (VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands) Editorial board Prof. Bill Freund (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) Dr. Lungisile Ntsebeza (University of Cape Town, South Africa) Prof. John Sender (School for Oriental and African Studies, U.K.) Prof. Bram van de Beek (VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands) Dr. Marja Spierenburg (VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands) Volume 15 Landscape of Memory: Commemorative Monuments, Memorials and Public Statuary in Post-Apartheid South Africa Sabine Marschall Brill 2009 Cataloguing data ISSN ISBN © Brill Contents List of Photographs v Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations and Acronyms ix Introduction 1 Interdisciplinary perspectives on monuments 4 Monument and memorial 10 Structure of this book 12 1 Cultural Heritage Conservation and Policy 19 Introduction 19 Biased heritage landscape 20 Monuments and the ‘Soft Revolution’ 22 Developing conservation policy in a ‘new’ South Africa 27 Respecting the symbolic markers of the old order 29 The need for old monuments as points of reference 32 New heritage legislation 33 2 Paying Tribute: The First Public Memorials to the Victims of the Liberation Movements 41 Introduction 41 Competition ANC – PAC 43 Mamelodi township 46 Umkhonto memorial 47 Contestation 49 PAC memorial initiative 50 Pointing to the dead 51 Rival stakeholders in the representation of the past 54 Conclusion 57 3 Coming to Terms with Trauma: The TRC and Memorials to the Victims of Apartheid Violence 59 Introduction 59 CONTENTS Apartheid violence and its victims 60 Symbolic gestures of reconciliation 70 The need for truth and reconciliation 72 Material and symbolic reparations 74 The role of memorials in individual and group mourning 78 Acknowledging loss and suffering 79 Dealing with trauma 81 Discomforting memories 87 Conclusion 92 4 Imagining Community through Bereavement: The Institutionali- sation of Traumatic Memory 95 Introduction 95 Upgrading Solomon Mahlangu square 97 Public holidays and ‘shrines of the nation’ 100 Sharpeville Human Rights Precinct 102 The Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum 107 Remembering June 16: Pars pro toto 109 Design and symbolism of the memorial 112 The Museum 115 Memorials turned monuments? 117 Commodification 118 Party-political appropriation 120 Community identification with newly installed heritage 125 Conclusion 131 5 Dealing with the Commemorative Legacy of the Past 133 Introduction 133 Destruction, damage and vandalism 134 The removal of Verwoerd statues and busts 136 Relocating monuments 139 Dealing with soviet-era statues in post-communist societies 142 The concept of statue parks in post-apartheid South Africa 147 Re-interpretation 151 Case study: the Terrorism Memorial in Pretoria 153 Recasting personalities 155 Re-positioning the VTM 159 Conclusion 167 6 Defining National Identity with Heritage: The National Legacy Project 169 Foundation myth of the post-apartheid nation 170 The National Legacy Project: Constitutive phase 176 Portfolio of Legacy Projects and Consultation 181 Three priority legacy projects 186 ii CONTENTS Finalising the canon 190 Proposed New Legacy Projects 193 Conclusion 197 7 Freedom Park as National Site of Identification 201 Early conceptualisation 203 The symbolism of the site 205 Design and Consultation 207 Site orientation and Isivivane 211 The Sikhumbuto and the Wall of Names 217 Designing an authentic African monument? 219 Inclusion/exclusion 221 Contestation and counter monuments 224 Who will visit Freedom Park? 227 Conclusion 230 8 Celebrating ‘Mothers of the Nation’: The Monument to the Women of South Africa in Pretoria 233 Introduction 233 Historical background of the 1956 Women’s March 234 Nasionale Vrouemonument in Bloemfontein 236 Historical background of the Pretoria monument initiative 239 Countering the Vrouemonument 242 Inclusions/exclusions 245 Under-representation of women’s contributions 249 Criteria for heroism 251 Commemorating remarkable women throughout the nation 253 Humility and other visual characteristics of women’s memorials 258 Conclusion 260 9 Africanising the Symbolic Landscape: Post-Apartheid Monuments as ‘Critical Response’ 263 Introduction 263 The Battle of Blood River and its commemoration 266 Blood River museum initiative 268 Ncome’s inclusion in the National Legacy Project 271 Ncome as a symbol of reconciliation 273 Ncome as response to Blood River 276 Museum exhibition 278 Ncome: success or failure? 282 Multiple interpretations 284 Countering contested heritage 286 Monuments as critical response versus ‘counter-monuments’ 287 Imitating western models of commemoration 288 Some examples of monuments as critical response: iii CONTENTS battlefield memorials 293 Public statuary as critical response 297 Conclusion 302 10 Commodification, Tourism and the Need for Visual Markers 305 Introduction 305 Tourism, heritage and identity 306 Tourism as a lifeline for contested heritage 308 Spirit of eMakhosini: Intangible heritage and the need for visual markers 310 Nelson Mandela as a tourist attraction: Freedom Statue in Port Elizabeth 315 Other Mandela statue initiatives 320 Monuments and the symbolic reshaping of the urban environment 326 Statues and name changes: Tshwane 327 Conclusion 332 Conclusion 335 References 343 Table of post-apartheid monuments 373 Index 391 iv List of Photographs 2.1 Umkhonto Memorial (also called Solomon Mahlangu memorial), Mamelodi (Tshwane), unveiled 1991. 43 2.2 PAC memorials, Mamelodi Cemetery (Tshwane Municipality), unveiled 1992. 50 2.3 Sharpeville Human Rights Precinct (Sharpeville Massacre memorial). Sharpeville, unveiled 2002. 53 2.4 PAC Memorial at the grave sites of the Sharpeville victims. Sharpeville cemetery, unveiled 2002. 53 3.1 Memorial to the victicms of apartheid violence in Thokoza, East Rand, unveiled 1999. 71 3.2 Memorial for the victims of the ‘Langa Massacre’, KwaNobuhle (Uitenhage), unveiled 2000. 76 3.3 Memorial for the Gugulethu Seven, Gugulethu (Cape Town), unveiled 2005. 89 3.4 Memorial cross in honour of Amy Biehl, Gugulethu (Cape Town), date of installation unknown. 90 4.1 Bronze statue of Solomon Mahlangu, Mamelodi (Tshwane), unveiled 2005. 97 4.2 Sharpeville Human Rights Precinct (Sharpeville Massacre memorial), Sharpeville, unveiled 2002. 103 4.3 Sharpeville Exhibition Centre, Sharpeville, unveiled 2005. 104 4.4 Hector Pieterson Memorial, Orlando West (Soweto), unveiled 2001. 107 4.5 Hector Pieterson Museum, Orlando West (Soweto), unveiled 2002. 115 4.6 Vandalism at Emlotheni Park (Vuyisile Mini Heroes Acre), New Brighton (Nelson Mandela Metro), photographed June 2009. 126 5.1 Empty plinth following theft of bronze sculpture, Beyers Naudé Square, Johannesburg. 134 5.2 Miniature bronze statue of Hendrik F.Verwoerd, Orania, Northern Cape. 139 5.3 Relocated soviet-era statues in the State Tretyakov Gallery Park, Moscow, photographed in 2003. 143 5.4 Soviet Sculpture Garden at Grutas Park, Lithuania, opened in 2001. 145 5.5 Memorial for the victims of terrorism, Pretoria city centre, originally unveiled 1988, re-dedicated 1994. 153 5.6 Bronze statue of John Ross, Durban, undated (1970s). 157 5.7 Voortrekker Monument, Pretoria, unveiled 1949. 159 5.8 Voortrekker Monument, Pretoria, Hall of Heroes. 161 7.1 ‘Isivivane’ at Freedom Park, Salvokop (Tshwane), completed in 2004. 212 7.2 Spiral Path at Freedom Park, Salvokop (Tshwane) with Voortrekker Monument in the distance. 213 7.3 Sikhumbuto, Freedom Park, Salvokop (Tshwane), photographed in December 2008. 218 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 7.4 Wall of Names, Freedom Park, Salvokop (Tshwane), photographed in December 2008. 218 8.1 Nasionale Vrouemonument, Bloemfontein, unveiled in 1913. 237 8.2 Central part of the Union Buildings in Pretoria with vestibule and amphitheatre. 241 8.3 National Monument for the Women of South Africa, Pretoria. Stairs with petition text, photographed in 2002. 243 8.4 National Monument for the Women of South Africa, Pretoria, imbokodo, photographed in 2002. 244 8.5 Lady in White, Durban, Harbour, unveiled in 1995. 254 8.6 Wall of Hope (Gugu Dlamini memorial), Gugu Dlamini Park, Durban, photographed in 2001. 256 8.7 Vandalized Gugu Dlamini memorial Durban, photographed in 2007. 257 9.1 Blood River Monument, Battlefield of Blood River/Ncome, near Dundee. Oxwagon laager, unveiled in 1971. 265 9.2 Ncome Monument, Battlefield of Blood River/Ncome, near Dundee, unveiled 1998. 265 9.3 Battlefield of Isandlwana (near Dundee). Example of several memorials erected in honour of British colonial victims of the battle. 295 9.4 Memorial to the fallen Zulu warriors of the Battle of Isandlwana, unveiled in 1999. Isandlwana Battlefield (near Dundee). 296 9.5 Bronze statue of Steve Biko, City Hall, East London, unveiled in 1997. 299 10.1 Bronze statue of Nelson Mandela, Hammanskraal, unveiled in 1998. 322 10.2 Bronze statue of Nelson Mandela, Nelson Mandela Square, Sandton (Johannesburg), unveiled in 2004. 323 10.3 Bronze
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